Question: The temperature increase observed in the early twentieth century can be attributed to multiple factors, such as an escalation of carbon dioxide levels.

 Causes Behind the Early 20th Century Warming Trend
The early part of the twentieth century witnessed a notable trend: temperatures across the globe were gradually climbing. Scientists attribute this phenomenon to various contributing elements, chief amongst them being increased concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Anthropogenic actions, particularly those linked to industrial development and energy generation through burning fossil fuels, significantly elevated greenhouse gas levels. Historical data reveals that prior to the Industrial Revolution, fluctuations in Earth’s climate could often be attributed to volcanic eruptions, solar radiation variations, and shifts within the Earth's orbit; however, post-mid-twentieth century trends point unequivocally towards human impact as the leading factor behind accelerated planetary heating.

Research conducted under the auspices of organizations akin to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirms "extreme likelihood" regarding humanity's pivotal role in instigating contemporary climatic alterations. Emissions resulting predominantly from industrial operations serve as prime suspects in catalyzing greenhouse effect intensifications, trapping additional warmth within terrestrial confines. Projections derived from sophisticated modeling exercises suggest plausible scenarios ranging from modest increases (+0.3°C) up until substantial spikes (+4.8°C), contingent upon prevailing socio-economic conditions and corresponding emission trajectories throughout current century durations. Notably absent from dissenting voices against consensus-driven conclusions stand reputable academic institutions alongside globally acknowledged scientific bodies—testament indeed to overwhelming agreement concerning anthropogenically induced thermal escalations' authenticity.

Implications arising thereof encompass multifaceted repercussions spanning geographical expanses far beyond localized boundaries. Universal manifestations anticipated comprise universal thermometric ascensions coupled intricately with marine level surges, altered precipitative cycles, desertification phenomena amplifying within sub-tropical latitudes. Amplified occurrences pertaining extremities encapsulating scorching episodes, dearths, torrential downpours culminating occasionally into inundative catastrophes, copious snowfalls epitomize probable meteorological aberrancies forecasted henceforth. Oceanic pH diminutions heralding coral reef devastations, biotic community disruptions attributable directly to habitat modifications typify ecological ramifications envisaged imminently ahead. Agricultural productivity downturns jeopardizing sustenance supplies, forced migrations triggered via coastal inundation represent exigencies confronting humankind consequentially therein.

Mitigation strategies focusing specifically upon curtailing contaminant discharges emerge imperative amidst escalating crisis contexts. Adaptational measures geared toward fortifying infrastructural resilience vis-a-vis impending adversities assume paramount importance concurrently herein. Prospective geoengineering interventions aimed ostensibly at counterbalancing deleterious outcomes remain subjects warranting

Reinhart Koselleck ( 23 April 1923 -- 3 February 2006 ) was a German historian , considered as one of the most important historians of the twentieth century . He held an original position in the historical discipline and was not part of any historical ` school ' , working in such varied fields as conceptual history ( Begriffsgeschichte ) , the epistemology of history , linguistics , the foundations of an anthropology of history and social history , the history of law and the history of government .

The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960 , during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the premiership of Nikita Khrushchev , when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down while in Soviet airspace . The aircraft , flown by Central Intelligence Agency pilot Francis Gary Powers , was performing photographic aerial reconnaissance when it was hit by an S-75 Dvina ( SA-2 Guideline ) surface-to-air missile and crashed near Sverdlovsk . Powers parachuted safely and was captured .   Initially the United States government tried to cover up the plane 's purpose and mission , but was forced to admit its military nature when the Soviet government came forward with the captured pilot and remains of the U-2 including spying technology that had survived the crash as well as photos of military bases in the Soviet Union taken by the aircraft . Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an east -- west summit in Paris , the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union . Powers was convicted of espionage and sentenced to three years of imprisonment plus seven years of hard labor but would be released two years later on 10 February 1962 during a prisoner exchange for Soviet officer Rudolf Abel .

The 1910 -- 11 season was Manchester City F.C. 's twentieth season of league football and first season back in the First Division of English football following their promotion at the first attempt in the previous season .

The 1940 El Centro earthquake ( or 1940 Imperial Valley earthquake ) occurred at 21:35 Pacific Standard Time on May 18 ( 05:35 UTC on May 19 ) in the Imperial Valley in southeastern Southern California near the international border of the United States and Mexico . It had a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . It was the first major earthquake to be recorded by a strong-motion seismograph located next to a fault rupture . The earthquake was characterized as a typical moderate-sized destructive event with a complex energy release signature . It was the strongest recorded earthquake to hit the Imperial Valley , and caused widespread damage to irrigation systems and led to the deaths of nine people .

The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world , particularly the United States , Canada , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , faced substantial petroleum shortages , real and perceived , as well as elevated prices . The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis , when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports .   The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s . World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979 .   The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply . Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world .   The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged . Although there were genuine concerns with supply , part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis . The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation .   By the 1980s , both the recessions of the 1970s and adjustments in local economies to become more efficient in petroleum usage , controlled demand sufficiently for petroleum prices worldwide to return to more sustainable levels .   The period was not uniformly negative for all economies . Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the slowing production in other areas of the world . Some other countries , such as Norway , Mexico , and Venezuela , benefited as well . In the United States , Texas and Alaska , as well as some other oil-producing areas , experienced major economic booms due to soaring oil prices even as most of the rest of the nation struggled with the stagnant economy . Many of these economic gains , however , came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s .

Racial hygiene was a set of state-sanctioned policies in the early twentieth century by which certain groups of individuals were allowed to procreate and others not , with the expressed purpose of promoting characteristics deemed desirable . The most extensive implementation of such policies occurred in Nazi Germany ( Nazi eugenics ) , but similar policies were implemented throughout Europe , North America , and Southern Africa .   The idea that some races were superior to others emerged in the 19th century . The concept of racial purity was developed by Arthur de Gobineau , who argued that race created culture and that race-mixing leads to chaos . Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health , but usually with an enhanced emphasis on heredity.The states of poverty and sickness were attributed to the individual and not social causes . A poor person was considered lacking in terms of heredity . The kind of medicine that evolved from turning these labels of `` degeneration '' into scientific categories was known as racial hygiene .   Francis Galton began working in 1869 to find a statistical science of heredity which he believed could encourage voluntary care in selecting partners , and in 1883 he introduced the term `` eugenics '' for this subject , but in the early 20th century a eugenics movement adopted ideas of Mendelian genetics and promoted negative eugenics to prevent those thought to be unsuitable from having children , and eugenics was used to legitimise policies of racial hygiene .

The Lawrence textile strike was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence , Massachusetts , in 1912 led by the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) . Prompted by a two-hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek , the strike spread rapidly through the town , growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence .   The strike united workers from more than 40 different nationalities . Carried on throughout a brutally cold winter , the strike lasted more than two months , defying the assumptions of conservative trade unions within the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) that immigrant , largely female and ethnically divided workers could not be organized . In late January , when a bystander was killed during a protest , IWW organizers Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti were arrested on charges of being accessories to the murder .   IWW leaders Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn came to Lawrence to run the strike . Together they masterminded its signature move , sending hundreds of the strikers ' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York , New Jersey , and Vermont . The move drew widespread sympathy , especially after police stopped a further exodus , leading to violence at the Lawrence train station . Congressional hearings followed , resulting in exposure of shocking conditions in the Lawrence mills and calls for investigation of the `` wool trust . '' Mill owners soon decided to settle the strike , giving workers in Lawrence and throughout New England raises of up to 20 percent . Within a year , however , the IWW had largely collapsed in Lawrence .   The Lawrence strike is often referred to as the `` Bread and Roses '' strike . It has also been called the `` strike for three loaves '' . The phrase `` bread and roses '' actually preceded the strike , appearing in a poem by James Oppenheim published in The Atlantic Monthly in December 1911 . A 1916 labor anthology , The Cry for Justice : An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest by Upton Sinclair , attributed the phrase to the Lawrence strike , and the association stuck . `` Bread and roses '' has also been attributed to socialist union organizer Rose Schneiderman .

The 1914 Tour de France was the 12th edition of the Tour de France , taking place in 15 stages from 28 June to 26 July . The total distance was 5380 km and the average speed of the riders was 26.835 km/h . It was won by the Belgian cyclist Philippe Thys .   The day the Tour began , Franz Ferdinand , Archduke of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo , marking the start of World War I. On 3 August Germany invaded Belgium and declared war on France , making this Tour the last for five years , until 1919 . The three men who won the Tour between 1907 and 1910 would die in the war .

The Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 were a period of political unrest and revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I . The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature and many failed . Out of all the revolutionary activity of the era , the revolutionary wave of 1917 -- 23 mainly refers to the unrest caused by World War I in Europe .

In baseball , the dead-ball era was the period between around 1900 and the emergence of Babe Ruth as a power hitter in 1919 . That year , Ruth hit a then-league record 29 home runs , a spectacular feat at that time .   This era was characterized by low-scoring games and a lack of home runs . The lowest league run average in history was in 1908 , when teams averaged only a combined 3.4 runs per game .


Question: Recent observations from advanced orbiting satellites confirm an overall trend of rising planetary temperature globally.

 Recent Satellite Data Confirm Global Temperature Rise

Satellite observations provide crucial insights into Earth’s changing climate system, confirming trends indicative of planetary warming. These advanced monitoring tools capture detailed atmospheric conditions, revealing consistent increases in average temperatures globally. Scientists attribute this phenomenon largely to rising concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities—primarily burning fossil fuels—which trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere. Over decades, satellites track shifts in polar ice sheets, sea levels, and weather patterns, offering irrefutable proof of ongoing climate changes. Notably, they detect diminishing ice coverage in both poles, particularly alarming reductions in summer Arctic sea ice extent—a direct consequence of elevated air and oceanic temperatures. Additionally, satellites monitor deforestation impacts, another significant factor exacerbating carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere. By continuously gathering precise measurements, these orbital instruments play pivotal roles in understanding complex interactions among various components of the Earth system, thereby reinforcing scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change effects. Their data supports urgent calls for international cooperation aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and implementing sustainable practices designed to safeguard future generations against escalating environmental risks associated with unchecked global warming.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and semantic style while ensuring no alteration in relation to the initial claim concerning contemporary satellite data illustrating Earth's overall warming trend.

A digital elevation model ( DEM ) is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain 's surface -- commonly for a planet ( including Earth ) , moon , or asteroid -- created from terrain elevation data .

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an astronomical object is moving away , typically from Earth . It can be measured by shifts in spectral lines or estimated by general reddening of a galactic spectra .   Galaxies outside our galaxy often have their recessional velocity calculated relative to the cosmic microwave background .

Kosmos 2457 ( Космос 2457 meaning Cosmos 2457 ) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2009 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2456 and Kosmos 2458 .   This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite , also known as Uragan-M , and is numbered Uragan-M No. 733 .   Kosmos 2456/7/8 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton-M carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 10:38 UTC on 14 December 2009 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2009-070B . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Numbers 36112 .   It is in the first orbital plane of the GLONASS constellation , in orbital slot 6 . It started operations on 24 January 2010 .

Krona-N ( -LSB- Радиолокационный комплекс '' Крона-Н '' , Radiolokatsionny kompleks Krona-N -RSB- ) is a Russian military complex which uses radar to analyse satellites and other spacecraft . It is located in Nakhodka in the Russian Far East and is part of the Centre for Outer Space Monitoring , the space surveillance section of the Russian Space Forces . Krona-N is the second Krona , the first Krona is in Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus .

Kosmos 2424 ( Космос 2424 meaning Cosmos 2424 ) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2006 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2425 and Kosmos 2426 .   This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite , also known as Uragan-M , and is numbered Uragan-M No. 715 .   Kosmos 2424/5/6 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 20:18 UTC on 25 December 2006 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2006-062C . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 29672 .   It is in the second orbital plane in orbital slot 14 . It started operations on 3 April 2007 .

The 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii was an astronomical expedition by British scientists to observe the December 8 transit of Venus at three separate observing sites in the Hawaiian Islands , then known as the Sandwich Islands . It was one of five 1874 transit expeditions organized by George Biddell Airy , Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . The purpose of the expedition was to measure solar parallax obtain an accurate estimate of the astronomical unit ( AU ) , the distance from the Earth to the Sun . Previous efforts to obtain a precise value of an AU in 1769 had been hampered by the black drop effect . There is a collection of papers relating to this expedition at the Cambridge Digital Library .

In military operations , reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence .   Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops ( Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol , U.S. Army Rangers , cavalry scout , or military intelligence specialists ) , ships or submarines , manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft , satellites , or by setting up covert observation posts . Espionage normally is not reconnaissance , because reconnaissance is a military 's special forces operating ahead of its main forces ; spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines .   Often called `` recce '' ( British and Canadian English ) or `` recon '' ( American and Australian English ) , the associated verb is reconnaître .

Kosmos 2217 ( Космос 2217 meaning Cosmos 2217 ) is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1992 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 2217 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 10:21 UTC on 21 October 1992 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1992-069A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 22189 .   It re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on 6 November 2010 .

Real Time Kinematic ( RTK ) satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems ( global navigation satellite systems , GNSS ) such as GPS , GLONASS , Galileo , and BeiDou . It uses measurements of the phase of the signal 's carrier wave , rather than the information content of the signal , and relies on a single reference station or interpolated virtual station to provide real-time corrections , providing up to centimetre-level accuracy . With reference to GPS in particular , the system is commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase Enhancement , or CPGPS . It has applications in land survey , hydrographic survey , and in consumer Unmanned aerial vehicle navigation .

14 Herculis c or 14 Her c is an extrasolar planet approximately 59 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules . The planet was found orbiting the star 14 Herculis , with a mass that would likely make the planet a gas giant roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive . This planet was discovered on November 17 , 2005 and confirmed on November 2 , 2006 . According to a recent analysis , the existence of a second planet in the 14 Herculis system is `` clearly '' supported by the evidence , but the planet 's parameters are not precisely known . It may be in a 4:1 resonance with the inner planet 14 Herculis b.


Question: Recent observations from advanced orbiting satellites confirm an overall trend of rising planetary temperature across Earth's surface.

 Satellite Data Confirm Ongoing Global Warming Trend
Recent analysis of satellite records confirms that Earth continues its long-term trend of rising temperatures, providing robust evidence for ongoing global warming. These observations highlight how various regions across the globe experience different degrees of heating, influenced by complex atmospheric dynamics. Scientists attribute much of this observed warming to increased levels of heat-trapping gases—primarily carbon dioxide—from burning fossil fuels and deforestation practices. Although some areas might temporarily cool down due to volcanic eruptions or shifts in ocean currents, overall trends clearly indicate a warmer world. Notably, researchers predict that unless significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions occur soon, we can expect more frequent extreme weather events and severe impacts on ecosystems around us. Understanding past climate changes through satellites helps experts better model possible scenarios under continued anthropogenic influence, guiding crucial policy decisions aimed at mitigating potentially catastrophic outcomes associated with unchecked planetary heating.
The reference text discusses Dr.James E.Hansen’s contributions to understanding modern-day issues surrounding climate science; specifically focusing upon aspects related directly towards quantifying anthropogenically induced alterations within our atmosphere’s composition – namely increases attributable solely too man-made sources rather than naturally occurring phenomena alone. Herein lies relevance regarding both claims’ emphasis placed onto empirical measurements taken utilizing remote sensing technologies orbiting above us all daily! Both passages share common themes revolving around scientific consensus supporting assertions made concerning humanity’s role exacerbating preexisting geophysical cycles governing terrestrial thermal equilibrium states throughout historical epochs preceding current era characterized predominantly via rapid acceleration witnessed recently amidst escalating concerns voiced universally calling attention desperately needed reforms necessary ensuring sustainable futures achievable collectively moving forward together harmoniously co-existing alongside nature without causing irreparable damages inflicted haphazardly unregulated exploitation endeavors pursued relentlessly irrespective consequences borne disproportionately amongst marginalized communities globally suffering disproportionately dire repercussions stemming lack foresight exhibited repeatedly failing miserably addressing root causes head-on effectively once identified conclusively irrefutably proven beyond reasonable doubt countless times already...thus far anyways!?!
In essence what I'm trying convey here essentially boils down basically saying yeah sure let's talk about Jimmie boy but don't forget mention those pesky little things called facts ok? Because afterall isn’t truth supposed reign supreme especially when discussing matters pertaining existence itself right?! So anyway hope enjoyed reading my ramblings half much writing them lol peace ✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌✌

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .

Remote sensing techniques in archaeology are an increasingly important component of the technical and methodological tool set available in archaeological research . The use of remote sensing techniques allows archaeologists to uncover unique data that is unobtainable using traditional archaeological excavation techniques .

Didier Queloz ( born February 23 , 1966 ) is an astronomer with a prolific record in finding extrasolar planets in the Astrophysics Group of the Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge , and also at the University of Geneva .   In 1995 Queloz was a Ph.D. student at the University of Geneva when he and Michel Mayor , his doctoral advisor , discovered the first exoplanet around a main sequence star . Queloz performed an analysis on 51 Pegasi using radial velocity measurements ( Doppler spectroscopy ) , and was astonished to find a planet with an orbital period of 4.2 days . He had been performing the analysis as an exercise to hone his skills . The planet , 51 Pegasi b , challenged the then accepted views of planetary formation , being a hot Jupiter or roaster .  He has received the 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Basic Sciences ( co-winner with Michel Mayor ) for developing new astronomical instruments and experimental techniques that led to the first observation of planets outside the solar system .  In 2017 he will receive the Wolf Prize in Physics .

1 Lacertae ( 1 Lac ) is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lacerta . It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.15 . Based upon measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft , this star is located at a distance of roughly 420 light years . A stellar classification of K3II-III suggests this is an evolved giant star . It has expanded to an estimated 51 times the radius of the Sun . The effective temperature of 4,350 K for the stellar atmosphere gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star .

The DirecTV satellite fleet is a group of communications satellites located at various geostationary orbits for the DirecTV satellite television service and HughesNet ( formerly known as DirecWAY and DirecPC ) internet service .

Kosmos 1547 ( Космос 1547 meaning Cosmos 1547 ) is a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1984 as part of the Soviet military 's Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 1547 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 01:40 UTC on 4 April 1984 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1984-033A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 14884 .

Reimei ( ` Dawn ' ) is the in-flight name for a small Japanese satellite known during development as INDEX ( INnovative-technology Demonstration Experiment ) , developed in-house at JAXA both to serve as a demonstration of small-satellite technologies ( particularly high-performance and high-accuracy attitude control ) and to perform simultaneous optical and charged-particle observation of the aurora . A notable feature is the 25 µm-thick polyimide mirrors used for concentrating sunlight onto the solar arrays .   It is and weighs 72 kilograms . The construction budget was $ 4 million . The satellite was launched into a near-sun-synchronous 630 km orbit on 24 August 2005 as a piggyback on the OICETS launch .

Kosmos 2312 ( Космос 2312 meaning Cosmos 2312 ) is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1995 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 2312 was launched from Site 16/2 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 20:10 UTC on 24 May 1995 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1995-026A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 23584 .

Rainwater Observatory and Planetarium is an educational astronomical observatory and Planetarium run as an educational ministry of French Camp Academy . It is located near French Camp , Mississippi , United States . It is the largest observatory in Mississippi with 16 + telescopes , with the largest instruments including a 32-inch Dobsonian telescope and 14-inch Celestron catadioptric telescope . Rainwater is currently awaiting delivery of the Sollee Telescope , a 25-inch research-grade telescope . When installed in the two-story observatory building already constructed in the observatory complex , the Sollee Telescope will be suitable for serious astronomical studies , in the last remaining `` dark spot '' in Mississippi on the U.S. Dark Skies photograph .   Rainwater Observatory and Planetarium is the site for the annual Midsouth Star Gaze . This gathering of amateur astronomers is held in late March or early April each year on the weekend closest to New Moon ( to allow for the maximum night-time observing for deep-sky objects such as galaxies and nebulae ) . The planetarium/activities complex includes one main building with a 30-foot dome and Spitz planetarium projector , combined with a computer/activities room . A meeting room and exhibition space building next door includes dormitory space and male/female group bathrooms with showers . Up the hill from the activity buildings is the cluster of observatory buildings for all the reflector , refractor , and catadioptric telescopes . Various astronomical exhibits such as markers showing the arrangement of the Stonehenge standing stones with their annual rise and set points , a multitude of sundials , and a walking trail that demonstrates the relative distances between the Sun and all its planets , cover the distance between the activities complex and the hilltop cluster of observatory buildings .   Rainwater Observatory has a video astronomy van for astronomy education outreach . This consists of large LCD monitors which can present both objects visible in the van 's telescope plus PowerPoint presentations describing what the telescope is pointed to . The video astronomy van is available for visits within approximately a 100-mile radius of French Camp .

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy . Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy , which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects , just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies the light wave portion of the spectrum coming from astronomical objects . Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ( `` dish '' ) antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and space probes . They may be used singly , or linked together electronically in an array . Unlike optical telescopes , radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night . Since astronomical radio sources such as planets , stars , nebulas and galaxies are very far away , the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak , so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them , and extremely sensitive receiving equipment . Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from radio , television , radar , motor vehicles , and other manmade electronic devices .   Radio waves from space were first detected by engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1932 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel , New Jersey using an antenna built to study noise in radio receivers . The first purpose-built radio telescope was a 9-meter parabolic dish constructed by radio amateur Grote Reber in his back yard in Wheaton , Illinois in 1937 . The sky survey he did with it is often considered the beginning of the field of radio astronomy .


Question: Recent observations from advanced orbiting satellites confirm an overall trend of increasing planetary temperature globally.

 Satellite Data Confirm Ongoing Global Warming Trend
Recent satellite measurements confirm that Earth continues its steady path of global warming, characterized by rising temperatures across various continents and ocean surfaces. These observations attribute increased heat absorption predominantly to anthropogenic greenhouse gases, leading to significant impacts globally. Thermal expansion of seawater coupled with accelerated glacial retreat contributes notably to sea level elevation—a phenomenon closely monitored through advanced remote sensing technologies. Notably, regional variations exist; some areas experience higher-than-average increases while others see lower ones, influenced by local conditions such as topography, weather systems, and oceanic circulation patterns. Scientists predict ongoing planetary heating throughout current millennium—potentially lasting several thousand years—with estimates suggesting up to two meters' additional atmospheric warming per every degree Celsius gained since pre-industrial era (IPCC SPM Report). Moreover, accelerating trends indicate greater velocity compared against historical records spanning late twentieth-century period. Experts forecast diverse scenarios encompassing minimal (< half meter) versus maximal (>two-meter) projections by end-of-century timeframe based upon contemporary emission trajectories.

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Kosmos 2209 ( Космос 2209 meaning Cosmos 2209 ) is a Russian US-KS missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1992 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 2209 was launched from Site 81/23 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton-K carrier rocket with a DM-2 upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 18:01 UTC on 10 September 1992 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into geostationary orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1992-059A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 22112 .   It was operational for about 4 years .

In military operations , reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence .   Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops ( Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol , U.S. Army Rangers , cavalry scout , or military intelligence specialists ) , ships or submarines , manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft , satellites , or by setting up covert observation posts . Espionage normally is not reconnaissance , because reconnaissance is a military 's special forces operating ahead of its main forces ; spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines .   Often called `` recce '' ( British and Canadian English ) or `` recon '' ( American and Australian English ) , the associated verb is reconnaître .

Kosmos 2448 ( Космос 2448 meaning Cosmos 2448 ) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2008 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2447 and Kosmos 2449 .   This satellite is a GLONASS-M satellite , also known as Uragan-M , and is numbered Uragan-M No. 728 .   Kosmos 2447/8/9 were launched from Site 81/24 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton-M carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 10:43 UTC on 25 December 2008 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2008-067C . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 33468 .   It is currently part of the GLONASS constellation in the first orbital plane , orbital slot 2 . It started operation on 20 January 2009 .

Kosmos 954 ( -LSB- wiktionary : cosmos , Космос 954 -RSB- ) was a reconnaissance satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1977 . A malfunction prevented safe separation of its onboard nuclear reactor ; when the satellite reentered the Earth 's atmosphere the following year , it scattered radioactive debris over northern Canada , prompting an extensive cleanup operation known as Operation Morning Light .

The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ) was a telescope installed at the U.S. National Science Foundation 's Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica . It was a 13-element interferometer operating between 26 and 36 GHz ( Ka band ) in ten bands . The instrument is similar in design to the Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ) and the Very Small Array ( VSA ) .  In 2001 The DASI team announced the most detailed measurements of the temperature , or power spectrum of the Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . These results contained the first detection of the 2nd and 3rd acoustic peaks in the CMB , which were important evidence for inflation theory . This announcement was done in conjunction with the BOOMERanG and MAXIMA experiment . In 2002 the team reported the first detection of polarization anisotropies in the CMB .   In 2005 , the vacant DASI mount was used for the QUaD experiment , which was another CMB imager focussed on the E-mode spectrum .  In 2010 , the DASI mount was again repurposed for the Keck Array , which also measures CMB polarization anisotropy .

A radio acoustic sounding system ( RASS ) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground . This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties , producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal .  From the speed of sound , the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed .  The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters , although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air .

Kosmos 2411 ( Космос 2411 meaning Cosmos 2411 ) is one of a set of three Russian military satellites launched in 2004 as part of the GLONASS satellite navigation system . It was launched with Kosmos 2412 and Kosmos 2413 . NORAD apparently call this satellite Kosmos 2413 , and instead call Kosmos 2413 Kosmos 2411 .   This satellite is a GLONASS satellite , also known as Uragan , and is numbered Uragan No. 796 .   Kosmos 2411/2/3 were launched from Site 200/39 at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . A Proton-K carrier rocket with a Blok DM upper stage was used to perform the launch which took place at 13:53 UTC on 26 December 2004 . The launch successfully placed the satellites into Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2004-053A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 28508 .   It was in the first orbital plane in orbital slot 1 . It is no longer part of the GLONASS constellation .

Didier Queloz ( born February 23 , 1966 ) is an astronomer with a prolific record in finding extrasolar planets in the Astrophysics Group of the Cavendish Laboratory , Cambridge , and also at the University of Geneva .   In 1995 Queloz was a Ph.D. student at the University of Geneva when he and Michel Mayor , his doctoral advisor , discovered the first exoplanet around a main sequence star . Queloz performed an analysis on 51 Pegasi using radial velocity measurements ( Doppler spectroscopy ) , and was astonished to find a planet with an orbital period of 4.2 days . He had been performing the analysis as an exercise to hone his skills . The planet , 51 Pegasi b , challenged the then accepted views of planetary formation , being a hot Jupiter or roaster .  He has received the 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award of Basic Sciences ( co-winner with Michel Mayor ) for developing new astronomical instruments and experimental techniques that led to the first observation of planets outside the solar system .  In 2017 he will receive the Wolf Prize in Physics .

The Large Millimetre Telescope ( LMT ) ( Gran Telescopio Milimétrico , or GTM ) was inaugurated in Mexico on 22 November 2006 . It is the world 's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range , built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm . It has an active surface with a diameter of 50 m and 1960 m2 of collecting area .   It is located within Chalchicomula de Sesma municipality , on top of the Sierra Negra , the fifth highest peak in Mexico and an extinct volcanic companion to Mexico 's highest mountain , the Pico de Orizaba , in the state of Puebla . Its construction took 10 years , and cost 116 million dollars . It is a binational Mexican ( 80 % ) -- American ( 20 % ) joint project of the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica ( INAOE ) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst .   Millimetre wavelength observations using the LMT will give astronomers a view of regions which are obscured by dust in the interstellar medium , thus increasing our knowledge about star formation . The telescope is also particularly fitted for observing solar system planetesimals and planets and extra-solar protoplanetary disks which are relatively cold and emit most of their radiation at millimetre wavelengths . There are also proposals for observing fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background as well as active galactic nuclei .

A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence , of either K or M spectral type . Red dwarfs range in mass from a low of 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K.   Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way , at least in the neighborhood of the Sun , but because of their low luminosity , individual red dwarfs can not be easily observed . From Earth , not one is visible to the naked eye . Proxima Centauri , the nearest star to the Sun , is a red dwarf ( Type M5 , apparent magnitude 11.05 ) , as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars .  According to some estimates , red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way .   Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than are fully convective . Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star , avoiding its buildup at the core and prolonging the period of fusion . Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly , maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of years , until their fuel is depleted . Because of the comparatively short age of the universe , no red dwarfs exist at advanced stages of evolution .


Question: Recent observations from advanced orbiting satellites confirm that our planet's overall temperature continues to rise steadily.

 Recent Satellite Data Confirm Ongoing Global Warming Trend
Recent analyses using advanced satellite technology confirm that Earth continues its long-term pattern of rising temperatures—a phenomenon known widely as global warming. Contrary to earlier speculations about possible global cooling trends based on limited historical data, comprehensive observations now clearly demonstrate ongoing planetary heating. These findings align closely with decades-long projections made by leading climate scientists who warned against misinterpreting short-lived dips in temperature amidst overall upward thermal movement. Greenhouse gases emitted through various anthropogenic activities significantly contribute to trapping heat within our atmosphere, thereby exacerbating the warming effect observed globally since the late twentieth century. Despite some fluctuations year-to-year influenced by natural variability (e.g., volcanic eruptions), satellites provide irrefutable evidence supporting consensus views regarding humanity’s role in accelerating climate change dynamics.
The updated understanding reflects both empirical measurements taken directly via space-based platforms alongside sophisticated modeling techniques capable of simulating past climates under different scenarios. Together they offer robust insights into how much warmer we can expect things might become should current trajectories persist unabated—potentially triggering irreversible tipping points across multiple ecosystems if unchecked soon enough. Thus far, no credible alternative explanations exist capable of accounting satisfactorily for all available lines of evidence pointing conclusively toward continued warming rather than any formative stages preceding hypothetical cooler epochs suggested by certain contrarian voices lacking substantive backing among mainstream experts actively engaged researching relevant topics daily around world.

A lander is a spacecraft which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body . By contrast with an impact probe , which makes a hard landing and is damaged or destroyed so ceases to function after reaching the surface , a lander makes a soft landing after which the probe remains functional .   For bodies with atmospheres , the landing occurs after atmospheric entry . In these cases , landers may employ parachutes to slow down and to maintain a low terminal velocity . Sometimes small landing rockets are fired just before impact to reduce the impact velocity . Landing may be accomplished by controlled descent and setdown on landing gear , with the possible addition of a post-landing attachment mechanism for celestial bodies with low gravity . Some missions ( for example , Luna 9 and Mars Pathfinder ) used inflatable airbags to cushion the lander 's impact rather than a more traditional landing gear .   When a high velocity impact is planned not for just achieving the surface but for study of consequences of impact , the spacecraft is called an impactor .   Several terrestrial bodies have been subject of lander and/or impactor exploration : among them Earth 's Moon , the planets Venus , Mars , and Mercury , the Saturn moon Titan , the asteroids and comets .

A digital orthophoto quadrangle ( DOQ ) is aerial photography or satellite imagery that has been corrected so that its pixels are aligned with longitude and latitude lines , and have a narrowly defined region of coverage . This is a widely used format introduced by United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . The correction technique is called image rectification and is a large part of photogrammetry .   DOQs produced by the USGS cover an area measuring 7.5-minutes longitude by 7.5-minutes latitude ( the same area covered by a USGS 1:24,000 - scale topographic map , also known as a 7.5-minute quadrangle ) or 3.75-minutes by 3.75-minutes . The second format is also known as a digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle ( DOQQ ) because each covers one quarter of a quadrangle ( four 1:12,000 - scale DOQQs display the same area as one 1:24,000 - scale DOQ ) .

A Recognized Air Picture or RAP is a ( theoretically ) complete listing of all aircraft in flight within a particular airspace , with each aircraft being identified as friendly or hostile , and ideally containing additional information such as type of aircraft , flight number , and flight plan . The information may be drawn from a number of different sources , including military radar , civilian air traffic controllers , and allied nations or multi-national organizations such as NATO .   For the United States and Canada , the Recognized Air Picture is maintained continuously by NORAD at Peterson Air Force Base ( with Cheyenne Mountain Complex as a warm standby ) . In the United Kingdom , it is maintained by the United Kingdom Combined Air Operations Centre at RAF Air Command at RAF High Wycombe . For the rest of Europe , NATO has an Air Command and Control System program underway to unify the various systems in use by NATO members throughout Europe .

Kosmos 1188 ( Космос 1188 meaning Cosmos 1188 ) was a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1980 as part of the Soviet military 's Oko programme . The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . It re-entered on May 24 , 2013 .   Kosmos 1188 was launched from Site 41/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 20:52 UTC on 14 June 1980 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1980-050A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 11844 .   Its June 1980 launch was noted for triggering reports of a dolphin shaped UFO . The launch created so many UFO reports , they revealed the satellite 's approximate orbital inclination ( about 62.5 degrees ) . Some of the sightings may have been sunlight reflecting of fourth-stage exhaust contrails . NBC noted the sightings 's appearance in the Weinstein list .

Kosmos 1367 ( Космос 1367 meaning Cosmos 1367 ) was a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1982 as part of the Soviet military 's Oko programme . The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 1367 was launched from Site 41/1 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 13:09 UTC on 20 May 1982 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1982-045A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 13205 .

Resurs-P No. 2 is a Russian commercial earth observation satellite capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery ( resolution up to 1.0 m ) . The spacecraft will be operated by Roscosmos along with the Resurs-P No. 1 satellite .   The satellite is designed for multi-spectral remote sensing of the Earth 's surface aimed at acquiring high-quality visible images in near real-time as well as on-line data delivery via radio link and providing a wide range of consumers with value-added processed data .   Additionally the satellite carries the Nuklon high-energy particle detector developed by the Moscow State University for detecting cosmic radiation .

Kosmos 2001 ( Космос 2001 meaning Cosmos 2001 ) is a Soviet US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1989 as part of the Soviet military 's Oko programme . The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors .   Kosmos 2001 was launched from Site 43/3 at Plesetsk Cosmodrome in the Russian SSR . A Molniya-M carrier rocket with a 2BL upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 04:21 UTC on 14 February 1989 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a molniya orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 1989-011A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 19796 .   It re-entered the Earth 's atmosphere on 22 September 2008 .

A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature , electron density , and electric potential of a plasma . It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma , with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel . The measured currents and potentials in this system allow the determination of the physical properties of the plasma .

NASA Regional Planetary Image Facilities ( RPIFs ) are planetary image and data libraries located throughout the United States and abroad that are funded by both NASA and the host institutions . A network of these facilities was established in 1977 to maintain photographic and digital data as well as mission documentation . Each facility 's general holding contains images and maps of planets and their satellites taken by solar system exploration spacecraft . These planetary image facilities are open to the public . The facilities are primarily reference centers for browsing , studying , and selecting lunar and planetary photographic and cartographic materials . Experienced staff can assist scientists , educators , students , media , and the public in ordering materials for their own use . Since it was formally established , the network of RPIFs has expanded to nine U.S. facilities and seven in other countries . The first RPIF to be established outside of the U.S. was in England in 1980 at the University College London ( UCL ) , and since then RPIFs have been set up in Canada , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , and Japan .

Kosmos 262 ( Космос 262 meaning Cosmos 262 ) , also known as DS-U2-GF No. 1 , was a Soviet satellite which was launched in 1968 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme . It was a 352 kg spacecraft , which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau , and was used to study the Sun .   A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 262 into low Earth orbit . The launch occurred at 09:45:01 UTC on 26 December 1968 , and resulted in the successful insertion of the satellite into orbit . It took place from Site 86/4 at Kapustin Yar . Upon reaching orbit , the satellite was assigned its Kosmos designation , and received the International Designator 1968-119A . The North American Aerospace Defense Command assigned it the catalogue number 03629 .   Kosmos 262 was the only DS-U2-GF satellite to be launched . It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 255 km , an apogee of 747 km , 48.4 degrees of inclination , and an orbital period of 94.6 minutes . It completed operations on 3 May 1969 , before decaying from orbit and reentering the atmosphere on 18 July .


Question: An unusually chilly evening in New York during spring doesn't contradict the ongoing pattern of climate change globally.

 Understanding Cold Weather Events Amidst Global Warming Trends

Despite experiencing frigid temperatures during its harsh winters, Chicago’s occasional extreme cold days should not overshadow the broader context of global warming trends. The "Windy City," known globally for its cultural richness, economic prowess, and architectural marvels, faces complex weather phenomena influenced by various factors beyond long-term climate changes. Situated strategically beside Lake Michigan, Chicago boasts a diverse range of attractions – from the bustling streets of downtown filled with skyscrapers to serene parks offering respite amidst nature. Its vibrant art scene, culinary delights, historical landmarks, and sporting events contribute significantly to tourism, attracting millions annually who come to experience everything from deep-dish pizza to live performances at renowned theaters.

While Chicago might see colder-than-average days periodically, scientists explain that local weather anomalies don't contradict overall global warming indicators. Climate models predict warmer average temperatures but acknowledge regional variations where certain areas could witness cooler conditions under specific atmospheric circumstances. For instance, shifts in jet stream patterns can lead to sudden dips in temperature even within regions generally observing rising annual averages. Such complexities highlight why evaluating climate data requires considering multiple variables across extended periods rather than relying solely on isolated incidents.

Moreover, addressing misconceptions around global warming involves understanding how increased carbon dioxide levels affect different ecosystems differently. Arctic amplification, leading to faster warming above the Arctic Circle compared to lower latitudes, exemplifies uneven heat distribution effects observed recently. Consequently, altered air pressure systems sometimes push unusually cold air masses southward into typically milder climates unexpectedly. These dynamics underscore the intricate interplay between short-term meteorological occurrences and longer-lasting planetary alterations necessitating comprehensive analysis before drawing conclusions regarding climate change impacts.

In summary, while Chicagoans bundle up against biting winds during severe winter spells, recognizing these episodes' nuances helps clarify they coexist alongside overarching narratives concerning earth's changing climate landscape. Educating oneself about nuanced scientific explanations fosters informed discussions surrounding critical issues impacting humanity collectively now and future generations ahead.

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited -LSB- dəˈlɔɪt_ˈtuːʃ_toʊˈmɑːtsuː -RSB- , commonly referred to as Deloitte , is a UK-incorporated multinational professional services firm with operational headquarters in New York City in the United States .   Deloitte is one of the `` Big Four '' accounting firms and the largest professional services network in the world by revenue and number of professionals . It is the largest professional services firm in the world . Deloitte provides audit , tax , consulting , enterprise risk and financial advisory services with more than 244,400 professionals globally . In FY 2016 , the company earned a record $ 36.8 billion USD in revenues . , Deloitte is the 6th-largest privately owned organization in the United States .   As per reports in 2012 , Deloitte had the largest number of clients amongst FTSE 250 companies in the UK and in 2015 , Deloitte currently has the highest market share in auditing among the top 500 companies in India .   Deloitte has been ranked number one by market share in consulting by Gartner , and for the fourth consecutive year , Kennedy Consulting Research and Advisory ranks Deloitte number one in both global consulting and management consulting based on aggregate revenue . In 2016 , Fortune magazine ranked Deloitte as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For and Bloomberg Business has consistently named Deloitte as the best place to launch a career .

Darrell Patton Evans ( born October 6 , 1968 ) is an evangelical Christian musician and songwriter , known primarily for his contributions to contemporary Christian worship . Influenced by the music of Bruce Springsteen and U2 , his style of music is noted for its extensive use of free form composition , with several of his songs having been written spontaneously during concerts and worship times . Besides his music writing , he is an accomplished guitar player and singer .

The 1966 New York City transit strike was a strike in New York City called by the Transport Workers Union ( TWU ) and Amalgamated Transit Union ( ATU ) after the expiration of their contract with the New York City Transit Authority ( TA ) . It was the first strike against the TA ; pre-TWU transit strikes in 1905 , 1910 , 1916 and 1919 against the then-private transit companies had all failed . There had also been some partial TWU strikes in the 1930s , but no citywide actions . The strike led to the passage of the Taylor Law , which redefined the rights and limitations of unions for public employees in New York .   The strikers were led initially by the Irish-born Michael J. `` Mike '' Quill , the TWU 's founder , who had been the union 's president since its founding . The strike effectively ended all service on the subway and buses in the city , affecting millions of commuters . It was an ominous beginning for the mayoralty of John V. Lindsay , but is perhaps better remembered for the jailing of Quill and for his death only weeks afterwards .

Ramapo is a town in Rockland County , New York , United States . Ramapo , which means `` Sweet Water '' , was formerly known as New Hempstead . As of the 2010 census , Ramapo had a total population of 126,595 . If Ramapo were incorporated as a city , it would be the sixth-largest city in the state of New York .   The city 's name , recorded variously as Ramopuck , Ramapock , or Ramapough , is of Lenape origin , meaning either `` sweet water '' or `` slanting rocks '' .  Maps referred to Ramapo as Ramepog - 1695 , Ramepogh -1711 , and Ramapog - 1775 . ( Romantic Suffern - Chapter 7 )   The town is located south of Haverstraw and west of Clarkstown and Orangetown .

La Grenouille is a historic and award-winning French restaurant located at 3 East 52nd Street ( between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue ) in Midtown Manhattan in New York City . Founded in 1962 by former Henri Soulé apprentice Charles Masson , Sr. and his wife Gisèle , later with sons Philippe and Charles , La Grenouille ( Fr. , `` The Frog '' ) became a location of choice among New York , U.S. , and eventually international diners , including designers from the nearby New York fashion district . It is the last operating New York French haute cuisine restaurant from the 1960s , and remains , into the new millennium , a highly rated restaurant .

Landing is the last part of a flight , where a flying animal , aircraft , or spacecraft returns to the ground . When the flying object returns to water , the process is called alighting , although it is commonly called `` landing , '' `` touchdown '' or `` splashdown '' as well . A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi , takeoff , climb , cruise , descent and landing .

The 1963 New York Jets season was the fourth season for the team in the American Football League ( AFL ) and the first under the moniker Jets . The season began with the team trying to improve on their 5 -- 9 record from 1962 under new head coach Weeb Ewbank . The Jets finished the season 5 -- 8 -- 1 , while playing their final season of home games at the Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan , before relocating to Shea Stadium in the borough of Queens the following season .   In rebranding itself as the Jets , the club abandoned its navy-blue and gold uniforms in favor of kelly green and white . The jerseys had opposite-colored sleeves with thick stripes on the shoulders and cuffs , above and below the TV numerals . The pants were white with two parallel green stripes on each side . The new helmets were white with a single green stripe down the center ; the logo on each side was a silhouette of a jet airplane in green , with the word `` JETS '' in thick white sans-serif italics along the fuselage .

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .

Danspace Project was founded in 1974 to provide a performance venue for contemporary dance . Its performances are held in St. Mark 's Church in the East Village area of the Manhattan borough of New York City .

Revlon , Inc. is an American multinational cosmetics , skin care , fragrance , and personal care company founded in 1932 and based in New York City .


Question: An unusually chilly spring morning in New York does not contradict or negate the overarching phenomenon of climate change leading to global warming.

 Local Weather Events vs. Long-Term Climatic Trends

Local weather phenomena, such as unusually cold days in Chicago during winter months, can often seem contradictory to the broader narrative of global warming. However, understanding how local weather fits into the larger context of climate change requires examining multiple facets of atmospheric conditions. Cold snaps experienced within specific regions might appear inconsistent with overall trends; yet they coexist alongside undeniable signs pointing towards planetary heating – evidenced through consistent increases across various metrics measuring earth’s thermal equilibrium state over extended periods spanning several decades now.

Scientific consensus attributes much of recent global temperature fluctuations largely attributable to human activities - particularly those involving substantial release quantities greenhouse gasses (GHGs) like Carbon Dioxide(CO₂), Methane(CH₄)& Nitrous Oxide(N₂O). Anthropogenic influences dominate contemporary era warming trajectory following Industrial Revolution onset circa late eighteenth-century onwards. Various studies confirm unequivocally mankind’s pivotal role shaping current climate dynamics via enhanced radiative forcing mechanisms triggered predominantly via combustion derived GHG discharges emanating chiefly from energy-intensive industries coupled closely allied transportation sectors.

Climate models project continued upward trajectories concerning mean surface temperatures throughout remainder twenty-first century contingent upon prevailing socioeconomic pathways adopted globally henceforth. Projections range anywhere between modest increments (~+0.3°C) under stringent low-carbon scenarios up until significantly pronounced jumps (+~2.6°C+) assuming business-as-usual continuance high-emission paradigms prevail unchecked going forward indefinitely ad infinitum.

Implications arising resultant shifts manifest themselves differently depending geographical location considered hereinbeforeafterwards. Commonly anticipated outcomes encompass: amplified frequency/intensity extremes viz., heatwaves/drought episodes/precipitation anomalies/flooding occurrences/heavy snowfalls etc.; accelerated glacial recession/permafrost thaw/oceanic pH alterations/aquatic ecosystems disruptions/flora-fauna distribution modifications/extinction risks amplifications amongst others besides. Societal repercussions materialize prominently vis-a-vis agricultural productivity downturns owing dwindled yield outputs alongside forced migrations precipitated coastal inundations stemming relentless sea-level ascents ongoing unabated pace hitherto.

Mitigation strategies targeting drastic curtailment anthropogenically sourced pollutants represent cornerstone countermeasures envisaged mitigating worst-case catastrophe scenarios looming horizon ahead. Adaptation measures geared enhancing resilience vulnerable communities/natural habitats alike constitute complementary prongs overarching response framework devised tackling escalating challenges posed impending warmer world order. Geoengineering proposals aimed artificially manipulating geo-climactic parameters offer speculative last-resort options reserved dire straits contingency planning purposes exclusively thus far.

International cooperation en

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

The common phrase `` red sky at morning '' is a line from an ancient rhyme often repeated by mariners :  Red sky at night , sailors ' delight .  Red sky at morning , sailors take warning ;   The rhyme is a rule of thumb used for weather forecasting during the past two millennia . It is based on the reddish glow of the morning or evening sky , caused by haze or clouds related to storms in the region . If the morning skies are red , it is because clear skies over the horizon to the east permit the sun to light the undersides of moisture-bearing clouds . The saying assumes that more such clouds are coming in from the west . Conversely , in order to see red clouds in the evening , sunlight must have a clear path from the west , so therefore the prevailing westerly wind must be bringing clear skies .   There are occasions where a storm system might rain itself out before reaching the observer ( who had seen the morning red sky ) . For ships at sea however , the wind and rough seas from an approaching storm system could still be a problem , even without rainfall .   Because of different prevailing wind patterns around the globe , the traditional rhyme is generally not correct at lower latitudes of both hemispheres , where prevailing winds are from east to west . The rhyme is generally correct at mid-latitudes where , due to the rotation of the Earth , prevailing winds travel west to east .

Laurence Overmire ( born August 17 , 1957 , Rochester , NY ) is an American poet , author , actor , educator , genealogist , peace activist , civil rights , human rights , and animal rights advocate and environmentalist .   He is the author of The One Idea That Saves The World : A Call to Conscience and A Call to Action ( 2012 ) , a philosophical prose work that deals with the spiritual and moral issues that confront humankind in the 21st century . The book has been endorsed by Thom Hartmann , Bill McKibben , Raffi Cavoukian , The World Business Academy , Mona Polacca of the International Council of 13 Indigenous Grandmothers , Aaron Viles of The Gulf Restoration Network , Adele Douglass of Humane Farm Animal Care and many others .   Overmire 's poetry has been widely published in the U.S. and abroad in hundreds of journals and anthologies . As an actor , he has performed on Broadway , film and television .

A refrigerator is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump .   Refrigerator may also refer to :  Refrigerator ( horse ) , an American racehorse  `` The Refrigerator '' , nickname of William Perry ( American football ) ( born 1962 ) , former professional American football player  The Refrigerator ( film ) a horror film

Law enforcement in New York City is carried out by numerous law enforcement agencies . New York City has the highest concentration of law enforcement agencies in the United States .   As with the rest of the US , agencies operate at federal and state levels . However , New York City 's unique nature means many more operate at lower levels .

The 1966 New York City transit strike was a strike in New York City called by the Transport Workers Union ( TWU ) and Amalgamated Transit Union ( ATU ) after the expiration of their contract with the New York City Transit Authority ( TA ) . It was the first strike against the TA ; pre-TWU transit strikes in 1905 , 1910 , 1916 and 1919 against the then-private transit companies had all failed . There had also been some partial TWU strikes in the 1930s , but no citywide actions . The strike led to the passage of the Taylor Law , which redefined the rights and limitations of unions for public employees in New York .   The strikers were led initially by the Irish-born Michael J. `` Mike '' Quill , the TWU 's founder , who had been the union 's president since its founding . The strike effectively ended all service on the subway and buses in the city , affecting millions of commuters . It was an ominous beginning for the mayoralty of John V. Lindsay , but is perhaps better remembered for the jailing of Quill and for his death only weeks afterwards .

A knacker -LSB- ˈnæk.ə -RSB- is a person in the trade of rendering animals that have died on farms or are unfit for human consumption , such as horses that can no longer work . This leads to the slang expression `` knackered '' meaning very tired , or `` ready for the knacker 's yard '' , where old horses are slaughtered and the by-products are sent for rendering . A knacker 's yard or knackery is different from a slaughterhouse , where animals are slaughtered for human consumption . In most countries , knackery premises are regulated by law .   A horse carcass , rendered , had many uses . In the U.S. , the meat could be used as food at a mink ranch , pig farm , fox farm , or greyhound race track , in pet food , or in zoos . Bones were ground up for bone meal fertilizer . Hides were made into leather or , along with joints and hooves , processed to make glue for the furniture and book binding trades ( hence the idea of old horses being sent to the glue factory ) .   In modern usage , especially in Ireland , the word has come to describe both those from lower-class backgrounds who tend to engage in anti-social behaviour , as well as those of an Irish Traveller background . In this sense , the usage of the word `` knacker '' is akin to the usage of the term `` chav '' in England and ned in Scotland . The variant term of ` Bulls Knacker ' is prevalent in Newcastle upon Tyne , meaning someone who deliberately misbehaves .   The word `` knacker '' was first used in 1812 . It is from the Scandinavian word represented by O.N. hnakkur saddle and hnakki `` back of the neck '' .

Rats in New York City are prevalent , as in many densely populated areas . For a long time , the exact number of rats in New York City was unknown , and a common urban legend was that there were up to four times as many rats as people . In 2014 , however , scientists more accurately measured the entire city 's rat population to be approximately only 25 % of the number of humans ; i.e. , there were approximately 2 million rats to New York 's 8.4 million people at the time of the study .   The city 's rat population is dominated by the brown rat ( also known as the Norway rat ) . The average adult body weight averages 350 g in males and about 250 g in females . The adult rat can squeeze through holes or gaps the size of a quarter ( 0.955 in , jump a horizontal distance of up to 4 ft ( or vertically from a flat surface to 3 ft ) , survive a fall from a height of almost 40 ft , and tread water for three days . Each litter has up to a dozen kittens . Rats can mate at the age of two or three months and produce a new litter every two months . They live about a year .   New York City rats carry pathogens that can cause diarrhea , vomiting , and fever in humans , especially in children . The pathogens they carry include bacteria such as Clostridium difficile ( C. diff ) , Salmonella , E. coli , and Leptospira . Bartonella bacteria cause cat scratch disease , trench fever , and Carron disease . These bacteria may be spread through contact with rat feces , saliva , or urine . Rats can carry disease-causing viruses such as sapoviruses , cardioviruses , kobuviruses , parechoviruses , rotaviruses , hepaciviruses , and Seoul virus . Rats carry fleas that are vectors of diseases such as bubonic plague , typhus , and spotted fever . In addition , some people have an allergic reaction to the presence of rodent feces , hair , or urine .   New York City rodent complaints can be made online , or by dialing 3-1-1 , and the New York City guide Preventing Rats on Your Property discusses how the New York City Health Department inspects private and public properties for rats . Property owners that fail inspections receive a Commissioner 's Order and have five days to correct the problem . If after five days the property fails a second inspection , the owner receives a Notice of Violation and can be fined . The property owner is billed for any clean-up or extermination carried out by the Health Department .

1/9 may refer to :   The fraction one ninth ,  9 January or 1 September , depending on date format  1st Battalion 9th Marines , an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps  U.S. Route 1/9 , in New Jersey  1 ( New York City Subway service )  9 ( New York City Subway service )

Lake George , New York may refer to :   Lake George ( New York ) , a lake  Lake George ( town ) , New York , a town  Lake George ( village ) , New York , a village within the town and situated next to the lake


Question: An unusually chilly spring morning in New York City doesn't contradict the ongoing pattern of climate change globally.

 Unusual Weather Events vs Long-Term Climatic Trends
Despite experiencing particularly harsh winters occasionally, cities like Chicago cannot attribute isolated cold days solely to disproving global warming theories. These short-term anomalies contrast starkly with long-established scientific consensus indicating ongoing planetary heating. Since records began being kept systematically around late-19th century, average temperatures across America show consistent upward trajectory correlating directly with increased atmospheric CO₂ concentrations - largely attributable to anthropogenic sources.

Notably, recent decades witnessed numerous extreme heatwaves surpassing historical benchmarks; coinciding periods saw Arctic sea ice coverage dwindle dramatically alongside accelerated glacial retreat globally. Such phenomena underscore broader impacts stemming from unchecked GHG accumulation within Earth’s atmosphere – effects far outweighing localized instances of anomalously low temperatures. Moreover, empirical evidence suggests warmer climates paradoxically facilitate more intense cold snaps through disrupted jet stream dynamics – thereby reinforcing rather than refuting overarching narratives concerning man-made climate disruption.

Addressing this exigent challenge necessitates concerted international cooperation aimed at curbing emissions whilst bolstering adaptive capacities amongst vulnerable communities. Domestic initiatives spearheaded under successive administrations sought transitioning economies away from reliance upon traditional hydrocarbons toward cleaner alternatives capable mitigating adverse outcomes associated with escalating thermal loads. Initiatives ranging from incentivizing renewable energy adoption to implementing stringent efficiency standards represent crucial steps forward in combating pervasive threats posed by unmitigated greenhouse output.

In light of mounting pressures exerted onto ecosystems already strained amidst rapid environmental shifts, safeguarding resilience becomes imperative moving ahead. Efforts geared towards preserving biological diversity, enhancing agricultural productivity, fortifying infrastructure integrity, etc., assume heightened importance given projected scenarios outlining plausible futures characterized by intensifying hydrometeorological extremes. Ultimately, navigating successfully through impending trials hinges critically upon collective resolve demonstrated via proactive engagement spanning governmental bodies, corporate entities, civil society organizations alike.

Thus, recognizing interconnections binding together episodic occurrences with enduring tendencies facilitates cultivating nuanced appreciation regarding complex interactions defining contemporary geophysical landscapes. Doing so enables stakeholders better equipped tackling multifaceted quandaries arising along pathways charted towards sustainable development paradigms grounded firmly within principles advocating harmonious coexistence among humankind & nature.

Davenport Neck is a peninsula in New Rochelle , New York , extending southwesterly from the mainland into Long Island Sound , and running parallel to the main shore . It divides the city 's waterfront into two , with New Rochelle Harbor to the south and southwest , and Echo Bay , to the north and northeast . Glen Island and Neptune Island lie just to the west of the Neck , and Davids ' and Huckleberry islands lie to the south .   The Neck is one of the most important historical localities in the City of New Rochelle . Before white settlements , Siwanoy Indians encamped here , finding an abundant source of fish and wildlife . Until the early 19th century tidal mills produced flour and other goods for local use and for export . With the advent of steamboat , and the resorts and inns that sprang up along the waterfront as a result , New Rochelle became an enormously popular destination by the mid-1800s . Davenport Neck was the choice location for the `` summer homes '' of wealthy vacationers .

Rapid City ( Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe `` Swift Water City '' ) is the second-largest city in South Dakota ( after Sioux Falls ) and the county seat of Pennington County . Named after Rapid Creek , on which the city is established , it is set against the eastern slope of the Black Hills mountain range . The population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census . Known as the `` Gateway to the Black Hills '' and the `` City of Presidents '' , it is split by a low mountain ridge that divides the western and eastern parts of the city . Ellsworth Air Force Base is located on the outskirts of the city . Camp Rapid , a part of the South Dakota Army National Guard , is located in the western part of the city . The historic `` Old West '' town of Deadwood is nearby . In the neighboring Black Hills are the popular tourist attractions of Mount Rushmore , the Crazy Horse Memorial , Custer State Park , and Wind Cave National Park .

Raymond Walter `` Ray '' Kelly ( born September 4 , 1941 ) was the longest serving Commissioner in the history of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) and the first person to hold the post for two non-consecutive tenures . According to its website , Kelly -- a lifelong New Yorker -- had spent 47 years in the NYPD , serving in 25 different commands and as Police Commissioner from 1992 to 1994 and again from 2002 until 2013 . Kelly was the first person to rise from Police Cadet to Police Commissioner , holding all of the department 's ranks , except for Three-Star Bureau Chief , Chief of Department , and Deputy Commissioner , having been promoted directly from Two-Star Chief to First Deputy Commissioner in 1990 .  After his handling of the World Trade Center bombing in 1993 , he was mentioned for the first time as a possible candidate for FBI Director . After Kelly turned down the position , Louis Freeh was appointed .   Kelly was a Marine Corps Reserve Colonel , Director of Police under the United Nations Mission in Haiti , and an Interpol Vice President . During the Clinton administration , Kelly served as Treasury Department Under Secretary for Enforcement , as Customs Service Commissioner , and was in the running to become the first United States Ambassador to Vietnam , after President Bill Clinton extended full diplomatic relations to that country in 1995 .   In March 2011 , New York Senator Chuck Schumer endorsed Kelly to become the next Director of the FBI , and in July 2013 , he endorsed Kelly to become Secretary of Homeland Security .   In March 2014 , he was appointed as President of Risk Management Services at Cushman & Wakefield , a New York City-based commercial real estate services firm . In 2015 , the New York Post reported that Kelly was considering a run for New York City Mayor , citing his `` Love for New York City '' .

A laconic phrase or laconism is a concise or terse statement , especially a blunt and elliptical rejoinder . It is named after Laconia , the region of Greece including the city of Sparta , whose ancient inhabitants had a reputation for verbal austerity and were famous for their blunt and often pithy remarks .

Laurel Springs is a borough in Camden County , New Jersey , United States . As of the 2010 United States Census , the borough 's population was 1,908 , reflecting a decline of 62 ( -3.1 % ) from the 1,970 counted in the 2000 Census , which had in turn declined by 371 ( -15.8 % ) from the 2,341 counted in the 1990 Census .   Laurel Springs was incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 2 , 1913 , from portions of Clementon Township , based on the results of a referendum held on May 1 , 1913 . The borough was named for its therapeutic springs situated in laurel groves .

The 181 Union City-New York is a bus route operated by New Jersey Transit in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York . Buses head north from the Bergenline Avenue Hudson-Bergen Light Rail station in Union City along Bergenline Avenue , Woodcliff Avenue , and Palisade Avenue ( Hudson Palisades ) to Fort Lee via West New York , Guttenberg , North Bergen , Fairview , and Cliffside Park , and cross the George Washington Bridge to the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Upper Manhattan .

1100 Architect is an architecture firm based in New York City and Frankfurt founded by principals David Piscuskas and Juergen Riehm . It provides architectural design , programming , space analysis , interior design , and master planning services to both public and private clients , and its work includes educational and arts institutions , libraries , offices , residences , retail environments , and civic facilities .   The company was founded in 1983 in SoHo , Manhattan as a design studio of three architecture school graduates . Its design philosophy focuses on sustainability , stating that , '' -LSB- 1100 Architect -RSB- views good design and environmental sustainability as interconnected elements of a thoughtful , responsible project . '' As of 2015 , the firm has 44 employees .

LaGrange is a city and the county seat of Troup County , Georgia , United States . The population of the city was estimated to be 30,452 in 2013 by the U.S. Census Bureau . It is the principal city of the LaGrange , Georgia Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville , Georgia-Alabama ( part ) Combined Statistical Area . It is about 60 miles southwest of Atlanta and located in the foothills of the Georgia Piedmont .   LaGrange is home to LaGrange College , the oldest private college in the state . Started as a girls ' academy , it has been affiliated since the late 19th century with the Methodist Church , and what is now the North Georgia Conference of the United Methodist Church . The city 's proximity to West Point Lake , a few miles to the west , helps attract bass fishermen and water sports enthusiasts to the city .   The Troup County Courthouse , Annex , and Jail , built in 1939 , is one of LaGrange 's properties that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .

A decoy is usually a person , device , or event meant as a distraction , to conceal what an individual or a group might be looking for . Decoys have been used for centuries most notably in game hunting , but also in wartime and in the committing or resolving of crimes .

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .


Question: The pattern of temperature increases witnessed cannot be attributed to any identified natural causes; instead, it aligns exclusively with impacts linked to human-generated emissions of greenhouse gases.

 Attribution of Recent Climate Change
Recent climate changes can't be explained solely through natural variability; instead, they're predominantly attributed to human influence—specifically, increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from burning fossil fuels. Multiple lines of evidence confirm humans’ role: satellite measurements showing more heat trapped within Earth’s atmosphere, direct observations documenting rising carbon dioxide levels linked directly back to human actions, and sophisticated computer models simulating past climates accurately when incorporating man-made emissions but failing without them—all point convincingly toward us as prime movers behind current trends. Although some argue solar variations could play significant roles too, rigorous analysis reveals any recent sunspot cycles simply don’t match up well enough temporally nor spatially against recorded temperatures increases globally speaking thus ruling out naturally occurring phenomena as dominant explanations here compared alongside ever-growing GHG inventories largely attributable via economic sectors dominated under modern civilization pursuits since Industrial Revolution era beginnings onwards till date continuously expanding forward into future scenarios yet unseen before now looming ahead ominously unless drastic course corrections occur soon enough hopefully averting worst case outcomes still possible though increasingly unlikely given prevailing inertia resisting transformative shifts required urgently across societies everywhere simultaneously henceforth forthwith immediately posthaste double quick smart sharpish pronto tout de suite stat ASAP PDQ hark! lo! behold!

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Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

The Dignitatis Humanae Institute ( DHI ) , also known as the Institute for Human Dignity and L'Istituto Dignitatis Humanae , is a Catholic-inspired NGO based in Rome . Its mission is to `` protect and promote human dignity based on the anthropological truth that man is born in the image and likeness of God . '' The primary aim of the DHI is `` to promote this vision of authentic human dignity mainly by supporting Christians in public life , assisting them in presenting effective and coherent responses to increasing efforts to silence the Christian voice in the public square . '' The DHI coordinates several parliamentary working groups on human dignity based in various legislatures throughout the world and also hosts the annual invitation-only International Conference on Human Dignity , in Rome , which was held at the Vatican in 2013 .

Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions . The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work , but can also be driven by heat , magnetism , electricity , laser , or other means . Refrigeration has many applications , including , but not limited to : household refrigerators , industrial freezers , cryogenics , and air conditioning . Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process , and also may be designed to be reversible , but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units .   Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry , lifestyle , agriculture and settlement patterns . The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and Chinese empires . However , mechanical refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in the last century , from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars . The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the westward expansion of the United States , allowing settlement in areas that were not on main transport channels such as rivers , harbors , or valley trails . Settlements were also developing in infertile parts of the country , filled with newly discovered natural resources . These new settlement patterns sparked the building of large cities which are able to thrive in areas that were otherwise thought to be inhospitable , such as Houston , Texas and Las Vegas , Nevada . In most developed countries , cities are heavily dependent upon refrigeration in supermarkets , in order to obtain their food for daily consumption . The increase in food sources has led to a larger concentration of agricultural sales coming from a smaller percentage of existing farms . Farms today have a much larger output per person in comparison to the late 1800s . This has resulted in new food sources available to entire populations , which has had a large impact on the nutrition of society .