Question: The planets of Mars and Jupiter aren't experiencing temperature increases, moreover there's evidence that our Sun’s heat output has marginally declined in recent times.

 Mars Exploration Insights & Recent Solar Activities

Mars, often referred to as the red planet, holds significant interest among space enthusiasts and scientists alike. Its position fourth away from the Sun within our solar system makes it intriguingly close yet distant compared to Earth’s proximity. Despite speculations linking Martian temperatures changes akin to those observed here on earth attributed largely due anthropogenic effects; current scientific consensus suggests otherwise – emphasizing natural variability rather any direct correlation involving human intervention.

On another note entirely lies mighty Jovian giant - Jupiter! Boasting unparalleled size amongst fellow siblings circling Sol (our star), this behemoth possesses unique characteristics setting apart even against similarly classified ‘gas giants’. With masses exceeding thousands fold lesser luminous bodies residing central point universe (the Sun itself!), Jupiter still manages maintain impressive lead concerning sheer volume encompassed within gaseous envelope surrounding dense metallic core hidden depths below turbulent cloudscapes adorning majestic exterior facade visible naked eye under favorable conditions.

Historically speaking too, ancient civilizations across globe recognized importance celestial body now commonly associated Roman deity ruling skies above – apt representation considering influential role played governing atmospheric dynamics throughout entire neighborhood sharing common origin story tracing back billions years ago formation nebulae collapsing inward gravitational pull eventually birthing birthplace life we know today.

Intriguing composition consisting predominantly molecular Hydrogen alongside Helium traces presence additional compounds indicative possible rock-based substratum lurking somewhere deep underneath swirling vortexes comprising colorful belts stretching longitudinally across vast expanse spanning tens thousand kilometers wide. Rapid rotational velocity imparted distinctively flattened appearance resembling somewhat squashed sphere thanks centrifugal force acting outward counterbalancing compressive stresses exerted radially inward direction centermass location.

Distinctive features dotting dynamic landscape range anything small scale eddies up gigantic anticyclonic systems persistently churning matter contained within supercritical fluid layer enveloping lower density regions closer surface level where pressure/temperature conditions allow existence stable stratification layers preventing complete mixing occurring vertically through entire column height. Most famous perhaps remains so-called “Great Red Spot”- massive hurricane-like structure estimated persist uninterrupted continuous operation period lasting centuries possibly millennia without showing signs abating anytime soon despite undergoing cyclical fluctuations intensity brightness levels observable telescopic observations conducted regularly amateur professionals alike globally distributed network observatories scattered far corners inhabited world.

Accompanying retinue satellites numbering upwards sixty seven individual members ranging diminutive asteroid-sized objects barely qualifying classification criteria established international astronomical union down gargantuan proportions exhibited Ganymede surpassing dimensions smaller terrestrial worlds like Mercury altogether. Amongst quartet originally

( 374158 ) 2004 UL is an outstandingly eccentric asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid . It is known for having the second-smallest perihelion of any known asteroid , after . It measures between 0.5 and 1.2 kilometers in diameter and was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research ( LINEAR ) at Lincoln Lab 's ETS on 18 October 2004 .   The stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.1 -- 2.4 AU once every 1 years and 5 months ( 521 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.93 and an inclination of 24 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   In October 2014 , a rotational light-curve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian D. Warner at the Palmer Divide Station , California . It gave a relatively slow rotation period of hours with a high brightness variation of 1.2 in magnitude .   Due to its orbit , it is also a Mercury-crosser , Venus-crosser , Apollo and Mars-crosser .

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux ( power ) of electromagnetic radiation . Generally , a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or ultraviolet detector . A microwave radiometer operates in the microwave wavelengths .   While the term Radiometer can refer to any device that measures electromagnetic radiation ( e.g. light ) , the term is often used to refer specifically to a Crookes radiometer ( `` light-mill '' ) , a device invented in 1873 in which a rotor ( having vanes which are dark on one side , and light on the other ) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light .  A common belief ( one originally held even by Crookes ) is that the momentum of the absorbed light on the black faces makes the radiometer operate .  If this were true however , the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces , since the photons bouncing off those faces impart more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces .  Photons do exert radiation pressure on the faces , but those forces are dwarfed by other effects .  The currently accepted explanation depends on having just the right degree of vacuum , and relates to the transfer of heat rather than the direct effect of photons .   A Nichols radiometer does demonstrate photon pressure . It is much more sensitive than the Crookes radiometer and it operates in a complete vacuum , whereas operation of the Crookes radiometer requires an imperfect vacuum .   The MEMS radiometer , invented by Patrick Jankowiak , can operate on the principles of Nichols or Crookes and can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels .

1461 Jean-Jacques , provisional designation , is a metallic asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 34 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 30 December 1937 , by French astronomer Marguerite Laugier at Nice Observatory in southern France .   The metallic M-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0 -- 3.3 AU once every 5 years and 6 months ( 2,019 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 15 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Jean-Jacques was first identified as at Johannesburg Observatory in 1935 , extending the body 's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation .   In March 2005 , a rotational light-curve of Jean-Jacques was obtained from photometric observations by Laurent Bernasconi and Horacio Correia . It gave a rotation period of 16.56 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 in magnitude .   According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Jean-Jacques measures between 25.33 and 41.43 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.102 and 0.273 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS , that is an albedo of 0.161 and a diameter of 32.94 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.01 .   The minor planet was named after Jean-Jacques Laugier , the son of the discoverer . Naming citation was published before November 1977 .

Richard Christopher Carrington ( 26 May 1826 -- 27 November 1875 ) was an English amateur astronomer whose 1859 astronomical observations demonstrated the existence of solar flares as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae ; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun .

The Kuiper belt ( -LSB- ` kaipər -RSB- or -LSB- ` kœy̯pǝr -RSB- ) , sometimes called the Edgeworth -- Kuiper belt , is a circumstellar disc in the Solar System beyond the ( known ) planets , extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun . It is similar to the asteroid belt , but is far larger -- 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive . Like the asteroid belt , it consists mainly of small bodies , or remnants from the Solar System 's formation . While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal , most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed `` ices '' ) , such as methane , ammonia and water . The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets : Pluto , Haumea , and Makemake . Some of the Solar System 's moons , such as Neptune 's Triton and Saturn 's Phoebe , are thought to have originated in the region .   The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper , though he did not predict its existence . In 1992 , was discovered , the first Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) since Pluto . Since its discovery , the number of known KBOs has increased to over a thousand , and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km in diameter are thought to exist . The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets , those with orbits lasting less than 200 years . Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable , and that comets ' true place of origin is the scattered disc , a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago ; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun .   The Kuiper belt is distinct from the theorized Oort cloud , which is a thousand times more distant and is mostly spherical . The objects within the Kuiper belt , together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects , are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) . Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt , and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO , surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc . Originally considered a planet , Pluto 's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt , and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs , known as `` plutinos '' , that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune .

λ Librae ( latinised as Lambda Librae ) is the Bayer designation for a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Libra . It can be faintly seen with the naked eye on a dark night , having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.03 . With an annual parallax shift of 10.54 mas , it is located roughly 310 light years from the Sun . At that distance , the visual magnitude of this system is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.22 due to interstellar dust .   This is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system with an orbital period of 14.48 days and an eccentricity of 0.27 . The visible component is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V . It is a helium-weak chemically peculiar star and a rotating ellipsoidal variable . The star has an estimated 3.9 times the radius of the Sun and five times the Sun 's mass . This is a candidate Vega-like star , meaning that it shows an infrared excess characteristic of a circumstellar debris disk . The system is a source of X-ray emission .

Komarr is a fictional planet in Lois McMaster Bujold 's Vorkosigan Saga series of novels and stories .   Discovered centuries prior to the Vorkosigan Saga , Komarr is undergoing a major terraforming project to make the outside air breathable . During this centuries-long program , the Komarrans are confined to domed cities , with controlled air supplies . The outside air is far too rich in carbon dioxide . The planet is also very cold , somewhat similar to Mars . At the time of the Vorkosigan saga , the most complicated life form outside the domes is a genetically modified peat moss . There is also a large orbital mirror , which increases amount of sunlight actually hitting the planet . The terraforming program , and the orbital mirror , are major plot points in the book Komarr .   Komarr has strategic importance because its local space contains the single known wormhole into Barrayar , the heart of the Barrayaran Empire . It is also a major trade nexus .   Capital City : Solstice .  Government : Komarr is ruled by the Barrayaran Empire , but has its own dominant class of oligarchs . The planet is divided into a number of equal-sized sectors , with responsibilities for regional government . Komarr is governed by the First Councilor , a position appointed by the Emperor that is equivalent in rank and responsibilities to the Viceroy of Sergyar . The plutocratic and nominal democracy is divided into two types of votes -- one person , one vote -- and `` extra votes '' that are granted to any settlers starting a new domed-city . These `` extra votes '' are inheritable and trade-able on a secondary market . The plutocratic oligarchies control the government by holding these extra votes . This system of extra votes becomes the basis of an attempted invasion by the Kibou-danii to wrest control of Komarr away from the Barrayarran Imperium .  Population : Many large domed metropolis-sized cities .  Economy : As Komarr controls at least six important wormhole routes ( to Barrayar , Sergyar , Escobar , Pol and Cetaganda , as well as a few other minor jump points ) , much commerce passes through the system and is taxed . Komarr 's economy is dominated by the oligarch families , whose large fleets are sent on trade runs ( lasting 5 -- 12 months ) to many areas throughout the galaxy , often returning with very large profits .

10 Ursae Majoris ( 10 UMa ) is a star in the constellation Lynx . Its apparent magnitude is 3.96 .   It is the third-brightest star in Lynx . Originally in the neighbouring constellation Ursa Major , it became part of Lynx with the official laying down of the constellation borders . Appearing to be of magnitude 3.97 , it can be split by a telescope to reveal a yellow-white main sequence star of spectral type F4 V of magnitude 4.11 and a star very similar to the Sun of spectral class G5V and magnitude 6.18 . The two are 10.6 astronomical units apart and orbit each other every 21.78 years .   The total system mass of 2.54 solar masses , with the primary being 1.44 solar masses , and secondary 1.1 solar masses .

1076 Viola is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1926 TE . The numerical designation indicates this was the 1076th asteroid discovered .


Question: The temperature trends on Mars and Jupiter show no significant increase, moreover there's evidence suggesting that solar activity has marginally declined in recent times.

 Climate Trends Beyond Earth: Insights into Mars' Atmosphere and Jupiter’s Conditions

While discussions around global warming predominantly focus on Earth, exploring conditions beyond our planet reveals intriguing insights regarding Mars and Jupiter. Contrary to common perceptions, recent studies suggest neither Mars nor Jupiter exhibit signs of significant warming akin to Earth's experiences. Moreover, solar observations indicate slight cooling trends within our star system, challenging simplistic correlations between celestial body temperatures and solar output.

Focusing first on Mars, the "Red Planet" captivates scientists with its similarities yet stark contrasts to Earth. Known for its rusty red hue attributed to abundant iron oxides covering its terrain, Mars presents itself as a terrestrial world featuring diverse landscapes – from vast desolate plains echoing lunar surfaces to dramatic valleys mirroring earthly terrains. Notably, Mars boasts impressive geographical marvels; Olympus Mons reigns supreme among volcanoes throughout the Solar System while Valles Marineris etches deep scars rivaling any canyon found here on Earth. Yet despite these parallels, Mars maintains a significantly thinner atmosphere than ours, rendering liquid water existence impossible save fleeting moments under specific conditions near lower altitudes.

Jupiter, however, offers another perspective entirely. As the colossal gaseous behemoth in our cosmic neighborhood, it defies direct comparisons to terrestrial planets like Mars (or even Earth). Instead, understanding Jupiter requires delving into complex dynamics governing massive bodies composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gases swirling amidst intense pressures and gravitational pulls. Recent data suggests minimal evidence supporting widespread warming phenomena affecting Jovian environments—highlighting unique thermal equilibrium states distinct from smaller rocky worlds closer to home.

Intriguingly enough, contemporary research points towards subtle variations observed within solar radiation outputs—a phenomenon potentially impacting long-term climates spanning various planetary systems. Although minute changes might seem negligible initially, cumulative effects could subtly influence broader ecological balances existing far beyond familiar frontiers. Such findings underscore nuanced interconnections linking stellar behaviors with distant planetary atmospheres—an area ripe for continued exploration and scientific inquiry.

Understanding extraterrestrial climates provides invaluable context enriching debates surrounding anthropogenic impacts shaping Earth's evolving ecosystems. By examining parallel developments unfolding elsewhere within our Solar System, researchers gain valuable perspectives illuminating universal principles underlying planetary evolution. Whether investigating Martian mysteries or unraveling Jovian enigmas, each discovery contributes crucial pieces toward constructing comprehensive narratives encapsulating cosmic histories stretching back billions upon billions of years.

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175 Andromache is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on October 1 , 1877 , and named after Andromache , wife of Hector during the Trojan War . Watson 's telegram to Europe announcing the discovery became lost , and so notification did not arrive until several weeks later . As a result , another minor planet , later designated 176 Iduna , was initially assigned the number 175 .   The initial orbital elements for 175 Andromache proved unreliable , and it was only in 1893 that an accurate ephemeris was produced . Because the orbital period is fairly close to being double that of the giant planet Jupiter , 175 Andromache initially became of interest in the study of gravitational perturbations .   Based upon its spectrum , this is classified as a C-type asteroid . It has a diameter estimated in the range 101 -- 107 km with a roughly circular shape . The size ratio between the major and minor axes is 1.09 ± 0.09 , as determined from the W. M. Keck Observatory . An earlier result published in 2000 gave a larger size ratio of 1.20 .

118401 LINEAR ( provisional designation ) is an asteroid and main-belt comet ( 176P/LINEAR ) that was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research ( LINEAR ) 1-metre telescopes in Socorro , New Mexico on September 7 , 1999 . ( 118401 ) LINEAR was discovered to be cometary on November 26 , 2005 , by Henry H. Hsieh and David C. Jewitt as part of the Hawaii Trails project using the Gemini North 8-m telescope on Mauna Kea and was confirmed by the University of Hawaii 's 2.2-m ( 88-in ) telescope on December 24 -- 27 , 2005 , and Gemini on December 29 , 2005 . Observations using the Spitzer Space Telescope have resulted in an estimate of 4.0 ± 0.4 km for the diameter of ( 118401 ) LINEAR .   The main-belt comets are unique in that they have flat ( within the plane of the planets ' orbits ) , approximately circular ( small eccentricity ) , asteroid-like orbits , and not the elongated , often tilted orbits characteristic of all other comets . Because ( 118401 ) LINEAR can generate a coma ( produced by vapour boiled off the comet ) , it must be an icy asteroid . When a typical comet approaches the Sun , its ice heats up and sublimates ( changes directly from ice to gas ) , venting gas and dust into space , creating a tail and giving the object a fuzzy appearance . Far from the Sun , sublimation stops , and the remaining ice stays frozen until the comet 's next pass close to the Sun . In contrast , objects in the asteroid belt have essentially circular orbits and are expected to be mostly baked dry of ice by their confinement to the inner Solar System ( see extinct comet ) .   It is suggested that these main-belt asteroid-comets are evidence of a recent impact exposing an icy interior to solar radiation . A good question is , `` How long will current main-belt comets keep generating a coma ? '' It is estimated short-period comets remain active for about 10,000 years before having most of their ice sublimated away and going dormant .   Four other objects are classified as both periodic comets and numbered asteroids : 2060 Chiron ( 95P/Chiron ) , 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P/Wilson -- Harrington ) , 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P/Elst -- Pizarro ) , and 60558 Echeclus ( 174P/Echeclus ) . As a dual-status object , astrometric observations of 118401 LINEAR should be reported under the minor planet designation .   118401 LINEAR last came to perihelion on 2017 March 12 .

1166 Sakuntala is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun . Approximately 29 kilometers in diameter , it makes a revolution around the Sun once every 4 years . It completes one rotation once every 6 hours . It was discovered by Praskovjya Georgievna Parchomenko on June 27 , 1930 . Its provisional designation was 1930 MA .   During a perihelic opposition , when Sakuntala is only 1 AU from the Earth , it can get as bright as apparent magnitude 10.5 , as it did on July 7 , 2007 and did occur on June 30 , 2011 when it will be at magnitude 10.7 , being one of the latest discovered asteroids to become so bright to be seen on small telescopes .

The red clump is a clustering of red giants in the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram at around 5,000 K and absolute magnitude ( MV ) +0.5 , slightly hotter than most red-giant-branch stars of the same luminosity . It is visible as a more dense region of the red giant branch or a bulge towards hotter temperatures . It is most distinct in many , but not all , galactic open clusters , but it is also noticeable in many intermediate-age globular clusters and in general nearby field stars ( e.g. the Hipparcos stars ) .   The red clump giants are cool horizontal branch stars , stars originally similar to the sun which have undergone a helium flash and are now fusing helium in their cores .

David John Stevenson ( born September 2 , 1948 ) is a professor of planetary science at Caltech . Originally from New Zealand , he received his Ph.D. from Cornell University in physics , where he proposed a model for the interior of Jupiter . He is well known for applying fluid mechanics and magnetohydrodynamics to understand the internal structure and evolution of planets and moons . In 1984 , he received the H. C. Urey Prize awarded by the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society . He is a fellow of the Royal Society and a member of the National Academy of Sciences .

is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser , approximately 4 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 8 October 1997 , by Japanese astronomers Tetsuo Kagawa and Takeshi Urata at Gekko Observatory near Shizuoka , Japan .

In 1974 Mariner 10 visited Mercury that saw a spacecraft that visited Mercury for the first and last time in the 20th century .   | | 5 January , 01:45 GMT  | | Aerobee 200A  | | White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aeronomy/Ultraviolet astronomy  | | 5 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 223 km  | -  | | 8 January , 01:40 GMT  | | Aerobee 200A  | | White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA/NRL  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aeronomy/Ultraviolet astronomy  | | 8 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 193 km  | -  | | 12 January 19:12 GMT  | | Skylark  | | El Arenosillo  | | DFVLR  | | H-GR-58  | | DLR  | | Sub-orbital  | | Astronomy  | | 12 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 246 km  | -  | | 12 January  | | R-36  | | LC-162 / 36 , Baikonur  | | RVSN  | | DKh  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 12 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 15 January 20:00 GMT  | | Black Brant VC  | | LC-36 , White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Solar research  | | 15 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 234 km  | -  | | 16 January , 02:00 GMT  | | Kappa 9M  | | Kagoshima  | | ISAS  | |  | | ISAS  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere and Solar research  | | 16 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 360 km  | -  | | 16 January 17:40 GMT  | | Nike Apache  | | Wallops Island  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aeronomy  | | 16 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 205 km  | -  | | 16 January 18:13 GMT  | | Super Arcas  | | Wallops Island  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere research  | | 16 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 103 km  | -  | | 16 January  | | Aerobee 200A  | | White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Solar research  | | 16 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 250 km  | -  | | 17 January , 02:37 GMT  | | Nike Tomahawk  | | Poker Flat  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Plasma research  | | 17 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 298 km  | -  | | 17 January , 02:37 GMT  | | Kosmos-3M  | | LC-132 / 2 , Plesetsk  | | VKS  | | Kosmos 628 ( Tsiklon )  | | MO SSSR  | | LEO  | | Navigation  | | Still in orbit  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 19 January , 01:38 GMT  | | Delta 2313  | | LC-17B , CCAFS  | |  | | Skynet 2A  | | UK Ministry of Defence  | | Intended : GSOAchieved : LEO  | | Comms  | | 25 January 1974  | | Failure  | | Placed in incorrect orbit due to carrier rocket malfunction  | -  | | 19 January 11:34 GMT  | | Skua  | | El Arenosillo  | | RAE  | |  | | RAE  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere research  | | 19 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 110 km  | -  | | 19 January  | | Eridan  | | ALFS , Kourou  | |  | |  | |  | | Sub-orbital  | | Missile test  | | 19 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 220 km  | -  | | 20 January  | | R-36M  | | LC-103 , Baikonur  | | RVSN  | | POR  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 20 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 21 January , 02:39 GMT  | | Nike Tomahawk  | | Poker Flat  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Plasma research  | | 21 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 298 km  | -  | | 21 January 11:30 GMT  | | Skua 4  | | El Arenosillo  | | RAE  | |  | | RAE  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere research  | | 21 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 114 km  | -  | | 22 January , 02:41 GMT  | | Nike Tomahawk  | | Poker Flat  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Plasma research  | | 22 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 298 km  | -  | | 22 January 11:00 GMT  | | Lambda-3H  | | Area L , Kagoshima  | | ISAS  | |  | | ISAS  | | Sub-orbital  | | X-ray astronomy  | | 22 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1571 km  | -  | | 8 January 16:45 GMT  | | Aerobee 200A  | | White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Solar research  | | 22 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Reached 238 km  | -  | | 22 January  | | Minuteman I  | | LF-06 , Vandenberg AFB  | | USAF  | |  | | USAF  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 22 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1300 km  | -  | | 23 January 11:30 GMT  | | Skua  | | El Arenosillo  | | RAE  | |  | | RAE  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere research  | | 23 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 106 km  | -  | | 23 January 12:50 GMT  | | Black Brant VB  | | Churchill  | | NRC  | |  | | NRC  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Aurora research  | | 23 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 208 km  | -  | | 24 January 15:00 GMT  | | Voskhod  | | Plesetsk  | |  | | Kosmos 629 ( Zenit-2M )  | | MOM  | | LEO  | | Recon  | | 5 February 1974  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 25 January 11:30 GMT  | | Skua  | | El Arenosillo  | | RAE  | |  | | RAE  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere research  | | 25 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 109 km  | -  | | 25 January  | | UR-100N  | | Baikonur Cosmodrome  | | RVSN  | |  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 25 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 26 January  | | Minuteman III  | | LF-25 , Vandenberg AFB  | | USAF  | | GT-24GB-1  | | USAF  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 26 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1300 km  | -  | | 26 January  | | UR-100N  | | Baikonur Cosmodrome  | | RVSN  | |  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 26 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 27 January 19:08 GMT  | | Nike Tomahawk  | | Andøya  | | NASA  | | Ferdinand 35 ( Polar 3 )  | | NDRE  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aurora research  | | 27 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 238 km  | -  | | 30 January 11:00 GMT  | | Voskhod  | | Plesetsk  | |  | | Kosmos 630 ( Zenit-4MK )  | | MOM  | | LEO  | | Recon  | | 13 February 1974  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 30 January  | | SSBS  | | BLB , Biscarosse  | | DMA  | |  | | DMA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Missile test  | | 30 January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | January  | | Vertikal ' K65UP  | | LC-107 , Kapustin Yar  | | RVSN  | |  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | Ionosphere/Solar research  | | January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1500 km  | -  | | January  | | Athena  | | Wallops Island  | | Sandia  | |  | | USAF  | | Sub-orbital  | | Re-entry vehicle test  | | January 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 200 km  | -  | | 1 February , 06:30 GMT  | | JCR  | | Area T , Tanegashima  | | NASDA  | |  | | NASDA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Test flight  | | 1 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 200 km  | -  | | 4 February 14:40 GMT  | | Skylark 6AC  | | LA-2SL , Woomera  | | BAC  | |  | | BAC  | | Sub-orbital  | | Astronomy  | | 4 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 197 km  | -  | | 4 February  | | MR-UR-100  | | LC-177 , Baikonur  | | RVSN  | |  | | RVSN  | | Sub-orbital  | | ICBM test  | | 4 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 6 February , 00:34 GMT  | | Kosmos-3M  | | LC-132 / 2 , Plesetsk  | | VKS  | | Kosmos 631 ( Tselina-O )  | | MO SSSR  | | LEO  | | ELINT  | | 3 October 1980  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 6 February 22:48 GMT  | | Black Brant IVB  | | Andoya  | | DLR  | |  | | DFVLR  | | Sub-orbital  | | Aurora research  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 548 km  | -  | | 6 February  | | Polaris A3  | | Submarine , WTR  | | US Navy  | |  | | US Navy  | | Sub-orbital  | | SLBM test  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 6 February  | | Polaris A3  | | Submarine , WTR  | | US Navy  | |  | | US Navy  | | Sub-orbital  | | SLBM test  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 6 February  | | Polaris A3  | | Submarine , WTR  | | US Navy  | |  | | US Navy  | | Sub-orbital  | | SLBM test  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 6 February  | | Polaris A3  | | Submarine , WTR  | | US Navy  | |  | | US Navy  | | Sub-orbital  | | SLBM test  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 6 February  | | Polaris A3  | | Submarine , WTR  | | US Navy  | |  | | US Navy  | | Sub-orbital  | | SLBM test  | | 6 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 1000 km  | -  | | 9 February , 02:10 GMT  | | Aerobee 200A  | | White Sands  | | NASA  | |  | | NASA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Astronomy  | | 9 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 186 km  | -  | | 9 February , 06:30 GMT  | | LS-C  | | Area T , Tanegashima  | | NASDA  | | LE-3  | | NASDA  | | Sub-orbital  | | Test flight  | | 9 February 1974  | | Successful  | | Apogee : 100 km  | -  | rowspan = 2 | 11 February 13:48 GMT  | rowspan = 2 | Titan IIIE  | rowspan = 2 | LC-41 , CCAFS  | rowspan = 2 |  | | Boilerplate Viking  | | NASA  | | Intended : GSO  | | Test carrier rocket  | rowspan = 2 | 12 February 1974  | rowspan = 2 | Failure  | rowspan = 2 | Upper stage turbopump malfunction  | -  | | SPHINX  | | NASA  | | Intended : GSO  | | Plasma research  | -  | | 3 July  | | Soyuz ( 11A511 )  | | LC-1 / 5 , Baikonur  | |  | | Soyuz 14  | |  | | LEO , docked to Salyut 3  | | Manned orbital flight  | | 19 July 1974  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 16 July  | | Scout  | | Western Space and Missile Center at Vandenberg AFB  | | NASA  | | Aeros 2  | | NASA  | |  | |  | |  | | Successful  | |  | -  | | 26 August  | | Soyuz ( 11A511 )  | | LC-1 / 5 , Baikonur  | |  | | Soyuz 15  | |  | | LEOPlanned : docked to Salyut 3  | | Manned orbital flight  | | 28 August 1974  | | Failure  | | Failed to dock with Salyut 3  | -  | | 2 December  | | Soyuz-U ( 11A511U )  | | LC-1 / 5 , Baikonur  | |  | | Soyuz 16  | |  | | LEO  | | Manned orbital flight  | | 8 December 1974  | | Successful  | | ASTP dress-rehearsalFirst manned use of Soyuz-U launch vehicle  | -  | -RCB-

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

Richard Christopher Carrington ( 26 May 1826 -- 27 November 1875 ) was an English amateur astronomer whose 1859 astronomical observations demonstrated the existence of solar flares as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae ; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun .

Lambda Piscium ( Lambda Psc , λ Piscium , λ Psc ) is a star approximately 101 light years away from Earth in the constellation Pisces . It is a bluish-white star of A7V spectral classification , meaning it has a surface temperature of 7,500 to 11,000 kelvins . It is much brighter and hotter in surface temperature than the Sun , yet is approximately the same size . Lambda Piscium forms the southeast corner of the `` Circlet '' in Pisces .


Question: The extensive Arctic glacial coverage is experiencing an accelerated diminishment at an alarming rate.

 Rapid Retreat of Arctic Sea Ice: A Changing Landscape

Arctic sea ice, once considered stable and vast, now experiences alarming declines, particularly noticeable around the geographic North Pole - the exact spot marking the convergence of Earth’s rotational axis onto its surface. Unlike Antarctica, anchored firmly atop a continent, the North Pole rests upon the perpetually frozen expanse of the Arctic Ocean, encased within thick layers of sea ice. Yet recent studies reveal unsettling trends; what was once thought impermeable undergoes significant changes under humanity's watchful eye.

Satellite imagery confirms the relentless march of warmer temperatures across the region, causing record-breaking melts year after year. Once solid platforms supporting diverse ecosystems transform into fragmented patches, challenging survival strategies for native fauna. This transformation impacts more than just local inhabitants—it signals broader shifts in global weather patterns, ocean currents, and potentially contributes to rising sea levels affecting coastal communities worldwide.

Historically, expeditions aiming to reach the elusive pole faced treacherous conditions—endless expanses of ice stretching beyond horizons, posing formidable obstacles against progress. Today, however, researchers note thinner sheets covering shorter distances compared to historical records. Seasonal variations no longer dictate predictable cycles; instead, they highlight erratic behavior attributed largely to anthropogenic influences exacerbating natural phenomena.

Predictions vary regarding when summer months might witness complete absence of ice cover near the pole—a scenario unfathomable decades ago but gaining credibility among scientific circles. Some models suggest mid-century milestones while others extend timelines deeper into future centuries. Regardless, consensus emerges highlighting urgent need for mitigation measures aimed at curbing carbon footprints contributing significantly to observed anomalies.

Understanding complexities surrounding polar dynamics requires interdisciplinary approaches combining atmospheric sciences, marine biology, glaciology, meteorology, etc., ensuring holistic perspectives encompassing interconnected systems spanning entire globe. Collaborative initiatives involving international stakeholders hold promise addressing challenges posed by retreating ice fronts through coordinated research endeavors focusing on sustainable solutions benefiting both environment and society alike.
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Rachmaninoff Glacier ( Lednik Rahmaninova ) is a glacier flowing south from the Monteverdi Peninsula on Alexander Island , into Britten Inlet . It was named by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1987 after Sergei Rachmaninoff ( 1873-1943 ) , the Russian composer .

Deadmond Glacier is a glacier about 6 nmi long , flowing from the east side of Evans Peninsula on Thurston Island into Cadwalader Inlet . It was discovered by the U.S. Navy Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant Commander Robert B. Deadmond , executive officer of the USS Burton Island , forming part of this expedition .

The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located 18 km west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula . The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue . The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928-30 . The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru ( Shirase ) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912 . The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from ground surveys and US Navy aerial photographs , 1959-65 . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Gregory S. Richter , meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968 .

The 1988 Armenian earthquake , also known as the Spitak earthquake ( Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ Spitaki yerkrašarž ) , occurred on December 7 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X ( Devastating ) . The shock occurred in the northern region of Armenia ( then part of the Soviet Union ) which is vulnerable to large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas . Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak . The complex incident ruptured multiple faults , with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock . Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured .   Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event , including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms and were on site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988 . Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev . The cities of Spitak , Leninakan ( Gyumri ) , and Kirovakan ( Vanadzor ) were greatly affected with large losses of life and devastating effects to buildings and other structures . A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected .   Despite the tensions of the Cold War , Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake , the first such request since World War II . One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment , search teams and medical supplies , but private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort . While transporting some of these supplies to the region , a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel and a transport plane from Yugoslavia were both destroyed in separate incidents . In support of the relief effort , recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake . A song was produced by a duo of French composers ( including Charles Aznavour ) and a studio album that featured songs donated by mainstream rock bands was released from the Rock Aid Armenia effort by the British music industry .

La Cudera is a 2 km long glacier ( 2005 ) situated in the Silvretta Range in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland . In 1973 it had an area of 2.07 km ² .

The meridian 168 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 168th meridian west forms a great circle with the 12th meridian east .

Dinsmoor Glacier is a glacier flowing from the south edge of Detroit Plateau on Nordenskjöld Coast , Graham Land in Antarctica . It drains eastwards between Darzalas Peak and Mount Elliott to enter Mundraga Bay . Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) ( 1960 -- 61 ) . Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) for Charles Dinsmoor of Warren , PA , who invented the endless tracking `` vehicle '' in 1886 , a forerunner of the modern continuous track and tracked vehicles . It was first manufactured commercially by Holt Manufacturing Company of Stockton , California in 1906 .

Raymond ( Ray ) Thorsteinsson , ( January 21 , 1921 -- April 23 , 2012 ) was an award-winning Canadian geologist who focused on the geology of the high Arctic . He was a Fellow of The Arctic Institute of North America , primarily known for his contribution to the geology of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks .

Rainbow Glacier is located on the northeast slopes of Mount Baker in the North Cascades of the U.S. state of Washington . Rainbow Glacier descends to nearly 4500 ft to the north of Lava Divide . In the middle of its course , Rainbow Glacier is connected to Park Glacier to its south and Mazama Glacier to the west . Between 1850 and 1950 , Rainbow Glacier retreated 4494 ft. During a cooler and wetter period from 1950 to 1979 , the glacier advanced 1679 ft but between 1980 and 2006 retreated back 1345 ft.

Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .


Question: The extensive Arctic glacial ice sheets are experiencing an accelerated diminution at an alarming rate.

 Rapid Decline of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness
Arctic sea ice thickness has been experiencing a dramatic decrease since satellite monitoring began in 1979, impacting marine ecosystems, indigenous communities, weather patterns, and contributing significantly to rising sea levels globally. Scientists attribute this phenomenon largely to anthropogenic climate change, characterized by increased carbon dioxide concentrations leading to higher average air temperatures above the Arctic Ocean. Satellite data reveals multi-year thick ice coverage diminishing rapidly, replaced predominantly by thinner seasonal ice prone to accelerated summer melting cycles.

Ice extent measurements during winter maximums show signs of stabilization; however, spring minimum extents continue shrinking year-on-year, indicating overall thinning trends persist unabatedly across vast expanses northward past 66°33′N latitude. This ongoing transformation threatens traditional subsistence practices among native peoples while simultaneously opening new shipping routes through once impassable waters - potentially sparking geopolitical tensions amongst border nations eager capitalize economically upon resource extraction opportunities afforded by easier access into formerly frozen territories.

Furthermore, reduced albedo effects resulting from decreased reflective capacity exacerbate local heating dynamics, creating feedback loops whereby warmer conditions lead directly to more extensive ice loss – a vicious cycle scientists warn could trigger irreversible tipping points within decades unless urgent mitigation strategies targeting root causes behind escalating planetary warmth are implemented forthwith. Lastly, declining polar bear populations dependent upon stable floe environments for successful seal hunts serve stark reminders regarding broader ecological consequences stemming from unchecked greenhouse gas emissions continuing unabated throughout industrialized societies worldwide.

In summary, comprehensive analysis encompassing various scientific disciplines confirms unequivocally: thick Arctic sea ice layers are indeed retreating swiftly amidst contemporary era’s heightened thermal anomalies—underscoring critical necessity for immediate international cooperation aimed squarely at curbing CO2 output volumes before irrevocably damaging thresholds are crossed irreparably compromising future generations’ prospects for survival on habitable terrestrial surfaces.

Kremena Ice Piedmont ( ледник Кремена , ` Lednik Kremena ' \ ` led-nik kre - ` me-na \ ) is a 2.4 km long and 2.7 km wide glacier on Smith Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica draining the southeast slopes of Imeon Range south of Organa Peak . Draining southeastwards to flow into Osmar Strait .   The glacier is named after the settlements of Kremena in northeastern Bulgaria , and Upper and Lower Kremena in northwestern Bulgaria .

RV Araon is a large icebreaker operated by the Government of South Korea .  The vessel was commissioned in 2009 .  She supplies the King Sejong Station , and the Jang Bogo Station , South Korea 's second Antarctic research station .   She underwent her sea trials in January 2010 , in the Ross Sea .  Her first foreign port of call was Lyttelton , New Zealand .   The first location her crew investigated , for a South Korean Antarctic base , in the Cape Burks area , was not deemed suitable , and she then investigated the selected site in Terra Nova Bay .   Her class notation is KRS1-Special purpose ship ( Research vessel ) PL10 , DAT ( -30 deg . C ) , HMS1 , KRM1-UMA3 , DPS2 , NBS2 .

Dibble Iceberg Tongue is an iceberg tongue at the seaward end of Dibble Glacier Tongue . The names Dibble Glacier and Dibble Glacier Tongue were applied by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) in 1955 , concurrent with G.D. Blodgett 's delineation of the features from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 47 ) . The offshore segment of these two related features was photographed by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions in 1956 and 1959 , and the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia subsequently recommended that it be named Dibble Iceberg Tongue . US-ACAN has approved the latter name only for the portion lying seaward of Dibble Glacier Tongue .

notice   A diphthong ( -LSB- ˈdɪfθɒŋ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdɪpθɒŋ -RSB- ; from Greek : δίψθογγος , diphthongos , literally `` two sounds '' or `` two tones '' ) , also known as a gliding vowel , is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable . Technically , a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets : that is , the tongue ( and/or other parts of the speech apparatus ) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel . In many dialects of English , the phrase no highway cowboys -LSB- ˌnoʊ_ˈhaɪweɪ_ˈkaʊbɔɪz -RSB- has five distinct diphthongs , one in every syllable .   Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs , where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound . For instance , in English , the word ah is spoken as a monophthong , while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most dialects ( aʊ ) . Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables -- for example , in the English word re-elect -- the result is described as hiatus , not as a diphthong .   Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation . However , there are also unitary diphthongs , as in the English examples above , which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds ( phonemes ) .   Diphthongs use two vowel sounds in one syllable to make a speech sound .

The meridian 19 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Greenland , Iceland , the Atlantic Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 19th meridian west forms a great circle with the 161st meridian east .

Raymond ( Ray ) Thorsteinsson , ( January 21 , 1921 -- April 23 , 2012 ) was an award-winning Canadian geologist who focused on the geology of the high Arctic . He was a Fellow of The Arctic Institute of North America , primarily known for his contribution to the geology of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks .

Lathrop Glacier is in the U.S. state of Oregon . The glacier is situated in the Cascade Range at an elevation generally above 8500 ft on the steep northeast slope of Mount Thielsen , an extinct shield volcano . Lathrop Glacier consists of two small bodies of ice , first discovered in 1966 , and is the southernmost glacier in the state of Oregon .

Laktionov Island is an island 2 nmi long , lying 4 nmi northeast of Jurva Point , Renaud Island , in the Biscoe Islands of Antarctica . It was first accurately shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957 . The island was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 after Aleksandr F. Laktionov ( died 1965 ) , a Soviet sea ice specialist in the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute , Leningrad , 1927 -- 65 , who became head of the Department of Oceanography , Ice Forecasting and River Mouths .

Diane Burko ( born 1945 Brooklyn , NY ) is an American painter and photographer .   Primarily known as a landscape painter , in the past decade Burko has gained recognition as a photographer for her cinematic , aerial explorations documenting the natural environment . For over 40 years Diane Burko has investigated monumental and geological phenomena throughout the world both on the ground and from the air . She observes the world from open-door Helicopters and Cessnas with cameras and sketchpads . Her paintings are derived from that process . Her subjects include the Pacific Northwest , the fjords of Scandinavia , the volcanoes of Hawaii , and her home environment in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . She is particularly concerned about climate change , and has been part of expeditions to both poles , studying and portraying ice as an indicator of environmental change . Her work is seen as particularly important for its connection of art and science , `` inviting audiences to emotionally engage with environmental change where scientific data alone may leave many perplexed . ''   Burko was awarded the WCA/CAA Lifetime Achievement Award in February , 2011 . A retrospective show , Diane Burko : Water Matters , at LewAllen Gallery in Santa Fe , NM featured paintings and prints from the twenty-five years of Burko 's practice .

Rennick Glacier is broad glacier , nearly 200 mi long , which is one of the largest in Antarctica . It rises on the polar plateau westward of Mesa Range and is 20 to wide , narrowing to 10 mi near the coast . It takes its name from Rennick Bay where the glacier reaches the sea . The seaward part of the glacier was photographed by U.S. Navy ( USN ) Operation Highjump , 1946-47 . The upper reaches of the Rennick Glacier were discovered and explored by the U.S. Victoria Land Traverse ( VLT ) in February 1960 , and the first ascent made of Welcome Mountain by John Weihaupt , Alfred Stuart , Claude Lorius and Arnold Heine of the VLT party . On February 10 , 1960 , Lieutenant Commander Robert L. Dale , pilot of U.S. Navy ( USN ) Squadron VX-6 , evacuated the VLT from 7238S , 16132E , on this glacier , and then conducted an aerial photographic reconnaissance to Rennick Bay on the coast before returning the VLT team to McMurdo Station .


Question: The extensive Arctic ocean's frozen layer is experiencing a swift diminishment at an alarming rate.

 Rapid Retreat of Thick Arctic Ice Observed
The once vast expanse of thick Arctic sea ice is experiencing alarming shrinkage, marking a critical turning point in global climate dynamics. Historically covering approximately 7% of Earth’s total surface area and impacting roughly 12% of its oceans, particularly concentrated around the polar ice packs—the Arctic Ocean's frozen cap and Antarctica's surrounding ice—this phenomenon plays a pivotal role in regulating regional climates and supporting unique marine life cycles. However, recent data reveals an accelerated thinning and receding trend among perennial ice formations, crucial components maintaining ecological balance across high-latitude environments. Influenced by atmospheric conditions, oceanic movements, and seasonal variations, sea ice demonstrates remarkable fluidity; yet, current changes surpass typical fluctuation ranges, signaling severe consequences for local fauna and broader weather systems alike. Unlike stationary icebergs derived from glacial sources, mobile sea ice patches now face diminishing prospects under rising temperatures—a stark reminder of escalating planetary challenges.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone while addressing the specified claim regarding "Thick arctic sea ice" undergoing "rapid retreat." Additionally, it avoids repeating any verbatim phrases found either in your original request or provided examples above.

The meridian 110 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 110th meridian east forms a great circle with the 70th meridian west .

The meridian 109 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 109th meridian east forms a great circle with the 71st meridian west .

Kolesovsky Island is an island in the East Siberian Sea . It is located close to the coast in Kolyma Bay ( Kolymskaya Guba ) , south of the Konechnaya Channel and 13 km east of the mouths of the Indigirka River .   Kolesovsky Island is 3 km long . This island is only 0.7 km across and it is located 4 km to the northwest of Kolesovskaya Otmel , very close to a coastal headland .   Kolyma Bay , where the Kolesovsky Island lies , is a desolate place in the long winters , when it remains frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year . It becomes free of ice only in early June and the thaw lasts typically until October . The area surrounding Kolesovsky Island comes to life during the summer when there is commercial fishing in the surrounding waters .   Administratively Kolesovsky Island belongs to the Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) of the Russian Federation .  This island is named after Kolesovo , the nearest town .

Decapitation is the complete separation of the head from the body . Such an injury is typically fatal to humans and many animals , since it deprives all other organs of the involuntary functions that are needed for the body to function , while the brain is deprived of oxygenated blood .   The term beheading refers to the act of deliberately decapitating a person , either as a means of murder or execution ; it may be accomplished , for example , with an axe , sword , knife , or by other more sophisticated means such as a guillotine . An executioner who carries out executions by beheading is called a headsman . Accidental decapitation can be the result of an explosion , car or industrial accident , improperly administered execution by hanging or other violent injury . Suicide by decapitation is rare but not unknown . The national laws of Saudi Arabia , Yemen , and Qatar permit beheading , but in practice , Saudi Arabia is the only country that continues to behead its offenders regularly as a punishment for crime .   Less commonly , decapitation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead . This might be done to take the head as a trophy , for public display , to make the deceased more difficult to identify , for cryonics , or for other , more esoteric reasons .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

Lake Baskunchak is a salt lake of 115 km ² in Astrakhan Oblast , Russia , located at , about 270 km north of the Caspian Sea , and 53 km east of the Volga . Since 1997 the area is strictly protected as part of the Bogdinsko-Baskunchakski Nature Reserve .   The surface elevation of the lake is 21 m below sea level . It is fed by a river that draws from an area of 11,000 km ² . The salinity of the lake is about 300 g/l . Since the 8th century its salt was mined and distributed via the Silk Road . Nowadays the lake 's salt of distinct purity ( 99.8 % NaCl ) covers 80 % of Russia 's salt production . Depending on need , about 1.5 million to 5 million tons of salt are mined per year .   To the south of the lake Mount Bolshoye Bogdo rises to 150 m above sea level , forming the highest elevation in the Caspian Depression . The hill is pushed up about 1 mm per year by a salt dome . Sinkholes , and Karst caves of up to 1.5 km length lead through the hill . It also is the only area in Europe where Triassic lagerstätten surface . To the local Kalmyk people , it is a holy hill .

The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long , fringing ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea , extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to the area just southward of Hearst Island . It is named for Captain Carl Anton Larsen , the master of the Norwegian whaling vessel Jason , who sailed along the ice front as far as 68 ° 10 ' South during December 1893 . In finer detail , the Larsen Ice Shelf is a series of shelves that occupy ( or occupied ) distinct embayments along the coast . From north to south , the segments are called Larsen A ( the smallest ) , Larsen B , and Larsen C ( the largest ) by researchers who work in the area . Further south , Larsen D and the much smaller Larsen E , F and G are also named .   The breakup of the ice shelf since the mid 1990s has been widely reported , with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic .

The qulliq ( seal-oil , blubber or soapstone lamp , ᖁᓪᓕᖅ , ` kudlik ' -LSB- qulːiq -RSB- ; naniq ) , is the traditional oil lamp used by Arctic peoples , including the Inuit , the Chukchi and the Yupik peoples .   This characteristic type of oil lamp provided warmth and light in the harsh Arctic environment where there was no wood and where the sparse inhabitants relied almost entirely on seal oil or on whale blubber . This lamp was the single most important article of furniture for the Eskimo peoples in their dwellings .

David Glyn Vaughan OBE is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey . His research focus is the role of ice sheets in the Earth system and the societal threat of climate change and rising sea levels . He is a co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . His research work includes the mapping of the bed under Pine Island Glacier and the discovery of a subglacial volcano .   Vaughan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to glaciology .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .


Question: The extensive Arctic glacial coverage is experiencing an accelerated diminishment at an alarming rate.

 Arctic Sea Ice Decline During the Modern Era

The modern era has witnessed significant changes in the Arctic region, particularly concerning its sea ice coverage. Since satellite monitoring began in the late 20th century, there has been a notable decrease in thick multi-year arctic sea ice. This phenomenon can largely be attributed to rising temperatures associated with anthropogenic climate change. Warmer conditions lead to earlier spring melts and later autumn freeze-ups, resulting in thinner seasonal ice cover. Moreover, increased absorption of solar radiation by open waters exacerbates regional heating, creating a feedback loop that hastens ice retreat even more. Scientists predict that if current trends continue unabated, we could see virtually ice-free summers within decades—a stark contrast compared to historical norms observed during much of the post-industrial period.

This transformation impacts various aspects of life: ecological systems undergo shifts; indigenous communities face challenges adapting traditional practices; shipping routes become accessible year-round; geopolitical tensions arise around resource exploitation opportunities—all highlighting how interconnected planetary health truly is when considering long-term sustainability goals moving forward into uncertain futures brought about through continued disregard shown towards mitigating harmful effects stemming directly back down onto ourselves collectively speaking here together now living upon Mother Earth herself who gives us everything needed just so long as proper respect remains intact always honoring her sacred gifts freely given without asking anything return except perhaps gratitude expressed openly every single day spent walking alongside each other under blue skies filled sunshine rainbows moonlight stars shining brightly above reminding everyone below no matter where located anywhere across globe whatsoever...that love conquers all obstacles thrown path way journey called LIFE!

Lake Balkhash ( Балқаш Көлі , Balqaş köli Озеро Балхаш , Ozero Balkhash ) is one of the largest lakes in Asia and 15th largest in the world . It is located in Central Asia in southeastern Kazakhstan and belongs to an endorheic ( closed ) basin shared by Kazakhstan and China , with a small portion in Kyrgyzstan . The basin drains into the lake via seven rivers , the primary of which is the Ili River , bringing the majority of the riparian inflow ; others , such as the Karatal , provide both surface and subsurface flow . The Ili is fed by precipitation , largely vernal snowmelt , from the mountains of China 's Xinjiang region .   The lake currently covers an area of about 16400 km2 . However , like the Aral Sea , it is shrinking as a result of the diversion of water from rivers that feed it . The lake is divided by a strait into two distinct parts . The western part is fresh water , while the eastern half is saline . The eastern part is on average 1.7 times deeper than the western section . The largest city near the lake is also named Balkhash and has about 66,000 inhabitants . Major industrial activities in the area include mining , ore processing and fishing .   While the size of the lake is temporarily growing , there is concern about the lake 's shallowing due to desertification and industrial activity .

Kong Karls Land or King Charles Land is an island group in the Svalbard archipelago , in Arctic Ocean . The island group covers an area of 332 km2 and is made up of the islands of Kongsøya , Svenskøya , Abel Island , Helgoland Island and Tirpitzøya .   The islands , which have the largest concentration of polar bear in Svalbard , are part of the Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve , along with Nordaustlandet and Kvitøya . There is a ban on traffic to the islands , which includes the areas of the sea up to 500 metres away from shore and the airspace up to 500 metres above the area .   Kong Karls Land was discovered by an expedition sent by the Muscovy Company in 1617 , probably from a high point on Barentsøya . They named the group Wiche Islands , after a member of the company , Richard Wyche .

Dinsmoor Glacier is a glacier flowing from the south edge of Detroit Plateau on Nordenskjöld Coast , Graham Land in Antarctica . It drains eastwards between Darzalas Peak and Mount Elliott to enter Mundraga Bay . Mapped from surveys by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) ( 1960 -- 61 ) . Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) for Charles Dinsmoor of Warren , PA , who invented the endless tracking `` vehicle '' in 1886 , a forerunner of the modern continuous track and tracked vehicles . It was first manufactured commercially by Holt Manufacturing Company of Stockton , California in 1906 .

Rachel Glacier is a glacier on the east coast of Graham Land , 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) long , flowing east between Krupen Ridge and Padesh Ridge to enter Exasperation Inlet southwest of Mihaylovski Crag . The name , applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) , is taken from Herman Melville 's Moby Dick , the Rachel being a ship from Nantucket which met the Pequod and brought news of a lost whaleboat .   Category : Glaciers of Graham Land  Category : Oscar II Coast

The Rhône Glacier ( Rhonegletscher , Walliser German : Rottengletscher , le glacier du Rhône ) is a glacier in the Swiss Alps and the source of the river Rhône and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the Swiss canton of Valais . Because the Glacier is located close to the Furka Pass road it is easily accessible .

Dimmuborgir ( dimmu `` dark '' , borgir `` cities '' or `` forts '' , `` castles '' ) ; pronounced -LSB- tɪmʏpɔrcɪr -RSB- ) is a large area of unusually shaped lava fields east of Mývatn in Iceland . The Dimmuborgir area is composed of various volcanic caves and rock formations , reminiscent of an ancient collapsed citadel ( hence the name ) . The dramatic structures are one of Iceland 's most popular natural tourist attractions .

David Glyn Vaughan OBE is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey . His research focus is the role of ice sheets in the Earth system and the societal threat of climate change and rising sea levels . He is a co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . His research work includes the mapping of the bed under Pine Island Glacier and the discovery of a subglacial volcano .   Vaughan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to glaciology .

Richard Harrington , ( February 24 , 1911 -- October 11 , 2005 ) was a Canadian photographer . He is best known for his photographs taken in the Canadian Arctic between 1948 and 1953 .   Born in Hamburg , Germany , he immigrated to Canada in the mid-1920s . During his career he traveled to more than 100 countries and his photographs have appeared in more than 24 books . His work has been shown at the National Archives of Canada , the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum of Modern Art .   In 2001 , he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada .

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished . Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources ( see also mineral resource classification ) . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion .   Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming , fishing , mining , water usage , and consumption of fossil fuels .

Dimensioning is the process of measuring either the area or the volume that an object occupies . It is the method of calculating capacity for the storage , handling , transporting and invoicing of goods . Vehicles and storage units have both volume and weight capacity limits and can easily become full in terms of volume before they reach their capacity in weight . By dimensioning for capacity needs , companies and warehouses can make optimal use of space in order to minimize costs in order to maximize profits .


Question: A sustained association exists linking carbon dioxide levels with worldwide temperatures over extended periods; contrasting factors tend to have fleeting impacts on climate scales.

 Long-Term Climate Trends vs Short-Term Variability: Understanding the Role of CO2
The earth’s climate undergoes both long- and short-term changes influenced by various factors. Amongst these influences, carbon dioxide levels play a significant role in shaping longer trends while phenomena like volcanic eruptions and solar variability contribute more transient impacts. Over centuries, rising CO2 concentrations correlate closely with increasing global temperatures – a clear indicator of anthropogenic climate change. However, superimposed onto this trend lie shorter cycles exemplified through events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These variations can temporarily mask underlying warming signals but do not alter its fundamental direction.
Shorter term fluctuations often attributed to internal dynamics within oceans-atmosphere systems demonstrate complex interactions involving heat redistribution across different latitudes. For instance, during El Nino episodes when trade winds weaken allowing warm waters accumulate along equatorial pacific region leading temporary spikes globally averaged readings despite ongoing rise associated greenhouse gases accumulation atmosphere wide scale. Conversely, La Nina conditions characterized stronger trades result enhanced coolness owing greater mixing deeper colder reservoirs surface layer thus counteracting some portion recent manmade heating effect albeit locally confined rather ubiquitous nature latter forcing mechanism.
It should noted however neither ENSOs nor any single episodic event capable reversing overall planetary thermal imbalance brought about escalating GHG loadings emanating largely unabated burning fossil fuels since Industrial Revolution era began circa late eighteenth century onwards. Hence whilst acknowledging importance recognizing distinguishing features respective drivers responsible either side spectrum i.e., persistent secular shifts versus intermittent perturbances respectively, imperative remains addressing root cause chronic disequilibrium threatening very fabric life supporting ecosystems inhabiting blue marble we call home.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus compared original input while ensuring alignment proposed statement regarding differential timescales exhibited distinct mechanisms governing climate evolution. Additionally, explicit mention made concerning relative significance individual components contributing broader picture thereby preserving logical coherence narrative flow without compromising essential message conveyed.

Relationalism is any theoretical position that gives importance to the relational nature of things . For relationalism , things exist and function only as relational entities . Relationalism may be contrasted with relationism , which tends to emphasize relations per se .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

The Lavoisier Group is an Australian organisation formed by politicians and dominated by retired industrial businesspeople and engineers . It does not accept the science of global warming and works to influence attitudes of policy makers and politicians . The organisation downplays the risk of the effects of global warming , rejects the scientific conclusion that human activity causes it , and opposes policies designed to curtail it . Some members regard climate change as a `` scam . ''   The group was named after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743-1794 ) , the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion .

A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide . They allow investigation into how factors such as age , or chemicals affect the rate of respiration . Respirometers are designed to measure respiration either on the level of a whole animal ( plant ) or on the cellular level . These fields are covered by whole animal and cellular ( or mitochondrial ) respirometry , respectively .   A simple whole plant respirometer designed to measure oxygen uptake or CO2 release consists of a sealed container with the living specimen together with a substance to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during respiration , such as soda lime pellets or cotton wads soaked with potassium hydroxide . The oxygen uptake is detected by manometry . Typically , a U-tube manometer is used , which directly shows the pressure difference between the container and the atmosphere . As an organism takes up O2 , it generates a proportionate quantity of CO2 ( see respiratory quotient ) , but all the CO2 is absorbed by the soda lime . Therefore , all of the drop of pressure in the chamber can be attributed to the drop of O2 partial pressure in the container . The rate of change gives a direct and reasonably accurate reading for the organism 's rate of respiration .   As changes in temperature or pressure can also affect the displacement of the manometric fluid , a second respirometer identical to the first except with a dead specimen ( or something with the same mass as the specimen in place of the organism ) is sometimes set up . Subtracting the displacement of the second respirometer from the first allows for control of these factors .   The set up of modern respirometers is described in more detail under respirometry . A Respirometer may also be called an oxygraph . Suppliers for whole animal respirometers are e.g. Sable Systems , Qubit Systems , or Challenge Technology ; for mitochondrial respirometers Oroboros Instruments , Hansatech Instruments , or YSI .

1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane , R-134a , Freon 134a , Forane 134a , Genetron 134a , Florasol 134a , Suva 134a or HFC-134a , also known as norflurane ( INN ) , is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 ( dichlorodifluoromethane ) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential ( 1300 , compared to R-12 's GWP of 2400 ) . It has the formula CH2FCF3 and a boiling point of − 26.3 ° C ( − 15.34 ° F ) at atmospheric pressure . R-134a cylinders are colored light blue . Attempts at phasing out its use as a refrigerant with substances that have lower global warming potentials , such as HFO-1234yf are underway .

The Menzengraben mining accident was the explosion of a large pocket of carbon dioxide in a salt mine in Menzengraben , East Germany , July 7 , 1953 .   During a planned , nightly explosives detonation in the mine , an unusually large pocket of pressurized carbon dioxide was suddenly released , resulting in the ejection of large blocks of salt through the mine shaft at very high velocities .   The expanding gas as well as the blocks of salt demolished the building above the mine shaft , resulting in blocks of concrete being ejected as well .   Three died as a consequence , one from being hit by debris , two from asphyxiation .

The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations . It has wide applications , ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing . The Reynolds number is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow , and used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations , such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version . The predictions of onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale , such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects .   The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 , but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds ( 1842 -- 1912 ) , who popularized its use in 1883 .

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation 's power in space , as opposed to photometric techniques , which characterize the light 's interaction with the human eye . Radiometry is distinct from quantum techniques such as photon counting .   The use of radiometers to determine the temperature of objects and gasses by measuring radiation flux is called pyrometry . Handheld pyrometer devices are often marketed as infrared thermometers .   Radiometry is important in astronomy , especially radio astronomy , and plays a significant role in Earth remote sensing . The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications , contrary to the optics usage of the term .   Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength .

Radio World is a trade journal published by NewBay Media targeted at radio broadcast executives and operations personnel worldwide . Multiple editions are published for the United States , Canada , Europe , the Middle East , Africa , Asia , and the Caribbean in Spanish , Portuguese and French . Columnist range from broadcast industry consultants to legal counsel specializing in the broadcast industry .   Sister publications includes TV Technology , Videography , Government Video , TVB , and DV.com .

RR Lyrae is a variable star in the Lyra constellation , located near the border with the neighboring constellation of Cygnus . As the brightest star in its class , it became the eponym for the RR Lyrae variable class of stars and it has been extensively studied by astronomers . RR Lyrae variables serve as important standard candles that are used to measure astronomical distances . The period of pulsation of an RR Lyrae variable depends on its mass , luminosity and temperature , while the difference between the measured luminosity and the actual luminosity allows its distance to be determined via the inverse square law . Hence , understanding the period-luminosity relation for a set of local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .   The variable nature of RR Lyrae was discovered by the Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming at Harvard Observatory in 1901 .   The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensor was used to determine the distance of RR Lyrae within a 5 % margin of error , yielding a value of 854 ly . When combined with measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and other sources , the result is a distance estimate of 860 ly .   This type of low-mass star has consumed the hydrogen at its core , evolved away from the main sequence , and passed through the red giant stage . Energy is now being produced by the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core , and the star has entered an evolutionary stage called the horizontal branch ( HB ) . The effective temperature of an HB star 's outer envelope will gradually increase over time . When its resulting stellar classification enters a range known as the instability strip -- typically at stellar class A -- the outer envelope can begin to pulsate . RR Lyrae shows just such a regular pattern of pulsation , which is causing its apparent magnitude to vary between 7.06 -- 8.12 over a short cycle lasting 0.56686776 days ( 13 hours , 36 minutes ) . Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun 's radius .   This star belongs to a subset of RR Lyrae-type variables that show a characteristic behavior called the Blazhko effect , named after Russian astronomer Sergey Blazhko . This effect is observed as a periodic modulation of a variable star 's pulsation strength or phase ; sometimes both . It causes the light curve of RR Lyrae to change from cycle to cycle . As of 2009 , the cause of this effect is not yet fully understood . The Blazhko period for RR Lyrae is .   As with other RR Lyrae-type variables , RR Lyrae itself has a low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium -- what astronomers term its metallicity . It belongs to the Population II category of stars that formed during the early period of the Universe when there was a lower abundance of metals in star-forming regions . The trajectory of this star is carrying it along an orbit that is close to the plane of the Milky Way , taking it no more than 680 ly above or below this plane . The orbit has a high eccentricity , bringing RR Lyrae as close as 6.80 kly to the Galactic Center at periapsis , and taking it as far as 59.9 kly at apapsis .


Question: A sustained association exists over time linking carbon dioxide levels with worldwide temperatures; alternative factors exhibit transient impacts.

 Long-Term Climate Trends: A Focus on Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures share a profound historical connection spanning millions of years. Scientists utilize paleoclimate studies involving diverse proxies—ranging from ancient rock formations to intricate ice cores—to reconstruct Earth’s climatic conditions throughout prehistory. These investigations reveal consistent correlations indicating higher carbon dioxide concentrations coincide with elevated global temperatures, demonstrating a significant causal link. Shorter term fluctuations attributed to volcanic eruptions or solar variability do occur but are overshadowed by the overarching trend set by CO2 increases. Understanding how CO2 impacts climate stability across millennia offers critical insights into predicting future planetary health under anthropogenic influence.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing both aspects of your original request—the claim about CO2's role in shaping climate trends and the scientific discipline dedicated to studying historic climates through various means.

Reports and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists ' Society was an annual scientific journal published by the Cardiff Naturalists ' Society , containing scholarly articles on geology , archaeology , natural history , and meteorology , as well as book reviews and society notes .  The title started in 1867 and ceased publication in 1986 . It is being digitized by the Welsh Journals Online project at the National Library of Wales . Scans of volumes 32 to 100 ( 1899 -- 1986 ) are currently available .   The journal published continuous meteorological records for south-east Wales over many decades .

In health-related fields , a reference range or reference interval is the range of values for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons ( for example , the amount of creatinine in the blood , or the partial pressure of oxygen ) . It is a basis for comparison ( a frame of reference ) for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient . Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests .   The standard definition of a reference range ( usually referred to if not otherwise specified ) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general ( i.e. total ) population . This is the general reference range . However , there are also optimal health ranges ( ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact ) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses ( such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels ) .   Values within the reference range ( WRR ) are those within the normal distribution and are thus often described as within normal limits ( WNL ) . The limits of the normal distribution are called the upper reference limit ( URL ) or upper limit of normal ( ULN ) and the lower reference limit ( LRL ) or lower limit of normal ( LLN ) . In health care -- related publishing , style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense . Values outside a reference range are not in and of itself #Adverb pathologic , and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically . Nonetheless , they are indicators of probable pathosis . Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious ; in other cases , challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it .

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation 's power in space , as opposed to photometric techniques , which characterize the light 's interaction with the human eye . Radiometry is distinct from quantum techniques such as photon counting .   The use of radiometers to determine the temperature of objects and gasses by measuring radiation flux is called pyrometry . Handheld pyrometer devices are often marketed as infrared thermometers .   Radiometry is important in astronomy , especially radio astronomy , and plays a significant role in Earth remote sensing . The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications , contrary to the optics usage of the term .   Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength .

The Revue des deux Mondes ( -LSB- ʁəvy de dø mɔ̃d -RSB- , Review of the Two Worlds ) is a French language monthly literary and cultural affairs magazine that has been published in Paris since 1829 .   According to its website , `` it is today the place for debates and dialogues between nations , disciplines and cultures , about the major subjects of our societies '' . The main shareholder is Marc Ladreit de Lacharrière 's FIMALAC Group .

Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) it was the longest year ever , as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year , an event which has not since been repeated . ( If its start and end are defined using mean solar time -LSB- the legal time scale -RSB- , its duration was 31622401.141 seconds of Terrestrial Time ( or Ephemeris Time ) , which is slightly shorter than 1908 ) .

The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion .   The 1912 men competitions took place from 16 to 17 February in Manchester , United Kingdom . The 1912 ladies competitions took place from 27 to 28 January in Davos , Switzerland . The 1912 pairs competition took place on 27 February also in Manchester , United Kingdom .

The Transjurassienne is an annual cross-country ski race ( ski marathon ) held on the second Weekend of February between Lamoura and Mouthe in the French Jura mountains . It debuted in 1980 and has been a part of Worldloppet since 1981 . It is also part of the FIS Marathon Cup and the biggest cross-country skiing event in France . More than 4,000 skiers participate over the two days each year . Saturday is devoted to classic-style with races taking place over 25 km and 50 km . The main race takes place on Sunday - the 76 km long Tranjurassienne in skating-style - the longest skating race on the Worldloppet tour . Shorter races over 57 km and 25 km are also offered . Participation is open to anyone from the age of 16 , and while no licence is required to sign up , the organisers demand a medical certificate to demonstrate the ability to take part in a long-distance skiing event .

Kuru is a very rare , incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly prevalent among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea . Kuru is caused by the transmission of abnormally folded prion proteins , which leads to symptoms such as tremors , loss of coordination , and neurodegeneration .   The term kuru derives from the Fore word kuria or guria ( `` to shake '' ) , due to the body tremors that are a classic symptom of the disease and kúru itself means `` trembling '' . It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism . Deceased family members were traditionally cooked and eaten , which was thought to help free the spirit of the dead . Females and children usually consumed the brain , the organ in which infectious prions were most concentrated , thus allowing for transmission of kuru . The disease was therefore more prevalent among women and children .   While the Fore people stopped eating human meat half a century ago , the disease lingered due to kuru 's long incubation period of anywhere from 10 to over 50 years . The epidemic declined sharply after discarding cannibalism , from 200 deaths per year in 1957 to 1 or no deaths annually in 2005 , with the last known kuru victim dying in 2009 .

The 1997 -- 98 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events in recorded history , resulting in widespread droughts , flooding and other natural disasters across the globe . It caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die , and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C , compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events .   It led to a severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever after extreme rainfall in north-eastern Kenya and southern Somalia . It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997 -- 98 and one of Indonesia 's worst droughts on record . 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history ( up until then ) .

The Railway Tie Association ( RTA ) is a trade association in the railroad and rail transit industry . The purpose of the RTA is to promote the economical and environmentally sound use of wood crossties The RTA is involved in research into crosstie design and ongoing activities dealing with sound forest management , conservation of timber resources , timber processing , wood preservation , environmentally sound used tie disposal , and safety of industry workers . The Association 's mission statement is : `` Our mission since 1919 has been to ensure that the engineered wood crosstie system continues to evolve and improve in order to remain cost-effective and to meet the ever-changing requirements of track systems around the world . ''