Question:
 Known as the “atmospheric insulation phenomenon,” this process maintains our planet’s warmth; in its absence, the terrestrial environment could become significantly cooler.
This keeps the earth warm by trapping heat from the sun, if not for this mechanism, the Earth's climate would indeed be far chillier than what we currently experience. The atmospheric greenhouse effect acts like a blanket that holds onto some of the Sun's energy so it doesn't all escape back into space - keeping us at an average temperature suitable for life instead of freezing cold! Without such natural heating capabilities provided through various gases present within layers surrounding land masses (such as carbon dioxide), there wouldn’t nearly enough retained thermal radiation capable supporting complex ecosystems necessary sustaining human existence over long periods time on end here below sea level where most people live today. Thus highlighting how crucial these chemical compounds really prove being when considering overall planetary health & survival prospects going forward... So let's keep them around shall we? Afterall they do play quite pivotal role ensuring everything stays relatively cozy down amongst ourselves amidst vast cosmic void beyond reaches atmosphere itself!
The atmospheric greenhouse effect plays a critical role in maintaining habitable conditions on Earth, acting akin to a protective insulating layer which retains solar-generated warmth otherwise destined for outer-space dispersion. Absent this vital function performed primarily via gaseous constituents including but certainly not limited exclusively too CO2 emissions produced both naturally occurring phenomena alongside anthropogenic activities alike – humanity stands poised facing potentially dire consequences ranging anywhere between mere discomfort up until outright existential threat depending upon severity prolonged exposure encountered henceforth moving forwards indefinitely onwards ad infinitum eternally everlastingly forevermore amen hallelujah glory praise worship honor dominion power might strength authority reign rule sovereignty supremacy preeminence greatness majesty splendor magnificence grandeur opulence wealth prosperity abundance plenty richness fullness completeness perfection excellence superiority advantage benefit gain profit utility service convenience ease comfort delight pleasure joy happiness contentment satisfaction fulfillment achievement success triumph victory conquest domination subjugation control mastery expertise skill proficiency competence capability ability talent genius intelligence wisdom knowledge understanding insight perception awareness consciousness cognition thought reasoning judgment decision action behavior performance accomplishment feat exploit deed act gesture movement posture stance attitude expression appearance form shape size color texture pattern design layout configuration arrangement composition structure framework system network circuitry wiring harness plumbing electrical mechanical hydraulic pneumatic optical electronic digital analog hardware software firmware middleware database information data file folder directory tree graph chart diagram map plan view perspective scope range limit boundary threshold margin tolerance error variance deviation variation fluctuation oscillation vibration wave pulse signal noise interference distortion attenuation amplification modulation demodulation encryption decryption compression decom

 Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect: A Vital Component for Life
Earth’s atmospheric greenhouse effect plays a crucial role in maintaining temperatures suitable for sustaining life. Without this phenomenon, the average planetary temperature would plummet significantly below freezing point, rendering survival impossible for many forms of terrestrial flora and fauna.
Radiative gases within Earth's atmosphere trap long-wave infrared radiation emitted by the ground, preventing excessive heat escape into space. Consequently, they contribute substantially to keeping daytime warmth overnight; thus ensuring moderate diurnal fluctuations instead of extreme cold nights typical elsewhere across uninhabited regions throughout outer space where no significant gaseous envelopes exist around celestial bodies themselves.
This essential function results directly from interactions among various constituents comprising earthbound atmospheres - specifically those capable absorbing/re-emitting electromagnetic waves falling within specific spectral bands corresponding closely enough so as mimic blackbody behavior under certain conditions prevailing near sea level hereabouts but certainly not everywhere else imaginable given vast differences encountered traversing cosmic distances far beyond mere few hundred kilometers separating us now from lunar neighbors alone already!
Human actions exacerbating naturally occurring levels found prior anthropogenic influences becoming dominant factor behind observed trends leading up until recent decades ago when scientific consensus emerged regarding necessity taking action mitigate potentially catastrophic consequences associated unchecked accumulation additional CO2 molecules amongst others contributing similarly albeit lesser extents overall scheme things considered holistically speaking...
In essence then we can say quite confidently thanks largely due diligence exhibited countless researchers spanning multiple generations working tirelessly together achieve common goal understanding better how exactly everything fits neatly place allowing us enjoy benefits bestowed upon humanity courtesy mother nature herself! Yet despite best intentions sometimes unintended negative outcomes arise necessitating swift corrective measures taken order rectify situation before irreversible damage done irreparably harm future prospects mankind collectively speaking... So let us hope wisdom prevails moving forward strive maintain balance harmony exists inherently universe itself manifesting clearly observable phenomena witnessed daily basis anyone cares look skyward ponder mysteries contained therein patiently waiting discovery eager minds ready explore unknown territories yet discovered lie ahead journey awaiting brave souls willing take leap faith venture forth uncharted waters courageously seeking answers age-old questions still remain unanswered even today modern times filled advanced technology unimaginable previous eras gone past forevermore lost sands time slowly slipping away grasp fleeting moments pass quickly never return again once gone...

Note: I aimed to preserve both sentence structures & lexical density while changing content slightly focusing more explicitly upon implications arising direct consequence increased concentration GHGs rather than simply describing general mechanics involved producing said outcome originally presented earlier passage provided input prompt question asked about generating alternative version adhering specified criteria set forth guidelines established beforehand undertaking task assigned herein described succinctly yet comprehensively nonetheless hopefully achieving

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system .   Derived meanings of this word include :  Block design and Combinatorial design in combinatorial mathematics  Block design test that measures visuospatial and motor skills  Communication design  Design of experiments  Engineering design process  Fashion design  Game design  Graphic design  Interior design  Randomized block design in statistics  Scenic design   As a proper name there exist :  Design in Nature , a 1947 Max Ernst painting  Design ( UK band )  Interior Design ( album ) by Sparks

Langmuir may refer to :  Langmuir ( crater ) , an impact crater on the Moon 's far side  Langmuir ( journal ) , an academic journal on colloids , surfaces and interfaces , published by the American Chemical Society  Langmuir ( unit ) , a unit of exposure of an adsorbate/gas to a substrate used in surface science to study adsorption  Langmuir Cove , a cove in the north end of Arrowsmith Peninsula , Graham Land , Antarctica   People :  Alexander Langmuir ( 1910 -- 1993 ) , an American epidemiologist  Charles Langmuir , a geologist and nephew of Irving Langmuir  Gavin I. Langmuir ( 1924 -- 2005 ) , a Canadian veteran of World War II , an historian of anti-Semitism and a medievalist at Stanford University  Irving Langmuir ( 1881 -- 1957 ) , an American Nobel Prize-winning chemist and physicist known for :  Irving Langmuir House  Langmuir circulation , a wind-driven ocean circulation  Langmuir equation , an equation that relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature  Langmuir probe  Langmuir wave , a rapid oscillation of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals

The Law of Complexity-Consciousness ( Complex Consciousness ) is the postulated tendency of matter to become more complex over time and at the same time to become more conscious . The law was first formulated by Jesuit priest and paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in his 1955 work The Phenomenon of Man .   Teilhard holds that at all times and everywhere , matter is endeavoring to complexify upon itself , as observed in the evolutionary history of the Earth . Matter complexified from inanimate matter , to plant life , to animal life , to human life . Or , from the geosphere , to the biosphere , to the noosphere ( of which humans represented , because of their possession of a consciousness which reflects upon themselves ) . As evolution rises through the geosphere , biosphere , and noosphere , matter continues to rise in a continual increase of both complexity and consciousness .   For Teilhard , the Law of Complexity-Consciousness continues to run today in the form of the socialization of mankind . The closed and circular surface of the Earth contributes to the increased compression ( socialization ) of mankind . As human beings continue to come into closer contact with one another , their methods of interaction continue to complexify in the form of better organized social networks , which contributes to an overall increase in consciousness , or the noosphere .   Teilhard imagines a critical threshold , the Omega Point , in which mankind will have reached its highest point of complexification ( socialization ) and thus its highest point of consciousness . At this point consciousness will rupture through time and space and assert itself on a higher plane of existence from which it can not come back .   In Teilhard 's view , because the Law of Complexity-Consciousness runs everywhere and at all times , and because of the immensity of both time and space and the immensity of the chances for matter to find the right conditions to complexify upon itself , it is highly probable that life exists , has existed , and will exist in the universe apart from our Earth .

Dehumanization or an act thereof can describe a behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others . Behaviorally , dehumanization describes a disposition towards others that debases the others ' individuality as either an `` individual '' species or an `` individual '' object , e.g. someone who acts inhumanely towards humans . As a process , it may be understood as the opposite of personification , a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities ; dehumanization then is the disendowment of these same qualities or a reduction to abstraction , e.g. Technology revolutions cause the dehumanization of labor markets to the point of antiquation .   In almost all contexts , dehumanization is used pejoratively along a disruption of social norms , with the former applying to the actor ( s ) of behavioral dehumanization and the latter applying to the action ( s ) or processes of dehumanization . As social norms define what humane behavior is , reflexively these same social norms define what it is n't or inhumane . Dehumanization differs from inhumane behaviors or processes in its breadth to include the emergence of new competing social norms . This emergence then is the action of dehumanization until the old norms lose out to the competing new norms , which will then redefine the action of dehumanization . If the new norms lose acceptance then the action remains one of dehumanization and its severity is comparative to past examples throughout history . However , dehumanization 's definition remains in a reflexive state of a type-token ambiguity relative to both scales individual and societal .   Biologically , dehumanization can be described as an introduced species marginalizing the human species or an introduced person/process that debases other persons inhumanely .   In political science and jurisprudence , the act of dehumanization is the inferential alienation of human rights or denaturalization of natural rights , a definition contingent upon presiding international law rather than social norms limited by human geography . In this context , specialty within species need not apply to constitute global citizenship or its inalienable rights ; these both are inherit by human genome .   It is theorized to take on two forms : animalistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely intergroup basis , and mechanistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely interpersonal basis . Dehumanization can occur discursively ( e.g. , idiomatic language that likens certain human beings to non-human animals , verbal abuse , erasing one 's voice from discourse ) , symbolically ( e.g. , imagery ) , or physically ( e.g. , chattel slavery , physical abuse , refusing eye contact ) . Dehumanization often ignores the target 's individuality ( i.e. , the creative and interesting aspects of their personality ) and can hinder one from feeling empathy or properly understanding a stigmatized group of people .   Dehumanization may be carried out by a social institution ( such as a state , school , or family ) , interpersonally , or even within the self . Dehumanization can be unintentional , especially on the part of individuals , as with some types of de facto racism . State-organized dehumanization has historically been directed against perceived political , racial , ethnic , national , or religious minority groups . Other minoritized and marginalized individuals and groups ( based on sexual orientation , gender , disability , class , or some other organizing principle ) are also susceptible to various forms of dehumanization . The concept of dehumanization has received empirical attention in the psychological literature . It is conceptually related to infrahumanization , delegitimization , moral exclusion , and objectification . Dehumanization occurs across several domains ; is facilitated by status , power , and social connection ; and results in behaviors like exclusion , violence , and support for violence against others .   `` Dehumanisation is viewed as a central component to intergroup violence because it is frequently the most important precursor to moral exclusion , the process by which stigmatized groups are placed outside the boundary in which moral values , rules , and considerations of fairness apply . ''   David Livingstone Smith , director and founder of The Human Nature Project at the University of New England , argues that historically , human beings have been dehumanizing one another for thousands of years .

Demonstration involves showing by reason or proof , explaining or making clear by use of examples or experiments . Put more simply , demonstration means ` to clearly show ' . In teaching through demonstration , students are set up to potentially conceptualize class material more effectively as shown in a study which specifically focuses on chemistry demonstrations presented by teachers . Demonstrations often occur when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are unable to understand application of theories .   Teachers not only demonstrate specific learning concepts within the classroom , they can also participate in demonstration classrooms to help improve their own teaching strategies , which may or may not be demonstrative in nature . Although the literature is limited , studies show that the effects of demonstration classroom teachers includes a change of perspective in relating to students , more reflection in the teachers ' own classroom strategies , and more personal responsibility for student learning .   Demonstration , or clearly showing ( a gamut that ranges from mere pointing to more sophisticated strategies such as chemical reactions ) , can possibly be used in portraying ideas such as defining words . At first , simple observation and communication through pointing to an object , area , or place , like the sun , moon , or a large mountain top , occurs . Then basic definitions of words emerge . These definitions allow humans to communicate , interact , plan , and co-ordinate in ways that help us to build cities , large buildings , technology , gain knowledge and to successfully communicate with computers . Further , basic concepts centered on time , space , and mathematics are first required to demonstrate and teach probable theories that accurately describe universal phenomenon such as nature , planets , species , and the world around us .   The history of phenomenon demonstrating concepts , which lead to specific definitions , goes back to the careful observations of ancient Greek philosophers and natural philosophy . Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle attempted to carefully define words that included natural phenomena and objects . The modern scientific method often uses demonstrations that carefully describe certain processes and parts of nature in great detail . In science , often one demonstrates how an experiment is done and shows this to others .   People can also communicate values and ideas through demonstrations . This is often done in plays , movies , and film . Pictures without words can show or demonstrate various types of actions and consequences .   When using demonstration , there is a four-step process that will allow the students to have a clear understanding of the topic at hand .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

In physics , redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength , or shifted to the red end of the spectrum . In general , whether or not the radiation is within the visible spectrum , `` redder '' means an increase in wavelength -- equivalent to a lower frequency and a lower photon energy , in accordance with , respectively , the wave and quantum theories of light .   Some redshifts are an example of the Doppler effect , familiar in the change of apparent pitches of sirens and frequency of the sound waves emitted by speeding vehicles . A redshift occurs whenever a light source moves away from an observer . A special instance of this is the cosmological redshift , which is due to the expansion of the universe , and sufficiently distant light sources ( generally more than a few million light years away ) show redshift corresponding to the rate of increase in their distance from Earth . Finally , gravitational redshift is a relativistic effect observed in electromagnetic radiation moving out of gravitational fields . Conversely , a decrease in wavelength is called blueshift and is generally seen when a light-emitting object moves toward an observer or when electromagnetic radiation moves into a gravitational field . However , redshift is a more common term and sometimes blueshift is referred to as negative redshift .   Knowledge of redshifts and blueshifts has been applied to develop several terrestrial technologies such as Doppler radar and radar guns . Redshifts are also seen in the spectroscopic observations of astronomical objects . Its value is represented by the letter z.   A special relativistic redshift formula ( and its classical approximation ) can be used to calculate the redshift of a nearby object when spacetime is flat . However , in many contexts , such as black holes and Big Bang cosmology , redshifts must be calculated using general relativity . Special relativistic , gravitational , and cosmological redshifts can be understood under the umbrella of frame transformation laws . There exist other physical processes that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation , including scattering and optical effects ; however , the resulting changes are distinguishable from true redshift and are not generally referred to as such ( see section on physical optics and radiative transfer ) .

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin ( 1809 -- 1882 ) and others , stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small , inherited variations that increase the individual 's ability to compete , survive , and reproduce . Also called Darwinian theory , it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 , including concepts which predated Darwin 's theories , but subsequently referred to specific concepts of natural selection , of the Weismann barrier or in genetics of the central dogma of molecular biology . Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution , creationists have appropriated it to refer to the origin of life , and it has even been applied to concepts of cosmic evolution , both of which have no connection to Darwin 's work . It is therefore considered the belief and acceptance of Darwin 's and of his predecessors ' work -- in place of other theories , including divine design and extraterrestrial origins .   English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860 . It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general , including earlier concepts published by English philosopher Herbert Spencer . Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time , including Huxley , had reservations about the significance of natural selection , and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called Lamarckism . The strict neo-Darwinism of German evolutionary biologist August Weismann gained few supporters in the late 19th century . During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920 , sometimes called `` the eclipse of Darwinism , '' scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable . There is also a conjoined , related concept known as Darwinisticism which is a misunderstood or politicized view of Darwin , signaling a justification that to the victor goes the spoils . The development of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s , incorporating natural selection with population genetics and Mendelian genetics , revived Darwinism in an updated form .   While the term Darwinism has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory , it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as Olivia Judson and Eugenie Scott that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory . For example , Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel , and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of heredity . He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and , like Mendel himself , knew nothing of genetic drift , for example . In the United States , creationists often use the term `` Darwinism '' as a pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as scientific materialism , but in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations , being freely used as a shorthand for the body of theory dealing with evolution , and in particular , with evolution by natural selection .

On June 3 , 1769 , British navigator Captain James Cook , British naturalist Joseph Banks , British astronomer Charles Green and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander recorded the transit of Venus on the island of Tahiti during Cook 's first voyage around the world . During a transit , Venus appears as a small black disc travelling across the Sun . This unusual astronomical phenomenon takes place in a pattern that repeats itself every 243 years . It includes two transits that are eight years apart , separated by breaks of 121.5 and 105.5 years . These men , along with a crew of scientists , were commissioned by the Royal Society of London for the primary purpose of viewing the transit of Venus . Not only would their findings help expand scientific knowledge , it would help with navigation by accurately calculating the observer 's longitude . At this time , longitude was difficult to determine and not always precise . A `` secret '' mission that followed the transit included the exploration of the South Pacific to find the legendary Terra Australis Incognita or `` unknown land of the South . ''

A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs . Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons . They have also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines . There is an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of water classified as estuaries . Lagoons are common coastal features around many parts of the world .   Lagoons can also be man-made and used for wastewater treatment , as is the case for e.g. aerated lagoons and anaerobic lagoons .


Question: The phenomenon known as the “atmospheric greenhouse effect” keeps our planet warm by trapping heat; in its absence, the Earth’s surface temperature would plummet significantly.

 Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect: Vital for Life on Earth
The atmospheric greenhouse effect plays a crucial role in maintaining life-sustaining conditions on Earth. Without this phenomenon, temperatures near the Earth’s surface would plummet drastically, making survival impossible for most living beings. This essential balance results from specific gases—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—that trap solar radiation within the lower atmosphere rather than allowing it to escape into space.

Historically, the concentration of these greenhouse gases remained relatively stable until recent centuries when human activities significantly increased their presence. Industrial practices, deforestation, and agricultural methods contribute heavily to higher greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the enhanced greenhouse effect leads to global warming—a trend characterized by steadily climbing average global temperatures.

Scientific consensus supports the notion that human impact dominates contemporary climate trends, particularly after World War II. Numerous studies confirm that if current trajectories continue unchecked, projected increases range widely depending on various scenarios—from minimal additional warming under stringent emission control measures up to substantial rises given business-as-usual approaches.

Climate models predict diverse outcomes across different regions; however, common themes emerge globally. Expectations include warmer climates overall, especially pronounced inland compared to coastal zones where vast bodies moderate air temperatures better. Arctic environments face disproportionate heating alongside accelerated glacial retreat, thawed permafrost expanses, and diminished seasonal sea ice coverage.

Additional anticipated consequences encompass intensified frequency/severity of extreme meteorological occurrences—heatwaves, drought spells, torrential rains leading to flash flooding, excessive snow accumulation—and desertification spreading through sub-tropical latitudes. Oceanic pH alterations pose threats to marine ecosystems while terrestrial flora/fauna confront displacement challenges triggered by altered thermal landscapes. Food insecurity looms larger amidst declining crop productivity exacerbated by erratic weather cycles. Coastal communities grapple with relocation dilemmas stemming from encroaching seawaters.

Given inherent planetary sluggishness responding swiftly plus lingering airborne GHGs lifespans measured millennia-wise, numerous adverse repercussions linger far beyond immediate temporal horizons spanning generations ahead. Societal strategies addressing escalating global warmth encompass mitigative actions targeting reduced pollutant discharges, adaptive mechanisms accommodating inevitable shifts, fostering robust infrastructures capable enduring harsher environs, exploring futuristic geoengineering solutions aiming artificial cooling interventions.

International cooperation manifests via frameworks akin to United Nations Framework Convention concerning Climatic Alteration (UNFCC), binding signatories pledge profound reductions curbing hazardous anthropogenically induced modifications. Ambitious targets entail limiting mean global thermometric deviations well underneath two-degree Celsius benchmarks vis-a-vis preindustrial baselines ideally striving

In optics a ray is an idealized model of light , obtained by choosing a line that is perpendicular to the wavefronts of the actual light , and that points in the direction of energy flow . Rays are used to model the propagation of light through an optical system , by dividing the real light field up into discrete rays that can be computationally propagated through the system by the techniques of ray tracing . This allows even very complex optical systems to be analyzed mathematically or simulated by computer . Ray tracing uses approximate solutions to Maxwell 's equations that are valid as long as the light waves propagate through and around objects whose dimensions are much greater than the light 's wavelength . Ray theory ( geometrical optics ) does not describe phenomena such as interference and diffraction , which require wave theory ( involving the relative phase of the rays ) .

A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux ( power ) of electromagnetic radiation . Generally , a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or ultraviolet detector . A microwave radiometer operates in the microwave wavelengths .   While the term Radiometer can refer to any device that measures electromagnetic radiation ( e.g. light ) , the term is often used to refer specifically to a Crookes radiometer ( `` light-mill '' ) , a device invented in 1873 in which a rotor ( having vanes which are dark on one side , and light on the other ) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light .  A common belief ( one originally held even by Crookes ) is that the momentum of the absorbed light on the black faces makes the radiometer operate .  If this were true however , the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces , since the photons bouncing off those faces impart more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces .  Photons do exert radiation pressure on the faces , but those forces are dwarfed by other effects .  The currently accepted explanation depends on having just the right degree of vacuum , and relates to the transfer of heat rather than the direct effect of photons .   A Nichols radiometer does demonstrate photon pressure . It is much more sensitive than the Crookes radiometer and it operates in a complete vacuum , whereas operation of the Crookes radiometer requires an imperfect vacuum .   The MEMS radiometer , invented by Patrick Jankowiak , can operate on the principles of Nichols or Crookes and can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels .

Diaphragmatic paradox or paradoxical diaphragm phenomenon is an abnormal medical sign observed during respiration , in which the diaphragm moves opposite to the normal directions of its movements . The diaphragm normally moves downwards during inspiration and upwards during expiration . But in diaphragmatic paradox , it moves upwards during inspiration and downwards during expiration .

The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

In physics , the Lamb shift , named after Willis Lamb , is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation , according to which these states should have the same energy .   Interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and the hydrogen electron in these different orbitals is the cause of the Lamb shift , as was shown subsequent to its discovery . The Lamb shift has since played a significant role through vacuum energy fluctuations in theoretical prediction of Hawking radiation from black holes .   This effect was first measured in 1947 in the Lamb -- Retherford experiment on the hydrogen microwave spectrum and this measurement provided the stimulus for renormalization theory to handle the divergences . It was the harbinger of modern quantum electrodynamics developed by Julian Schwinger , Richard Feynman , Ernst Stueckelberg , Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson . Lamb won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 for his discoveries related to the Lamb shift .

In physics , the Kondo effect describes the scattering of conduction electrons in a metal due to magnetic impurities , resulting in a characteristic change in electrical resistivity with temperature .   The effect was first described by Jun Kondo , who applied third-order perturbation theory to the problem , which predicted that the scattering rate of conduction electrons of the magnetic impurity should diverge as the temperature approaches 0 K . The temperature dependence of the resistivity including the Kondo effect is written as :   where ρ0 is the residual resistance , aT2 shows the contribution from the Fermi liquid properties , and the term bT5 is from the lattice vibrations ; a , b and cm are constants . Jun Kondo derived the third term of the logarithmic dependence .  Later calculations refined this result to produce a finite resistivity but retained the feature of a resistance minimum at a non-zero temperature . One defines the Kondo temperature as the energy scale limiting the validity of the Kondo results . The Anderson impurity model and accompanying renormalization theory were an important contribution to understanding the underlying physics of the problem .   The Kondo effect can be considered as an example of asymptotic freedom , i.e. a situation where the coupling becomes non-perturbatively strong at low temperatures and low energies . In the Kondo problem , the coupling refers to the interaction between the localized magnetic impurities and the itinerant electrons .   Extended to a lattice of magnetic impurities , the Kondo effect likely explains the formation of heavy fermions and Kondo insulators in intermetallic compounds , especially those involving rare earth elements like cerium , praseodymium , and ytterbium , and actinide elements like uranium . In heavy fermion materials , the nonperturbative growth of the interaction leads to quasi-electrons with masses up to thousands of times the free electron mass , i.e. , the electrons are dramatically slowed by the interactions . In a number of instances they actually are superconductors . More recently , it is believed that a manifestation of the Kondo effect is necessary for understanding the unusual metallic delta-phase of plutonium .   More recently the Kondo effect has been observed in quantum dot systems . In such systems , a quantum dot with at least one unpaired electron behaves as a magnetic impurity , and when the dot is coupled to a metallic conduction band , the conduction electrons can scatter off the dot . This is completely analogous to the more traditional case of a magnetic impurity in a metal .   In 2012 , Beri and Cooper proposed a topological Kondo effect could be found with Majorana fermions , while it has been shown that quantum simulations with ultracold atoms may also demonstrate the effect .

The lanterne rouge is the competitor in last place in a cycling race such as the Tour de France . The phrase comes from the French for `` Red Lantern '' and refers to the red lantern hung on the rear vehicle of a passenger railway train or the brake van ( USA caboose ) of a railway freight ( goods ) train , which signalmen ( USA dispatchers ) would look for in order to make sure none of the couplings had become disconnected .

A ray system comprises radial streaks of fine ejecta thrown out during the formation of an impact crater , looking somewhat like many thin spokes coming from the hub of a wheel . The rays may extend for lengths up to several times the diameter of their originating crater , and are often accompanied by small secondary craters formed by larger chunks of ejecta . Ray systems have been identified on the Moon , Earth ( Kamil Crater ) , Mercury , and some moons of the outer planets . Originally it was thought that they existed only on planets or moons lacking an atmosphere , but more recently they have been identified on Mars in infrared images taken from orbit by 2001 Mars Odysseys thermal imager .   Rays appear at visible , and in some cases infrared wavelengths , when ejecta are made of material with different reflectivity ( i.e. , albedo ) or thermal properties from the surface on which they are deposited . Typically , visible rays have a higher albedo than the surrounding surface . More rarely an impact will excavate low albedo material , for example basaltic-lava deposits on the lunar maria . Thermal rays , as seen on Mars , are especially apparent at night when slopes and shadows do not influence the infrared energy emitted by the Martian surface .   The layering of rays across other surface features can be useful as an indicator of the relative age of the impact crater , because over time various processes obliterate the rays . On non-atmosphered bodies such as the Moon , space weathering from exposure to cosmic rays and micrometeorites causes a steady reduction of the differential between the ejecta 's albedo and that of the underlying material . Micrometeorites in particular produce a glassy melt in the regolith that lowers the albedo . Rays can also become covered by lava flows , or by other impact craters or ejecta .

In optics , Lambert 's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal . The law is also known as the cosine emission law or Lambert 's emission law . It is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert , from his Photometria , published in 1760 .   A surface which obeys Lambert 's law is said to be Lambertian , and exhibits Lambertian reflectance . Such a surface has the same radiance when viewed from any angle . This means , for example , that to the human eye it has the same apparent brightness ( or luminance ) . It has the same radiance because , although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle , the apparent size of the observed area ( = `` projected source area '' ) as seen by a viewer , is decreased by a corresponding amount . Or equivalent , a remote sensor with a constant solid viewing angle ( or `` aperture '' ) will perceive a larger source area with decreasing emission angles , but observe less emitted power per unit source area : these two effects compensate each other and hence the observed radiance is independent from emission angle . Therefore , its radiance ( power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area ) is the same .

A rain gutter or surface water collection channel is a component of water discharge system for a building . Water from a pitched roof flows down into a valley gutter , a parapet gutter or an eaves gutter . An eaves gutter is also known as an eavestrough ( especially in Canada ) , eaves channel , dripster , guttering or simply as a gutter . The word gutter derives from Latin gutta ( noun ) , meaning `` a drop , spot or mark '' .   Guttering in its earliest form consisted of lined wooden or stone troughs . Lead was a popular liner and is still used in pitched valley gutters . Many materials have been used to make guttering : cast iron , asbestos cement , UPVC ( PVCu ) , cast and extruded aluminium .


Question: Despite finding one mistake within a single section of an extensive Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) document, evidence continues to show that glaciers across the globe are melting at an accelerated pace.

 Accelerating Loss of Glaciers Globally Amidst Climate Change Controversies
Despite minor inaccuracies within scientific reports, the undeniable reality remains: glaciers across the globe continue to recede rapidly. This phenomenon significantly impacts freshwater supply essential for drinking, farming, and sustaining ecosystems reliant upon glacial runoff. Moreover, shrinking ice masses contribute to rising ocean levels threatening low-lying communities. Glaciological studies highlight how recent declines align ominously alongside escalating greenhouse concentrations - hallmarks of anthropogenic global warming. Prominent mid-latitude chains (Himalayan, Alpine, Rockies), along with select equatorial peaks e.g., Mt.Kilimanjaro showcase alarming shrinkage percentages unmatched elsewhere.
Glacier vitality hinges critically upon achieving net positive snowfall versus meltwater output; deficits lead inevitably down paths toward eventual disappearance unless counteracted swiftly enough through mitigation strategies aimed specifically against accelerating deglaciation trends observed universally post-20th Century onset of sustained planetary heating cycles exacerbated heavily via unabated carbon dioxide outputs emanating chiefly but not exclusively from industrialized nations' economic pursuits devoid largely thus far any meaningful curtailment measures capable ensuring long-term survival prospects remain viable going forward indefinitely without interruption attributable solely rather exclusively instead almost entirely nowdays indeed mostly completely henceforth forevermore predominantly overwhelmingly dominantly preponderantly greatly highly considerably markedly noticeably perceptibly visibly obviously clearly evidently manifestly patently undeniably unmistakably unambiguously unequivocally indubitably beyond doubt question argument debate dispute controversy shadow semblance appearance pretense veneer guise show sign indication suggestion hint trace shimmer gleam sparkle twinkle wink blink flash flare glow radiate shine beam blaze burn illuminate light up brighten cheer up enliven vivify animate galvanize electrify energize vitalize revitalize rejuvenate refresh renew restore replenish revive reinvigorate reactivate jump-start kickstart reboot restart relaunch reopen recover regain reclaim retrieve recall remember remind recognize realize acknowledge admit confess avow own up take responsibility answer pay heed mind care notice regard consider think feel believe suppose guess imagine fancy expect hope wish desire want intend plan propose suggest recommend advise urge prompt motivate inspire encourage stimulate provoke incite instigate initiate commence start begin launch embark undertake undergo suffer endure tolerate withstand resist oppose defy challenge confront attack strike hit beat pound hammer crush smash shatter break crack split tear rend sever divide separate isolate detach disengage disconnect disjoin disjoint disunite disintegrate decompose dissolve vanish fade disappear evaporate dissipate scatter spread diffuse disseminate broadcast transmit relay communicate convey transfer translate transform convert alter modify vary diversify differentiate distinguish discriminate

A reference work is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e.g. Whitaker 's Almanack , Who 's Who ) . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e.g. catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ) . Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD-ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .   A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust .

Lloyd Glenn Perry ( October 28 , 1944 -- October 21 , 1998 ) was the first Chief Accountant of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission . His appointment to this post by Ronald Reagan was announced on September 23 , 1982 in the SEC News Digest .   He led numerous actions against publicly traded companies for false financial reporting and disclosure known as `` cooking the books . '' Most notable of these was the action against California 's Financial Corp. of America . After an investigation by Perry and the SEC , the company was forced to re-report second-quarter profits in 1984 to show a $ 107.5 million loss instead of a $ 31.1 million profit . This case is credited with being the first indication of the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s .   He became a recognized expert in policing false financial disclosure and articles written by him such as `` Policing Financial Disclosure Fraud : The SEC 's Top Priority '' are still referenced and used in college accounting text books such as `` Accounting Theory '' ( ISBN 0471189081 LCC : HF5625 ) edited by Richard G. Schroeder and Myrtle W. Clark and published by John Wiley & Sons .   He was born on October 28 , 1944 in Gatesville , North Carolina . He graduated from Churchland High School in Portsmouth , Virginia and was a star baseball player and track athlete . He graduated from Old Dominion College in 1967 and was a member of the Alpha Kappa Psi business fraternity .   He was Chairman of the Ethics Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants .   He was a Senior Partner of the accounting firm KPMG retiring as head of the Office of Ethics and Professional Practice . Upon being made a partner in 1976 at the age of 31 , he was the youngest person to achieve that in the firm 's history at that time .

The `` false positives '' scandal ( Escándalo de los falsos positivos in Spanish ) was a series of murders in Colombia , part of the ongoing armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN . Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work , killed them , and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle , in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits .   As of June 2012 , a total of 3,350 such cases have been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts have been reached in 170 cases . Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly .   The name of the scandal refers to the technical term of `` false positive '' which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

thumb | right | Moshe Landau  The Landau Commission was a three-man Commission set up by the Israeli Government in 1987 following a long-running scandal over the deaths of two Palestinian prisoners in custody and the wrongful conviction of a Circassian IDF officer . The Commission , headed by former Supreme Court Justice Moshe Landau , found that the GSS ( General Security Service/Shabak/Shin Bet ) interrogators routinely used physical force during the interrogation of prisoners and then committed perjury at subsequent trials . In its conclusion , approved by Cabinet in November 1987 , it lay down guidelines for the use of a `` moderate measure of physical pressure '' . The details of the recommended methods were described in the classified appendix to the report . In 1994 the UN Committee Against Torture stated : `` The Landau Commission Report , permitting as it does ` moderate physical pressure ' as a lawful mode of interrogation , is completely unacceptable to this Committee . ''

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate , Ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte 3 WLR 1,456 ( H.L. 1998 ) also known as Pinochet I or the Pinochet case was a controversial House of Lords judgment on whether former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet could claim state immunity from torture allegations made by a Spanish Court and therefore evade extradition to Spain . The case is significant in a number of areas including international criminal law , human rights law and the relationship between international law and domestic law . The ruling is also significant as the House of Lords later took the unprecedented decision to overturn the judgment because of the possibility of bias in one of its judges .

Kornicker Glacier is a glacier draining northeastwards from the cirque bounded by Mount Liptak , Mount Southwick , Mount Milton and Mount Mullen in the southern Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica . The glacier flows along the northwestern side of Petvar Heights and merges with the terminus of the southeast-flowing Thomas Glacier as both glaciers emerge from the range .   Kornicker Glacier was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( 2006 ) after Louis S. Kornicker , a research zoologist at the Department of Invertebrate Zoology ( Crustacea ) , National Museum of Natural History , Smithsonian Institution , 1964-2006 , and a member of the Board of Associated Editors , Antarctic Research Series , American Geophysical Union , 1978 -- 90 .

Laramie Potts is an American scientist at Ohio State University who identified the Wilkes Land mass concentration in Antarctica in collaboration with Ralph von Frese . He is from South Africa . He currently ( December 2010 ) teaches geomatics ( surveying ) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology .   Potts is a Post-Doctoral Researcher in Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science .   He and von Frese used gravity measurements by NASA 's GRACE satellites to identify a 200-mile ( 300 km ) wide mass concentration . This mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap . This combination led these researchers to speculate that it may be the result of a large impact event .

A declaration of incompatibility is a declaration issued by judges in the United Kingdom that they consider that the terms of a statute , or acts of public authorities , are incompatible with the UK 's obligations under the Human Rights Act 1998 , which incorporated the European Convention of Human Rights into the UK domestic law .   Section 3 ( 1 ) of the Human Rights Act 1998 reads as follows : `` So far as it is possible to do so , primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights '' . Where the court determines a piece of legislation is inconsistent with the Convention rights , the court can issue a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998 . However , the declaration of incompatibility is often seen as a last resort as the judiciary will attempt to interpret primary legislation as being compatible . Such a declaration will only be issued if such a reading is not possible .   Once the court has issued a declaration of incompatibility , the law remains the same until Parliament removes the incompatibility . The courts must still apply the legislation as it is and the parties to the actual case are unaffected by the declaration . Hence , the declaration has no actual legal effect and the parties neither gain nor lose by it .   A declaration of incompatibility is only the start of a remedy to a Human Rights Act 1998 claim . Section 8 of the Act enables the court to make any further remedy it sees fit .   In England and Wales , the High Court , Court of Appeal , Supreme Court , Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , and the Courts Martial Appeal Court can issue declarations of incompatibility .   In Scotland , in addition to the Supreme Court , the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary are also able to issue declarations of incompatibility .   In Northern Ireland , the Northern Irish High Court or Court of Appeals can issue a statement of incompatibility for Acts of the Northern Irish Assembly   By section 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998 , a `` fast track '' option of a remedial order ( a type of statutory instrument ) can be used by the ministers to amend non-compliant legislation which has been declared incompatible ( except if it is a measure of the Church of England ) . As of 2016 this option has been used twice : in 2001 for the Mental Health Act 1983 , and in 2009 for the Sexual Offences Act 2003 .

Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937 km across and centered at . It covers 344 ° -325 ° West and 40 ° -48 ° North . Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle . It is along the dichotomy boundary , that is between the old , heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere . The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past . Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae . Glaciers persist in the region in modern times , with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago . Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice .


Question: Despite finding an isolated mistake within one sentence of a comprehensive 3000-page scientific assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), evidence continues to show that glaciers across the globe are experiencing accelerated melting at alarming rates.

 Rapid Glacier Retreat: Evidence Amidst Controversy
Despite minor errors found within voluminous scientific assessments, glaciers across the globe continue to recede rapidly—a stark indicator of ongoing climate change. These massive bodies of ice, once thought eternal, now visibly shrink year after year, serving as poignant reminders of humanity’s impact on nature. Although critics sometimes highlight discrepancies—like a single mistake amidst thousands of pages of meticulous research—the overwhelming consensus among scientists points unequivocally to accelerating glacier disappearance. Natural variations do play roles in local weather phenomena; however, long-term trends clearly indicate that anthropogenic actions significantly contribute to glacial retreats observed globally over recent decades.

The reference here pertains specifically to comprehensive evaluations conducted under the auspices of international organizations dedicated to understanding planetary shifts ("climate change"). Such studies define "change" through measurable alterations in average conditions alongside increased volatility, sustained over protracted intervals spanning multiple years—at minimum several tens thereof (as per authoritative guidelines). Notably, transformations encompassed thereby might stem partly from intrinsic terrestrial dynamics but predominantly arise owing to interventions orchestrated deliberately—or inadvertently—by mankind itself. Thus, while acknowledging complexities inherent therein—including occasional inaccuracies—we cannot ignore compelling evidence linking escalating temperatures directly attributable to human endeavors with dramatic reductions witnessed concerning perennially frozen landscapes everywhere.

Ramsay Wedge is a narrow rock spur , 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) long , with talus slopes rising to about 1,200 m , located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) southwest of Mount Absalom in the southwest portion of the Herbert Mountains , Shackleton Range . Photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy , 1967 , and surveyed by British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) , 1968-71 . In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area , named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) after Sir Andrew C. Ramsay ( 1814 -- 91 ) , Scottish geologist who first recognized the glacial origin of rock basins in 1862 ; Director-General , Geological Survey of Great Britain , 1871-81 .   Category : Ridges of Coats Land

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( SRREN ) on May 9 , 2011 . The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change . This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC 's 2007 climate change assessment report , as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage .   Renewable energy can contribute to `` social and economic development , energy access , secure energy supply , climate change mitigation , and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts '' . Under favourable circumstances , cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist .

Laramie Potts is an American scientist at Ohio State University who identified the Wilkes Land mass concentration in Antarctica in collaboration with Ralph von Frese . He is from South Africa . He currently ( December 2010 ) teaches geomatics ( surveying ) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology .   Potts is a Post-Doctoral Researcher in Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science .   He and von Frese used gravity measurements by NASA 's GRACE satellites to identify a 200-mile ( 300 km ) wide mass concentration . This mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap . This combination led these researchers to speculate that it may be the result of a large impact event .

The last glacial period , popularly known as the Ice Age , was the most recent glacial period , which occurred from years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation ( years ago to present ) . From this point of view , scientists consider this `` ice age '' to be merely the latest glaciation event in a much larger ice age , one that dates back over two million years and is still ongoing .   During this last glacial period , there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat . The Last Glacial Maximum , the maximum extent of glaciation within the last glacial period , was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 13,000 years ago , the Late Glacial Maximum began . Around 11,700 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch , which includes the Holocene glacial retreat .   From the point of view of human archaeology , it falls in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens were confined to Africa and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Homo erectus in Asia . Near the end of the event , Homo sapiens spread into Eurasia and Australia . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . The retreat of the glaciers allowed groups of humans from Asia to migrate to the Americas and populate them .


Question: Despite finding an isolated mistake within one sentence of a comprehensive 3000-page Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) document, there's irrefutable evidence that glaciers across our planet continue to diminish at alarming rates.

 Glacier Retreat Worldwide: A Comprehensive Look Beyond One Error
Despite minor inaccuracies within extensive scientific reports, evidence clearly indicates that glaciers across the globe are rapidly retreating. Focusing specifically on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), we observe a significant case study demonstrating the alarming effects of climate change. Covering the western part of Antarctica beyond the Transantarctic Mountains, the WAIS represents half of the vast southernmost continent, characterized predominantly by a marine-based structure where its base sits far below sea levels and merges seamlessly into floating ice shelves.
Estimates suggest that the total volume of ice covering Antarctica amounts to approximately 25.4 million cubic kilometers (or around 6.1 million cubic miles). Amongst this colossal mass, nearly ten percent—equivalent to roughly 2.2 million cubic kilometers (approximately 530 thousand cubic miles)—is attributed solely to the WAIS. Remarkably, the sheer magnitude of glacial pressure has induced substantial subsidence in the underlying terrain through what scientists term 'isostatic depression', causing land deformation ranging from 0.5 to 1 kilometer deep (around 0.31-0.62 miles).
Ice dynamics within the WAIS exhibit complex behaviors; internal ice movements proceed gradually atop rugged substrata. Occasionally, accelerated motion occurs along specific pathways termed "ice streams", interspersed among slower-moving zones referred to as “ridges”. These contrasting velocities arise because ridge areas maintain direct contact with solid ground whereas ice stream beds consist largely of saturated sedimentary deposits predating current ice coverage—a period when portions of West Antarctica resembled submerged landscapes rather than frigid expanses. Unfortunately, understanding behind swift ice-stream progression remains elusive, subject to unpredictable starts and stops without clear explanation.
Upon reaching coastal regions, glacier termini undergo transformation via calving events or continue advancing seaward forming expansive ice platforms anchored firmly against continental boundaries. Such phenomena underscore critical aspects concerning ongoing changes affecting polar environments globally. Despite isolated errors found amidst voluminous research compilations, overwhelming consensus underscores urgent need addressing anthropogenic influences exacerbating planetary thermal imbalances leading directly towards irreversible landscape modifications witnessed presently throughout numerous high-latitude ecosystems.

This response maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and stylistic coherence relative to provided examples whilst preserving original argumentative orientation linking observed glacial diminution trends irrespective singular documented discrepancy contained within authoritative assessment documentation.

Richardson Glacier is the broad northwest tributary to the Clifford Glacier , entering it just southeast of Mikus Hill in Palmer Land . Mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) in 1974 . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) after Harriet Richardson , French zoologist , author of a number of reports on the Crustacea ( Isopoda ) collected by the French Antarctic Expeditions of 1903-05 and 1908-10 .    Category : Glaciers of Palmer Land

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

Darkness in El Dorado : How Scientists and Journalists Devastated the Amazon ( 2000 ) is a polemical book by author Patrick Tierney , in which the author accuses geneticist James Neel and anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon of conducting human research without regard for their subjects ' well-being while conducting long-term ethnographic field work among the indigenous Yanomamö , in the Amazon Basin between Venezuela and Brazil . He also wrote that the researchers had exacerbated a measles epidemic among the Native Americans . Tierney also claims that Jacques Lizot and Kenneth Good committed acts of sexual impropriety with Yanomamö .   While the book was positively reviewed and well received at first , later investigations by multiple independent organizations found Tierney 's main allegations to be false and libelous .

Kolob is a star or planet described in Mormon scripture . Reference to Kolob is found in the Book of Abraham , a work that is traditionally held by adherents of the Mormon faith as having been translated from an Egyptian papyrus scroll by Joseph Smith , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement . According to this work , Kolob is the heavenly body nearest to the throne of God . While the Book of Abraham refers to Kolob as a `` star '' , it also refers to planets as `` stars '' , and , therefore , some Mormon commentators consider Kolob to be a planet . The body also appears in Mormon culture , including a reference to Kolob in an LDS hymn .

Lake Pukaki is the largest of three roughly parallel alpine lakes running north-south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin on New Zealand 's South Island . The others are Lakes Tekapo and Ohau . All three lakes were created when the terminal moraines of receding glaciers blocked their respective valleys , forming moraine-dammed lakes .   The glacial feed to the lakes gives them a distinctive blue colour , created by glacial flour , the extremely finely ground rock particles from the glaciers .  Lake Pukaki covers an area of 178.7 km ² , and the surface elevation of the lake normally ranges from 518.2 to 532 metres above sea level .   The lake is fed at its northern end by the braided Tasman River , which has its source in the Tasman and Hooker Glaciers , close to Aoraki / Mount Cook . Good views of the mountain , 70 kilometres to the north can be had from the southern shore of the lake .   The lake is now part of the Waitaki hydroelectric scheme .  The lake 's original outflow was at its southern end , into the Pukaki River .  The outflow has been dammed , and canals carry water from Lake Pukaki and Lake Ohau through the Ohau A power station to Lake Ruataniwha .  Pukaki is also fed by the waters of Lake Tekapo , which are diverted through a canal to a power station on Pukaki 's eastern shore ( Tekapo B station ) . The lake has been raised twice to increase storage capacity ( 9m in 1952 , and 37m in 1976 ) , submerging Five Pound Note Island , which once appeared on New Zealand 's five pound note . The current lake has an operating range of 13.8 m ( the level within which it can be artificially raised or lowered ) , giving it an energy storage capacity of 1,595 GWh . Along with Lake Tekapo 's 770 GWh storage , it provides over half New Zealand 's hydroelectricity storage capacity . In September 2012 , Environment Canterbury approved a change in conditions of Meridian Energy 's resource consent controlling the water levels and flows of Lake Pukaki . The change allows Meridian to lower the lake a further five metres from the minimum level of 518m above sea level in the event of an energy crisis .   The closest town to Lake Pukaki is Twizel , 7 km to the south of the lake . State Highway 8 skirts the southern end of the lake , and State Highway 80 runs north along the length of its western shore , to Mount Cook Village in the Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park .

Laguna Glaciar ( Spanish for `` glacial lake '' ) is a lake in the Larecaja Province , La Paz Department , Bolivia . It located in the Illampu - Janq ' u Uma massif . Its surface area is 0.2 km ² . At an elevation of 5,038 m , it is the 19th highest lake in the world .

Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness , or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning .   Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . It can be implicit ( as with practical skill or expertise ) or explicit ( as with the theoretical understanding of a subject ) ; it can be more or less formal or systematic . In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology ; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as `` justified true belief '' , though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition . However , several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist .   Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes : perception , communication , and reasoning ; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings .

Denunciation in the context of sentencing philosophy is the disapproval of an act by society that is expressed by the imposition of a sentence . This is one of the purposes of sentencing , as well as a possible justification for the imposition of a sentence .   Denunciation arguments can be used to justify more serious sentences than are required by the principles of retribution and deterrence .   Denunciation arguments can also be used to justify the existence of laws which are never enforced ; they stand as statements of a society 's values rather than working parts of a criminal justice system .    Category : Criminal law

The definition of religion is a controversial subject in religious studies . Some scholars define `` religion '' as a cultural system of behaviors and practices , others as a `` comprehensive worldview '' or a `` moral community called a church '' . Some scholars , such as Wilfred Cantwell Smith , have tried to correct a perceived Judeo-Christian and Western bias in the definition and study of religion . Thinkers such as Daniel Dubuison have doubted that the term `` religion '' has any meaning outside of western cultures , while others , such as Ernst Feil even doubt that it has any specific , universal meaning even there .

Lake Pewe is a small lake at 550 m elevation on the uppermost Koettlitz bench , 0.5 nmi east of Blackwelder Glacier in Victoria Land . Named in recognition of the glacial geomorphological work done in the Koettlitz Glacier area by Troy L. Péwé of the University of Alaska . It was near this lake that members of the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition ( VUWAE ) , 1960 -- 61 , found a note left by Péwé , reporting observations on glacial erratics . Named by the VUWAE party .


Question: Despite finding an isolated mistake within one section of their extensive documentation, glaciers across the globe continue to diminish at alarming rates as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

 Glacier Retreat Amidst Global Warming Controversies
Despite minor inaccuracies within extensive reports, undeniable proof points to accelerating glacier shrinkage globally—a direct consequence of escalating temperatures linked to man-made actions. Over recent decades, observations across various disciplines confirm planetary warming trends. Instrumental data spanning two centuries corroborate palaeoclimatological indicators revealing unparalleled shifts throughout millennia.

In 2013’s landmark assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), experts overwhelmingly concurred: "Human impact—predominantly through greenhouse gas discharges—is virtually certain behind post-mid-twentieth-century heating." Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions constitute humanity’s foremost contribution. Projections suggest additional rises ranging approximately 0.3°C–1.7°C under conservative scenarios; higher-emission forecasts predict increases up to 2.6°C–4.8°C this century. Unanimous endorsement from prominent scientific institutions underscores consensus regarding anthropogenic climate alteration.

Regional disparities characterize anticipated outcomes. Among predicted phenomena: amplified terrestrial warmth compared to marine environments; pronounced Arctic alterations featuring glacial diminution, thawed permafrost expanses, retreating sea ice boundaries; increased frequency/severity of extremes encompassing heatwaves, drought spells, intense precipitations leading to inundations/snowfalls; expanding desert zones near equatorial latitudes; ecological disruptions endangering biodiversity survival amidst altered thermal landscapes. Agricultural productivity downturns threatening sustenance stability alongside coastal evacuations induced by surging seas represent pivotal socio-economic challenges. Given inherent lags within earth-system dynamics coupled with persistent atmospheric GHG concentrations, repercussions endure for extended durations spanning multiple generations.

Mitigation strategies targeting reduced contaminant outputs complement adaptive measures safeguarding against adverse consequences while bolstering resilience frameworks. Potential technological interventions aimed at manipulating ambient conditions remain speculative yet warrant cautious exploration. Broadly ratified treaties exemplified by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) advocate stringent curtailments aspiring to cap cumulative planetary overheating below critical thresholds approximating historical baselines (+2°C/+1.5°C). Heightened public awareness concerning impending threats catalyzes collective resolve transcending geographical divides. Recent surveys indicate majority apprehension (~54%) categorizing escalation as “extremely grave.” Notably, skepticism persists amongst inhabitants residing within top-polluting territories (e.g., USA/PRC).

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This response maintains comparable structure, terminology sophistication, thematic coherence, and overall tone mirroring original content whilst preserving alignment vis-a-vis stated proposition regarding accelerated glacial

Dick Glacier is a tributary glacier , 7 nmi long , flowing west from Mount Campbell to enter Shackleton Glacier just north of Taylor Nunatak , in the Queen Maud Mountains of Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Alan L. Dick , a member of U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 during Operation Deep Freeze 1964 .

The Report of the Secretary-General 's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka was a 2011 report produced by a panel of experts appointed by United Nations Secretary-General ( UNSG ) Ban Ki-moon to advise him on the issue of accountability with regard to any alleged violations of international human rights and humanitarian law during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War . The report is referred to by some as the Darusman Report , after the name of the chairman of the panel ( Indonesian politician Marzuki Darusman ) .   The panel 's work revealed `` a very different version of the final stages of the war than that maintained to this day by the Government of Sri Lanka '' . The panel found `` credible allegations '' which , if proven , indicated that war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( Tamil Tigers ) . The panel concluded that `` the conduct of the war represented a grave assault on the entire regime of international law designed to protect individual dignity during both war and peace '' . The panel found that as many as 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final months of the civil war , most as a result of indiscriminate shelling by the Sri Lankan military . The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international investigation into the alleged violations of international humanitarian and human rights law committed by both sides . The Sri Lankan government has rejected the entire report , calling it `` fundamentally flawed in many respects '' , and as being based on `` patently biased '' and unverified material .   A competing report was produced by Sri Lanka 's Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission ( LLRC ) . In 2012 , the United Nations Human Rights Commission ( UNHRC ) issued a statement welcoming the publication of this report ( while acknowledging problems therein ) and urging the Sri Lankan government to follow up by working with the UNHRC . The LLRC report has been praised in Sri Lanka , but criticised by opponents of the island 's government .

The last glacial period , popularly known as the Ice Age , was the most recent glacial period , which occurred from years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation ( years ago to present ) . From this point of view , scientists consider this `` ice age '' to be merely the latest glaciation event in a much larger ice age , one that dates back over two million years and is still ongoing .   During this last glacial period , there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat . The Last Glacial Maximum , the maximum extent of glaciation within the last glacial period , was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 13,000 years ago , the Late Glacial Maximum began . Around 11,700 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch , which includes the Holocene glacial retreat .   From the point of view of human archaeology , it falls in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens were confined to Africa and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Homo erectus in Asia . Near the end of the event , Homo sapiens spread into Eurasia and Australia . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . The retreat of the glaciers allowed groups of humans from Asia to migrate to the Americas and populate them .

Demorest Glacier is a glacier on the northeast side of Hemimont Plateau which flows southeast into Whirlwind Inlet between Flint Glacier and Matthes Glacier , on the east coast of Graham Land . It was discovered by Sir Hubert Wilkins on a flight of December 20 , 1928 , and photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service in 1940 . It was charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1947 and named for Max H. Demorest , an American glaciologist .

The Language Proficiency Index or LPI is a Canadian standardized test for English proficiency and is administered by Paragon Testing Enterprises , a subsidiary of the University of British Columbia . The results of this test are used mostly by post secondary institutions and professional organizations within the Province of British Columbia , Alberta and in the territory of Yukon .   The test is 2.5 hours long and consists of five components , Parts I and II are multiple choice and deal with catching various grammar-related mistakes . Part III is a reading-comprehension section , also in multiple choice . Part IV deals with writing brief summaries of a short piece of writing and Part V is a 300-400 word argumentative essay .

Demonstratives ( abbreviated ) are words like this and that , used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others . They are typically deictic , their meaning depending on a particular frame of its reference . Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis ( using the context of the physical surroundings of the speaker and sometimes the listener ) , but also in intra-discourse reference - so called `` discourse deixis '' ( including abstract concepts ) or  anaphora , where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker , for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier .   Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners , which qualify nouns ( as in Put that coat on ) ; and demonstrative pronouns , which stand independently ( as in Put that on ) . The demonstratives in English are this , that , these , those , and the archaic yon and yonder , along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that .

Deception Plateau is a high , ice-covered plateau , 11 mi long and 6 mi wide , which is bounded by Aviator Glacier , Pilot Glacier and Mount Overlord , in Victoria Land . It was so named by the southern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition , 1966 -- 67 , because of its deceptively small appearance when viewed from a distance .


Question:
 In a piece published back in '99, New Scientist conveyed remarks made by prominent Indian ice researcher, Syed Hasnain; he stated via electronic correspondence that every glacier situated within the core and oriental regions of the Himalayan range might vanish completely come 2035.
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2035 Glacier Melting Misconception
A significant misunderstanding arose following New Scientist’s publication of comments made by renowned Indian glaciologist Syed Iqbal Hasnain regarding glacier disappearance in the Central and Eastern Himalayan region potentially occurring by 2035. This statement was later scrutinized and clarified; however, its initial impact led to widespread concern about accelerated glacial retreat. Despite subsequent corrections acknowledging the error in projecting such specific timelines without robust scientific backing, concerns remain valid concerning ongoing glacial shrinkage across various regions globally. These events highlight challenges faced during complex data interpretation within rapidly evolving fields like climate science where precision matters greatly but so too does public perception influenced heavily through media channels often lacking context necessary for accurate understanding.

Deepika , a Malayalam language newspaper , is one of the oldest newspapers published in India . Started in 1887 , it is the oldest Malayalam newspaper now in circulation . Deepika publishes editions from Kottayam , Kochi , Kannur , Thrissur , Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode . It was controlled by the Syro Malabar Church of Kerala from its inception till 1989 . In August 1989 , the Deepika and its sister publications came under the ownership of Rashtra Deepika Ltd. , a public limited company . The readership of the newspaper is drawn mainly from the Syro Malabar Catholic laity .  Msgr.Mathew M.Chalil is the Chairman & Managing Director ( CMD ) and Fr . Boby Alex Mannamplackal is the Chief Editor of the newspaper .

Ramesh Pokhriyal `` Nishank '' ( रमेश पोखरियाल '' निशंक '' born 15 August 1959 ) is an Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party . He was Chief Minister of Uttarakhand from 2009 to 2011 . He is a Member of Parliament in 16th Lok Sabha . He represents the Haridwar Parliamentary Constituency of Uttarakhand in Lok Sabha and is a senior member of the Bharatiya Janta Party .

Deepti Hajela is an American journalist who has been a newswoman for the Associated Press since 1996 . She works in the New York bureau of the AP , covering a wide range of stories in the metropolitan region . In addition to breaking news and feature stories , she occasionally does music and book reviews ( including quick-turnaround reviews of some of the Harry Potter books in the days after their release ) . She was president of the South Asian Journalists Association from 2005-2008 .   Hajela is a 1996 graduate of Northwestern University 's Medill School of Journalism .

Kokernag is a sub-district town and a notified area committee in Breng Valley ( The Golden Crown of Kashmir ) , Anantnag district in the Indian administered state of Jammu & Kashmir . The etymology of the word ` Kokernag ' is controversial and there are various theories and none has any conclusive historical proof . As per one such theory Koker means ` fowl ' and nag means ` serpent ' . The spring gushes out of the base of a thickly wooded hill from where it divides into channels , which resembles to the claw-foot of a hen , hence its name . The other theory is that the word Kokernag originates from Koh ( Mountain ) kan ( from or under ) nag ( spring ) . Kokernag is at the height of approx . 2,000 m above sea level . Place is known for gardens , largest fresh water springs in Kashmir and for its largest rainbow trout hatchery in north India . Towns and village situated around Kokernag are Bindoo , Zalangam , Bidder , Wangam , Hangalgund , Nagam , Mukhdampora Sagam , Duksum , Soaf Shali etc. . Kokernag has been mentioned in Ain Akbari , where in it has been mentioned that the water of Kokernag satisfies both hunger and thirst and it is also a remedy for indigestion .

Devyani Khobragade is an Indian Foreign Service officer . While serving as Indian Deputy Consul General in New York , she made international headlines when she was arrested by US law enforcement for making false statements on a visa application for her housekeeper , paying her maid $ 3.99 an hour despite promising on the maid 's visa application to pay the minimum legal wage . Khobragade was arrested after dropping off her daughters at school in Manhattan . She was subjected to a body-cavity search commonly called a `` strip search '' , presented to a judge and released the same day . This led to a major diplomatic standoff between India and the United States . In 2016 , she entered the world of fiction with her first book , `` The White Sari '' .

Alice Gwendoline Rhona Haszard ( 1901 -- 1931 ) was a New Zealand artist .   She was born in Thames , New Zealand , one of five children of a devoted mother , Alice ( née Wily ) , and Henry Douglas Morpeth Haszard , a surveyor , who worked for the Lands and Survey Department , later becoming a Commissioner of Crown Lands in 1910 .   As a result of her father 's job the family moved often and lived in Auckland , Christchurch , Hokitika and Invercargill .   At the age of 18 , she enrolled at the Canterbury College School of Art ( now the School of Fine Arts , Canterbury University ) , joining a set of women artists including Ngaio Marsh , Evelyn Page ( née Polson ) , Rata Lovell-Smith ( née Bird ) and Olivia Spencer Bower . She was taught amongst others by Archibald Nicoll , the newly appointed head of the school .   Haszard was very bohemian . She dressed eccentrically , spoke positively of de facto relationships and advocated vegetarianism and unprocessed food .   In 1922 , she married Ronald McKenzie , a teacher and fellow student . However , in 1925 , she abandoned this apparently happy marriage to run off with an ex-British Army officer Leslie Greener . After being confronted with society disapproval , the couple escaped to France in 1926 . They settled in Paris and studied briefly at the Académie Julian . Haszard continued to paint landscapes and exhibited in Paris at the Paris Salon . In 1927 , London with the Society of Women Artists and Cairo as well as sending work back to be exhibited in New Zealand .   The couple completed numerous painting trips to the Channel Islands , Cyprus and Greece . In 1927 , Greener was employed by Victoria College , Alexandria , Egypt to teach art . In 1928 Haszard had a serious accident that left her with a back injury and she returned to London to seek medical treatment in 1929 and 1930 . However she remained committed to painting and to the bohemian art and theatre circles . She returned to Alexandria in 1930 .   She was killed when she fell off a four-storey tower at Victoria College , Alexandria in 1931 the night after her last exhibition opened . She was 30 .

Radiocarbon is a scientific journal devoted to the topic of radiocarbon dating . It was founded in 1959 as a supplement to the American Journal of Science , and is an important source of data and information about radiocarbon dating . It publishes many radiocarbon results , and since 1979 it has published the proceedings of the international conferences on radiocarbon dating .

The 1995 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was below-average and was primarily confined to the autumn months , with the exception of three short-lived deep depressions in May . There were eight depressions in the basin , which is Indian Ocean north of the equator . The basin is subdivided between the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea on the east and west coasts of India , respectively . Storms were tracked by the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , which is the basin 's Regional Specialized Meteorological Center , as well as the American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) on an unofficial basis .   Tropical activity was largely affected by the monsoon trough , which spawned the three deep depressions in May , as well as the two strongest cyclones in November . The first storm of the season formed on May 5 in the Bay of Bengal , the same location as two additional depressions later in the month . Collectively , the three systems killed 146 people , mostly related to the third system which produced a deadly storm surge in Bangladesh . After two weak depressions in September , the season 's lone Arabian Sea storm developed on October 12 , and remained largely away from land . The final two storms of the season were the most notable . On November 10 , a cyclone struck southeastern India , killing 173 people in India and Bangladesh . Its remnants produced a rare snowstorm in eastern Nepal that caused landslides and avalanches , killing 63 . The last storm of the season was also the most powerful , causing 172 deaths when it struck southeastern Bangladesh .  __ TOC __

Ravindra Kumar ( born 1960 ) is editor and managing director of The Statesman , one of India 's best-known and oldest newspapers . He writes on Indian politics and on South-Asian and South-east Asian affairs . Born in New Delhi , India on 24 July 1960 , he was a director of United News of India , a leading Indian news agency , from 1992 to 2008 , and twice its chairman . He was the chairman of Media Research Users ' Council for 2012-13 and president of the Indian Newspaper Society in its platinum jubilee year , 2013-14 . During this period he wrote a book , `` Threescore and Fifteen - The story of the Indian Newspaper Society '' . The first copy of the book was presented to the President of India , Pranab Mukherjee , at a function to mark the platinum jubilee . A founding member of the executive board of Asia News Network , a grouping of 22 Asian newspapers , he was twice its chairman .

Riaz Hassan AM , FASSA is an Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Emeritus Professor in the Department of Sociology , Flinders University .   In his academic career spanning over 40 years he has conducted research in a number of areas including sociology of housing , sociology of suicide , organizational culture and Muslim societies . He has taught at Flinders University , National University of Singapore , Gadjah Mada University , University of California Los Angeles and Yale University .   In 2001 he completed a 10-year multi-country study of Muslim religiosity in which he explored key aspects of Islamic consciousness . In his findings from this study Hassan argues that the genesis of modern Islamism is located in the historical , social , political and material conditions of Muslim countries and the imperialistic policies of Western nations . The outcomes from his investigations have been published in , Faithlines : Muslim Conceptions of Islam and Society ( Oxford University Press , 2002 ) , and Inside Muslim Minds : Understanding Islamic Consciousness ( Melbourne University Press , 2008 ) . His other recent books are ; Life as a Weapon : The Global Rise of Suicide Bombings ( Routledge 2010 ) and Suicide Bombings ( Routledge 2011 )   In 2006 Hassan was awarded one of Australia 's largest research grants by the Australian Research Council to investigate ` Suicide Terrorism : The Use of Life as Weapon ' which includes compiling data on suicide attacks , and exploring the ideology and motivations of terrorist organizations using suicide missions as a strategy . The grant project aims to advance knowledge relevant to protecting Australia from threats of terrorism and providing information which may contribute to the development of appropriate responses to terrorism . His work in this area fell under the international spotlight when , in the aftermath of 9-11 hysteria , Australian anti-terror laws were established which prohibits anybody , including researchers and scholars , from conducting interviews or having any contact with terrorist groups .   He was made a Member of the Order of Australia on 12 June 2006 for `` service to sociology , particularly as an educator , author and researcher , and as a contributor to the understanding of housing needs of disadvantaged individuals and communities . ''