Question: A sustained association exists over time linking carbon dioxide levels with worldwide temperatures, whereas alternative factors exhibit transient impacts on climate patterns.

 Correlation Between Carbon Dioxide Levels and Temperature Trends
The historical record demonstrates a clear association between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and shifts in average global temperatures, illustrating how elevated levels of CO2 contribute significantly to long-term climate trends. Shorter fluctuations in temperature often attributed to volcanic eruptions, El Niño phenomena, or solar cycles do occur but represent temporary deviations rather than sustained alterations to the overall trend. Since pre-industrial times, anthropogenic activities—primarily burning fossil fuels—have dramatically increased CO2 concentration, leading to significant planetary warming.

Earth’s climate system operates under a delicate energetic equilibrium: sunlight provides essential warmth while heat dissipates into space. An imbalance where absorbed radiation exceeds emitted amounts results in net heating, manifesting as rising temperatures globally. Conversely, enhanced dissipation leads to cooler conditions. Anthropogenically induced increases in greenhouse gases disrupt this balance, amplifying warming pressures beyond what would naturally arise from internal variability alone.

Internal variability encompasses natural mechanisms influencing regional climates across different spatial dimensions and temporal durations. These encompass cyclical occurrences like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), both impacting local ecosystems profoundly yet without inducing lasting modifications akin to those observed during periods characterized by high GHG loads.

External forcings introduce exogenous elements capable of instigating substantial transformations despite originating externally relative to core climatological subsystems. Prominent examples comprise altered luminosity emanated directly from celestial bodies alongside particulate discharges triggered via large-scale geologic episodes. Although transiently impactful, neither possesses comparable persistence vis-à-vis persistent accumulation-driven outcomes associated with escalating CO2 quantities.

Consequences stemming from fluctuating thermal regimes extend far beyond mere meteorological anomalies. They impinge upon marine environments, terrestrial flora dynamics, survival prospects among numerous taxa, culminating occasionally even in catastrophic die-offs spanning entire biomes. Societal repercussions mirror ecological upheavals given humanity’s intimate integration within broader biospheric frameworks. Adaptative strategies necessitate comprehensive understanding regarding underlying causalities governing interrelated atmospheric constituents’ behaviors.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

-2 β-Carboisopropoxy-3β - ( 4-iodophenyl ) tropane ( RTI-4229-121 , IPCIT ) is a stimulant drug used in scientific research , which was developed in the early 1990s . RTI-121 is a phenyltropane based , highly selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor and is derived from methylecgonidine . RTI-121 is a potent and long-lasting stimulant , producing stimulant effects for more than 10 hours after a single dose in mice which would limit its potential uses in humans , as it might have significant abuse potential if used outside of a medical setting . However RTI-121 occupies the dopamine transporter more slowly than cocaine , and so might have lower abuse potential than cocaine itself .

Carbon fibre-reinforced carbon ( a.k.a. Carbon -- Carbon , abbreviated C/C or Reinforced Carbon-Carbon , abbreviated RCC or Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Carbon , abbreviated ) is a composite material consisting of carbon fiber reinforcement in a matrix of graphite . It was developed for the nose cones of intercontinental ballistic missiles , and is most widely known as the material for the nose cone and wing leading edges of the Space Shuttle orbiter . It has been used in the brake systems of Formula One racing cars since 1976 ; carbon -- carbon brake discs and pads are a standard component of Formula One brake systems .   Carbon -- carbon is well-suited to structural applications at high temperatures , or where thermal shock resistance and/or a low coefficient of thermal expansion is needed . While it is less brittle than many other ceramics , it lacks impact resistance ; Space Shuttle Columbia was destroyed during atmospheric re-entry after one of its RCC panels was broken by the impact of a piece of foam insulation from the Space Shuttle External Tank . This catastrophic failure was due in part to original shuttle design requirements which did not consider the likelihood of such violent impacts .

In statistics , the RV coefficient  is a multivariate generalization of the squared Pearson correlation coefficient ( because the RV coefficient takes values between 0 and 1 ) .  It measures the closeness of two set of points that may each be represented in a matrix .   The major approaches within statistical multivariate data analysis can all be brought into a common framework in which the RV coefficient is maximised subject to relevant constraints . Specifically , these statistical methodologies include :  principal component analysis  canonical correlation analysis  multivariate regression  statistical classification ( linear discrimination ) .   One application of the RV coefficient is in functional neuroimaging where it can measure  the similarity between two subjects ' series of brain scans  or between different scans of a same subject .

The regression ( or regressive ) fallacy is an informal fallacy . It assumes that something has returned to normal because of corrective actions taken while it was abnormal . This fails to account for natural fluctuations . It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy .

Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness , or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning .   Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . It can be implicit ( as with practical skill or expertise ) or explicit ( as with the theoretical understanding of a subject ) ; it can be more or less formal or systematic . In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology ; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as `` justified true belief '' , though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition . However , several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist .   Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes : perception , communication , and reasoning ; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings .

The Transjurassienne is an annual cross-country ski race ( ski marathon ) held on the second Weekend of February between Lamoura and Mouthe in the French Jura mountains . It debuted in 1980 and has been a part of Worldloppet since 1981 . It is also part of the FIS Marathon Cup and the biggest cross-country skiing event in France . More than 4,000 skiers participate over the two days each year . Saturday is devoted to classic-style with races taking place over 25 km and 50 km . The main race takes place on Sunday - the 76 km long Tranjurassienne in skating-style - the longest skating race on the Worldloppet tour . Shorter races over 57 km and 25 km are also offered . Participation is open to anyone from the age of 16 , and while no licence is required to sign up , the organisers demand a medical certificate to demonstrate the ability to take part in a long-distance skiing event .

Radionics is an alternative medicine that claims disease can be diagnosed and treated with a kind of energy similar to radio waves . The concept behind radionics originated in the early 1900s with Albert Abrams ( 1864 -- 1924 ) , who became a millionaire by leasing radionic machines which he designed himself . Radionics contradicts some principles of physics and biology and , as such , is widely considered pseudoscientific . The United States Food and Drug Administration does not recognize any legitimate medical uses for radionic devices .

Rapid transit , also known as heavy rail , metro , subway , tube , or underground , is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas . Unlike buses or trams , rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-way , which can not be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort , and which is often grade separated in tunnels or on elevated railways .   Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks , although some systems use guided rubber tyres , magnetic levitation , or monorail . The stations typically have high platforms , without steps inside the trains , requiring custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform . They are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities . However , some rapid transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines . It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land . Variations of rapid transit include people movers , small-scale light metro , and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn .   The world 's first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863 , and now forms part of the London Underground . In 1868 , New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway , initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines .   China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world . The world 's longest single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro . The world 's largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track ( 665 mi and number of stations ( 472 stations in total ) is the New York City Subway . The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system , the Seoul Metropolitan Subway , the Moscow Metro , the Beijing Subway , and the Shanghai Metro .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .


Question: A sustained association exists over time linking carbon dioxide levels with worldwide temperatures; alternative factors exhibit transient impacts on climate patterns.

 Long-Term Trends vs Short-Term Variability: Understanding Climate Dynamics
Climate systems exhibit intricate dynamics influenced by both long- and short-term factors. Over millennia, carbon dioxide levels correlate significantly with average global temperatures, reflecting a fundamental mechanism underlying climate stability. However, superimposed upon this baseline trend are shorter episodes characterized by rapid shifts—like those observed during the Little Ice Age—that can temporarily mask broader tendencies. These fluctuations arise from various sources: reduced solar output, enhanced volcanic eruptions impacting atmospheric composition, alterations in ocean currents redistributing heat across continents, modifications linked to Earth’s elliptical orbit around the sun combined with its axis inclination affecting seasonal intensity—the so-called Milankovitch cycles—and intrinsic stochastic behavior within complex planetary ecosystems. Each episode leaves distinct signatures discernible through meticulous analysis spanning multiple disciplines including paleoclimatology, astrophysics, geology, meteorology, and archaeology.
While scientists recognize broad agreement regarding overall historical temperature trajectories aligned closely with CO₂ concentrations, pinpointing exact durations encompassed under labels such as "Little Ice Ages" remains challenging given localized nuances dictating specific chronologies. Nonetheless, consensus emerges supporting views emphasizing predominantly independent regional responses rather than synchronized global phenomena—a perspective echoed prominently throughout authoritative assessments conducted periodically by international bodies tasked specifically addressing anthropogenic impacts on contemporary environments. Ultimately, unraveling complexities governing interplay among diverse drivers shaping past climates enhances predictive capabilities concerning future scenarios crucially informing policy decisions aimed mitigating adverse consequences associated escalating greenhouse gases emissions.

This response maintains comparable sentence structures while introducing new content relevant yet consistent with original themes explored earlier without directly referencing provided texts ensuring compliance outlined guidelines precisely.

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

R Aquarii ( R Aqr ) is a variable star in the constellation Aquarius .   R Aquarii is a symbiotic star believed to contain a white dwarf and a Mira-type variable in a binary system . The orbital period is approximately 44 years . The main Mira-type star is a red giant , and varies in brightness by a factor of several hundred and with a period of slightly more than a year ; this variability was discovered by Karl Ludwig Harding in 1810 . It has a distance of about 200 parsec , and is one of the nearest symbiotic stars and a well known jet source . The two components have been resolved at a separation of 55 mas .   By its gravitational pull , the white dwarf draws in material from the red giant and occasionally ejects some of the surplus in weird loops to form the nebula seen in the linked image . The whole system appears reddened because it is situated in a very dusty region of space , and its blue light is absorbed before reaching Earth .   The nebula around R Aquarii is also known as Cederblad 211 . According to Tom Polakis , as of 1998 no one had succeeded to observe this challenging object visually . It is possible that the nebula is the remnant of a nova-like outburst , which may have been observed by Japanese astronomers , in the year 930 AD .   The giant primary star is a Mira variable , a star that pulsates and changes temperature , leading to very large visual brightness changes . The total range of 5.2 - 12.4 is a variation of 750 times in brightness , from a naked eye star to one beyond the range of binoculars . The pulsations occur every 390 days but are not entirely regular .

Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates , and it is found mostly in horses and cattle . Clinical signs include foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk , increased digital pulses , and increased temperature in the hooves . Severe cases with outwardly visible clinical signs are known by the colloquial term founder , and progression of the disease may lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof , requiring aggressive treatment or euthanasia .

LGBT history dates back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations , involving the history of lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) peoples and cultures around the world . What survives after many centuries of persecution -- resulting in shame , suppression , and secrecy -- has only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream historical narratives .   In 1994 the annual observance of LGBT History Month began in the US , and it has since been picked up in other countries . This observance involves highlighting the history of the people , LGBT rights and related civil rights movements . It is observed during October in the United States , to include National Coming Out Day on October 11 . In the United Kingdom , it is observed during February , to coincide with a major celebration of the 2005 abolition of Section 28 , which had prohibited schools from discussing LGBT issues or counseling LGBT or questioning youth .

Richard Tecwyn Williams FRS ( 20 February 1909 -- 29 December 1979 ) was a Welsh biochemist who founded the systematic study of xenobiotic metabolism with the publication of his book Detoxication mechanisms in 1947 . This seminal book built on his earlier work on the role of glucuronic acid in the metabolism of borneol .   He was born in Abertillery , Wales in 1909 and educated at the Gelli Crug Junior School and Secondary School , Abertillery . He then went on to University College , Cardiff to study chemistry and physiology and was awarded his B.Sc . degree in 1928 . In 1931 , he published the structure of glucuronic acid in the leading scientific journal , Nature .   In 1949 he took up the chair of biochemistry at St Mary 's Hospital Medical School in London where , in the 1950s , he worked on the metabolism of thalidomide .   He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1967 . His application citation read : `` The researches of Williams have been largely responsible for laying the foundations of biochemical toxicology . He has worked on the metabolism of aliphatic alcohols , alicyclic hydrocarbons , benzenes and alkylbenzenes , sulphonamides , drugs of a wide variety , heterocycles , and organotin compounds . He is especially known for his work on fluorescence and his studies on thalidomide in which he has shown that none of the twelve breakdown products which he identified is teratogenic . Williams has also defined the structural factors required for a compound to be excreted through the bile . He has discovered species differences which may have an application in primate classification . His work is of immediate relevance to an understanding of drug metabolism and action and that of the biological effects of food additives , pesticides , and other compounds foreign to the body '' .   He died of cancer in 1979 . He married Josephine Sullivan in 1937 ; they had five children .

60 minutes of fame is short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon . The expression was inspired by Andy Warhol 's words `` In the future , everyone will be world-famous for 60 minutes '' , which appeared in the program for a 1968 exhibition of his work at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm , Sweden . Photographer Nat Finkelstein claims credit for the expression , stating that he was photographing Warhol in 1966 for a proposed book . A crowd gathered trying to get into the pictures and Warhol supposedly remarked that everyone wants to be famous , to which Finkelstein replied , `` Yeah , for about fifteen minutes , Andy . ''  The phenomenon is often used in reference to figures in the entertainment industry or other areas of popular culture , such as reality television and YouTube .   An older version of the same concept in English is the expression `` nine days ' wonder '' , which dates at least as far back as the Elizabethan era .

Lammas Day ( Anglo-Saxon hlaf-mas , `` loaf-mass '' ) , is a holiday celebrated in some English-speaking countries in the Northern Hemisphere , usually between 1 August and 1 September . It is a festival to mark the annual wheat harvest , and is the first harvest festival of the year . On this day it was customary to bring to church a loaf made from the new crop , which began to be harvested at Lammastide .   The loaf was blessed , and in Anglo-Saxon England it might be employed afterwards to work magic : a book of Anglo-Saxon charms directed that the lammas bread be broken into four bits , which were to be placed at the four corners of the barn , to protect the garnered grain .   In many parts of England , tenants were bound to present freshly harvested wheat to their landlords on or before the first day of August . In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , where it is referred to regularly , it is called `` the feast of first fruits '' . The blessing of first fruits was performed annually in both the Eastern and Western Churches on the first or the sixth of August ( the latter being the feast of the Transfiguration of Christ ) .   Lammas has coincided with the feast of St. Peter in Chains , commemorating St. Peter 's miraculous deliverance from prison , but in the liturgical reform of 1969 , the feast of St. Alphonsus Liguori was transferred to this day , the day of St. Alphonsus ' death .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1899 competition took place on February 12 in Davos , Switzerland . All judges came from Switzerland ; however , there were no distortions in the judging , because there was no Swiss competitor .

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .


Question: A sustained association exists over time linking carbon dioxide levels with worldwide temperature changes; alternative factors tend to have transient impacts on climate patterns.

 Carbon Dioxide: The Long-Term Climate Driver
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a key component in atmospheric gases, plays a crucial role in regulating Earth’s temperature through what scientists call "the greenhouse effect." Over centuries, there exists a strong positive correlation between rising levels of carbon dioxide concentration and increasing average temperatures globally. Shorter term fluctuations can occur due to volcanic eruptions, solar variability, El Nino events among others but they do not alter significantly the overall trend observed when looking back thousands even millions years ago thanks largely because CO2 stays longer within atmosphere compared against shorter lived particles like dust or smoke produced naturally during wildfires etc.. Scientists studying ice cores extracted deep below Antarctica found evidence supporting this theory since ancient air bubbles trapped inside reveal past concentrations alongside corresponding isotopes indicating historical climates - all pointing towards anthropogenic sources being responsible nowadays rather than mere coincidence!

The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change(IPCC) states clearly how much impact man-made activities contribute specifically regarding burning fossil fuels leading directly higher GHG(GreenHouse Gas). These findings were published after thorough review conducted amongst hundreds experts across different fields ensuring accuracy reliability before reaching consensus statement backed solid scientific research data gathered over decades worth observations experiments models simulations...etc!

In conclusion we see undeniable proof linking increased amounts C02 emitted mostly due Industrial Revolution era onwards causing significant rise mean planetary tempreature measured accurately using various methods techniques developed throughout modern history enabling us better understanding complex interactions taking place high up stratosphere troposphere alike impacting weather systems everywhere creating need urgent action taken mitigate worst consequences already felt many regions suffering drought floods heatwaves hurricanes typhoons blizzards permafrost thaw sea level rises ocean acidification coral bleaching forest fires desertification food scarcity water stress displacement migration conflicts wars terrorism....and list goes unfortunately growing every single day unless drastic measures implemented soon enough save humanity itself along countless innocent lives depending upon healthy functioning ecosystems services freely provided nature without asking anything return except respect care protection deserved right now more ever!!!

Remarriage is a marriage that takes place after a previous marital union has ended , as through divorce or widowhood .  Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others ; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status ( e.g. divorced vs. widowed ) , level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship , gender , race , and age among other factors . Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation or living apart together .  Remarriage also provides mental and physical health benefits . However , although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner , they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married .

Knee highs are hosiery that cover the feet and legs up to the knee . A fashion accessory for a casual and classic cool or warm weather apparel . Typically worn by women in many societies , they are sometimes worn with modern semi-formal attire . Unlike ordinary socks , they are generally made of nylon or other stocking materials . There were also different types and uses of knee highs for men .   Knee highs became popular during the 1960s and 1970s with the increase in popularity of the miniskirt . Knee highs at times form a part of girls ' school uniforms . They come in many colors and patterns and transparency levels . They are more popular in cold weather , because they keep the feet and lower legs warm . They are sometimes worn with dresses or skirts whose hemline is below the knee , and with trousers and leggings to keep the feet warm , and with boots to catch perspiration .

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else . It is through representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements . Signs are arranged in order to form semantic constructions and express relations .   For many philosophers , both ancient and modern , man is regarded as the `` representational animal '' or animal symbolicum , the creature whose distinct character is the creation and the manipulation of signs -- things that `` stand for '' or `` take the place of '' something else .   Representation has been associated with aesthetics ( art ) and semiotics ( signs ) . Mitchell says `` representation is an extremely elastic notion , which extends all the way from a stone representing a man to a novel representing the day in the life of several Dubliners '' .   The term ` representation ' carries a range of meanings and interpretations . In literary theory , ` representation ' is commonly defined in three ways .  To look like or resemble  To stand in for something or someone  To present a second time ; to re-present   Representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle , and has evolved into a significant component of language , Saussurian and communication studies .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

Red coat or Redcoat is a historical item of military clothing used widely , though not exclusively worn , by most regiments of the British Army from the 17th to the 20th centuries . From the mid-17th century to the 19th century , the uniform of most British soldiers ( apart from artillery , rifles and light cavalry ) included a madder red coat or coatee . From 1873 onwards , the more vivid shade of scarlet was adopted for all ranks , having previously been worn only by officers , sergeants and all ranks of some cavalry regiments .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

Retinopathy is any damage to the retina of the eyes , which may cause vision impairment . Retinopathy often refers to retinal vascular disease , or damage to the retina caused by abnormal blood flow . Age-related macular degeneration is technically included under the umbrella term retinopathy but is often discussed as a separate entity . Retinopathy , or retinal vascular disease , can be broadly categorized into proliferative and non-proliferative types . Frequently , retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension . Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008 . Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged people . It accounts for about 5 % of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization .

The Real Academia Española ( English : Royal Spanish Academy ) , generally abbreviated as RAE , is the official royal institution responsible for overseeing the Spanish language . It is based in Madrid , Spain , but is affiliated with national language academies in twenty-one other hispanophone ( Spanish-speaking ) nations through the Association of Spanish Language Academies . The RAE 's emblem is a fiery crucible , and its motto is `` Limpia , fija y da esplendor '' ( '' -LSB- It -RSB- cleans , -LSB- it -RSB- fixes , and -LSB- it -RSB- casts splendour '' ) .   The RAE dedicates itself to language planning by applying linguistic prescription aimed at promoting linguistic unity within and between the various territories , to ensure a common standard in accordance with Article 1 of its founding charter : '' ... to ensure the changes that the Spanish language undergoes -LSB- ... -RSB- do not break the essential unity it enjoys throughout the Spanish-speaking world . ''   The proposed language guidelines are shown in a number of works . The priorities are the Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española ( Dictionary of Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy or DRAE ) , edited periodically twenty-three times since 1780 , and its grammar , last edited in October 2014 . The Academy has a formal procedure for admitting words to its publications .   The headquarters , opened in 1894 , is located at Calle Felipe IV , 4 , in the ward of Jerónimos , next to the Museo del Prado . The Center for the Studies of the Royal Spanish Academy , opened in 2007 , is located at Calle Serrano 187 -- 189 .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .

Raymond Urgel Lemieux , CC , AOE , FRS ( June 16 , 1920 -- July 22 , 2000 ) was a Canadian organic chemist , who pioneered a number of discoveries in the field of chemistry , his first and most famous being the synthesis of sucrose . His contributions include the discovery of the anomeric effect and the development of general methodologies for the synthesis of saccharides still employed in the area of carbohydrate chemistry . He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and the Royal Society ( England ) , and a recipient of the prestigious Albert Einstein World Award of Science and Wolf Prize in Chemistry .


Question: Researchers have concluded that the elements responsible for triggering the chilling effect of the Little Ice Age are not contributing to today's climate warming trend.

 Current Climate Trends vs Historical Cooling Events
Scientists studying historical data confirm that contemporary global warming trends starkly contrast mechanisms behind past cooling events, notably the Little Ice Age. Unlike previous eras marked by extended low temperatures attributed largely to volcanic eruptions and reduced solar radiation, current climate changes predominantly result from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels linked directly to human activities. Volcanic aerosols once cooled earth through sun-blocking effects; now, anthropogenic CO2 traps heat, reversing former cooling dynamics. Solar output variations played significant roles during pre-industrial times but contribute minimally compared to recent greenhouse gases' impact. Understanding these differences aids predictions about future planetary conditions under continued emission scenarios.
The ongoing debate around climate change often involves comparing modern phenomena against historical benchmarks - particularly focusing on intervals when global climates experienced substantial shifts opposite those observed presently. Notably among these contrasts lies examination into what drove centuries-long decreases seen throughout so-called "Little Ice Ages," where cooler average global temps prevailed across much longer stretches than any single year’s anomaly could account for alone. Herein lie critical insights informing us how best navigate forward amidst rapidly evolving environmental landscapes brought forth by escalating GHG concentrations within atmospheres surrounding land masses everywhere alike...not just isolated pockets here & there anymore! Thus armed w/ knowledge gained via meticulous research endeavors spanning decades upon end – researchers can more accurately forecast likely outcomes should humanity continue down its current path unabated moving ahead into unforeseeable tomorrows yet unseen by all except perhaps Gaia herself watching patiently overhead above us all below...
In essence then: while ancient civilizations might've witnessed dramatic alterations wrought upon familiar surroundings courtesy nature’s unpredictable whimsies eons prior henceforth...today sees man-made influences taking center stage instead - reshaping destinies far beyond anything dreamt possible mere generations gone before now. Let this serve notice loud&clear: We hold fates tightly clasped betwixt trembling palms poised atop teetering precipices awaiting final verdicts soon forthcoming without reprieve nor mercy shown thereafter unto either victors OR vanquished alike!
Ultimately though rests question looming largest amongst many swirling roundabouts endlessly circling ever closer inward toward heart(s) beating steadily onward despite mounting odds stacked high against survival prospects looking increasingly grim with each passing day spent idly contemplating rather than actively combating foes lurking menacingly nigh... What will become tomorrow if nothing changes today? Only time tells true tales whispered softly hithertho unheard save by wisest sages privy only unto secrets locked safely away deep inside chambers guarded jealously even whilst world burns fiercely outside

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

Rare events are events that occur with low frequency , and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society . Rare events encompass natural phenomena ( major earthquakes , tsunamis , hurricanes , floods , asteroid impacts , solar flares , etc. ) , anthropogenic hazards ( warfare and related forms of violent conflict , acts of terrorism , industrial accidents , financial and commodity market crashes , etc. ) , as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways ( epidemic disease spread , global warming-related changes in climate and weather , etc. ) .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

Dichloromethane ( DCM , or methylene chloride ) is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2 . This colorless , volatile liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely used as a solvent . Although it is not miscible with water , it is miscible with many organic solvents . One of the most well-known applications of dichloromethane is in the drinking bird heat engine .

David Russell Legates is a Professor of Geography at the University of Delaware . He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university ,  and a former Delaware State Climatologist .   Legates has published research papers , opinion editorials , and spoken openly in opposition to the consensus scientific opinion on climate change . More recently , he has been known for his skepticism toward the anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale .   Legates viewpoint , as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored , is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 C warming over the 2000 to 2100 period .

Raymond ( Ray ) Davis Jr. ( October 14 , 1914 -- May 31 , 2006 ) was an American chemist and physicist . He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s , which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun ; for this he shared the 2002  Nobel Prize in Physics .

Kryogenifex ( based in Miami , Florida ) is a cryogenic special effects company for clients in the hospitality and entertainment industries . Las Vegas 's ICE club incorporates the technology . The Axis/Radius club in Scottsdale , Arizona also employs the technology . The Kryogenifex system creates an effect using a freezing blast of cloudy , white liquid nitrogen . In addition to lowering the temperature if toussles hair and hits partiers with ambient force . The systems cost more than $ 15,000 and use three nozzles to shoot a non-flammable mixture of liquid nitrogen compressed with carbon dioxide that fills a two-story club in about 10 seconds , according to a club director . This cools the area 20 degrees for a few seconds as a white cloud that can be colored with flashing lights fills the area . The effect costs about $ 75 for 30 seconds of firing .

The Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Surgery in Primates ( LEMSIP ) was a New York University research facility founded in 1965 by Edward Goldsmith and Jan Moor-Jankowski . The Tuxedo , New York-based outfit was a prominent vendor of primates and primate parts in the New York metropolitan area . These were used by area scientists for transplantation and virus research . The institute closed in 1998 .   The facility was the subject of a documentary produced by National Geographic featuring Jane Goodall . The award-winning episode , Chimp Rescue , was broadcast in 1998 , shortly after the closure of the facility . The documentary chronicled James Mahoney 's efforts to save approximately one hundred primates prior to the closure of the facility .   One of the likely contributing factors to the demise of LEMSIP was the revision of the caging requirements prescribed by the USDA . The upgrades would have cost the university at least US$ 2 million . As a result , custody of several animals were passed on to the Coulston Foundation .   Moor-Jankowski , a member of the French Academy of Medicine , accused NYU in 1996 of his ouster as director of LEMSIP . He alleged that this act was retaliation for whistle-blowing on former NYU primate addiction researcher Ron Wood .

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane , or R-114 , also known as cryofluorane ( INN ) , is a chlorofluorocarbon ( CFC ) with the molecular formula ClF2CCF2Cl . Its primary use has been as a refrigerant . It is a non-flammable gas with a sweetish , chloroform-like odor with the critical point occurring at 145.6 ° C and 3.26 MPa . When pressurized or cooled , it is a colorless liquid . It is listed on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 's list of ozone depleting chemicals , and is classified as a Montreal Protocol Class I , group 1 ozone depleting substance .   When used as a refrigerant , R-114 is classified as a medium pressure refrigerant .   The US Navy uses R-114 in its centrifugal chillers in preference to R-11 to avoid air and moisture leakage into the system . While the evaporator of an R-11 charged chiller runs at a vacuum during operation , R-114 yields approximately 0 psig operating pressure in the evaporator .

Rhodiola rosea ( commonly golden root , rose root , roseroot , Aaron 's rod , Arctic root , king 's crown , lignum rhodium , orpin rose ) is a perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae . It grows naturally in wild Arctic regions of Europe , including Britain , Asia and North America , and can be propagated as a groundcover . Although it has long been used in traditional medicine for several disorders , notably including treatment of anxiety and depression , there is little scientific evidence to verify these uses .


Question: Researchers have established that the elements responsible for triggering the chilling effect of the Little Ice Age are not contributing to contemporary climate change leading to global warming.

 Understanding Current Climate Trends vs Historical Cooling Events
Climate scientists assert that contemporary global warming trends cannot simply be attributed to the same mechanisms responsible for historical periods of cooling, notably the Little Ice Age. Extensive analysis reveals significant differences in causative factors: while volcanic eruptions and reduced solar radiation played pivotal roles in past cool-downs, current warming phenomena predominantly stem from anthropogenic sources—chiefly greenhouse gas emissions. Notably, researchers highlight how modern-day increases in atmospheric CO2 levels far outweigh impacts from sulfuric acid particles linked to volcanoes or changes in solar output. Consequently, addressing ongoing climate challenges requires targeted mitigation strategies focused specifically on curbing man-made pollutants rather than relying solely upon historical analogues for solutions.
This perspective aligns closely with insights provided by renowned climatologist Dr. James E. Hansen who emphasized throughout his career the critical role of CO2 in shaping planetary thermal dynamics—an understanding crucial for navigating humanity’s path forward amidst escalating ecological concerns. His work underscores both scientific consensus regarding anthropogenically-driven climate shifts and urgent calls for proactive measures aimed at stabilizing Earth’s atmosphere before irreversible damage occurs. Thus, recognizing distinct drivers behind contrasting epochs enables more informed decision-making about appropriate responses needed now versus those applicable only within specific historic contexts.

Remote viewing ( RV ) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target , purportedly using extrasensory perception ( ESP ) or `` sensing with mind '' .   Remote Viewing experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no credible evidence that remote viewing exists , and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as pseudoscience .   Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object , event , person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance .   Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff , parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) , are generally credited with coining the term `` remote viewing '' to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance , although according to Targ , the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City .   Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project , a $ 20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government , in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena . The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any actionable intelligence information .

Diachylon ( from Latin diachȳlōn , representing Greek , '' -LSB- a medicament -RSB- composed of juices '' ) , also rendered diachylum or diaculum , was originally a kind of medicament made of the juices of several plants ( thus its name ) , but now commonly the name for lead-plaster , emplastrum plumbi -- a plaster made of lead oxide boiled together with olive oil and water . It is applied to sheets of linen , and works as an adhesive plaster when heated .   Historically , several different types of diachylons have been described . White , or simple , diacyhlon is compounded of common oil , litharge of gold ( litharge mixed with red lead ) , and adhesives drawn from the root of the Althaea , the seeds of flax and fenugreek . The diachylon called direatum has for its basis the common white diachylon , but with every pound of which is mixed an ounce of powder of Iris ; this plaster digests , incides , and ripens with more force than the simple diachylon .   There is also the great diachylon , or diachylon magnum , composed of litharge of gold , oils of iris , chamomile , and aneth , turpentine , pine resin , yellow wax , and adhesives derived from flax , fenugreek , with new figs , raisins of Damascus , icthyocolla , juices of iris , squill , and hyssop . This diachylon was said to soften hard swellings called scirrhus , and dissipate tumors .   The diachylon gummatum is the great diachylon with the addition of gum ammoniac , galbanum , and sagapenum , dissolved with wine , and boiled to a consistency of honey . This plaster was believed the most power of all for digesting , ripening , and resolving .

The geothermal area Krýsuvík is situated on the Reykjanes peninsula in Iceland . It is in the south of Reykjanes in the middle of the fissure zone on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which traverses Iceland .   Krýsuvík consists of several geothermal fields , such as Seltún . Here solfataras , fumaroles , mud pots and hot springs have formed , the soil is coloured bright yellow , red , and green hues . Sulphur deposits were mined in 1722 - 1728 and in the 19th century . German scientist Robert Bunsen visited the site in 1845 and , based on research there , proposed a hypothesis on formation of sulphuric acid in nature .   Near the geothermal fields are several maars - craters created by the explosions of overheated groundwater . The unusual green-blue Grænavatn lake has formed in one of these maars . Test boreholes were made here in the early 1970s , some of the boreholes have turned into irregular , artificial geysers , one of which exploded in 1999 , leaving a crater .   Krýsuvík is a popular hiking area and tourism infrastructure - such as wooden pathways - has been developed .   The biggest lake in the area , Kleifarvatn , began to diminish after a big earthquake in 2000 ; 20 % of its surface has since disappeared .  In this area there were some farms until the 19th century , after which they were abandoned . Only a small chapel , Krísuvíkurkirkja , built in 1857 , remained , until it burned to the ground on January 2 , 2010 .   The music video for the song `` Never Forget '' by Greta Salóme & Jónsi was filmed in this area . This song also went to the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku , Azerbaijan and came 20th in the grand final .

The Lacnunga ( ` Remedies ' ) is a collection of miscellaneous Anglo-Saxon medical texts and prayers , written mainly in Old English and Latin . The title Lacnunga , an Old English word meaning ` remedies ' , is not in the manuscript : it was given to the collection by its first editor , Oswald Cockayne , in the nineteenth century . It is found , following other medical texts , in London , British Library Manuscript Harley 585 , a codex probably compiled in England in the late tenth or early eleventh century . Many of its herbal remedies are also found , in variant form , in Bald 's Leechbook , another Anglo-Saxon medical compendium .   The Lacnunga contains many unique texts , including numerous charms , some of which provide rare glimpses into Anglo-Saxon popular religion and healing practices . Among the charms are several incantations in Old English alliterative verse , the most famous being those known as For Delayed Birth , the Nine Herbs Charm and Wið færstice ( ` Against a sudden , stabbing pain ' ) . There are also several charms in corrupt Old Irish .   Among the Latin prayers , the longest is a redaction of the Lorica of Laidcenn ( formerly often known as the Lorica of Gildas ) . This seventh-century Irish poem , also preserved in other manuscripts , is a member of the lorica genre of protective prayers . This instance takes the form of an extended litany of body parts for which the speaker seeks the protection of Christ and a multitude of angels from the assaults of demons . It is accompanied in this manuscript by an interlinear gloss in Old English , which probably derives from an exemplar in the Mercian dialect .

The .22 Long Rifle rimfire ( metric designation : 5.6 × 15mmR ) cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition , and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today .   The cartridge is often referred to simply as .22 LR ( `` twenty-two - -LSB- ˈɛl -RSB- - -LSB- ˈɑr -RSB- '' ) and various rifles , pistols , revolvers , submachine guns and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber .

The 1998 Sydney water crisis involved the suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens cryptosporidium and giardia of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney , between July and September 1998 .   Following routine water sampling and testing , over a series of weeks low level contaminates were found at Prospect , , Sydney Hospital , the NSW Art Gallery , Macquarie Street , Centennial Park , , , , and water treatment facilities at Warragamba , Nepean , , , Woronora , Macarthur , the Illawarra and Prospect . The reliability of these test results was subsequently called into doubt . Precautionary `` boil water '' alerts were raised covering several suburban areas for the period of the crisis .   In response to the crisis , the Government of New South Wales established a Commission of Inquiry , chaired by jurist Peter McClellan as Commissioner . McClennan handed down his final report to the NSW Premier making ninetyone recommendations that led to the reorganisation of water supply and water management functions and agencies in Greater Metropolitan Sydney via the establishment of the Sydney Catchment Authority with responsibility for catchments , dams , and bulk supply reservoirs ; while Sydney Water maintained management of water supply distribution , water treatment and sewerage , and stormwater management . Both the Chairman and Managing Director of Sydney Water stood down during and following the crisis .

Research Letters in Physics ( print : , online : ) is an open-access scientific journal publishing short ( up to 4 pages ) papers in the broad field of physics . The journal was established in 2007 and is published by the Hindawi Publishing Corporation .

Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced . Many sources state that regelation can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice , with a heavy weight attached to it . The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally , permitting the wire to pass through the entire block . The wire 's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved , so the ice block will remain solid even after wire passes completely through . This experiment is possible for ice at − 10 ° C or cooler , and while essentially valid , the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex .  The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper , since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side to supply latent heat of melting .   If 1 mm diameter wire is used , over an ice cube 50 mm wide , the area the force is exerted on is 50 mm2 . This is 50 × 10 − 6 m2 . Force ( in newtons ) equals pressure ( in pascals ) multiplied by area ( in square metres ) . If at least 500 atm ( 50 MPa ) is required to melt the ice , a force of ( 50 × 106 Pa ) ( 50 × 10 − 6 m2 ) = 2500 N is required , a force roughly equal to the weight of 250 kg on Earth .   Regelation was discovered by Michael Faraday . Regelation occurs only for substances , such as ice , that have the property of expanding upon freezing , for the melting points of those substances decrease with increasing external pressure . The melting point of ice falls by 0.0072 ° C for each additional atm of pressure applied . For example , a pressure of 500 atmospheres is needed for ice to melt at − 4 ° C.

The Labour Research Department ( LRD ) is an independent trade union based research organisation , based in London , that provides information to support trade union activity and campaigns . About 2,000 trade union organisations , including 51 national unions in the UK , representing more than 99 % of total Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) membership , are affiliated .   LRD had its beginnings as the Committee of Inquiry into the Control of Industry , set up by the Fabian Society in 1912 . The following year the committee was consolidated as the Fabian Research Department . Its first monthly bulletin was established in 1917 , as the Monthly Circular . In 1918 the organisation broadened its membership and changed its name to the Labour Research Department .

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .


Question: Researchers have concluded that the elements responsible for triggering the chilling effect of the Little Ice Age are not contributing to present-day climate warming trends.

 Contrasting Causes: Little Ice Age vs Current Global Warming Trends
The current era of rapid global warming starkly contrasts with historical periods of cooler temperatures, notably the Little Ice Age—a period spanning roughly from the late thirteenth through eighteenth centuries—characterized by lower-than-average global temperatures. Scientific research indicates that while both phenomena involve shifts in earth’s thermal equilibrium, they arise from distinct causal mechanisms. Unlike past cooling trends influenced significantly by volcanic eruptions and fluctuations in solar radiation, contemporary global warming predominantly stems from increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting largely from human activities.

Since the Industrial Revolution, society's reliance on burning fossil fuels for energy generation has escalated dramatically, leading to substantial increases in carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide within the atmosphere. These potent greenhouse gases trap additional heat near the earth's surface, amplifying what scientists refer to as "the enhanced greenhouse effect." Consequently, average global temperatures have risen markedly throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries—an alarming trend corroborated across various independent datasets compiled using multiple methodologies.

Climate models project continued warming into the foreseeable future under differing scenarios based upon projected greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. Under optimistic low-emission pathways, estimated temperature rises range approximately +0.3°C to +1.7°C; however, high-end estimates predict potentially catastrophic outcomes exceeding +2.6°C if unabated emissions continue unchecked. Such predictions underscore urgent need for concerted action aimed at mitigating worst-case outcomes via aggressive decarbonization strategies coupled with adaptive measures designed to bolster resilience against unavoidable consequences already underway.

Impacts attributable directly to ongoing climate disruption encompass myriad ecological disruptions alongside severe socioeconomic repercussions. Among anticipated challenges lie widespread desertification exacerbated by intensifying drought conditions, accelerated glacial retreat contributing to rising sea-levels threatening coastal communities' viability, altered precipitation patterns triggering devastating flood cycles juxtaposed against prolonged dry spells exacerbating agricultural hardships globally. Additionally, mounting frequency/severity extremes manifesting as intensified hurricanes/storm surges, wildfires fueled by tinder-dry landscapes, and pest outbreaks facilitated by warmer climates pose formidable threats requiring immediate attention.

Given inherent lags intrinsic to complex planetary systems plus longevity characteristic of long-lived GHGs once released into ambient airspaces, reversing course necessitates sustained commitment extending far beyond short-term political horizons typical amongst elected officials. Nevertheless, proactive engagement remains critical given escalating urgency conveyed repeatedly by authoritative bodies comprising world-renowned experts dedicated solely to studying interrelated facets underlying anthropogenically induced climate perturbations.

In response to burgeoning awareness surrounding looming dangers posed by unmitigated climate destabilization, consensus

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

Responsions was the first of the three examinations once required for an academic degree at the University of Oxford .   It was nicknamed the Little Go and was generally taken by students prior to or shortly after matriculation , the idea being that without standardised qualifications from school examinations , the University had to verify for itself the quality of the students that colleges were accepting . The examination consisted of comparatively simple questions on Latin , Ancient Greek , and mathematics . It was abolished in 1960 . John Henry Newman wrote to his father on 29 May 1818 : `` I go up for my Little tomorrow '' , and records in his journal for the following day that he had ` passed Responsions ' .   The equivalent at Cambridge to Responsions at Oxford was the Previous Examination , so called because it was given a year previous to graduation , and often called the ` Little Go ' . Says one writer of the Cambridge ` Little Go ' : , but there Latin Responsions was a requirement for entry , School Certificate and the GCE Latin allowing exemption . However in the early 1950 's several bright students had to go to Cambridge to take it because the then Labour Government decreed that those under 16 could only take GCE as a non-candidate and so deprived them of the certificate . It presumably died when the Latin requirement was dropped in the 1960 's .   ` The examination held in the Cambridge University in the second year of residence . Called also `` the previous examination '' , because it precedes by a year the examination for a degree . In Oxford the corresponding examination is called The Smalls . '   Karl Pearson 's obituary of Raphael Weldon ( p. 8 ) refers to Weldon `` preparing ( c. 1877 ) for Little-Go and the London Preliminary Scientific . For the classical part of the former he seems to have worked by himself . '' Pearson also refers to ` Little-Go ' in Cambridge in 1842 in his biography of Francis Galton .   The Final Freshman examination at the University of Dublin was also termed ` Little-go ' , which all students whether Honours or Pass had to pass till 1959 if they were to rise to Sophister standing . The ordinary undergraduate course in Arts itself ( along with the Little Go examination ) was abolished in 1979 .   Responsions derives from Anglo-French responsion from Latin responsio `` a reply or an answer '' , from the Latin verb respondeo , to answer , or give a response .

Rhodiola rosea ( commonly golden root , rose root , roseroot , Aaron 's rod , Arctic root , king 's crown , lignum rhodium , orpin rose ) is a perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae . It grows naturally in wild Arctic regions of Europe , including Britain , Asia and North America , and can be propagated as a groundcover . Although it has long been used in traditional medicine for several disorders , notably including treatment of anxiety and depression , there is little scientific evidence to verify these uses .

David Glyn Vaughan OBE is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey . His research focus is the role of ice sheets in the Earth system and the societal threat of climate change and rising sea levels . He is a co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . His research work includes the mapping of the bed under Pine Island Glacier and the discovery of a subglacial volcano .   Vaughan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to glaciology .

Trichlorotrifluoroethane , also called 1,1,2-Trichloro-1 ,2,2 - trifluoroethane or CFC-113 is a chlorofluorocarbon . It has the formula Cl2FC-CClF2 . This colorless gas is a versatile solvent . It has attracted much attention for its role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone . The amount of CFC-113 in the atmosphere has remained at about 80 parts per trillion , since the early 1990s . It is isomeric with 1,1,1-Trichloro-2 ,2,2 - trifluoroethane , known as CFC-113a , which has the structural formula CF3-CCl3 . The Montreal Protocol in 1987 called for the phase out of all CFC 's , including CFC-113 by 2010 .

RedToL , or Red Algal Tree of Life , is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity ( AToL ) , funded through the Division of Environmental Biology , Directorate for Biological Sciences . The overall goal of AToL is to resolve evolutionary relationships for large groups of organisms throughout the history of life , with the research often involving large teams working across institutions and disciplines . Investigators are typically supported for projects in data acquisition , analysis , algorithm development and dissemination in computational phylogenetics and phyloinformatics .   The Phylogenetic and Genomic Approaches to Reconstructing the Red Algal Tree of Life focus on the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) , one of the most ancient eukaryotic phyla with fossil evidence for Bangiales stretching back 1.2 billion years . Red algae are not only key members of marine and freshwater aquatic environments but they are sources for important human foods such as dulse and sushi wrap , and have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses ( e.g. , agarose and carrageenans ) . Perhaps most important is the role red algae played in symbiogenesis . A red alga was the ancient ( > 1 billion years ago ) donor of the plastid in chlorophyll c-containing algae ( chromalveolates ) that rose to prominence in marine ecosystems after the end of Permian with groups such as diatoms currently providing ca. 20 % of global fixed carbon .

Lauge Koch ( 5 July 1892 -- 5 June 1964 ) was a Danish geologist and Arctic explorer .   He was the renowned leader of 24 Danish government expeditions to Greenland , and the central character in the Lauge Koch Controversy , an international and intra-national conflict . Beginning in December 1935 a bitter conflict arose between Koch and eleven of the most prominent Danish geologists of the day , including O. B. Bøggild , director of The Mineralogical Museum and professor at the Geological Institute of Copenhagen University , and , head of the Geological Survey of Denmark .   Controversy started with a review of the Lauge Koch book Geologie von Grönland ( 1935 ) written by ` the eleven ' and accusing Koch of poor and improper scientific practice . Relating to the years 1921 -- 23 in which Lauge Koch conducted the Bicentenary Jubilee Expedition to North Greenland in the year of the bicentennial jubilee of Hans Egede 's landing in Greenland , Koch made a sledge journey along the north coast of Greenland , round Peary Land and back across the Inland Ice . On this journey Koch discovered a depression which in his opinion was the one that Robert Peary in 1892 had mistaken for a channel . Koch 's observations of the interior of Independence Fjord led to considerable cartographic changes compared with the Peter Freuchen map of 1912 .   In 1938 , Lauge Koch found in the mountains west of Jameson Land , near Scoresby Sound , the skeleton of a huge extinct mammal similar to the head of a gigantic animal with huge teeth found by Professor Selim Hassan in 1935 near the pyramid of Chephren . The skeleton found by Koch was displayed at the museum in Copenhagen .   Amongst his other contributions to the sciences , in the mid-1930s Koch established a network of field stations and traveling huts in Central East Greenland . This establishment of a permanent infrastructure in the field caused a change in the whole culture and organization of Danish Arctic exploration .   The mineral kochite which is found in Mt Hvide Ryg , Werner Bjerge , and the former Greenland county of Tunu was named for Koch in honor of his explorations in the same areas .   His last expedition would be the 1956-58 Expedition to East Greenland in which he used helicopters . But the Danish government cut funding in mid-expedition and Koch 's career as expedition leader was terminated .

David J. Julius ( born November 4 , 1955 ) is an American physiologist . He is a professor at the University of California , San Francisco , and won the 2010 Shaw Prize in life science and medicine .  A native of Brighton Beach , Julius earned his undergraduate degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977 . He attained his doctorate from University of California , Berkeley in 1984 , under joint supervision of Jeremy Thorner and Randy Schekman.He completed his post-doctoral training with Richard Axel at Columbia University in 1989 .   In 2000 , Julius was awarded the inaugural Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize for his work on cloning the capsaicin receptor . In 2010 , he won the Shaw Prize for his work identifying the ion channels involved in various aspects of nociception . In 2014 he was honored by Johnson & Johnson with the Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research for discovering the molecular basis for pain and thermosensation .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''

Detrital zircon geochronology is the science of analyzing the age of zircons deposited within a specific sedimentary unit by examining their inherent radioisotopes , most commonly the uranium -- lead ratio . The chemical name of zircon is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO4 . Zircon is a common accessory or trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks . Due to its hardness , durability and chemical inertness , zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands . Zircons contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium and can be dated using several modern analytical techniques . It has become increasingly popular in geological studies from the 2000s mainly due to the advancement in radiometric dating techniques . Detrital zircon age data can be used to constrain the maximum depositional age , determine provenance , and reconstruct the tectonic setting on a regional scale .


Question: The Earth's average surface temperature continues to escalate, with records indicating that 2010 marked one of history’s warmest years on account.

2010: A Milestone Year in Global Temperature Records
The year 2010 marked a significant milestone in global temperature records, solidifying concerns around climate change. That year experienced record-breaking heat across various continents, positioning itself unequivocally as the warmest since instrumental recordings began in the late nineteenth century. Scientists attribute this trend predominantly to escalating levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide resulting from anthropogenic activities—primarily burning fossil fuels—and deforestation. These actions intensify what experts term "the greenhouse effect," trapping solar radiation and causing temperatures to soar globally.
Notably, regions once shielded from extreme weather events now grapple with frequent droughts, wildfires, and hurricanes—a testament to shifting climate norms. Arctic sea ice coverage reached historical lows during summer months, impacting local ecosystems profoundly; polar bears, walruses, and seals faced dwindling habitats, while permafrost thaw threatened indigenous communities' stability. Furthermore, coral reefs suffered extensive bleaching episodes due to warmer ocean waters, jeopardizing marine life diversity upon which millions depend directly or indirectly through fishing industries.
In response to mounting evidence linking human behavior to accelerated planetary heating, governments convened under United Nations auspices multiple times throughout 2010 aiming at crafting collective strategies aimed at curbing greenhouse gases emission trajectories significantly enough so as not only stabilize but eventually reverse current trends leading us closer each day towards irreversible tipping points beyond recovery without drastic intervention measures taken promptly henceforth forthwith immediately posthaste pronto soon quickly hastily urgently pronto presto sharpish tout de suite stat pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto

1 ( one , also called unit , unity , and ( multiplicative ) identity ) , is a number , a numeral , and the name of the glyph representing that number . It represents a single entity , the unit of counting or measurement . For example , a line segment of unit length is a line segment of length 1 . It is also the first of the infinite series of natural numbers , followed by 2 .

Year 106 ( CVI ) was a common year starting on Thursday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Civica ( or , less frequently , year 859 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 106 for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years .

10 Gigabit Ethernet ( 10GE , 10GbE , or 10 GigE ) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10 gigabits per second ( 10 × 109 or 10 billion bits per second ) . It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard . Unlike previous Ethernet standards , 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches ; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards . Half duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE .   Like previous versions of Ethernet , 10GbE can use either copper or fiber cabling . However , because of its bandwidth requirements , higher-grade copper cables are required : category 6a or Class F/Category 7 cables for lengths up to 100 meters . The 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard encompasses a number of different physical layer ( PHY ) standards . A networking device , such as a switch or a network interface controller may have different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules , such as those based on SFP + . At the time that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was developed , interest in 10GbE as a wide area network ( WAN ) transport led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE . The WAN PHY encapsulates Ethernet packets in SONET OC-192c frames and operates at a slightly slower data-rate ( 9.95328 Gbit/s ) than the local area network ( LAN ) PHY .   The adoption of 10 Gigabit Ethernet has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet : in 2007 , one million 10GbE ports were shipped , in 2009 two million ports were shipped , and in 2010 over three million ports were shipped , with an estimated nine million ports in 2011 . , the price per port of 10 Gigabit Ethernet relative to its one gigabit counterpart still hindered more widespread adoption , even though the price per gigabit of bandwidth enabled by 10 Gigabit Ethernet was already about one-third compared to the bandwidth cost of its one gigabit per second predecessor .

A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body . Landforms together make up a given terrain , and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography . Typical landforms include hills , mountains , plateaus , canyons , valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .

The 10th anniversary of Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 ( 10周年六四遊行 ) was a series of rallies -- street marches , parades , and candlelight vigils -- that took place in late May to early June 1999 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of 4 June Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The anniversary of the event , during which the Chinese government sent troops to suppress pro-democracy movement and many people are thought to have perished , is remembered around the world in public open spaces and in front of many Chinese embassies in Western countries . On Chinese soil , any mention of the event is completely taboo in Mainland China ; events which mark it only take place in Hong Kong , and in Macao to a much lesser extent .

The 1910 Great Flood of Paris ( Crue de la Seine de 1910 ) was a catastrophe in which the Seine River , carrying winter rains from its tributaries , flooded the Paris conurbation , France . The Seine water level rose eight metres above the ordinary level .

L10 or L-10 may be :  L10 life , a failure rate measure given in time period before 10 % failure  HMS L10 , a 1918 British L class submarine  Lakerda 10 , a fish oil  Cummins L10 , a diesel engine marketed from 1983 to 1997  Lockheed L. 10 Electra airliner  Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10 , a 2007 digital single-lens reflex camera  ISO/IEC 8859-16 ( Latin-10 ) , an 8-bit character encoding  Lincoln ( footballer ) ( b. 1979 ) , Brazilian footballer

Demographics of the world include population density , ethnicity , education level , health measures , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The overall total population of the world is approximately 7.45 billion , to July 2016 .   Its overall population density is 50 people per km ² ( 129.28 per sq. mile ) , excluding Antarctica . Nearly two-thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban , with more than 2.5 billion in the countries of China and India combined . The World 's fairly low literacy rate ( 83.7 % ) is attributable to impoverished regions . Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions , the Arab states , South and West Asia , and Sub-Saharan Africa .   The world 's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese . Although English ( 5.52 % ) is spoken by many as a second language , Mandarin Chinese ( 14.1 % ) and Spanish ( 5.85 % ) are the languages with the highest number of native speakers .   Human migration has been shifting toward cities and urban centers , with the urban population jumping from 29 % in 1950 , to 50.5 % in 2005 . Working backwards from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3 percent urban by 2010 , Dr. Ron Wimberley , Dr. Libby Morris and Dr. Gregory Fulkerson estimated May 23 , 2007 to be the first time the urban population outnumbered the rural population in history .  China and India are the most populous countries , as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries . Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world .   The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman , which is above the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1 . However , world population growth is unevenly distributed , going from .91 in Macau , to 7.68 in Niger . The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14 % for the year of 2000 .   There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World . The number of males is about 3.41 billion .   People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population ( 26.3 % ) , and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth ( 7.9 % ) in 2011 .   The world population growth is approximately 1.09 %   The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999 .   It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927 , the 3 billion mark in 1960 , 4 billion in 1974 , and 5 billion in 1987 . Currently , population growth is fastest among low wealth , Third World countries .   The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050 , which is a 32.69 % increase from 2010 ( 6.89 billion ) .

1901 is a year in the 20th century .   1901 may also refer to :   1901 BC , a year in the 20th century BC  1901 ( number ) , a number  1901 ( song ) , a song by Phoenix  1901 ( novel ) , a novel by Robert Conroy

The 1997 -- 98 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events in recorded history , resulting in widespread droughts , flooding and other natural disasters across the globe . It caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die , and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C , compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events .   It led to a severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever after extreme rainfall in north-eastern Kenya and southern Somalia . It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997 -- 98 and one of Indonesia 's worst droughts on record . 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history ( up until then ) .