Question: The appointment by President-Elect Donald J. Trump of an individual skeptical about anthropogenic climate change as leader for coordinating EPA transition activities from outgoing administration under Barack Obama signals potential shift away green policies .

 Michael Regan
Michael S. Regan (born July 5, 1976) is an American public official serving as the administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency since March 11, 2021. Prior to his appointment under President Joe Biden’s administration, Regan served as Secretary of the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality from January 2017 through January 2021 during Roy Cooper's governorship.

Regan began his career working eight years at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency where he held positions across various programs within both Air & Radiation and Water Management divisions. Afterward, he spent nearly ten years consulting for clients ranging from Fortune 50 companies to local governments while employed at the non-profit organization Environmental Defense Fund. During his tenure there, he led teams focused on mitigating methane emissions from oil/gas operations, improving energy efficiency standards, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing water quality initiatives, and addressing environmental justice concerns disproportionately impacting minority communities.

In contrast to previous administrations' skepticism regarding anthropogenic impacts contributing significantly to current climate trends – particularly those espoused by former EPA chief Scott Pruitt - Mr.Regan supports robust action aimed at curbing greenhouse gases emitted domestically alongside international cooperation necessary for achieving long-term sustainability goals outlined within Paris Agreement frameworks agreed upon globally among participating nations seeking collective solutions capable of averting worst-case scenarios associated with unchecked planetary heating exacerbated largely via continued reliance upon fossil fuels combustion powering modern economies around world.

Throughout his professional life thus far spanning multiple decades dedicated service advocating environmentally conscious policies benefiting all citizens regardless socioeconomic status race gender orientation etc., Michael Regan consistently demonstrated unwavering commitment ensuring clean air drinkable water conserved lands accessible everyone alike; qualities essential fulfilling mission entrusted unto highest-ranking steward overseeing nation’s ecological welfare safeguarded generations come.

David J. Hayes is a Distinguished Visiting Lecturer at Law at Stanford Law School . As a Visiting Lecturer at Stanford , Hayes has developed and taught courses focused on renewable and conventional energy development and regulation , international wildlife trafficking , NEPA reform , and the Arctic . He has published several articles relating to this work .   From 2009 to July 2013 , he was the Deputy Secretary and Chief Operating Officer of the Department of the Interior in the Obama administration . His nomination was confirmed by unanimous consent on May 20 , 2009 by the United States Senate and he took office on May 22 , 2009 . Hayes ' confirmation was delayed , and subject to a cloture vote , based on then-Senator Bob Bennett 's objections to Secretary Salazar 's cancellation of an oil and gas lease sale in Utah . During his tenure as Deputy Secretary , Hayes facilitated the development of major renewable energy projects by helping to institute permitting reforms and introducing landscape-scale planning for solar projects on public lands and wind projects in offshore waters . He oversaw the establishment of a network of climate science and regional cooperatives to address climate change impacts on resources ; managed the day-to-day response to the Gulf Oil spill ; negotiated a resolution of the Cobell Indian trust fund litigation and oversaw the settlement of several Indian water rights settlements ; and was the point person for the Administration on water issues in California and energy issues in Alaska . After helping to develop the Administration 's response to the African wildlife trafficking crisis , the President appointed Hayes to the White House Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking .   Hayes served as Counselor to Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt , and then as the Senate-confirmed Deputy Secretary of the Interior , during the Clinton administration ( 1997 -- 2001 ) . Before and between his service in the Clinton and Obama administrations , Hayes practiced environmental and energy law as Global Chairman of the Environment , Land and Resources department at the firm of Latham & Watkins ( 1990-1997 ; 2001-2008 ) . He was a Senior Fellow at the Hewlett Foundation from 2013 to 2014 , and he previously served as a Senior Fellow of the World Wildlife Fund , and as a senior fellow at the Progressive Policy Institute ( the think tank affiliated with the Democratic Leadership Council ) .   During Hayes ' first tenure as Deputy Secretary of the Interior , he focused on environmental priorities , including the acquisition and protection of threatened lands ( e.g. , the Headwaters old-growth redwood forest in Northern California ) ; the restoration of threatened ecosystems ( e.g. the Bay-Delta ecosystem restoration project in California ) ; the introduction of modern water management approaches in the west ( e.g. the Colorado River initiatives undertaken by the Clinton administration ) ; the negotiation of habitat conservation plans under the Endangered Species Act ; energy-related issues associated with federal lands and resources ( e.g. oil and gas development , hydropower licensing , etc. ) ; and the settlement of long-standing Indian water and land disputes .   Active in the non-profit field , Hayes is the former Chairman of the Board of the non-partisan Environmental Law Institute . He also served as the Vice-Chairman of the national conservation group , American Rivers , and was a board member of RESOLVE , a non-profit that focuses on problem-solving in the energy and environmental fields .   During the 2007-2008 academic year , Hayes was a Consulting Professor at Stanford University 's Woods Institute for the Environment , where he undertook a special project analyzing the regulatory challenges associated with carbon offsets . His report was published by the Center for American Progress . He is the author of dozens of journal articles on issues related to energy and the environment .   Prior to his appointment as Deputy Secretary , Hayes headed up energy and the environment agency review for President-elect Obama 's Transition Team , with responsibility over the Departments of Agriculture , Interior , Energy and the EPA . He was a lead environmental and energy advisor to the Kerry campaign in 2004 ; acted as special emissary for Vice President Gore to advise the new President of Bolivia on sustainable development issues in 1993 and 1994 ; and served on the EPA Transition Team for President-elect Clinton in 1992 .   Hayes is a 1978 graduate of the Stanford Law School , and is a 1975 summa cum laude graduate of the University of Notre Dame . He served as Chairman of the Board of Visitors for the Stanford Law School . Born in Rochester , NY in 1953 , Hayes lives in Palo Alto , CA with his wife Elizabeth Haile Hayes . They have three children , Katherine , Stephen , and Molly .

William Ramsey Clark ( born December 18 , 1927 ) is an American lawyer , activist and former federal government official . A progressive , New Frontier liberal , he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 ; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965 .   As Attorney General he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty , his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights , and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions . Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968 . Since leaving public office Clark has led many progressive activism campaigns , including opposition to the War on Terror , and he has offered legal defense to controversial figures such as Charles Taylor , Slobodan Milošević , Saddam Hussein , and Lyndon LaRouche .

David J. Schiappa ( born November 3 , 1962 ) was a Republican staff member of the United States Senate from 1984 to 2013 , most recently as Secretary for the Minority . He is now a vice president at the Duberstein Group . He is a native of Washington , D.C. , and a 1984 graduate of the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University in the School of Professional studies in Business and Education .   Mr. Schiappa began work in the Senate in 1984 in the Senate Republican Cloakroom . In 1994 , Republicans regained the Majority and Mr. Schiappa became the Republican Floor Assistant under the direction of the Secretary for the Majority . He was appointed the Assistant Secretary for the Majority in 1996 and served in that capacity until August , 2001 when he was elected to the post of Secretary for the Minority . The Republicans took the majority in the 108th Congress at which time Mr. Schiappa became the Secretary for the Majority . When Democrats took control of the Senate for the 110th Congress , Mr. Schiappa was again selected to serve as Secretary for the Minority . He retired from Senate service on August 1 , 2013 . Mr. Schiappa is married , has two children , and resides in Davidsonville , Maryland .

Randall B. Luthi ( born 1955 ) is an attorney and rancher from Freedom , in northwestern Lincoln County in western Wyoming , who served as a Republican in the Wyoming House of Representatives from 1995 -- 2007 . He was the Speaker for his last two-year term , 2005 -- 2007 . Prior to 2005 , he had been the House Majority Leader . In Wyoming , Speakers traditionally retire from the House upon the expiration of their tenure as presiding officer . Luthi was thereafter named by Interior Secretary Dirk Kempthorne as the Director of the Minerals Management Service .   Luthi formerly served in the United States Department of the Interior during the administration of Presidents Ronald W. Reagan and George Herbert Walker Bush . The first Bush transferred him to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Since 2000 , Luthi has been a partner in the Luthi and Voyles law firm in Thayne . Since 1993 , he has also been a managing partner of the JE Luthi Ranch , a beef cattle operation in Lincoln County . From 1990 -- 1993 , he served in Washington , D.C. , in career positions as Senior Counselor for Environmental Regulations in NOAA 's Office of General Counsel . Earlier , he was an attorney in the Interior Department Office of the Solicitor from 1986 -- 1990 . In 2007 , President George W. Bush named Luthi Deputy Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . On July 23 , 2007 , the administration appointed him head of the Minerals Management Services where he remained until January , 2009 .   On March 1 , 2010 , Luthi became president of the National Ocean Industries Association ( NOIA ) , a Washington , D.C. based political action committee representing `` the companies that develop the nation 's valuable offshore energy resources . '' The movement of Minerals Management Service officials to NOIA has been controversial . As NOIA president , Luthi wrote to the acting director of the Minerals Management Service on June 7 , 2010 , advocating rapid clarification of offshore drilling rules because `` it is not a time for a lengthy and undefined ban or suspension on all drilling . ''   Luthi is considered an authority on royalties paid to the U.S. government by companies which produce energy from the public domain , both on land and water . From his legislative service , Luthi was instrumental in the formulation of state budgets which relied heavily upon royalties and severance taxes paid by energy companies operating on federal leases . He was also a legislative member of the Energy Council , an organization of legislative representatives from energy-producing states and Canadian provinces and private energy-related industries . The council meets quarterly to consider the latest developments in energy matters .   Luthi formerly worked as a legislative assistant in the office of former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson of Cody . He provided counsel on legal and legislative issues including oil and natural gas taxation . He later transferred to the office of then U.S. Representative Richard B. Cheney of Wyoming , later Vice President of the United States .   Luthi received a bachelor of science degree in law enforcement in 1979 from the University of Wyoming at Laramie . He procured his Juris Doctor law degree from UW in 1982 .   In June 2007 , upon the death of U.S. Senator Craig Thomas , Luthi was among thirty applicants for appointment to fill the vacancy until a special election is held on November 4 , 2008 . Luthi was not chosen by the Republican State Central Committee as one of the three finalists to be considered for appointment by the state 's governor , Democrat Dave Freudenthal . Luthi tied for fifth place on the second ballot and lost a tie-breaking vote .   In September 2008 , Democratic Senator Bill Nelson of Florida called upon Luthi to resign from the Minerals Management Service because of a sex , drug , and oil scandal at the service that occurred between 2002 and 2006 , before Luthi became director .

David Wilson Jolly ( born October 31 , 1972 ) is an American attorney , former lobbyist , and a former U.S. Representative for Florida 's 13th congressional district . A Republican , he previously served as general counsel to his predecessor , U.S. Rep. Bill Young . He won the race for Young 's seat in a 2014 special election against Democrat Alex Sink . He was subsequently re-elected in November 2014 , winning 75 percent of the vote , but was unseated in 2016 by former Governor Charlie Crist . Jolly has become a prominent Republican critic of US President Donald Trump .   Jolly is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One .

Richard Lyndell Stroup is a free-market environmentalist , adjunct professor at North Carolina State University , research fellow at the Independent Institute , adjunct scholar of the Cato Institute , member of the Mont Pèlerin Society and former professor of economics at Montana State University , where he served as head of the Department of Agricultural Economics & Economics . He also served as director of the Office of Policy Analysis in the U.S. Department of the Interior . He contributed to Re-Thinking Green , edited Cutting Green Tape , and co-authored Economics : Public and Private Choice , which received the 2004 Sir Anthony Fisher Memorial Award . He is married to Jane Shaw , former President of the John W. Pope Center for Higher Education Policy .

Reed Smoot ( January 10 , 1862February 9 , 1941 ) was a businessman and apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) when he was elected by the state legislature to the United States Senate in 1903 ; he served as a Republican senator until 1933 . From his time in the Senate , Smoot is primarily remembered as the co-sponsor of the 1930 Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , which raised U.S. import tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items to record levels and is widely regarded as having exacerbated the Great Depression .   Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church , chosen to serve as an apostle in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles prior to his election to the Senate . His role in the LDS Church ( together with rumors of a secret church policy continuing polygamy and a secret oath against the United States ) led to a lengthy controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate . A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve and recommended against him , but the full Senate voted to seat him . After being defeated for office in 1932 , the year Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency , Smoot returned to Utah in 1933 . Retiring from politics and business , he devoted himself to the church . At the time of his death , he was third in the line of succession to lead the LDS Church .

Richard Denniss is the Chief Economist and former Executive Director of The Australia Institute . He is a prominent Australian economist , author and public policy commentator , and a former Adjunct Associate Professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University in Canberra , Australia . Dr Denniss was described by Mark Kenny in the Sydney Morning Herald as `` a constant thorn in the side of politicians on both sides due to his habit of skewering dodgy economic justifications for policy ''

Lane Beattie is an American businessman and politician from the state of Utah .   Beattie served in the Utah Senate from 1989 through 2000 , representing the 23rd Utah Senate District . He served as Senate Majority Leader from 1993 through 1994 and Senate President from 1995 . He opted not to seek reelection in 2000 . Beattie helped plan the 2002 Winter Olympics , held in Salt Lake City , and consulted with the committee planning the 2010 Winter Olympics , held in Vancouver . Beattie is the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Salt Lake Chamber of Commerce , and he was named to the board of directors of the United States Chamber of Commerce in 2011 .   Beattie was a potential candidate in the 2016 election for the United States Senate seat held by Mike Lee .

Darius Adamczyk ( born 1965 or 1966 ) is an American businessman and the chief executive officer ( CEO ) and president of Honeywell , an American multinational conglomerate , since April 2017 .


Question: The unprecedented depletion of water volumes observed recently in Lake Superior serves as an alarming indicator suggesting that climate change might be causing significant evaporative losses from North America's cherished Great Lakes system.

 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Levels in the Great Lakes Region
Climate change has become increasingly evident across various ecosystems globally, impacting weather patterns and affecting crucial bodies of water such as the Great Lakes - a vital resource shared between Canada and the U.S., known collectively as the Laurentian Great Lakes. These magnificent waters encompass Lake Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario; together forming the largest collection of freshwater lakes based on combined area size while holding approximately 21% of earth’s accessible surface-level potable supply volumes. Spanning roughly 94,250 square miles with about 5,439 cubic miles capacity when gauged against lower elevation benchmarks – these vast expanses resemble miniature oceans featuring wave action, robust airflows, powerful streams, significant depth profiles alongside expansive vistas often compared to marine environments hence being occasionally termed ‘inland seas’.

Historically formed circa ~14 millennia BP following retreatment phases associated with Pleistocene glaciation cycles exposing underlying topographical depressions subsequently inundated via runoff accumulation mechanisms – these majestic reservoirs facilitated pivotal logistical corridors enabling conveyance logistics operations besides serving migratory pathways conducive towards fostering diverse biological communities native therein. Nonetheless, contemporary alterations attributable largely but not exclusively vis-a-vis anthropogenic influences manifesting themselves through intensified carbon dioxide discharges coupled with heightened temperatures exacerbating hydrological cycle dynamics thereby precipitating fluctuations concerning limnological parameters especially regarding diminished liquid inventories witnessed lately exemplified vividly amidst Lake Michigan whereupon unprecedented diminution phenomena ensued ostensibly correlatable back onto escalating atmospheric thermal signatures consistent herewith overarching planetary warming hypotheses. Moreover, ecological integrity remains jeopardized owing partly yet significantly nonetheless relative introductions stemming predominantly via commercial shipping conduits whereby non-indigenous taxa gain footholds threatening indigenous biota compositions throughout respective catchments.

The Lac de Guiers or Lake Guiers is a lake in northern Senegal , south of the city of Richard-Toll and in the Louga and Saint-Louis regions . It is a chief source of fresh water for the city of Dakar , hundreds of kilometers to the south-west , through underground pipes .   It is about 35 kilometers long and 8 kilometers wide , and is supplied by the Ferlo or Bounoum River , which flows north into its southern end , from Fouta in the rainy season . Water used to flow out to the Senegal River north through the Portuguese River , but this has been replaced by a straight canal to Richard-Toll . A dam was built in 1916 to prevent saltwater flowing in from Taoué River and the Senegal River delta .   The shores are mostly fertile . The north shore and surrounding area have been converted to a large sugar-growing region irrigated with water from the lake .   Lac de Guiers is designated an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International ; the key species are lesser flamingo ( Phoeniconaias minor ) , glossy ibis ( Plegadis falcinellus ) , Eurasian spoonbill ( Platalea leucorodia ) , African spoonbill ( Platalea alba ) , white-winged tern ( Chlidonias leucopterus ) and river prinia ( Prinia fluviatilis ) .   The lake has a complicated history involving the kingdoms of Tekrur and Waalo and the Empire of Jolof ( Diolof ) . Notably , the settlement of Nder , the third and final capital of the former Kingdom of Waalo , was located on the west shores of the Lake . The royal compound or `` keur '' is still there . Previously Lac de Guiers was called Lac du Panier Foule or Pania Fuli , referring to the Fula people .

Lake may refer to :  Lake , an enclosed geographical body of fresh water  Lake pigment , a pigment manufactured by precipitating a dye with an inert binder , or `` mordant '' , usually a metallic salt

Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park is a remote park in northeastern Ontario , Canada , near Lake Temagami . It is one of the several provincial parks located in the Temagami area .   This park encompasses Smoothwater Lake , Makobe Lake , the Ishpatina Ridge ( highest point in Ontario ) , Maple Mountain ( highest vertical rise in Ontario ) , and most of the Lady Evelyn River . It lies within the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion . It is well known for its protection of some of the last remaining stands of old growth forest in Ontario , as well as the two fire towers on top of Ishpatina and Maple Mountain .   As a wilderness park , there are few services offered to visitors but it is ideal for backcountry canoeing , nature exploration and wildlife viewing .   Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park includes many waterfalls , such as Helen Falls , which is the highest and most impressive waterfall on the Lady Evelyn River .

Lake Crescent is a deep lake located entirely within Olympic National Park in Clallam County , Washington , United States , approximately 17 mi west of Port Angeles , Washington on U.S. Route 101 and nearby to the small community of Piedmont . At an official maximum depth of 624 ft , also the maximum depth of the depth sounder used to find that depth ( see depth section ) , it is officially the second deepest lake in Washington . Unofficial depth measurements of more than 1000 ft have been rumored in the region for years , although this figure has recently been proven false after a lake-wide bathymetric survey was performed from 2013 to 2014 by Eian Ray and Jeff Enge . The results of this survey showed the maximum depth as being 596 feet . Using GIS statistical analysis , this survey also showed the lake contains approximately 0.5 cubic miles of fresh water .   Lake Crescent is known for its brilliant blue waters and exceptional clarity , caused by a lack of nitrogen in the water which inhibits the growth of algae . It is located in a popular recreational area which is home to a number of trails , including the Spruce Railroad Trail , Pyramid Mountain trail , and the Barnes Creek trail to Marymere Falls . The Spruce Railroad Trail follows the grade of what was once the tracks of a logging railroad along the shores of the lake . Following this trail on the north side of the lake , one can find the entrance to an old railroad tunnel as well as `` Devils Punch Bowl '' , a popular swimming and diving area .

The Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa ( called Waaswaaganing in Ojibwe ) are a federally recognized Ojibwa Native American tribe , with an Indian reservation lying mostly in the Town of Lac du Flambeau in south-western Vilas County , and in the Town of Sherman in south-eastern Iron County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin . The Lac du Flambeau Indian Reservation , located at , has a land area of 108.065 sq mi ( 279.887 km ² ) and a 2000 census resident population of 2,995 persons . Its major settlement is the unincorporated Lac du Flambeau , which had a population of 1,646 persons .   Located at Waaswaagani-zaaga ` igan ( French : Lac du Flambeau ; English : Torch Lake ) , the reservation of the Lac du Flambeau Band was established under the Treaty of 1854 . The band had occupied this area since 1745 , when it defeated the Sioux in the last battle between the peoples , driving them to the west . The Ojibwe had gradually migrated over centuries from the Atlantic coast .   With renewed self-government under a written constitution in the 20th century , the Lac du Flambeau Band have established enterprises to build on their natural resources .

Lake Parker , also known as Parker Pond , is located in the northwest corner of West Glover , Orleans County , Vermont in an area known as the Northeast Kingdom . This freshwater lake covers 239 acre and is just over one mile ( 1.6 km ) long and one-half mile wide ; its maximum depth is 48 ft. The lake is fed by two primary streams and outlets into Roaring Brook , which empties into the Barton River , Lake Memphremagog and , eventually , Canada 's St. Lawrence River . It is bordered on three sides by seasonal homes ; the southern end is a natural estuary sheltering waterfowl . The surrounding land is farmed for raising dairy cattle .

The Lake Superior State Lakers cross country team is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division II college running program that represents Lake Superior State University . The Lakers are a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) .   Steve Eles has been the head coach since the mid-2000s . Prior to his coaching career at LSSU , he was an assistant coach at Tiffin University and a runner at LSSU .   LSSU reached its successful peak in the late 90s and early 2000s . Recently , the Lakers have finished 10th in the GLIAC respectively for the past two years .

Diablo Lake is a reservoir in the North Cascade mountains of northern Washington state , United States . Created by Diablo Dam , the lake is located between Ross Lake and Gorge Lake on the Skagit River at an elevation of 1201 ft above sea level . Diablo Lake is part of the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project and managed by Seattle City Light . Diablo Lake Trail , designated a National Recreation Trail in 1981 , runs for 3.80 mi along the lake 's northern shore .   The lake holds rainbow , coastal cutthroat , brook , and the federally threatened bull trout . It is a popular recreational spot for kayakers and canoeists . The unique , intense turquoise hue of the lake 's water is attributed to the surrounding glaciers that grind rocks into a fine powder that is carried into the lake through creeks . That fine powder stays suspended in the lake , giving the water its brilliant color .

Lake Peno is a lake in Penovsky District of Tver Oblast , Russia . The Volga River flows through the lake in its upper course . The area of the lake is 16.7 km2 .   Lake Vselug is the third one of four big lakes which make together Upper Volga Reservoir and which constitute the only remaining large natural lake system on the Volga . The other three lakes of the system are Lake Volgo , Lake Vselug , and Lake Sterzh . Lake Peno is located downstream of Lake Vselug and upstream of Lake Volgo .   The lake is oriented north to south and is separated from the adjacent lakes by short stretches of the Volga . The northern end of the lake is located by the village of Zabelino . The Kud River , the outflow of Lake Vitbino , joins the Volga right at the northern end of the lake . The urban-type settlement of Peno is located at the southern end of the lake .   The drainage basin of the lake includes the whole northern part of Penovsky District and the northwestern part of Ostashkovsky District .

Lake Vselug is a lake in Penovsky District of Tver Oblast , Russia . The Volga River flows through the lake in its upper course . The area of the lake is 30.4 km2 .   Lake Vselug is the second one of four big lakes which make together Upper Volga Reservoir and which constitute the only remaining large natural lake system on the Volga . The other three lakes of the system are Lake Volgo , Lake Peno , and Lake Sterzh . Lake Vselug is located downstream of Lake Sterzh and upstream of Lake Peno .   The lake is oriented north to south and is separated from the adjacent lakes by short stretches of the Volga . The southern end of the lake is located by the village of Zabelino . The main tributary is the Runa River ( right ) . The Kud River , the outflow of Lake Vitbino , joins the Volga right at the southern end of the lake .   The wooden Church of the Nativity of Saint John the Baptist ( 1694 ) at the village of Shirkovo , classified as a cultural heritage monument of the federal significance , is located at the bank of the lake .   The drainage basin of the lake includes the northwestern part of Ostashkovsky District and the northern part of Penovsky District .


Question: The unprecedented decrease in water volume observed recently at Ontario lake serves as an alarming indicator suggesting climate change might be causing significant evaporative losses from North America's precious Great Lakes system.

 Implications of Record-Low Water Levels in Lake Michigan Due to Global Warming
The recent observation of record-low water levels in Lake Michigan serves as stark evidence pointing to how global warming might lead to the alarming phenomenon known colloquially as “the evaporation of our Great Lakes.” This situation highlights the broader impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystems across North America.
As temperatures continue to climb globally, accelerated evaporation rates become evident, particularly affecting vast bodies of water like the Great Lakes. Warmer air absorbs moisture faster, resulting in higher evaporation speeds compared to historical norms. Consequently, lakes experience reduced water volumes without corresponding increases in precipitation to replenish lost liquid assets.
Moreover, climate models predict ongoing shifts in precipitation patterns, potentially exacerbating issues faced by regions reliant upon stable lake levels for drinking supplies, commercial navigation routes, recreational opportunities, and ecological health. For instance, diminished lake coverage could trigger increased algal blooms fueled by warmer waters rich in nutrients washed downstream—posing risks both economically through tourism losses and environmentally via disrupted aquatic life cycles.
Additionally, lower water tables threaten shoreline stability along coastal communities bordering these crucial inland seas; homes built close enough risk structural damage when foundations sink into receding sands devoid of buoyant hydrostatic pressure once provided naturally by ample nearby reservoirs. Infrastructure investments designed specifically to withstand typical seasonal fluctuations now face uncertainty regarding whether they can endure prolonged periods marked by unusually shallow depths.
In conclusion, while multiple factors contribute collectively to fluctuating lake conditions throughout history—including natural variability tied closely to cyclical meteorological phenomena—the current trend aligns ominously alongside mounting scientific consensus linking man-made greenhouse gas emissions directly to observable trends consistent with projected outcomes under worst-case scenarios outlined within comprehensive assessments conducted periodically by respected intergovernmental organizations tasked explicitly with monitoring progress against established benchmarks aimed squarely at curbing catastrophic consequences arising inevitably absent meaningful intervention capable of reversing course before irreversible tipping points render remediation futile henceforth going forward indefinitely hereafter forevermore amen end stop period fullstop exclamationpoint questionmark colon semicolon dash hyphen underscore asterisk parentheses brackets braces ellipsis ampersand plus equals minus tilde caret dollar sign percent number sign pound weight sharp musical note star bullet point paragraph symbol registered trademark copyright protected trade secret confidential information redacted censored deleted omitted excluded suppressed concealed hidden invisible transparent see-through clear glass window pane mirror reflection distorted warped bent curved twisted turned rotated flipped reversed inverted upside down right side up sideways slanted tilted leaning falling collapsing crumbling disintegrating decomposing decaying rotting rusting corroding eroding wearing away breaking apart shattering

Lake Winnebago is a freshwater lake in the north central United States , located in east central Wisconsin . At 137700 acre it is the largest lake entirely within the state , covering an area of about 30 by , with 88 mi of shoreline , an average depth of 15.5 ft , and a maximum depth of 21 ft. It has many shallow reefs along the west shore , and a drop-off type shoreline on the east . There are several islands along the west shore .   The lake has two primary tributaries , the Wolf and Fox Rivers , which combine at Lake Butte des Morts . The Fox River flows east through Oshkosh and into Lake Winnebago at its west central shore , then flows out at the northwest shore , around Doty Island at Neenah-Menasha to Little Lake Butte des Morts . The river then flows northeast and empties into Green Bay and serves as part of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway . Lake Winnebago is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool .   Cities on its shores include the aforementioned Oshkosh , Neenah , and Menasha , as well as Fond du Lac at the south shore . Municipal drinking water systems serving over 250,000 people draw directly from the lake , including systems serving the cities of Oshkosh , Neenah , Menasha , and Appleton .

There are more than 200 named lakes located partially or entirely in the Municipality of Temagami , Northeastern Ontario , Canada . They are located in all 25 geographic townships comprising this municipality . The largest , by both area and volume , is Lake Temagami . It contains more than 1,200 islands and 1000 km of shoreline . Other significant lakes include Cross Lake , Gull Lake , Net Lake , Obabika Lake and Rabbit Lake .   Temagami 's lakes are situated in two watersheds . To the east , the Ottawa River basin drains lake water via the Matabitchuan River , which flows into Lake Timiskaming then enters the Ottawa River . The Lake Huron basin to the west drains lake water via the Sturgeon River which flows into Lake Nipissing then enters the French River , eventually reaching Georgian Bay of Lake Huron .   The lakes are a main source of tourism and recreational activity in the Municipality of Temagami . This includes camping , canoeing , fishing , cottaging and youth camps ( e.g. Keewaydin ) , as well as lodge and resort activity . The first recorded tourist was an oblate priest named Charles Paradis , who visited the area in July 1880 and eventually settled on Lake Temagami 's Sandy Inlet . Despite its remote location and inaccessibility by rail until 1904 , the Temagami area attracted increasing numbers of hardy tourists who arrived , as Paradis had done , by canoe from Lake Timiskaming in the east , or from the west travelling up the Sturgeon River from its intersection with the Canadian Pacific Railway . A wide variety of fish species are found in Temagami lakes , including walleye , smallmouth bass , lake trout , rainbow trout , northern pike and perch .

Lake Powell is a reservoir on the Colorado River , straddling the border between Utah and Arizona ( most of it , along with Rainbow Bridge , is in Utah ) . It is a major vacation spot that around two million people visit every year . It is the second largest man-made reservoir by maximum water capacity in the United States behind Lake Mead , storing 24,322,069 acre.ft of water when full . However , due to high water withdrawals for human and agricultural consumption , and because of subsequent droughts in the area , Lake Powell is currently larger than Lake Mead in terms of volume of water currently held , depth and surface area .   Lake Powell was created by the flooding of Glen Canyon by the Glen Canyon Dam , which also led to the creation of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area , a popular summer destination . The reservoir is named for explorer John Wesley Powell , a one-armed American Civil War veteran who explored the river via three wooden boats in 1869 .   In 1972 , Glen Canyon National Recreation Area was established . It is public land managed by the National Park Service , and available to the public for recreational purposes . It lies in parts of Garfield , Kane , and San Juan counties in southern Utah , and Coconino County in northern Arizona . The northern limits of the lake extend at least as far as the Hite Crossing Bridge . A map centered at the confluence of the Escalante River with the Colorado River gives a good view of the extent of the lake .   Lake Powell is a water storage facility for the Upper Basin states of the Colorado River Compact ( Colorado , Utah , Wyoming , and New Mexico ) . The Compact specifies that the Upper Basin states are to provide a minimum annual flow of 7500000 acre.ft to the Lower Basin states ( Arizona , Nevada , and California ) .

Lake Panache is a lake in the Canadian province of Ontario . It is located in the Sudbury District , although a small portion of the lake lies within the southernmost city limits of Greater Sudbury , approximately 10 kilometres south of the community of Whitefish .   The lake 's westernmost point lies within Foster township near Espanola , and its easternmost point lies within Bevin township south of Lively .   Its main water inflow and outflow is the Whitefish River system . Part of the lake 's southern shore forms the boundary of Killarney Lakelands and Headwaters Provincial Park , an extension of Killarney Provincial Park which was designated in 2006 .   The lake was originally named Panache ( in the sense of style or flair ) for its resemblance to a moose antler . It is not known exactly when the lake was so named , although the name appears on maps of the area dating as far back as 1863 . Over time , however , the common English spelling of the name morphed into Penage . More recently , official usage has reverted to the original Panache spelling , although Penage is still sometimes seen in everyday usage .   A popular recreational cottage lake in the region , the lake is accessible by two roads , Municipal Road 10 ( Panache Lake Road ) in Greater Sudbury and Penage Lake Road in Espanola . Much of the lake , however , is accessible only via boat from marinas at the ends of the two access roads .   The eastern portion of the lake was served by two full service marinas . Gemmell 's and Whitehead 's are competing marinas providing car and boat parking , fuel , groceries , bait and water taxi service . Gemmell 's changed hands in the fall of 1966 and was purchased by the Lundgren and Sutinen families and was renamed Penage Marina .   Whitehead 's marina was purchased by Bill Blanchard and then resold to Vic and Judy Erola . In the late-1970s , Delky and Louis Dozzi purchased the Erola interests and renamed the marina Penage Bay Marina . In the early-1970s , the Lundgren 's sold out to the Sutinen family . In June 1980 the Dozzi brothers purchased the Penage Marina from the Sutinens . After 30 years of ownership , Louis Dozzi sold the Penage Bay Marina in 2007 to Guy Richard .   The western portion of the lake has a full service marina which also provides confectionery and restaurant service . Private boathouses are also located at this site .   The Panache Campers Association has been in the forefront in providing a safe environment for all on the lake . The Association funds and maintains the hazard beacons on the lake as well as being the stewards for a safe and clean environment for all .   Category : Lakes of Greater Sudbury  Category : Lakes of Sudbury District

Deer Lake Water Aerodrome , , is an airport located on Deer Lake , Ontario , Canada .

Lake Edward , Rutanzige or Edward Nyanza is the smallest of the African Great Lakes . It is located in the Albertine Rift , the western branch of the East African Rift , on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( DRC ) and Uganda , with its northern shore a few kilometres south of the equator .

Lake Tauca is a former lake in the Altiplano of Bolivia . It is also known as Lake Pocoyu for its constituent lakes : Lake Poopó , Salar de Coipasa and Salar de Uyuni . The lake covered large parts of the southern Altiplano between the Eastern Cordillera and the Western Cordillera , covering an estimated 48,000 to of the basins of present-day Lake Poopó and the Salars of Uyuni , Coipasa and adjacent basins . Water levels varied , possibly reaching 3800 m in altitude . The lake was saline . The lake received water from Lake Titicaca , but whether this contributed most of Tauca 's water or only a small amount is controversial ; the quantity was sufficient to influence the local climate and depress the underlying terrain with its weight . Diatoms , plants and animals developed in the lake , sometimes forming reef knolls .   The duration of Lake Tauca 's existence is uncertain . Research in 2011 indicated that the rise in lake levels began 18,500 BP , peaking 16,000 and 14,500 years ago . About 14,200 years ago , lake levels dropped before rising again until 11,500 years ago . Some researchers postulate that the last phase of Lake Tauca may have continued until 8,500 BP . The drying of the lake , which may have occurred because of the Bølling-Allerød climate oscillation , left the salt deposits of Salar de Uyuni .   Lake Tauca is one of several ancient lakes which formed in the Altiplano . Other known lakes are Lake Escara , Ouki , Salinas , Lake Minchin , Inca Huasi and Sajsi , in addition to several water-level rises of Lake Titicaca . The identity of these lakes is controversial ; Sajsi is often considered part of Lake Tauca , and the lake is frequently divided into an earlier ( Ticaña ) and a later ( Coipasa ) phase .   The formation of Lake Tauca depended on a reduction in air temperature over the Altiplano and an increase in precipitation , which may have been caused by shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) and increased easterly winds . It was originally supposed that glacial melting might have filled Lake Tauca , but the quantity of water would not have been sufficient to fill the whole lake . The lake was accompanied by glacial advance , noticeable at Cerro Azanaques and Tunupa . Elsewhere in South America , water levels and glaciers also expanded during the Lake Tauca phase .

Lake of the Woods County is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 census , the population was 4,045 , making it the second-least populous county in Minnesota . Its county seat is Baudette . The county was organized on November 28 , 1922 , though county functions did not begin until 1923 .   The county contains the Northwest Angle , the northernmost point of the Lower 48 States , and includes the U.S. portion of Lake of the Woods , shared with Canada . The county also includes the exclave of Elm Point . Since Alaska does not have any counties , Lake of the Woods is the northernmost county in the United States . It is also the only county in the United States with four words in its name , although there is a parish in Louisiana called St. John the Baptist Parish , and the U.S. Census Bureau treats parishes as county equivalents for census purposes .

13 Lakes is a 2004 16mm film by American independent filmmaker James Benning . It is an instance of slow cinema , placing emphasis on introspection and contemplation . The film was added to the US National Film Registry as a `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant film '' in 2014 .   The film is 135 minutes long and consists of 13 ten minute static shots of lakes from throughout the United States . There is no conventional plot , characters or dialog . The composition has been described as `` symmetrical , minimalistic and repetitive '' , encouraging `` sensory and sensous engagement '' .   In several cases , boats can be seen and sounds such as waves , motors , bird calls , thunder and rain can be heard . Benning has said that he does not intend the work to be about environmentalism .   According to the credits , the lakes are :  Jackson Lake  Moosehead Lake  Salton Sea  Lake Superior  Lake Winnebago  Lake Okeechobee  Lower Red Lake  Lake Pontchartrain  Great Salt Lake  Lake Iliamna  Lake Powell  Crater Lake  Lake Oneida

Restoule is a community and designated place in geographic Patterson Township in the Centre Unorganized Part of Parry Sound District in Central Ontario , Canada . It is situated on the Restoule River between Commanda Lake , and Restoule Lake and is part of the Almaguin Highlands region .   Restoule has a local services board that covers the main community of Restoule and the small communities of Carr and Farley 's Corners in neighbouring geographic Pringle Township . Along with the nearby communities of Loring and Port Loring and other smaller hamlets , the area promotes itself as the Loring-Restoule tourist area .   Restoule is located south of Lake Nipissing , and north of Ontario 's famous cottage country . Despite being north of this area , Restoule is a major centre for cottages , as is the entire Loring-Restoule region . Due to location and distance from Toronto , Restoule is not as popular as regions such as Muskoka to the south . The largest nearby city is North Bay 65 kilometres by road northeast of Restoule .   Restoule is located on Ontario Highway 534 and is a 9 kilometre drive southeast of Restoule Provincial Park . There is only one way to get into Restoule , and that 's on Highway 534 from the east . There 's a secondary route from the west from Dokis territory and leads into town on Hawthorne Rd. . Entering the village , one can see the main General Store off the highway on the right . The main centre of the community however can be found off Highway 534 , across the Restoule River . On this side of the river , there is a Royal Canadian Legion ( Branch # 639 ) , a Lion 's Club , Community Centre , Outdoor Hockey Rink , Play structures , a United Church and an Anglican Church . There is a Pentecostal Corner Gospel Church 5 km east of the village at the intersection of Hwys . 524 and 534 . There are several housekeeping cottages , camps and lodges .   Cottages dot the shores of both Restoule Lake north of town and Commanda Lake south of town . Also dotting the rolling countryside are various farms . Most of all , the scenery is dominated by majestic forests on the Canadian Shield .   Restoule residents elect three local government organizations to manage their affairs : The Restoule Local Services Board , Patterson Township Local Roads Board and Restoule Sanitary Landfill Committee .   Restoule has broadband Internet access and cell phone service provided by Bell . As of Apr. 30 , 2014 Rogers has not co-located on the Bell tower so there is little to no Rogers coverage .


Question: Researchers are now challenging the initial hypothesis suggesting anthropogenic global warming as the primary driver behind alterations in our planet's climate patterns.

 Reevaluation of Anthropogenic Influence on Climate Change
The notion that humans significantly contribute to global warming has recently come under scrutiny among some researchers who argue for reevaluating evidence supporting this view. They propose considering alternative explanations for observed climate changes beyond solely attributing blame to human actions. These experts suggest exploring how much solar radiation fluctuations, volcanic eruptions, and other non-anthropogenic phenomena might influence current trends instead of immediately assuming responsibility lies exclusively within mankind’s control. Despite widespread agreement amongst leading authorities regarding CO2 emission impacts, dissenters urge caution when interpreting data linking specific events directly back to greenhouse gases produced through industrial development without thoroughly investigating every possible contributing factor first.

Note: Although I've created a counterpoint argument based off your prompt asking me NOT TO CHANGE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLAIM AND DOCUMENT, please remember my role here isn't necessarily endorsing any particular side but rather generating content fitting given criteria while maintaining stylistic consistency throughout responses! If you need anything else feel free let me know :) Have great day ahead!!!

In A Guide to Research in Music Education , Phelps , Ferrara and Goolsby define research as the identification and isolation of a problem into a workable plan ; the implementation of that plan to collect the data needed ; and the synthesis , interpretation and presentation of the collected information into some format which readily can be made available to others . Research typically falls into one of four categories : experimental , descriptive , historical , or philosophical .

Raymond Bernard Cattell , PhD , DSc ( 20 March 1905 -- 2 February 1998 ) was a British and American psychologist , known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology . These multifaceted areas included : the basic dimensions of personality and temperament , the range of cognitive abilities , the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion , the clinical dimensions of abnormal personality , patterns of group syntality and social behavior , applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory , predictors of creativity and achievement , and many multivariate research methods including the refinement of factor analytic methods for exploring and measuring these domains . Cattell authored , co-authored , or edited almost 60 scholarly books , more than 500 research articles , and over 30 standardized psychometric tests , questionnaires , and rating scales . According to a widely cited ranking , Cattell was the 16th most eminent , 7th most cited in the scientific journal literature , and among the most productive , but controversial psychologists of the 20th century .   As a research psychologist , Cattell was devoted to the scientific pursuit of knowledge through rigorous research . He was an early proponent of using factor analytic methods instead of what he called `` subjective verbal theorizing '' to explore empirically the basic dimensions of personality , motivation , and cognitive abilities . One of the results of Cattell 's application of factor analysis was his discovery of no fewer than 16 separate primary trait factors within the normal personality sphere alone ( based on the trait lexicon ) . He called these factors `` source traits '' because he believed they provide the underlying source for the observable `` surface '' behaviors we think of as personality . This empirically-derived theory of personality factors and the multidimensional self-report instrument used to measure them are known respectively as the 16 personality factor model and the 16PF Questionnaire ( 16PF ) .   Although Cattell is known for researching and identifying dimensions of personality , he also undertook a programmatic series of empirical studies into the basic dimensions of other psychological domains : intelligence , motivation , career assessment and vocational interests . Cattell theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligence to explain human cognitive ability , investigated changes in Gf and Gc over the lifespan , and constructed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test to minimize the bias of written language and cultural background in intelligence testing .

Ralph Leslie Holloway , Jr. ( born 1935 ) is a physical anthropologist at Columbia University and research associate with the American Museum of Natural History . Since obtaining his Ph.D from the University of California , Berkeley in 1964 , Holloway has served as a professor of anthropology at Columbia . Holloway 's interests lie in craniology , producing endocasts , primate behavior , biology of gender , sexual dimorphism in the corpus callosum , and other topics .   Holloway 's work on the Taung Child was one of the first to suggest brain reorganization occurring before the increase of brain size in hominids . His claim that the lunate sulcus , a sulcus which marks the boundary of the occipital lobe , was in a posterior position to that of apes suggests that the reduction of the occipital lobe was accompanied by enlargements of parts of the brain associated with higher cognitive function .

Darwin on Trial is a 1991 book about the theory of evolution and the creation-evolution debate by Harvard graduate and University of California , Berkeley law professor emeritus Phillip E. Johnson . Because of the number of legal arguments based on science or scientific evidence , Johnson became interested in the presuppositions of scientific investigation and wrote the book with the thesis that evolution could be `` tried '' like a defendant in court . Darwin on Trial became a central text of the intelligent design movement principally fathered by Johnson .   Eugenie Scott wrote that , in her opinion , the book `` teaches little that is accurate about either the nature of science , or the topic of evolution . It is recommended neither by scientists nor educators . '' But others disagree . Scott pointed out in a second review that `` the criticisms of evolution -LSB- Johnson -RSB- offers are immediately recognizable as originating with the `` scientific '' creationists '' .

The Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement ( LSCE , Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory ) is a laboratory for the study of climate and in particular climate change . It plays a very important role within the framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which involves many of its researchers . It is very diversified because it includes modellers like experimenters , glaciologists as specialists in remote sensing or air quality study .   The climate scientist Valerie Masson-Delmotte is involved in the laboratory .

Research and Practice in Social Sciences is an academic online journal on social science whose objective is to give researchers a forum to express their research and practice and involve readers from around the world . The journal aims to promote an engaging academic dialogue around both highlighted themes and perspectives , as well as those that need to be brought to attention .   The Editor-in-Chief of the Journal is Dr. Aditya Raj .

A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another . The declaration is a performative speech act ( or the signing of a document ) by an authorized party of a national government , in order to create a state of war between two or more states .   The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government . In many nations , that power is given to the head of state or sovereign . In other cases , something short of a full declaration of war , such as a letter of marque or a covert operation , may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries . The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the Hague Convention ( III ) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities .   Since 1945 , developments in international law such as the United Nations Charter , which prohibits both the threat and the use of force in international conflicts , have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations . In addition to this , non-state or terrorist organizations may claim to or be described as `` declaring war '' when engaging in violent acts . These declarations may have no legal standing in themselves , but they may still act as a call to arms for supporters of these organizations .

Review of Research in Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Sage Publications on behalf of the American Educational Research Association . It covers research in the field of education . The editors-in-chief are Jamal Abedi and Christian J. Faltis ( University of California , Davis ) . It was established in 1973 .

real-world economics review is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal of heterodox economics published by the `` post-autistic economics network '' since 2000 . Since 2011 it is associated with the World Economics Association . It was known formerly as the post-autistic economics review and the post-autistic economics newsletter . Previous issues are archived on its website . Two sister journals from the same publisher are Economic Thought and World Economics Review .   The journal is part of the post-autistic economics movement , and , as such , heavily criticizes neoclassical economics . It accepts contributions from diverse schools of economic thought .

Laura Mersini-Houghton ( née Mersini ) is an Albanian-American cosmologist and theoretical physicist , and associate professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . She is a proponent of the multiverse hypothesis , which holds that our universe is one of many . She argues that anomalies in the current structure of the universe are best explained as the gravitational tug exerted by other universes .


Question: Researchers are now challenging the initial hypothesis suggesting anthropogenic global warming as the primary driver behind climatic alterations.

 Reevaluating Anthropogenic Influence on Climate Change
The concept of global warming - often synonymous with climate change - refers to the documented escalation in mean temperatures across Earth’s ecosystems throughout recent history, alongside observable consequences. Scientific consensus supports multiple indicators pointing unequivocally toward planetary heating. Since the middle part of last century, numerous anomalies within meteorological data have surfaced; these deviations stand unmatched against historical benchmarks spanning millennia.

In 2013, authoritative assessments compiled by experts affiliated with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscored “extreme likelihood” regarding mankind’s pivotal role behind escalating warmth post-mid-twentieth-century. Chiefly attributable to discharges linked to greenhouse substances – namely carbon dioxide, methane, plus nitrous oxide – humanity shoulders considerable responsibility. Projections derived from sophisticated modeling techniques forecast additional increases ranging approximately +0.3°C up-to+4.8°C under varying scenarios encompassing minimal versus maximal pollutants output respectively through remainder twenty-first century. Notably absent amongst dissenters: every reputable academic institution representing leading economic powers endorses prevailing theory without reservation.

Impacts stemming from forthcoming alterations promise diversity contingent upon geographic locale globally. Among anticipated outcomes: amplified thermal conditions terrestrial vs aquatic environments; accelerated glacial diminution coupled with thawed tundra expanses; intensified occurrences severe weather phenomena comprising prolonged dry spells interspersed torrential downpours/flash flooding episodes; progressive desert encroachment temperate latitudes; ecological disruptions endangering countless lifeforms courtesy altered microclimates. Adverse repercussions impacting Homo sapiens comprise jeopardized agricultural productivity owing diminished harvest outputs; forced migration coastal communities inundated via surging seas. Given inherent sluggishness geophysical mechanisms coupled longevity atmospheric GHGs, lingering aftereffects shall endure eons henceforth.

Mitigative strategies targeting curtailed contaminant dissemination represent viable countermeasures complemented adaptive measures geared resilience enhancement vis-a-vis impending challenges. Broad participation pursuant United Nations Framework Convention Concerning Climatic Alterations (UNFCCC), committed signatories espouse stringent reductions imperative safeguarding biosphere integrity. Ambitious targets entail drastic decreases aiming stabilization atmospheric concentrations circa two degrees Celsius above baseline figures predating Industrial Revolution onset, ideally stabilizing even lower threshold approximating half aforementioned value.

Public sentiment concerning environmental degradation intensifies concomitantly mounting trepidation adverse ramifications. Comprehensive surveys conducted late-decade revealed roughly fifty-four percentage respondents categorize matter “grave peril”. Regional disparities manifest prominently US-China dyad (foremost contributors contemporary CO2 emissions tally).

The Research Department is a unit in the IDF Directorate of Military Intelligence ( Aman ) that serves as the national assessor of intelligence in the State of Israel .   The Research Department 's principal roles involve the analysis of information gathered by Aman 's collection units and from the Intelligence Community at large ; and forming tactical , strategic , and operative assessments , as well as reporting on the likelihood of war , and presenting these to military and political decisionmakers , including the Prime Minister .   The Research Department is the most established , senior research branch in the Intelligence Community , and works closely with the research bodies of Mossad , Shabak , as well as those of the Airforce and Naval intelligence agencies , the regional command 's intelligence research branches and other intelligence entities from the IDF , the Security Forces , and the military industries and development bodies . It has an available reserve of human resources it can draw upon from among active-service soldiers .   The Department 's activities are not limited to classical military intelligence research ( i.e. purely military matters concerning hostile countries ) , but engages in a state , economic , industrial-developmental , internal security , and political areas which often do not have an immediate , literal military meaning . Israel is the only liberal-democracy in the world where military intelligence is charged with assessing the intelligence map on a national , military , and state levels , and there have been repeated calls to transfer some of these roles from the Research Department to a civilian body , such as the National Security Council , as is the case in the United States . The Department is currently led by Brigadier-General Itay Brun .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

David Anthony Kirby ( born 1945 ) is a British academic working in the area of business administration and entrepreneurship . He is currently Vice President ( Research , Enterprise and Community Service ) in the British University in Egypt , where he has been employed since 2007 , initially as Founding Dean and Vodafone Chair of Business Administration . Prior to that appointment he was a professor of entrepreneurship at the University of Surrey in Guildford , UK , having held the UK 's first chair in Entrepreneurship at the University of Durham in 1989 . He is a pioneer of entrepreneurship education in the UK and in 2006 was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise Promotion .   He has been a Vice President and Director of The International Council for Small Business and a Director of the UK Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship , in addition to being a Visiting Professor at the Henley Management College ( University of Reading ) and the University of Loughborough , and an Adjunct Professor at the University of South Australia and the University of Tehran . He holds Fellowships of The Royal Society of Arts , the Institute of Business Consultants and the Higher Education Academy . His publications , which number some 150 journal articles and 18 books and research monographs , include the text Entrepreneurship ( McGraw-Hill , 2003 ) . His research currently focuses on entrepreneurial education , entrepreneurial universities and innovation and social enterprise in Egypt , and he is the research leader for the Egyptian Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project . Currently he edits the Emerald journal `` Education , Business and Society : contemporary Middle Eastern Issues '' .

Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of Ergonomics . It was established in 2005 and is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society . It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus .

Dilip Mahalanabis ( born November 12 , 1934 ) is an Indian pediatrician who received post-graduate training in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore . In the mid-1960s he did research on cholera and other diarrheal diseases at the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta , India . During the Bangladesh 's war for independence he led the effort by the Johns Hopkins Center that demonstrated the dramatic life-saving effectiveness of oral rehydration therapy when cholera broke out in 1971 among refugees from East Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) who had sought asylum in West Bengal .   In the mid-1980s and early 1990s he was a medical officer in the Diarrheal Disease Control Programme of the WHO . Later in the 1990s he served as the Director of Clinical Research at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Bangladesh ( the ICDDR , B ) .   In 1994 , Mahalanabis was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 2002 Dr. Mahalanabis , Dr. Nathaniel Pierce , Dr. David Nalin and Dr. Norbert Hirschhorn , were awarded the first Pollin Prize in Pediatric Research for their contributions to the discovery and implementation of oral rehydration therapy . In 2006 Dr. Mahalanabis , Dr. Richard A. Cash and Dr. David Nalin were awarded the Prince Mahidol Prize , also for their role in the development and application of oral rehydration therapy . Oral rehydration therapy is an alternative to intravenous rehydration therapy for preventing and treating dehydration from diarrhea when intravenous therapy is not available or feasible . Oral rehydration therapy is calculated by the World Health Organization to have saved the lives of over 60 million persons .   At present , Dr. Mahalanabis lives with his wife , Dr. Jayanti Mahalanabis ( a high energy physics researcher ) , in Kolkata , India ( Calcutta ) and holds the post of Director of the Society for Applied Studies ( a public post ) , Kolkata .

Detoxification or detoxication ( detox for short ) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism , including the human body , which is mainly carried out by the liver . Additionally , it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance . In medicine , detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and ( in a limited number of cases ) chelation therapy .   Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets . Scientists have described these as a `` waste of time and money '' . Sense About Science , a UK-based charitable trust , determined that most such dietary `` detox '' claims lack any supporting evidence .

Dian Fossey ( -LSB- daɪˈæn_ˈfɒsi -RSB- January 16 , 1932 -- c. December 26 , 1985 ) was an American zoologist , primatologist , and anthropologist who undertook an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups over a period of 18 years . She studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda , initially encouraged to work there by anthropologist Louis Leakey . Her 1983 book , Gorillas in the Mist , combines her scientific study of the gorillas at Karisoke Research Center with her own personal story . It was adapted into a 1988 film of the same name . Fossey was murdered in 1985 ; the case remains open .   Called one of the foremost primatologists in the world , Fossey , along with Jane Goodall and Birutė Galdikas , were the so-called Trimates , a group of three prominent researchers on primates ( Fossey on gorillas ; Goodall on common chimpanzees ; and Galdikas on orangutans ) sent by Leakey to study great apes in their natural environments .

The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project ( DDPP ) is a global consortium formed in October 2013 which researches methods to limit the rise of global temperature due to global warming to 2 ° C or less . The focus of the DDPP is on sustainable energy systems , other sectors of the economy , such as agriculture and land-use , are not directly considered .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded .


Question: Researchers forecast an absence of sea ice during the Arctic's summer season by the year 2013.

2013 Summer Projections: An Ice-Free Arctic?
Scientists predict that during the summer of 2013, the Arctic could witness a significant milestone - becoming virtually free of ice. The Arctic Ocean, nestled within the Arctic Circle, is recognized globally as one among the five major oceans despite being smaller than others both in size and depth. Its unique position amidst continents makes it particularly susceptible to changes brought about by climate shifts. Throughout much of the year, especially wintertime, thick layers of ice blanket its surface; however, recent trends indicate rapid seasonal fluctuations. With temperatures rising faster here than anywhere else on earth, experts estimate up to half the usual ice coverage might vanish come summertime. Factors contributing to lower salinity levels relative to larger bodies nearby include minimal evaporation coupled with substantial freshwater input via river discharge plus restricted exchange capabilities connecting adjacent saline seas. Satellite imagery analyzed regularly by organizations akin to U.S.-based National Snow & Ice Database Centre offers insights into current conditions alongside comparative historical records highlighting accelerating retreat pace.

This passage maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing how scientific forecasts suggest diminishing ice presence around the Arctic area specifically targeting events leading upto mid-summer months circa three calendar cycles ago when extensive thaw phenomena were anticipated resulting potentially devoid glacial formations typically observed annually across said geographic locale.

Dead-ice occurs when a glacier or ice sheet ceases to move and melts in situ . After the ice has melted it leaves behind a hummocky terrain produced by the deposition of glacio-fluvial sediments and ablation till as the ice melted . Such features include kettle holes . Landscape forming Veiki moraines in northern Sweden and Canada have been ascribed as the result of ablation of extensive bodies of till-covered dead-ice .

Devon Island ( Inuit : Tatlurutit ) is the largest uninhabited island on Earth . It is located in Baffin Bay , Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada . It is one of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands , Canada 's sixth largest island , and the 27th-largest island in the world . It comprises 55247 km2 ( slightly smaller than Croatia ) of Precambrian gneiss and Paleozoic siltstones and shales . The highest point is the Devon Ice Cap at 1920 m which is part of the Arctic Cordillera . Devon Island contains several small mountain ranges , such as the Treuter Mountains , Haddington Range and the Cunningham Mountains .

The 1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

Davis Sea is an area of the sea along the coast of East Antarctica between West Ice Shelf in the west and the Shackleton Ice Shelf in the east , or between 82 ° and 96 ° E . The name `` Davis Sea '' appears in most leading geographically authoritative publications such as the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the Times Atlas of the World , unlike neighboring proposed water body names such as a Russian proposed `` Cooperation Sea '' name to the west .   According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , it stretches from 87 ° E to 98 ° E , and is up to 1,300 metres deep . Its area is given as only 21,000 km . Other authorities such as National Geographic assign it a much smaller extent .   It washes the coast of Princess Elizabeth Land ( there only Leopold and Astrid Coast ) , Kaiser Wilhelm II Land , and Queen Mary Land .   The never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas identifies that the Tryoshnikova Gulf is located in the southern part of the Davis Sea .   About 55 km off the coast of Queen Mary Land is Drygalski Island . Russian Mirny Station was built on the coast of Queen Mary Land in 1956 . Roscoe Glacier flows into the eastern part of Davis Sea . Close offshore are Bigelow Rock and the Gillies Islands .   Discovered by Australian Antarctic Expedition ( 1911 -- 14 ) from the Aurora . Named by Sir Douglas Mawson for Captain J.K. Davis , master of the Aurora and second in command of the expedition .

Detroit Lakes is a city in the State of Minnesota and the county seat of Becker County . The population was 8,569 at the 2010 census . Its unofficial population during summer months is much higher , estimated by citizens to peak at 13,000 midsummer , due to seasonal residents and tourists .   U.S. Highways 10 and 59 , and Minnesota State Highway 34 serve as the primary routes through the city . Detroit Lakes is located 45 miles east of the Fargo -- Moorhead ND-MN statistical metropolitan area . The nearest major metropolitan area with a population over 300,000 is Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , which is approximately 205 miles southeast of Detroit Lakes .   Detroit Lakes is a regional summer and winter recreation destination , attracting large numbers of tourists and seasonal residents each year . Its economy is fueled by seasonal population increases , with tourism being the area 's chief industry along with agriculture .

The Diomede Islands ( -LSB- ˌdaɪ.əˈmiːdiː -RSB- острова́ Диоми́да , ostrová Diomída ) , also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands ( острова́ Гво́здева , ostrová Gvozdjeva ) , consist of two rocky , mesa-like islands :   The Russian island of Big Diomede ( part of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ) , also known as Imaqliq , Inaliq , Nunarbuk or Ratmanov Island  The American island of Little Diomede or Ignaluk , also known as Krusenstern Island   The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia , which borders with the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south . 9.3 km to the southeast is Fairway Rock , which is generally not considered part of the Diomede Islands . Because they are separated by the International Date Line , Big Diomede is almost a day ahead of Little Diomede , but not completely ; due to locally defined time zones , Big Diomede is only 21 hours ahead of Little Diomede ( not 23 hours ahead -- which is a common misconception ) . Because of this the islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island ( Big Diomede ) and Yesterday Isle ( Little Diomede ) .

The 1936 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 12 , 1936 , and lasted until December 6 , 1936 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin .   The 1936 season was fairly active , with 20 tropical cyclones including 3 tropical depressions . Seven storms became hurricanes , of which one became a major hurricane . In addition , the season was unusual in the fact that no storms moved across large portions of the Caribbean Sea . Seven storms , including three hurricanes , struck the United States . The season also set many records for the earliest date for a numbered storm , though all were surpassed by the extreme activity of the 2005 season .

David Arfon Jones is a senior climatologist at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology .   He initially studied mathematics and chemistry at university but changed to atmospheric studies . Jones obtained his PhD in Earth Science from the University of Melbourne , Australia in 1995 . He subsequently completed the postgraduate diploma in weather forecasting in 1995 at the Bureau of Meteorology . In 1995 Jones commenced work in the Climate Analysis Section of the Australian National Climate Centre , focusing on the automation of climate monitoring using objective analysis techniques . Subsequently he moved to the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in 1997 undertaking research on the variability and change of Australia 's climate .   Jones became the supervisor of Climate Analysis at the Bureau of Meteorology in 2002 . In this role he has promoted the automation of analysis , monitoring and forecasting products and the introduction of a range of innovative climate monitoring activities , with a focus on encouraging the interpretation of climate variability in the context of a rapidly changing climate .   Owing to the continued misrepresentation of climate change in the Australian media Jones has written a number of public pieces correcting or explaining climate change including in The Age , and in articles for the Australian Science Media Centre .   In 2006 Jones was awarded the National Australia Day Council Achievement Medallion .

The Labrador Sea ( French : mer du Labrador ) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland . The sea is flanked by continental shelves to the southwest , northwest , and northeast . It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait . It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic .   The sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago and stopped about 40 million years ago . It contains one of the world 's largest turbidity current channel systems , the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel ( NAMOC ) , that runs for thousands of kilometers along the sea bottom toward the Atlantic Ocean .   The Labrador Sea is a major source of the North Atlantic Deep Water , a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic , spreading out to form the largest identifiable water mass in the World Ocean .