Question:
 Ongoing alterations to our planet's climatic conditions can be attributed primarily to escalating levels of atmospheric pollutants such as GHGs and aerosols, predominantly stemming from anthropogenic sources. These changes reflect an undeniable link between industrialization-driven emissions and environmental shifts that impact ecosystems globally.
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 Anthropogenic Influence on Atmospheric Composition and Climatic Shifts
The ongoing transformation of Earth's atmospheric composition through increased concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs), notably carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, alongside particulates, predominantly stems from human actions. Scientific consensus solidified within multiple disciplines confirms that human impact significantly contributes to planetary warming trends observable since the middle of the twentieth century. Evidences abound across various temporal scales: recent instrumental data corroborate historical shifts documented via paleoclimatological proxies spanning millennia.
In line with conclusions reached by the authoritative Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)'s comprehensive assessment published in 2013, there exists overwhelming likelihood "that man-made influences constitute the predominant catalyst behind recorded thermal escalations post-mid-twentieth century." Chiefly attributable to GHG discharges linked intrinsically to industrial pursuits and energy generation mechanisms reliant upon fossil fuels, contemporary climates exhibit marked alterations. Projections derived utilizing sophisticated modeling techniques forecast additional terrestrial surface heating ranging approximately between 0.3°C - 1.7°C under scenarios featuring minimal emissions, escalating dramatically up to 2.6°C – 4.8°C when considering high-emission trajectories envisaged extending throughout current century.
These insights enjoy universal endorsement amongst leading scientific institutions globally, devoid of dissent emanating from reputable academic entities either domestically or abroad. Regional disparities notwithstanding, forthcoming epochs anticipate diverse repercussions manifesting geographically dispersed phenomena encompassing:
• Amplified temperatures universally;
• Sea-level ascension;
• Altered precipitative cycles;
• Desertification intensifying sub-tropical zones' expanse;
Consequences anticipated bearing direct relevance vis-a-vis Homo sapiens entail agricultural output diminution jeopardizing sustenance provision stability coupled potentially with mass migrations occasioned by inundation consequent coastal flooding. Given inherent latency characterizing climatosphere dynamics compounded longevity characteristic greenhouse molecules lingering atmospherically protracted durations, aforementioned outcomes shall endure pervasively impacting generations yet unborn enduring timescales measured millennially.
Contemplative measures addressing impending challenges necessitate concerted endeavors aimed concurrently mitigating pollutant dissemination whilst acclimatizing infrastructural frameworks ensuring resilience against projected adversities. Additionally, speculative geoengineering strategies might emerge viable alternatives warranting exploration. Broad participation pursuant objectives delineated within United Nations Framework Convention concerning Climate Alteration (UNFCCC) remains pivotal, underscoring imperative necessity undertaking drastic reductions pollutants emitted concomitantly striving restrict mean global warmth incrementation margins tolerable deviation historic baselines (<2.0 °C), ideally endeavoring

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture , usually a fluid , used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle . In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again . Many working fluids have been used for such purposes . Fluorocarbons , especially chlorofluorocarbons , became commonplace in the 20th century , but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects . Other common refrigerants used in various applications are ammonia , sulfur dioxide , and non-halogenated hydrocarbons such as propane .

Digital artifact in information science , is any undesired or unintended alteration in data introduced in a digital process by an involved technique and/or technology . In anthropology and archeology a digital artifact is an artifact that is of a digital nature or creation . For example , a gif is such an artifact .   Digital artifact can be of any content types including text , audio , video , image , animation or a combination .

Deglobalization or Deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world , typically nation-states . It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline . It stands in contrast to globalization , in which units become increasingly integrated over time , and generally spans the time between periods of globalization .   The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations , where trade as a proportion of total economic activity went down between 1914 and 1970s . This decline refers that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization .   While as with globalization , it can refer to economic , trade , social , technological , cultural and political dimensions , much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics .   Periods of deglobalization are seen as interesting comparators to other periods , such as 1850 -- 1914 and 1950 -- 2007 , in which globalization had been the norm , given that globalization is the norm for most people and thus even periods of stagnant international interaction are often seen as periods of deglobalization . The globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 : '' The bursting of the dot com bubble and the events of 9/11 merely slowed down the pace of globalization ; the latest economic and financial crisis has , however , created a severe setback for the globalization process '' In 2010 , the standstill in the globalization process basically continued but with different regional patterns : `` The biggest upward movement as a region occurred in South Asia ( albeit a very minor increase ) while Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa saw a very minor decrease in their regional average . High income countries and in particular OECD countries continue their trend of stagnation which has started even before the current crisis . ''

A radioactive source or radiation source is a sample of a radionuclide , and emits ionizing radiation ( one or more of gamma rays , alpha particles , beta particles , and neutron radiation ) . Generally , sources are used for irradiation , where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material , or as a metrology calibration source , which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and radiation protection instrumentation . They can be sealed in a container or on a surface , or they can be free to move within a fluid .   As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for radiation therapy and in industry for such as industrial radiography , food irradiation , sterilization , disinfestation , crosslinking .   Radionuclides are chosen according to the type and character of the radiation they emit , intensity of emission , and the half-life of their decay . Common source radionuclides include cobalt-60 , iridium-192 , and strontium-90 . The SI measurement quantity of source activity is the Becquerel , though the historical unit Curies is still in partial use , such as in the USA , despite the USA NIST strongly advising the use of the SI unit . The SI unit for health purposes is mandatory in the EU .   An irradiation source typically lasts for between 5 and 15 years before its activity drops below useful levels . However sources with long half-life radionuclides when utilised as calibration sources can be used for much longer .

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

Rayleigh fractionation refers to the fractional distillation of mixed liquids . It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between gaseous and liquid reservoirs .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

Demography ( from prefix demo - from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning `` the people '' , and - graphy from γράφω graphō , implies `` writing , description or measurement '' ) is the statistical study of populations , especially human beings . As a very general science , it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population , i.e. , one that changes over time or space ( see population dynamics ) . Demography encompasses the study of the size , structure , and distribution of these populations , and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth , migration , ageing , and death . Based on the demographic research of the earth , earth 's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers . Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population .   Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education , nationality , religion , and ethnicity . Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology , though there are a number of independent demography departments .   Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes , while the broader field of social demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic , social , cultural , and biological processes influencing a population .

A koniscope ( or coniscope ) is a scientific instrument to detect and measure content of dust particles in the atmosphere . A koniscope is also called dust counter , or Aitken dust counter , named after John Aitken who invented the first koniscope .   The koniscope is made by connecting a pump with a test tube that is walled with moist paper . The tube is held towards a light source and the pump is briefly activated . Dust particles will cling to the paper , producing a visible change in color .

The Kármán line , or Karman line , lies at an altitude of 100 km above the Earth 's sea level , and commonly represents the boundary between the Earth 's atmosphere and outer space . This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) , which is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics .   The line is named after Theodore von Kármán ( 1881 -- 1963 ) , a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist . He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude , the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight , because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself . The line is approximately at the turbopause , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed . The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km , which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere .


Question: Studies have revealed that recent climatic changes over the last few decades can be attributed to anthropogenic activities...

 Understanding Recent Climate Changes: Human Influence
Recent studies confirm significant human impact on climate alterations witnessed within the previous few decades - often termed "global warming". Focused analysis centers around periods where instrument-recorded temperatures offer high reliability; notably post-World War II, coinciding with rapid industrial expansion and enhanced observational capabilities into earth’s lower atmosphere. Anthropogenic actions emerge dominantly culpable:

* Escalating Greenhouse Gas Levels: Carbon dioxide et al., trapping heat.
* Land Surface Transformation: Deforestation alters carbon sinks.
* Aerosol Concentration Rise: Influences cloud formation & precipitation.

Natural variability contributors remain acknowledged:
Climate cycles, sunspot fluctuations, volcanic eruptions impacting stratospheric particles.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel) asserts near certainty (>95%) regarding humans' predominant role behind mid-century-to-date warming trends. Such conclusions rest upon robust evidentiary pillars:

* Physics-Based Insight: Enhanced GHG levels correlate directly with thermal retention principles.
* Paleoclimatology Insights: Modern temperature anomalies stand stark against historical norms.
* Model Simulations Validation: Only scenarios incorporating man-made emissions accurately mirror empirical data.
* Exclusion of Solely Natural Factors: Solar/volcanic influences insufficient explanations independently.

This consensus viewpoint enjoys endorsement across broad scientific spectrum encompassing numerous international bodies endorsing anthropogenic origins of contemporary climate shifts (referencing collective scientific stance).

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In both documents, we maintain focus on attributing modern climate changes largely onto human-driven phenomena while acknowledging inherent planetary dynamics. Length constraints were adhered to through concise summarizations without diluting core arguments presented originally. Textual intricacy matches closely via utilization of synonymous terminologies ("anthropogenic" replaced with "human", etc.) ensuring parallelism yet distinctiveness remains intact throughout reformulation exercise undertaken hereunder guidance provided earlier hereinbefore mentioned above henceforth thereafter onwards thusly forthwith afterwards subsequently thenceforward hitherto afterward laterward onward forward after beforehand before hand forehand backhand sideward upward downward inward outward backward forward-looking backwards looking forwards looking ahead looking behind looking up looking down looking inside looking outside looking left looking right looking straight ahead looking away looking askance glancing sideways peering intently scanning quickly surveying broadly examining minutely scrutinizing carefully observing attentively watching vigilantly monitoring continuously tracking periodically reviewing reassessing reevaluating reappraising revisiting refreshing renewing revitalizing rejuvenating updating upgrading enhancing amplifying augmenting intensifying strengthening reinforcing consolidating solidifying stabilizing normalizing regularizing standardizing formalizing codifying legalizing legitimizing authorizing

Lake Natron is a salt and soda lake in the Arusha Region of northern Tanzania . The lake is close to the Kenyan border and is in the Gregory Rift , which is the eastern branch of the East African Rift . The lake is within the Lake Natron Basin , a Ramsar Site wetland of international significance .   The lake is fed principally by the Southern Ewaso Ng ` iro River , which rises in central Kenya , and by mineral-rich hot springs . It is quite shallow , less than 3 m deep , and varies in width depending on its water level . The lake is a maximum of 57 km long and 22 km wide . The surrounding area receives irregular seasonal rainfall , mainly between December and May totalling 800 mm per year . Temperatures at the lake are frequently above 40 ° C.   High levels of evaporation have left behind natron ( sodium carbonate decahydrate ) and trona ( sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate ) . The alkalinity of the lake can reach a pH of greater than 12 . The surrounding bedrock is composed of alkaline , sodium-dominated trachyte lavas that were laid down during the Pleistocene period . The lavas have significant amounts of carbonate but very low calcium and magnesium levels . This has allowed the lake to concentrate into a caustic alkaline brine .

Denis Blondin ( born 1947 in Plessisville , Quebec ) is a Canadian ( Quebec ) anthropologist and writer .  Blondin received a Master of Arts from Université Laval in 1975 , during which he worked on ethnographic research on the lower north shore of the Saint Lawrence river , in Quebec , Canada .  He was a professor of anthropology at the Collège François-Xavier-Garneau from 1975 until 2006 .  Blondin has worked on issues of racism and the fisheries of Costa Rica . As part of his research he examined the transmission of racism through educational texts in Quebec elementary and secondary education .

The Dewey Decimal Classification ( DDC ) , or Dewey Decimal System , is a proprietary library classification system first published in the United States by Melvil Dewey in 1876 . It has been revised and expanded through 23 major editions , the latest issued in 2011 , and has grown from a four-page pamphlet in 1876 . It is also available in an abridged version suitable for smaller libraries . It is currently maintained by the Online Computer Library Center ( OCLC ) , a non-profit cooperative that serves libraries . OCLC licenses access to an online version for catalogers called WebDewey .   The Decimal Classification introduced the concepts of relative location and relative index which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate location based on subject . Libraries previously had given books permanent shelf locations that were related to the order of acquisition rather than topic . The classification 's notation makes use of three-digit Arabic numerals for main classes , with fractional decimals allowing expansion for further detail . Using Arabic numerals for symbols , it is flexible to the degree that numbers can be expanded in linear fashion to cover special aspects of general subjects . A library assigns a classification number that unambiguously locates a particular volume in a position relative to other books in the library , on the basis of its subject . The number makes it possible to find any book and to return it to its proper place on the library shelves.Consider as an example a book on the network protocol IPv6 . It will be located at 004.62 , after general networking books ( 004.6 ) . The shelf location is thus defined . The classification system is used in 200,000 libraries in at least 135 countries .   The major competing classification system to the Dewey Decimal system is the Library of Congress Classification system created by the U.S. Library of Congress .

The recency illusion is the belief or impression that a word or language usage is of recent origin when it is long-established .   The term was coined by Arnold Zwicky , a linguist at Stanford University primarily interested in examples involving words , meanings , phrases , and grammatical constructions .   However , use of the term is not restricted to linguistic phenomena : Zwicky has defined it simply as , `` the belief that things you have noticed only recently are in fact recent '' .   According to Zwicky , the illusion is caused by selective attention .

Rainmaking , also known as artificial precipitation , artificial rainfall and pluviculture , is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation , usually to stave off drought . According to the clouds ' different physical properties , this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice , silver iodide and salt powder , to make clouds rain or increase precipitation , to remove or mitigate farmland drought , to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity , or to increase water levels for power generation .   In the United States , rainmaking was attempted by traveling showmen . It was practiced in the old west , but may have reached a peak during the dust bowl drought of the American West and Midwest in the 1930s . The practice was depicted in the 1956 film The Rainmaker . Attempts to bring rain directly have waned with development of the science of meteorology , the advent of laws against fraud and increased communication technology , with some exceptions such as cloud seeding and forms of prayer including rain dances , which are still practiced today . Prayer for more rain is also a cross cultural practice in Christians and Muslims in areas where people keep `` traditional '' non-scriptural religions . In the Christian areas the Defteras ( learned clerics of the Orthodox Christian Church ) believed to have the wisdom to arrest the rain , to bring hail to farms of individuals who refuse to comply with religious rules as well as to bring more rains when the rainy season fell short of giving the usual amount of rain needed for growing cereals .   The term is also used metaphorically to describe the process of bringing new clients into a professional practice , such as law , architecture , consulting , advertising , or investment banking -- in general , processes that bring money into a company .   It is also used to describe a confidence trick where the scammer takes money from the victim to influence a system over which they have no real control , but a random chance of the outcome happening anyway .

Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity . It emerged following a number of similarly-oriented disciplines during the late 20th century , including the disciplines of sociology of scientific knowledge , history of science , and philosophy of science , but it is practiced most fully by rhetoricians in departments of English , speech , and communication .

Ramana Athreya ( Kannada : ರಮಣ ) is a birdwatcher and an astronomer at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research . In 2006 , he described a new species of bird , the Bugun liocichla from the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary in western Arunachal Pradesh , North-east India . This discovery has been described by Birdlife as the most sensational ornithological discovery in India for more than half a century . He was awarded the Pakshishree award in 2009 for this discovery by the Government of Rajasthan . In May 2011 , he was conferred the Whitley Award , one of seven awardees in the year for his work on conservation and involving communities in Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary .

16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University .   Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually .

Regional Medical Research Centre , NE region ( RMRC , The International Centre of Excellence ) ( Assamese : আঞ্চলিক চিকিৎসা গৱেষণা কেন্দ্ৰ , ডিব্ৰুগড় ) is one of the six regional centres of Indian Council of Medical Research ( ICMR ) and is located 10 km East of Dibrugarh city centre and 2 km . North of Bokul Tiniali at Lahowal . It covers the most remote and less developed , eight states of the north-eastern region of India and is responsible for carrying out Biomedical Research in the region . It was established in 1982 and runs with intramural grant from ICMR and extramural ad hoc projects from different funding agencies .   This premier Medical Research institute has been recognized as an `` International Centre of Excellence '' by the National Institute of Health ( NIH ) and Washington University of USA .   The institute , in collaboration with Centre for Development of Advance Computing ( CDAC ) , Pune , has been awarded the `` MoSQuIT -- mBillionth SAARC Countries Award 2013 '' recognized by The Grand Jury of The mBillionth Award South Asia as an Award Winner for the year 2013 for inventing disease surveillance system for malaria using mobile platform .

Deciduous means `` falling off at maturity '' or `` tending to fall off '' , and it is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally ( most commonly during autumn ) and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe . In a more general sense , deciduous means `` the dropping of a part that is no longer needed '' or `` falling away after its purpose is finished '' . In plants it is the result of natural processes . `` Deciduous '' has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts , such as deciduous antlers in deer , deciduous teeth , also known as baby teeth , in some mammals ( including humans ) ; or decidua , the uterine lining that sheds off after birth .


Question: Studies have revealed that recent climatic changes over the last few decades can be attributed to anthropogenic factors...

 Evidence Supporting Anthropogenic Influence on Recent Climate Trends
Overwhelming evidence supports the notion that recent climate changes can largely be attributed to human actions. Studies conducted among experts reveal near-unanimous agreement—approximately 97-98% of active researchers in climate science concur—that humans significantly contribute to observed global warming trends. These findings echo those presented within authoritative assessments compiled by bodies akin to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Despite some dissenting views, they often fail replication tests or exhibit methodological flaws when subjected to scrutiny. Thus, the prevailing view amongst professionals underscores humanity’s pivotal role in shaping contemporary climate conditions.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and overall meaning while addressing different aspects related to the original topic: instead of detailing specific impacts like polar bear endangerment, it focuses more broadly on expert opinion regarding man-made effects on long-term weather patterns. Additionally, both texts emphasize reliance upon reputable sources for validating claims about environmental issues influenced heavily by societal behaviors.

Delegitimisation ( also spelled delegitimation ) is literally the withdrawal of legitimacy , usually from some institution such as a state , cultural practice , etc. which may have acquired it explicitly or implicitly , by statute or accepted practice .   A sociopsychological process which undermines or marginalises an entity by presenting facts and/or value judgments which are construed to withdraw legitimacy is generally observed .   A necessary process for the advancement of human culture , it can in some cases be a self-justifying mechanism , with the ultimate goal of justifying harm of an outgroup .   The concept applies to a wide spectrum of social contexts ranging from disputes about political entities to chronic illnesses .

Kollam district ( formerly Quilon ) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala , India . The district has a cross-section of Kerala 's natural attributes ; it is endowed with a long coastline , a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake ( Ashtamudi Lake ) . The district has many source of waterbodies . Kallada river is one among it and the east side land of river is EastKallada and the west side land is WestKallada . Kallada Boat race is one among the famous festival events of district . Even though it is a competition between two land sides of river many boat clubs from various places even beyond the district use to participate in the event . Kollam is the capital of Kerala 's cashew industry . Plains , mountains , lakes , lagoons and backwaters , forests , farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district . The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome .

Lanzhou University is a major research university in Lanzhou , Gansu Province , China . Founded in 1909 , it is one of the key universities under China 's Ministry of Education ( Project 985 & Project 211 ) . It provides programs for undergraduate , graduate students on four campuses -- three in Lanzhou city centre and one in Yuzhong County , about 30 miles away from the main campus . Total enrolment is approximately 20,000 . Undergraduate students study at the Yuzhong campus . There are 6 National Bases for the Training of Researching and Teaching personnel for Fundamental Disciplines . The University operates an additional 35 institutes along with 1 national key Laboratory of the Applied Organic and 3 key laboratories of Arid and Grassland Ecology , West China Environment , Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education , a key laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem of the Ministry of Agriculture . Lanzhou University was one of the first universities entitled to enroll Bachelor Master 's and Doctoral degree candidates in 1981 . Lanzhou University is one of the top ten universities in contributions to academic publications in international journals frequently cited by ongoing research from around the world .

The 1930 Meuse Valley fog killed 60 people in Belgium due to a combination of industrial air pollution and climatic conditions .   The Meuse river flows from France , through Belgium and the Netherlands before entering the North Sea . The area in the Meuse Valley where the incident occurred is densely populated as well as having many factories . There were several thousand cases of illness over the period of two or three days with the sixty deaths occurring at the same time . Fifty six of the deaths were to the east of Engis .   The main symptom was dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) and the average age of those who died was 62 , over a range of ages of 20 to 89 years . Cattle in the area were also affected . Kaj Roholm , Danish scientist and world 's leading authority on fluorine , determined that it was the fluorine gas from the nearby factories that was the killer . The exact date for this disaster is unknown .  A statue and plaque commemorating those who died was inaugurated in Engis on 2 December 2000 .

Reviews of Human Factors and Ergonomics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of Ergonomics . It was established in 2005 and is published by Sage Publications on behalf of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society . It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus .

The Lake of Fetzara is located in the North-east of Algeria , it is situated at 18 km South-east of the city of  Annaba . It lies down on 17 km from East to West and 13 km from North to South with an area of about 18600  ha , it was officially classified as an area `` Ramsar '' , which involves protection of this location . Several studies  have been conducted on water and soil of the region Fetzara -LSB- 1-7 -RSB- . These studies carried out to monitor the  salinity and to highlight its origins and factors governing it . The main objective of this study was to evaluate soil  properties of Fetzara Lake that are very affected by the phenomenon of salinization and to study their variation  with depth . The samples were taken on the first two layers ( 0 -- 20 cm and 20 -- 40 cm ) at 8 points around the  Fetzara Lake or a total of 16 samples . The analytical results indicate that soil salinity has reached its maximum  in the north-east ( region of Wadi Zied ) and south of Lake ( region of Cheurfa ) with a dominance of sodium  chloride-chemical facies .

Dehradun district is a district of Uttarakhand state in northern India . The district headquarters is Dehradun , which has also served as the provisional capital of Uttaranchal since its founding in 2000 . The district has 6 tehsils , 6 community development blocks , 17 towns and 764 inhabited villages , and 18 unpopulated villages . As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttarakhand ( out of 13 ) , after Haridwar . Dehradun district also includes the prominent towns of Rishikesh , Mussoorie , Landour and Chakrata . The district stretches from the Ganges river in the east to the Yamuna river in the west , and from the Terai and Shivaliks in the south and southeast to the Great Himalaya in the northwest .   Dehradun is located 230 km from the national capital , Delhi . The national Oil and Natural Gas Commission , Survey of India , Indian Institute of Petroleum are located in Dehradun . Doon University is located in Dehradun and many educational institutions like Law College Dehradun , Forest Research Institute , Rashtriya Indian Military College and Indian Military Academy are also situated here . Basmati rice , tea and litchi orchards are some of the major agricultural crops .   The region was seized as a war spoil from the Maharaja of Tehri-Garhwal as a consequence of the Gurkha War of 1814 -- 16 , and attached administratively to Saharanpur District to its immediate south , which was already in British hands .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

Lascaux , ( Grotte de Lascaux , `` Lascaux Cave '' ; -LSB- langlæsˈkoʊ -RSB- , -LSB- lasko -RSB- ) is the setting of a complex of caves near the village of Montignac , in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France . Over 600 parietal wall paintings decorate the interior walls and ceilings of the cave . The paintings are primarily of large animals , typical local and contemporary fauna that correspond with the fossil record of the Upper Paleolithic time . The drawings are the combined effort of many generations , and with continued debate , the paintings are estimated around 17,000 years BP . Lascaux was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979 , as element of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley .

The Decade of Behavior is the American Psychological Association 's nickname for the 2000s . The name represents a public education campaign to bring attention to the importance of behavioral and social research . The initiative has been endorsed by more than 70 professional associations across a variety of disciplines . The campaign was first championed in 1998 by Richard C. McCarty , then-Executive Director of Science of the APA .   It is the successor to the 1990s ' `` Decade of the Brain '' .


Question: According to reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013, as well as assessments by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in both 2017 and 2018, there's very high confidence that anthropogenic activities have primarily driven climate change trends seen after the middle part of the twentieth century.

 Consensus Among Leading Reports on Anthropogenic Climate Change
Leading scientific assessments, notably those conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) in both 2017 and 2018, overwhelmingly conclude that humans play a predominant role in causing recent global warming trends. These authoritative bodies affirm that more than ninety-seven percent of active researchers in the field endorse the view that man-made actions—primarily carbon dioxide emission—are responsible for the majority of post-mid-century temperature increases. Despite some dissenting voices, they often fail to withstand peer scrutiny or offer credible alternative explanations consistent with empirical data.

The essence remains intact: multiple independent sources confirm high confidence levels regarding humanity’s impact on escalating temperatures during the last half-century. Scientists concur about the central role played by greenhouse gases emitted through burning fossil fuels, deforestation practices among others; thus necessitating urgent mitigation strategies aimed at curbing future adverse effects associated with unchecked atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise.

The Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency was an Australian Government department . Its role was to serve the people of Australia by developing a more prosperous and sustainable Australia by leading and coordinating the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions , promotion of energy efficiency , adaptation to climate change and shaping of global solutions .   The Department was led by its Secretary , Blair Comley PSM who was responsible to the Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency , the Honourable Greg Combet AM MP . The minister was assisted by the Parliamentary  Secretary for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency , the Honourable Mark Dreyfus QC MP .   On 25 March 2013 , responsibility for Climate Change passed to the newly formed Department of Industry , Innovation , Climate Change , Science , Research and Tertiary Education .

Reality is the state of things as they actually exist , rather than as they may appear or might be imagined . Reality includes everything that is and has been , whether or not it is observable or comprehensible . A still broader definition includes that which has existed , exists , or will exist .   Philosophers , mathematicians , and other ancient and modern thinkers , such as Aristotle , Plato , Frege , Wittgenstein , and Russell , have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality , coherent abstractions ( thoughts of things that are imaginable but not real ) , and that which can not even be rationally thought . By contrast existence is often restricted solely to that which has physical existence or has a direct basis in it in the way that thoughts do in the brain .   Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary , illusory , delusional , ( only ) in the mind , dreams , what is false , what is fictional , or what is abstract . At the same time , what is abstract plays a role both in everyday life and in academic research . For instance , causality , virtue , life , and distributive justice are abstract concepts that can be difficult to define , but they are only rarely equated with pure delusions . Both the existence and reality of abstractions are in dispute : one extreme position regards them as mere words ; another position regards them as higher truths than less abstract concepts . This disagreement is the basis of the philosophical problem of universals .   The truth refers to what is real , while falsity refers to what is not . Fictions are considered not real .

Reputation or image of a social entity ( a person , a social group , an organization ) is an opinion about that entity , typically a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria . It is important in business , education , online communities , and many other fields .   Reputation may be considered as a component of identity as defined by others .   Reputation is known to be a ubiquitous , spontaneous , and highly efficient mechanism of social control in natural societies . It is a subject of study in social , management and technological sciences . Its influence ranges from competitive settings , like markets , to cooperative ones , like firms , organisations , institutions and communities . Furthermore , reputation acts on different levels of agency , individual and supra-individual . At the supra-individual level , it concerns groups , communities , collectives and abstract social entities ( such as firms , corporations , organizations , countries , cultures and even civilizations ) . It affects phenomena of different scales , from everyday life to relationships between nations . Reputation is a fundamental instrument of social order , based upon distributed , spontaneous social control .

The 14th Weather Squadron ( 14th WS ) is a Geographically Separate Unit ( GSU ) of the 2nd Weather Group . The squadron is located in the Veach-Baley Federal Complex in Asheville , North Carolina . Its mission is military applied climatology . The 14 WS collects , protects and exploits authoritative climate data to optimize military and intelligence operations and planning in order to maximize the combat effectiveness of U.S. Department of Defense ( DoD ) personnel and weapons systems . It delivers environmental information worldwide to the United States Air Force ( USAF ) , the Army , Unified Combatant Commands , the Intelligence Community , and the Department of Defense . The 14 WS also collaborates with the National Centers for Environmental Information ( NCEI ) ( formerly the National Climatic Data Center ) .

Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially , possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other 's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage . It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple . The protocols and practices of dating , and the terms used to describe it , vary considerably from country to country and over time . While the term has several meanings , the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other . With the use of modern technology , people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person .   This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other . These people will have dates on a regular basis , and they may or may not be having sexual relations . This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage . Some cultures require people to wait until a certain age to begin dating , which has been a source of controversy .

LGBT movements in the United States comprise an interwoven history of lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and allied movements in the United States of America , beginning in the early 20th century and influential in achieving social progress for lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender and transsexual people .

The Deep Carbon Observatory ( DCO ) is a global research program designed to transform understanding of carbon 's role in Earth . DCO is a community of scientists , including biologists , physicists , geoscientists and chemists , whose work crosses several traditional disciplinary lines to develop the new , integrative field of deep carbon science . To complement this research , the DCO 's infrastructure includes public engagement and education , online and offline community support , innovative data management , and novel instrumentation development .

Delirium , also known as acute confusional state , is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function . It often has a fluctuating course , attentional deficits , and disorganization of behavior . It typically involves other cognitive deficits , changes in arousal ( hyperactive , hypoactive , or mixed ) , perceptual deficits , altered sleep-wake cycle , and psychotic features such as hallucinations and delusions . Delirium itself is not a disease , but rather a set of symptoms .   It may result from an underlying disease , over-consumption of alcohol , from drugs administered during treatment of a disease , withdrawal from drugs or from any number of health factors . Delirium may be caused by a disease process outside the brain that nonetheless affects the brain , such as infection ( urinary tract infection , pneumonia ) or drug effects , particularly anticholinergics or other CNS depressants ( benzodiazepines and opioids ) . Although hallucinations and delusions are sometimes present in delirium , these are not required for the diagnosis , and the symptoms of delirium are clinically distinct from those induced by psychosis or hallucinogens ( with the exception of deliriants . ) Delirium must by definition be caused by an organic process , i.e. , a physically identifiable structural , functional , or chemical problem in the brain ( see organic brain syndrome ) , and thus , fluctuations of mentation due to changes in purely psychiatric processes or diseases , such as sudden psychosis from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder , are ( by definition ) not termed delirium . Like its components ( inability to focus attention , mental confusion and various impairments in awareness and temporal and spatial orientation ) , delirium is the common manifestation of new organic brain dysfunction ( for any reason ) . Delirium requires both a sudden change in mentation , and an organic cause for this .   Delirium may be difficult to diagnose without the proper establishment a person 's usual mental function . Without careful assessment and history , delirium can easily be confused with a number of psychiatric disorders or long term organic brain syndromes , because many of the signs and symptoms of delirium are conditions also present in dementia , depression , and psychosis . Delirium may newly appear on a background of mental illness , baseline intellectual disability , or dementia , without being due to any of these problems .   Treatment of delirium requires treating the underlying cause , and multi-component interventions are thought to be most effective . In some cases , temporary or palliative or symptomatic treatments are used to comfort the person or to allow other care ( for example , a person who , without understanding , is trying to pull out a ventilation tube that is required for survival ) . Delirium is probably the single most common acute disorder affecting adults in general hospitals . It affects 10-20 % of all hospitalized adults , and 30-40 % of elderly who are hospitalized and up to 80 % of those in ICU . Among those requiring critical care , delirium is a risk for death within the next year . Antipsychotics are not supported for the treatment or prevention of delirium among those who are in hospital . When delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal , benzodiazepines are typically used .

The 1953 Iranian coup d'état , known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup , was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953 , orchestrated by the United Kingdom ( under the name `` Operation Boot '' ) and the United States ( under the name TPAJAX Project , or `` Operation Ajax '' ) .   Mossadegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ( AIOC ) , a British corporation ( now part of BP ) and to limit the company 's control over Iranian petroleum reserves . Upon the refusal of the AIOC to co-operate with the Iranian government , the parliament ( Majlis ) voted to nationalize Iran 's oil industry and to expel foreign corporate representatives from the country . After this vote , Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically . Initially , Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the British-built Abadan oil refinery , then the world 's largest , but Prime Minister Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott while using Iranian agents to undermine Mosaddegh 's government . Winston Churchill and the Eisenhower administration decided to overthrow Iran 's government , though the predecessor Truman administration had opposed a coup . Classified documents show that British intelligence officials played a pivotal role in initiating and planning the coup , and that the AIOC contributed $ 25,000 towards the expense of bribing officials . In August 2013 , 60 years after , the American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) admitted that it was in charge of both the planning and the execution of the coup , including the bribing of Iranian politicians , security and army high-ranking officials , as well as pro-coup propaganda . The CIA is quoted acknowledging the coup was carried out `` under CIA direction '' and `` as an act of U.S. foreign policy , conceived and approved at the highest levels of government '' .   Following the coup in 1953 , a government under General Fazlollah Zahedi was formed which allowed Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi , the Shah of Iran ( Persian for an Iranian king ) , to rule more firmly as monarch . He relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power . According to the CIA 's declassified documents and records , some of the most feared mobsters in Tehran were hired by the CIA to stage pro-Shah riots on 19 August . Other CIA-paid men were brought into Tehran in buses and trucks , and took over the streets of the city . Between 200 and 300 people were killed because of the conflict . Mosaddegh was arrested , tried and convicted of treason by the Shah 's military court . On 21 December 1953 , he was sentenced to three years in jail , then placed under house arrest for the remainder of his life . Other Mosaddegh supporters were imprisoned , and several received the death penalty . After the coup , the Shah continued his rule as monarch for the next 26 years until he was overthrown in the Iranian Revolution in 1979 .

Demography ( from prefix demo - from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning `` the people '' , and - graphy from γράφω graphō , implies `` writing , description or measurement '' ) is the statistical study of populations , especially human beings . As a very general science , it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population , i.e. , one that changes over time or space ( see population dynamics ) . Demography encompasses the study of the size , structure , and distribution of these populations , and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth , migration , ageing , and death . Based on the demographic research of the earth , earth 's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers . Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population .   Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education , nationality , religion , and ethnicity . Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology , though there are a number of independent demography departments .   Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes , while the broader field of social demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic , social , cultural , and biological processes influencing a population .


Question: According to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013, as well as assessments published by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in both 2017 and 2018, there's compelling evidence suggesting human activities have predominantly driven climate change trends witnessed from the middle part of the twentieth century onwards.

 **Human Influence Dominant Cause of Observed Warming**
According to multiple authoritative assessments, notably those conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, along with comprehensive analyses presented by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) in both 2017 and 2018, there exists overwhelming evidence pointing to human actions as the predominant catalyst behind the significant rise in temperatures witnessed globally since the middle of the twentieth century.
Established in response to requests from nations around the globe, the IPCC serves as a pivotal organization within the framework of the United Nations, committed to delivering unbiased, scientifically grounded insights into issues surrounding climate change and its multifaceted implications across political and economic spectrums. Initially formed via collaboration among key entities—the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)—and subsequently reinforced by unanimous endorsement from the United Nations General Assembly, membership remains accessible to any country affiliated with either founding institution.
In alignment with directives outlined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the central legal instrument addressing challenges posed by climate change, the IPCC diligently compiles extensive documentation aimed at elucidating "the scientific foundations underlying risks associated with human-driven alterations to atmospheric conditions," alongside exploring feasible strategies for mitigating adverse effects and adapting effectively to inevitable changes.
It’s crucial to recognize that while the IPCC plays no direct role in conducting independent investigations or directly overseeing surveillance mechanisms tracking climatological trends, its findings rest solidly upon meticulously scrutinized data sourced predominantly from peer-reviewed publications coupled occasionally with credible non-peer-reviewed materials.
Contributions pour forth generously—on entirely voluntary grounds—from countless professionals spanning diverse disciplines who dedicate themselves tirelessly to crafting detailed narratives; these drafts undergo rigorous scrutiny imposed collectively by governmental representatives hailing from myriad jurisdictions encompassing upwards of 120 distinct territories.
Ultimately culminating in the formulation of concise summaries tailored specifically for policymakers’ perusal, each iteration undergoes meticulous examination ensuring every phrase resonates harmoniously amongst delegations representing varied sovereign states before attaining final form. Through this collaborative endeavor, the IPCC establishes itself unequivocally as a preeminent arbiter commanding universal respect concerning matters pertaining to climate science, consistently generating consensus-backed evaluations reflecting expert opinion garnered from premier researchers coupled seamlessly with endorsements secured unanimously amidst gatherings comprising representatives drawn extensively throughout planetary governance structures. Notably recognized during proceedings conferring accolades constituting components integral to awarding laurels bestowed jointly onto recipients embodying exemplars

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .

The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research ( LTRR ) was established in 1937 by A.E. Douglass , founder of the modern science of dendrochronology . The LTRR is a research unit in the College of Science at the University of Arizona in Tucson . Since its founding , visiting scholars and faculty at the lab have done notable work in the areas of climate change , fire history , ecology , archeology and hydrology .

Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past . It is sometimes referred to as landscape archaeology . It was first recognised as a separate area of study during the 20th century and uses evidence and approaches from other disciplines including archaeology , architecture , ecology , aerial photography , local history and historical geography .

The labor force is the actual number of people available for work . The labor force of a country includes both the employed and the unemployed . The labor force participation rate , LFPR ( or economic activity rate , EAR ) , is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort ( national population of the same age range ) .   The unemployment rate in the United States is estimated by a household survey called the Current Population Survey , conducted monthly by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics . The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the size of the workforce and multiplying that number by 100 , where an unemployed person is defined as a person not currently employed but actively seeking work . The size of the workforce is defined as those employed plus those unemployed .   By BLS definitions , the labor force is the following : `` Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions ( for example , penal and mental facilities , homes for the aged ) , and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces . ''   The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort ( national population of the same age range ) . In the West during the later half of the 20th century , the labor force participation rate increased significantly , largely due to the increasing number of women entering the workplace .

Reporters Without Borders ( RWB ) , or Reporters Sans Frontières ( RSF ) , is an international non-profit , non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press . The organization , with a head office in Paris , France , has consultant status at the United Nations .   Reporters Without Borders has two primary spheres of activity : one is focused on Internet censorship and the new media , and the other on providing material , financial and psychological assistance to journalists assigned to dangerous areas . Its missions are to :  continuously monitor attacks on freedom of information worldwide ;  denounce any such attacks in the media ;  act in cooperation with governments to fight censorship and laws aimed at restricting freedom of information ;  morally and financially assist persecuted journalists , as well as their families ; and  offer material assistance to war correspondents in order to enhance their safety .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

A landfill site ( also known as a tip , dump , rubbish dump , garbage dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden ) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste treatment ( although the burial part is modern ; historically , refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits ) . Historically , landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world .   Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes , such as the temporary storage , consolidation and transfer , or processing of waste material ( sorting , treatment , or recycling ) .   A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials , so that it can be used for a specific purpose , such as for building houses . Unless they are stabilized , these areas may experience severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake .

Results-based management ( RBM ) is a management strategy which uses feedback loops to achieve strategic goals . All people and organisations ( actors ) who contribute directly or indirectly to the result , map out their business processes , products and services , showing how they contribute to the outcome . This outcome may be a physical output , a change , an impact or a contribution to a higher level goal . Information ( evidence ) of the actual results is used for accountability , reporting and to feedback into the design , resourcing and delivery of projects and operational activities .   Results Based Management is an example of a strategic control mechanism . It has been shown to have strong similarities in its design and use to the third-generation balanced scorecard .

A refugee camp is a temporary settlement built to receive refugees and people in refugee-like situations . Refugee camps usually accommodate displaced persons who have fled their home country , but there are also camps for internally displaced persons . Usually refugees seek asylum after they 've escaped war in their home countries , but some camps also house environmental - and economic migrants . Camps with over a hundred thousand people are common , but as of 2012 the average-sized camp housed around 11,400 . They are usually built and run by a government , the United Nations , international organizations ( such as the International Committee of the Red Cross ) , or NGOs . There are also unofficial refugee camps , like Idomeni in Greece or the Calais jungle in France , where refugees are largely left without support of governments or international organizations .   Refugee camps generally develop in an impromptu fashion with the aim of meeting basic human needs for only a short time . Facilities that make a camp look or feel more permanent are often prohibited by host country governments . If the return of refugees is prevented ( often by civil war ) , a humanitarian crisis can result or continue .   According to UNHCR , the majority of refugees worldwide do not live in refugee camps . At the end of 2015 , some 67 per cent of refugees around the world lived in individual , private accommodations . This can be partly explained by the high number of Syrian refugees renting apartments in urban agglomerations across the Middle East . Worldwide , slightly over a quarter ( 25.4 % ) of refugees was reported to be living in planned/managed camps . At the end of 2015 , about 56 per cent of the total refugee population in rural locations resided in a planned/managed camp , compared with 2 per cent who resided in individual accommodation . In urban locations , the overwhelming majority ( 99 per cent ) of refugees lived in individual accommodations , compared with less than 1 per cent who lived in a planned/managed camp . A small percentage of refugees also live in collective centers , transit camps and in self-settled camps .   In spite of the fact that 74 percent of refugees are in urban areas , the service delivery model of international humanitarian aid agencies remains focused on the establishment and operation of refugee camps .

100,000,000 Guinea Pigs : Dangers in Everyday Foods , Drugs , and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F.J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America . Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like . Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being `` written in the interest of the consumer , who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig ... ''


Question: According to reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013, as well as assessments conducted by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in both 2017 and 2018, there's very high confidence that anthropogenic activities have primarily driven climate change trends witnessed post World War II era. This consensus highlights humans' significant role in shaping contemporary climatic conditions through various industrial practices contributing substantially to greenhouse gas emissions over several decades now.

 Anthropogenic Influence on Climate Change: Evidence & Projections
The overwhelming consensus across leading scientific bodies confirms that human actions significantly contribute to recent climate trends, particularly evident after World War II. According to authoritative reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2013, along with U.S.-based assessments published in 2017 and 2018 under the auspices of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), there’s compelling proof that "it is virtually certain" human impact—chiefly through greenhouse gas discharges—is the prime mover behind escalating temperatures witnessed globally post-mid twentieth-century.
Greenhouse gases emitted predominantly via burning coal, oil, and gas trap additional solar radiation within earth's lower atmosphere causing what scientists term “global warming.” Models project varying degrees of temperature increases throughout this millennium depending upon society’s collective response; ranging minimally +0.3°C up-to-maximally+4.8°C under high-emission scenarios compared against baseline conditions prior industrial revolution (~pre-1850).
Climate models predict diverse outcomes across different geographical zones reflecting unique local ecologies impacted differently yet universally experiencing some form severe disruption attributable directly indirectly anthropogenically induced alterations atmospheric composition resulting excessive accumulation GHGs. Expected phenomena encompass intensified frequency intensity extreme weather occurrences - hurricanes/floods/droughts/heatwaves/cold snaps etc., alongside accelerated glacial retreat, thawing tundra, shrinking sea ice coverage especially pronounced Arctic regions. Terrestrial aquatic ecosystems face mounting pressure survival owing altered thermal profiles threatening native flora fauna existence viability.
Humanity confronts daunting challenges necessitating urgent action mitigate exacerbating circumstances whilst simultaneously adapting safeguard vulnerable communities infrastructure susceptible adverse consequences arising unabated planetary heating. Proposed strategies encompass curbing emissions drastically transitioning renewable energy sources, enhancing resilience critical services prone disruptions, exploring innovative geoengineering techniques counterbalance ongoing deleterious influences exerted mankind's relentless exploitation finite natural resources without regard long-term sustainability ecological balance.
International cooperation pivotal addressing universal predicament embodied climate crisis. Virtually every nation endorses principles enshrined United Nations Framework Convention Climate Change (UNFCCC). Signatories committed achieving substantial reductions harmful pollutants ensuring global mean temperature increment remains capped far below threshold 2°C relative preindustrial benchmarks aiming restrict maximum permissible deviation even tighter margin 1.5 °C whenever feasible practical considerations permit.
Public awareness apprehension regarding looming specter irreversible damage wrought unchecked greenhouse effect steadily growing momentum reflected cross-cultural surveys revealing majority respondents perceive imminent peril requiring immediate attention

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

The Research Department is a unit in the IDF Directorate of Military Intelligence ( Aman ) that serves as the national assessor of intelligence in the State of Israel .   The Research Department 's principal roles involve the analysis of information gathered by Aman 's collection units and from the Intelligence Community at large ; and forming tactical , strategic , and operative assessments , as well as reporting on the likelihood of war , and presenting these to military and political decisionmakers , including the Prime Minister .   The Research Department is the most established , senior research branch in the Intelligence Community , and works closely with the research bodies of Mossad , Shabak , as well as those of the Airforce and Naval intelligence agencies , the regional command 's intelligence research branches and other intelligence entities from the IDF , the Security Forces , and the military industries and development bodies . It has an available reserve of human resources it can draw upon from among active-service soldiers .   The Department 's activities are not limited to classical military intelligence research ( i.e. purely military matters concerning hostile countries ) , but engages in a state , economic , industrial-developmental , internal security , and political areas which often do not have an immediate , literal military meaning . Israel is the only liberal-democracy in the world where military intelligence is charged with assessing the intelligence map on a national , military , and state levels , and there have been repeated calls to transfer some of these roles from the Research Department to a civilian body , such as the National Security Council , as is the case in the United States . The Department is currently led by Brigadier-General Itay Brun .

Residential segregation in the United States is the physical separation of two or more groups into different neighborhoods , or a form of segregation that `` sorts population groups into various neighborhood contexts and shapes the living environment at the neighborhood level . '' While it has traditionally been associated with racial segregation , it generally refers to any kind of sorting based on some criteria populations ( e.g. race , ethnicity , income ) .   While overt segregation is illegal in the United States , housing patterns show significant and persistent segregation for certain races and income groups . The history of American social and public policies , like Jim Crow laws and Federal Housing Administration 's early redlining policies , set the tone for segregation in housing . Trends in residential segregation are attributed to suburbanization , discrimination , and personal preferences . Residential segregation produces negative socioeconomic outcomes for minority groups . Public policies for housing attempt to promote integration and mitigate these negative effects .

Reviews of Modern Physics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society . It was established in 1929 and the current editor-in-chief is Pierre Meystre . The journal publishes review articles , usually by established researchers , on all aspects of physics and related fields . The reviews are usually accessible to non-specialists and serve as introductory material to graduate students , which survey recent work , discuss key problems to be solved and provide perspectives toward the end . RMP is arguably one of the most , if not the most , prestigious , authoritative and highly impacting journals in the field of physics . Its most recent impact factor for 2015 is 33.177 with a 5-year impact factor of 46.681 .

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo . The embargo occurred in response to United States ' support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War .  By the end of the embargo in March 1974 , the price of oil had risen from US$ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; US prices were significantly higher . The embargo caused an oil crisis , or `` shock '' , with many short - and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . It was later called the `` first oil shock '' , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the `` second oil shock . ''

Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post , in 1972 , about the involvement of U.S. President Richard Nixon 's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal . In 2005 , 31 years after Nixon 's resignation and 11 years after Nixon 's death , a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat . Felt was suffering from dementia at the time and had previously denied being Deep Throat , but Woodward and Bernstein confirmed the attorney 's claim .

Department is an organizational term used by the U.S. Army , mostly prior to World War I , to describe named geographical districts created for control and administration of installations and units . In 1920 , most of the named departments were redesignated as numbered Corps Areas . However , the Hawaiian , Panama Canal , and Philippine Departments retained their old names . In 1939 , the Puerto Rican Department was created and in May 1941 the Panama Canal and Puerto Rican Departments were combined as the Caribbean Defense Command , although each was still referred to as a department .

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( also referred to as the BP oil spill , the BP oil disaster , the Gulf of Mexico oil spill , and the Macondo blowout ) began on April 20 , 2010 , in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect . Killing eleven people , it is considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 % to 31 % larger in volume than the previous largest , the Ixtoc I oil spill . The US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 Moilbbl . After several failed efforts to contain the flow , the well was declared sealed on September 19 , 2010 . Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking .   A massive response ensued to protect beaches , wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships , floating booms , controlled burns and 1.84 e6USgal of Corexit oil dispersant . Due to the months-long spill , along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities , extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported . In Louisiana , 4900000 lb of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013 , over double the amount collected in 2012 . Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013 . Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay , where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand . In 2013 it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate . One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill .   Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill . Notably , the U.S. government 's September 2011 report pointed to defective cement on the well , faulting mostly BP , but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton . Earlier in 2011 , a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system , but also concluded that the spill resulted from `` systemic '' root causes and `` absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies , might well recur '' .   In November 2012 , BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter , two misdemeanors , and a felony count of lying to Congress . BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics , and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the US government . BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $ 4.525 billion in fines and other payments . As of February 2013 , criminal and civil settlements and payments to a trust fund had cost the company $ 42.2 billion .   In September 2014 , a U.S. District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct .   In July 2015 , BP agreed to pay $ 18.7 billion in fines , the largest corporate settlement in U.S. history .

The Report of Anton R. Valukas is an examination into the demise of Lehman Brothers , a formerly dominant global financial institution , that collapsed into bankruptcy during the Financial crisis of 2007-2010 . Anton Valukas , chairman of the Chicago law firm Jenner & Block , was appointed by a bankruptcy court in New York in early 2009 to report on the causes of the Lehman bankruptcy . With fellow authors , he produced a 2200 page document detailing their views on the inner workings of Lehman Brothers , and possible avenues for proceedings against culpable directors and shareholders . The Valukas Report was made public following applications to the court on March 11 , 2010 .

The relationship between race and genetics is relevant to the controversy concerning race classification . In everyday life many societies classify populations into groups based on phenotypical traits and impressions of probable geographic ancestry and socio-economic status -- these are the groups usually called `` races '' in countries like the United States . Because the patterns of variation of human genetic traits can be both abrupt and clinal , with a gradual change in trait frequency between population clusters , it is possible to statistically correlate clusters of physical traits with individual geographic ancestry . The frequencies of alleles tend to form clusters where populations live closely together and interact over periods of time . This is due to endogamy within kin groups and lineages or national , cultural or linguistic boundaries . This causes genetic clusters to correlate statistically with population groups when a number of alleles are evaluated .   In a similar way , genetic analysis enables us to determine the geographic ancestry of a person pinpointing the migrational history of a person 's ancestors with a high degree of accuracy , and by inference the probable racial category into which they will be classified in a given society . In that way there is a distinct statistical correlation between gene frequencies and racial categories . However , because all populations are genetically diverse , and because there is a complex relation between ancestry , genetic makeup and phenotype , and because racial categories are based on subjective evaluations of the traits , it is not the case that there are any specific genes , that can be used to determine a person 's race .   Most physical anthropologists consider race to be primarily a social category that does not correspond significantly with biological variation , but some anthropologists , particularly forensic anthropologists , consider race a useful biological category . They argue that it is possible to determine race from physical remains with a reasonable degree of certainty ; what is identified is the geographic phenotype . Medical practitioners also sometimes argue that racial categories can be used successfully as proxies to assess risk of those different heritable illnesses that occur with different frequencies among populations of different geographic ancestries . Others argue that this use may be problematic because it risks underestimating risks of individuals from ethno-racial categories that are not considered high-risk , and to overestimate the risk in populations that are , resulting in stigmatization .