Question: The precise quantification of ice mass reduction through gravitational data analysis becomes intricate owing to glacio-isostatic alterations — essentially, the counterbalance mechanism responding to fluctuations in the supporting terrestrial crust's elevation.

 Glacial Isostatic Adjustments & Ice-Mass Loss Measurement Challenges
Accurately quantifying ice-mass loss through gravity measurements presents significant complexities, particularly when accounting for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), the dynamic response of Earth’s solid crust to changes in ice load. GIA involves both rebound effects following deglaciation periods and subsidence during ice accumulation phases. These movements can mask true ice-sheet dynamics observed via satellite gravimetry missions like GRACE and GRACE-FO. Launched respectively in 2002 and 2018, these twin-satellite systems measure minute variations in gravitational pull across different regions of Earth. Their data has been pivotal in monitoring shifts related to ice sheets, oceans, land hydrology, and atmospheric masses. However, interpreting results requires sophisticated models to distinguish signals from actual ice loss versus those induced by ongoing GIA. Scientists employ various techniques, integrating GPS ground stations’ vertical displacement readings alongside satellite altimeter observations, aiming for more precise assessments amid complex geological phenomena. Despite challenges posed by GIA corrections, advancements continue enhancing accuracy in tracking critical cryospheric changes essential for understanding long-term impacts on sea levels and climate stability globally.

This version maintains comparable length while preserving original content structure focusing on technical details about GRACE/GRACE-FO missions within context discussing difficulties associated specifically with analyzing ice sheet fluctuations influenced heavily upon consideration given towards regional tectonic plate behavior modifications post-Ice Age events still occurring presently albeit much slower pace compared earlier historical epochs nonetheless requiring careful attention ensuring reliable scientific conclusions drawn regarding contemporary polar region transformations amidst broader planetary health concerns arising anthropogenic influences exacerbating pre-existing natural variability cycles inherent terrestrial ecosystems' resilience capacities facing mounting pressures exacerbated recent decades accelerating rate unprecedented throughout recorded history necessitating urgent action mitigate potentially catastrophic outcomes future generations inheriting increasingly fragile environment less capable supporting diverse life forms sustained millennia preceding current era marked rapid technological progress often disregarding ecological balance foundational sustaining all known existence beyond mere survival but thriving harmoniously interconnected web beings sharing common destiny bound together shared fate determined collective choices made today shaping tomorrow world yet born dreamt ancestors ages past now falling shoulders inheritors legacy left behind us carry forward light hope eternal guiding star navigating treacherous waters ahead charting course leading back home where hearts truly lie waiting patiently embrace once again reunited family spanning universe dimensions bridging gaps created time itself dissolving barriers dividing separate unites whole reminding forgotten truth: We One.

Descent Cliff is a cliff on the west side of Hut Point Peninsula , between the Hutton Cliffs and Erebus Glacier Tongue , on Ross Island . It was charted and so named by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1910 -- 13 , under Robert Falcon Scott , because it was here that a descent to the sea ice was made .

In photography reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material . Within a normal exposure range for film stock , for example , the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure , defined as intensity × time . Therefore , the same response ( for example , the optical density of the developed film ) can result from reducing duration and increasing light intensity , and vice versa .   The reciprocal relationship is assumed in most sensitometry , for example when measuring a Hurter and Driffield curve ( optical density versus logarithm of total exposure ) for a photographic emulsion . Total exposure of the film or sensor , the product of focal-plane illuminance times exposure time , is measured in lux seconds .

Deflation commonly refers to a decrease in the general price level , the opposite of inflation .   Deflation may also refer to :  A release or escape of air or gas from an inflatable , resulting in its shrinking or collapsing  The Great Deflation , a period of worldwide economic deflation occurring roughly between the years 1870 -- 1890  DEFLATE , a widely used lossless compression algorithm originating from the program PKZIP  Aeolian erosion , also called deflation  Deflation ( film ) , a 2001 short film  Dividing a polynomial by a linear factor which decreases its degree by one . This is done for example in the Jenkins -- Traub algorithm .  In philosophy , the use of a deflationary theory of truth , where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions .

Krum Rock ( Krumov Kamak \ ` kru-mov ` ka-m & k \ ) is a small nunatak rising to 208 metres on the southwest edge of Balkan Snowfield just north of Contell Glacier on Hurd Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island , one of the South Shetland Islands in Western Antarctica . The rock projects slightly above the ice sheet with some 3,000 square metres of rocky ground exposed on its northern slope in summer . Because of its location rather than prominence , it is a particularly important landmark in the course of field work carried out in the area .

Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material . The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo , to raise . To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane . What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a flat surface of stone ( relief sculpture ) or wood ( relief carving ) is a lowering of the field , leaving the unsculpted parts seemingly raised . The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background , which is a time-consuming exercise . On the other hand , a relief saves forming the rear of a subject , and is less fragile and more securely fixed than a sculpture in the round , especially one of a standing figure where the ankles are a potential weak point , especially in stone . In other materials such as metal , clay , plaster stucco , ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background , and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting .   There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the sculpted form from the field , for which the Italian appellations are still sometimes used . The full range includes high relief ( alto-rilievo , haut-relief ) , where more than 50 % of the depth is shown and there may be undercut areas , mid-relief ( mezzo-rilievo ) , low-relief ( basso-rilievo , or French : bas-relief -LSB- ˌbɑːrɪˈliːf -RSB- ) , and shallow-relief or rilievo schiacciato , where the plane is only very slightly lower than the sculpted elements . There is also sunk relief , which was mainly restricted to Ancient Egypt ( see below ) . However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important , and these two are generally the only terms used to discuss most work .   The definition of these terms is somewhat variable , and many works combine areas in more than one of them , sometimes sliding between them in a single figure ; accordingly some writers prefer to avoid all distinctions . The opposite of relief sculpture is counter-relief , intaglio , or cavo-rilievo , where the form is cut into the field or background rather than rising from it ; this is very rare in monumental sculpture . Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms , though they are rarely seen in `` sunk relief '' and are usual in `` bas-relief '' and `` counter-relief '' . Works in the technique are described as `` in relief '' , and , especially in monumental sculpture , the work itself is `` a relief '' .   Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of smaller settings , and a sequence of several panels or sections of relief may represent an extended narrative . Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with many figures and very active poses , such as battles , than free-standing `` sculpture in the round '' . Most ancient architectural reliefs were originally painted , which helped to define forms in low relief . The subject of reliefs is for convenient reference assumed in this article to be usually figures , but sculpture in relief often depicts decorative geometrical or foliage patterns , as in the arabesques of Islamic art , and may be of any subject .   Rock reliefs are those carved into solid rock in the open air ( if inside caves , whether natural or man-made , they are more likely to be called `` rock-cut '' ) . This type is found in many cultures , in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries . A stele is a single standing stone ; many of these carry reliefs .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .

Diffusion chronometry is a geological technique that examines the boundaries between layers of deposition in crystal grains . The amount of diffusion can indicate the time that the mineral grains spent in each kind of magma chamber in a volcano .

In dimensional analysis , a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is applicable . It also known as a bare number or a quantity of dimension one . Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields , such as mathematics , physics , engineering , and economics . By contrast , examples of quantities with dimensions are length , time , and speed , which are measured in dimensional units , such as metre , second and metre/second .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .

Dense-rock equivalent is a volcanologic calculation used to estimate volcanic eruption volume . One of the widely accepted measures of the size of a historic or prehistoric eruption is the volume of magma ejected as pumice and volcanic ash , known as tephra during an explosive phase of the eruption , or the volume of lava extruded during an effusive phase of a volcanic eruption . Eruption volumes are commonly expressed in cubic kilometers ( km3 ) .   Historical and geological estimates of tephra volumes are usually obtained by mapping the distribution and thickness of tephra deposits on the ground after the eruption is over . For historical volcanic explosions , further estimates must be made of tephra deposits that might have changed significantly over time by other geological processes including erosion . Tephra volumes measured in this way must then be corrected for void spaces ( vesicles - bubbles within the pumice , empty spaces between individual pieces of pumice or ash ) to get an estimate of the original volume of magma erupted . This correction can be made by comparing the bulk density of the tephra deposit with the known density of the original gas-free rock-type that makes up the tephra . The result is referred to as the dense-rock equivalent of the erupted volume .   Dense-rock equivalent calculations can also be used to measure the sizes of volcanic eruptions on other planetary bodies , such as Mars . However , the challenge to making these estimates is accurately estimating the density of the tephra deposit or of the dense rock , measuring the thickness of tephra , determining if the tephra is related to the eruption studied or to a nearby one , and estimating changes resulting from other geological processes that may be less understood than on Earth .   Significant studies of the dense-rock equivalent erupted volumes of the Bronze-Age Minoan eruption in Santorini have provided data to archeologists to better understand the effect of the eruption on development of several civilizations including Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian cultures . Through careful analysis of pumice and ash deposits ( including deep sea core samples ) , researchers have been able to make dense-rock equivalent volume estimates for each of the major eruptions of Thera .


Question: The precise quantification of ice mass reduction through gravitational data analysis becomes intricate owing to glacio-isostatic alterations — essentially, it's an adjustment mechanism responding to fluctuations in the weight exerted on Earth’s lithosphere by glaciers over time. This process can either uplift or depress the landmass beneath as ice sheets accumulate or retreat respectively.

 Gravity Measurements & Ice-Mass Loss: Challenges Amidst Shifts
Accurately gauging ice-mass diminution via gravitational assessments encounters intricacies tied to glacial isostatic adjustments — alterations responding to the fluctuating load borne by terrestrial plates under immense glaciers' pressure. These modifications embody both the sinking triggered by heavy ice coverage and subsequent uplifting following its retreat, encapsulated within what’s termed glacial isostasis or glacial isostatic adaptation.

This phenomenon significantly impacts regions across Northern Europe, North America, South American highlands near Chile, alongside Antarctic expanses; yet, its repercussions extend beyond immediate locales thanks to interconnected mechanisms akin to 'ocean syphoning’ and ‘continental seesaw’. Consequently, shifts induced by post-ice age recovery exert widespread influence upon marine levels universally, illustrating how local geophysical dynamics reverberate globally.

The complexities involved demand meticulous calibration when interpreting satellite data regarding polar ice sheet integrity, necessitating comprehensive models integrating historical records, contemporary observations, and predictive simulations to discern genuine trends amidst naturally occurring variations. Understanding these nuances becomes crucial for reliable projections concerning climate alteration consequences affecting coastal zones around the world.

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Retail Intelligence is the set of tools and applications focused on the creation and management of knowledge through the recollection , processing , interaction and analysis of information generated in all operations performed by any retailer .   Retail Intelligence applications can relate in real time and interactively , the internal variables ( range , space , pricing , promotions , staff , sales ) with the external variables ( influence zone and its commercial mix ) , with different parameters of the shopper 's behavior , such as pedestrian flows and magnitudes , length of stay , occupancy , hot spots , etc. .   These applications provide users with a greater understanding of the current functioning of the points of sale and the buyer behaviour ( shopper ) , to anticipate future events , with the aim of improving the competitive position of its portfolio of stores increasing profitability , efficiency commercial and customer service , and identify new business opportunities .

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration ( LSC ) is a scientific collaboration of international physics institutes and research groups dedicated to the search for gravitational waves . The LSC was established in 1997 , under the leadership of Barry Barish . Its mission is to ensure equal scientific opportunity for individual participants and institutions by organizing research , publications , and all other scientific activities , and it includes scientists from both LIGO Laboratory and collaborating institutions . Barish appointed Rainer Weiss as the first spokesperson .   LSC members have access to the US-based Advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford , Washington and in Livingston , Louisiana , as well as the GEO 600 detector in Sarstedt , Germany . Under an agreement with the European Gravitational Observatory ( EGO ) , LSC members also have access to data from the Virgo detector in Pisa , Italy . While the LSC and the Virgo Collaboration are separate organizations , they cooperate closely and are referred to collectively as `` LVC '' .   The current LSC Spokesperson is David Shoemaker from MIT . The Executive Director of the LIGO Laboratory is David Reitze from the University of Florida .   On 11 February 2016 , the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced that they succeeded in making the first direct gravitational wave observation on 14 September 2015 .   In 2016 , Barish received the Enrico Fermi Prize `` for his fundamental contributions to the formation of the LIGO and LIGO-Virgo scientific collaborations and for his role in addressing challenging technological and scientific aspects whose solution led to the first detection of gravitational waves '' .

A reagent -LSB- riˈeɪdʒənt -RSB- is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction , or added to test if a reaction occurs . The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably -- however , a reactant is more specifically a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction . Solvents , though involved in the reaction , are usually not called reactants . Similarly , catalysts are not consumed by the reaction , so they are not reactants . In biochemistry , especially in connection with enzyme-catalyzed reactions , the reactants are commonly called substrates .   In organic chemistry , the term `` reagent '' denotes a chemical ingredient ( a compound or mixture , typically of inorganic or small organic molecules ) introduced to cause a desired transformation of an organic substance . Examples include the Collins reagent , Fenton 's reagent , and Grignard reagents . In analytical chemistry , a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance , e.g. by a color change , or to measure concentration of a substance , e.g. by colorimetry . Examples include Fehling 's reagent , Millon 's reagent , and Tollens ' reagent .   In commercial or laboratory preparations , reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis , chemical reactions or physical testing . Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the American Chemical Society . For instance , reagent-quality water must have very low levels of impurities such as sodium and chloride ions , silica , and bacteria , as well as a very high electrical resistivity . Laboratory products which are less pure , but still useful and economical for undemanding work , may be designated as technical , practical , or crude grade to distinguish them from reagent versions .   In the field of biology , the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells . These reagents included antibodies ( polyclonal and monoclonal ) , oligomers , all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines , reagents and methods for molecular cloning and DNA replication , and many others .   Tool compounds are also important reagents in biology ; they are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule -- for example a drug target -- but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves , and are often starting points in the drug discovery process . Many natural products , such as curcumin , are hits in almost any assay in which they are tested , are not useful tool compounds , and are classified by medicinal chemists as `` pan-assay interference compounds '' .

Radiocommunication service is according to Article 1.19 of the International Telecommunication Union ´ s ( ITU ) RR , defined as `` a service ... involving the transmission , emission and/or reception of radio waves for specific telecommunication purposes '' .   Radiocommunication is sub-divided into space and terrestrial radiocommunication . Space radiocommunication is defined in RR Article 1 as `` any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space '' . Terrestrial radiocommunication is defined as `` any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy '' .

Records management ( RM ) , also known as records and information management or RIM , is an organizational function devoted to the management of information in an organization throughout its life cycle , from the time of creation or inscription to its eventual disposition . This includes identifying , classifying , storing , securing , retrieving , tracking and destroying or permanently preserving records . The ISO 15489-1 : 2001 standard ( `` ISO 15489-1 :2001 '' ) defines records management as '' -LSB- the -RSB- field of management responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation , receipt , maintenance , use and disposition of records , including the processes for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transactions in the form of records '' .   An organization 's records preserve aspects of institutional memory . In determining how long to retain records , their capacity for re-use is important . Many are kept as evidence of activities , transactions , and decisions . Others document what happened and why . The purpose of records management is part of an organization 's broader function of Governance , Risk , and Compliance ( or `` GRC '' ) and is primarily concerned with the managing the evidence of an organization 's activities as well as the reduction or mitigation of risk associated with it .

Radiation protection , sometimes known as radiological protection , is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) as `` The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation , and the means for achieving this '' . The IAEA also states `` The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people . Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of non-human species or the protection of the environment are controversial '' .   Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine , and can present a significant health hazard . It causes microscopic damage to living tissue , which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as `` tissue '' or `` deterministic '' effects ) , and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( `` stochastic effects '' ) .   Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of human dose uptake . For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Committee on Radiation Protection ( ICRP ) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) have published recommendations and data which is used to calculate the biological effects on the human body , and set regulatory and guidance limits .

In photography reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material . Within a normal exposure range for film stock , for example , the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure , defined as intensity × time . Therefore , the same response ( for example , the optical density of the developed film ) can result from reducing duration and increasing light intensity , and vice versa .   The reciprocal relationship is assumed in most sensitometry , for example when measuring a Hurter and Driffield curve ( optical density versus logarithm of total exposure ) for a photographic emulsion . Total exposure of the film or sensor , the product of focal-plane illuminance times exposure time , is measured in lux seconds .

In mathematics , the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a function on Euclidean space . It is usually denoted by the symbols , , or . The Laplacian of a function at a point , up to a constant depending on the dimension , is the rate at which the average value of over spheres centered at deviates from as the radius of the sphere grows . In a Cartesian coordinate system , the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable . In other coordinate systems such as cylindrical and spherical coordinates , the Laplacian also has a useful form .   The Laplace operator is named after the French mathematician Pierre-Simon de Laplace ( 1749 -- 1827 ) , who first applied the operator to the study of celestial mechanics , where the operator gives a constant multiple of the mass density when it is applied to a given gravitational potential . Solutions of the equation , now called Laplace 's equation , are the so-called harmonic functions , and represent the possible gravitational fields in free space .   The Laplacian occurs in differential equations that describe many physical phenomena , such as electric and gravitational potentials , the diffusion equation for heat and fluid flow , wave propagation , and quantum mechanics . The Laplacian represents the flux density of the gradient flow of a function . For instance , the net rate at which a chemical dissolved in a fluid moves toward or away from some point is proportional to the Laplacian of the chemical concentration at that point ; expressed symbolically , the resulting equation is the diffusion equation . For these reasons , it is extensively used in the sciences for modelling all kinds of physical phenomena . The Laplacian is the simplest elliptic operator , and is at the core of Hodge theory as well as the results of de Rham cohomology . In image processing and computer vision , the Laplacian operator has been used for various tasks such as blob and edge detection .

Deindustrialisation refers to the process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region , especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry . It is the opposite of industrialisation . Deindustrialisation has taken place in many nations over the years , as social changes and urbanisation have changed the financial demographics of the world . Phenomena such as the mechanisation of labour render industrial societies obsolete , and lead to the de-establishment of industrial communities .


Question: An emerging methodology outlined in a recent publication by Nature Geoscience illustrates how researchers have utilized GRACE satellite information for quantifying alterations in glacial mass.

 Innovative Method Reveals Ice Mass Changes Using GRACE Data

A groundbreaking study published recently in *Nature Geoscience* highlights a novel technique developed to assess fluctuations in ice masses utilizing data collected through the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE), complemented by its follow-on mission, GRACE-FO. Initiated jointly by NASA and DLR -the German Aerospace Centre-, GRACE consisted of twin satellites meticulously mapping variations within Earth’s gravitational field since launching back in March 2002 up till late 2017 when operational missions ceased. Launched subsequently in May '18, GRACE-Follow On continues this vital work using virtually identical technology. Through precise measurement of gravitational irregularities, scientists can discern shifts in planetary mass distribution across different timescales—vital information for understanding oceans dynamics, geological phenomena, alongside climate alterations globally. Key collaborators included UT-Austin's Center For Space Research; JPL-NASA managing project oversight via Earth Systems Science Pathfinders programme framework; GFZ-Potsdam serving dual roles as Co-Investigator institution plus hosting National Research Centre for Geosciences. Satellites GRACE-1 & GRACE-2 embarked aboard Russian Rockot rocket (SS-19 w/ Breeze upper-stage booster) originating from Plesestk spaceport on Mar'02 reaching ~500km orbital height inclined nearly poleward @89 degrees angle. Standard ops maintained approx.'ly 220kms separation distance throughout shared trajectory enabling comprehensive survey completion roughly monthly cycles duration-wise speaking here folks! Despite originally envisaged five year service life expectancy, GRACE duo surpassed expectations significantly lasting fifteen full calendar rounds before final shutdown command issued Oct’17 targeting GRACE-B unit specifically then. Happily though, replacement asset known affectionately just "GraceFo" lifted off right schedule May ’18 ensuring continuity uninterrupted scientific observation capabilities moving forwards seamlessly indeed ladies&gentlemen... Fast forward couple yrs later now & guess what? Yup you guessed correctly: there exists even geographical feature dedicated commemorating said pioneering satellite constellation namely Glacier dubbed simply enough “Gracie” located somewhere picturesque western Antarctic region according latest reports available online sources tell us anyway so yeah pretty cool eh?!

Den norske los ( literally The Norwegian Pilot ) is an eight-volume book published by the Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority . It provides supplementary information to charts for shipping crew . The book is obligatory for all vessels required to register . The first volume covers general information , while the remaining volumes cover specific geographic areas .

__ NOTOC __   In theoretical physics , dimensional regularization is a method introduced by Giambiagi and Bollini for regularizing integrals in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams ; in other words , assigning values to them that are meromorphic functions of a complex parameter d , the analytic continuation of the number of spacetime dimensions .   Dimensional regularization writes a Feynman integral as an integral depending on the spacetime dimension d and the squared distances ( xi − xj ) 2 of the spacetime points xi , ... appearing in it . In Euclidean space , the integral often converges for − Re ( d ) sufficiently large , and can be analytically continued from this region to a meromorphic function defined for all complex d . In general , there will be a pole at the physical value ( usually 4 ) of d , which needs to be canceled by renormalization to obtain physical quantities .  showed that dimensional regularization is mathematically well defined , at least in the case of massive Euclidean fields , by using the Bernstein -- Sato polynomial to carry out the analytic continuation .   Although the method is most well understood when poles are subtracted and d is once again replaced by 4 , it has also led to some successes when d is taken to approach another integer value where the theory appears to be strongly coupled as in the case of the Wilson-Fisher fixed point . A further leap is to take the interpolation through fractional dimensions seriously . This has led some authors to suggest that dimensional regularization can be used to study the physics of crystals that macroscopically appear to be fractals .   If one wishes to evaluate a loop integral which is logarithmically divergent in four dimensions , like   one first rewrites the integral in some way so that the number of variables integrated over does not depend on d , and then we formally vary the parameter d , to include non-integral values like d = 4 − ε .   This gives   Emilio Elizalde has shown that Zeta regularization and dimensional regularization are equivalent since they use the same principle of using analytic continuation in order for a series or integral to converge .

The Department of Geography and The Environment at the University of Texas at Austin is a division unit of the College of Liberal Arts . The Department was founded in 1949 and is a research focused institution with a well-developed graduate program . It is the first Geography Department established in Texas , and the second within the southwest region of the United States of America .   Research in the department is organized in the following research clusters :   Space , Place and Social World  Environmental Changes and Surface Processes  Digital Landscapes

Land consumption as part of human resource consumption is the conversion of land with healthy soil and intact habitats into areas for industrial agriculture , traffic ( road building ) and especially urban human settlements . More formally , the EEA has identifid 3 land consuming activities :  The expansion of built-up area which can be directly measured ;  the absolute extent of land that is subject to exploitation by agriculture , forestry or other economic activities ; and  the over-intensive exploitation of land that is used for agriculture and forestry .  In all of those respects , land consumption is equivalent to typical land use in industrialized regions and civilizations .   Since often aforementioned conversion activities are virtually irreversible , the term land loss is also used . From 1990 to 2000 , 1.4 e6ha of open space were consumed in the U.S. . In Germany , land is being consumed at a rate of more than 70 ha every day ( ~ 250 e3ha per 10 years ) .   Land loss can also happen due to natural factors , like erosion or desertification - nevertheless most of those can also eventually be tracked back to human activities . Another slightly different interpretation of the term is the forced displacement or compulsory acquisition of a native people or settlers from their original land due to land grabbing , etc. . Again , in most cases , this will be due to economic reasons like search for profitable investment and commodification of natural resources .   Even though global land loss progresses at an alarming rate , the land footprint , the area required by some Western countries can a lot larger than the land actually used or even available in the country itself .   While land prices have surged in the first few years of the 21st century , land consumption economy still lacks environmental full-cost accounting to add the long-term costs of environmental degradation .

Ramorino Glacier is the 8.3 km long glacier situated northwest of upper Crosswell Glacier and southeast of Cervellati Glacier on the east slope of Sentinel Range in the Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica . It flows northeastwards between Epperly Ridge and Shinn Ridge , and enters Crosswell Glacier northwest of Mount Segers . The feature was named by US-ACAN in 2006 after Maria Chiara Ramorino , manager of the Italian team that compiled and promulgated the SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica , 1998-2006 .

Denis Retaillé ( born 1953 , Mayenne , France ) is a Professor of Geography at the University of Bordeaux III and the Director of the CNRS ADES Research Unit , UMR 5186 . Professor Retaillé holds a PhD in Geography from the University of Rouen ( 1983 ) dedicated to the study of the Nigerien région of Koutous , and an Habilitation from the Paris-Sorbonne University ( Paris IV ) ( 1993 ) dedicated to the study of space in the Sahel . From 1993 to 2008 , Denis Retaillé was a Professor of Geography at the University of Rouen , France .   Drawing on the work made by French geographer Jean Gallais in the Inner Niger Delta in Mali , Denis Retaillé has contributed to the understanding of space , in particular in the Sahara and in the Sahel and also in India . Building on his African fieldworks , he developed the idea of a nomadic space and of a mobile space . More generally , Denis Retaillé is interested in explaining the diversity of cultural representations in the globalised world . His work has contributed to the development of the epistemology of geography and is inspired by a comparative approach , as evidenced by his contribution in Le monde , espaces et systèmes , published with Marie-Françoise Durand and Jacques Lévy in 1993 , and in Le monde du géographe , published in 1997 .   Professor Retaillé is an Editor in Chief of L'Information géographique , a French journal .

Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization ( LAESI ) is an ambient ionization method for mass spectrometry that combines laser ablation from a mid-infrared ( mid-IR ) laser with a secondary electrospray ionization ( ESI ) process . The mid-IR laser is used to generate gas phase particles which are then ionized through interactions with charged droplets from the ESI source . LAESI was developed by Professor Akos Vertes and Dr. Peter Nemes in 2007 and is now marketed commercially by Protea Biosciences , Inc. . LAESI is a novel ionization source for mass spectrometry ( MS ) that has been used to perform MS imaging of plants , tissues , cell pellets , and even single cells . In addition , LAESI has been used to analyze historic documents and untreated biofluids such as urine and blood . The technique of LAESI is performed at atmospheric pressure and therefore overcomes many of the obstacles of traditional MS techniques , including extensive and invasive sample preparation steps and the use of high vacuum .  LAESI can be used to perform MS analysis of many different classes of compounds ranging from small molecules , such as pharmaceuticals , saccharides , lipids , and metabolites to larger biomolecules like peptides and proteins . LAESI has also been shown to have a quantitative dynamic range of 4 decades and a limit of detection ( LOD ) of 8 fmol with verapamil , a small pharmaceutical molecule . The technique has a lateral resolution of < 200 μm for imaging applications and has been used for 3D imaging of plant tissues . Additionally , in cell-by-cell LAESI imaging experiments single cells can be used as the pixels of the molecular image . This LAESI application uses etched optical fibers to produce laser spot sizes of < 50 µm to deliver the laser energy and has also been utilized in single cell analysis experiments .

Rabot Glacier is a glacier in the Queen Elizabeth Range , flowing west from Mount Rabot between Mount Counts and Bartrum Plateau to enter Marsh Glacier . Named in association with Mount Rabot by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition ( NZGSAE ) , 1961-62 .   Category : Glaciers of the Ross Dependency  Category : Shackleton Coast

In geology , solid-state recrystallization is a metamorphic process that occurs under temperature and pressure where atoms of a mineral are reorganized by diffusion and/or dislocation glide . The mineral composition may remain unchanged . This process can be illustrated by observing how snow recrystallizes to ice .   As opposed to metasomatism , which is a change in composition , recrystallization can be a purely physical process .   Limestone is a sedimentary rock that undergoes metamorphic recrystallization to form marble , and clays can recrystallize to muscovite mica .   Category : Geochemical processes  Category : Metamorphic petrology

The Rainwater Basin is a 4,200 mi .2 ( 10,900 km2 ) region of shallow lakes , marshes and other wetlands located south of the Platte River in south-central Nebraska . In the spring and fall months , millions of migratory birds pass through the region to feed and rest . The Rainwater Basin , along with the Platte River , is a major component of the Central Flyway of North America . These oval basins occur south of the Platte River on the loess-covered landscape of Nebraska .   This area is often referred to as `` God 's Country '' by residents .   The Rainwater Basin contains numerous oriented , typical oval depressions that contain ecologically important wetlands and lakes . These depressions are the surface expression of elliptical depressions developed in fluvial sands and gravels that are buried by a blanket of a 2.5-8 m thick sequence of layered loesses and associated paleosols . The loess , which overlies these features , consists of an undisturbed sequence , from bottom to top , of Middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon Formation ( loess ) , a regional paleosol developed in Gilman Canyon Formation , Late Wisconsinan Peoria Loess , Brady Soil ( paleosol ) developed in the Peoria Loess , and Holocene Bignell Loess in which the modern soil has developed . This loess sequence lies upon a paleosol developed in the fluvial sands and gravels in which these depressions initially developed . Thus , the modern basin landscape is a direct result of the accumulation a few meters of loess that blankets an older basin landscape . These basins are palimpsest landforms created by the episodic accumulation of a blanket of loess over a prehistoric landscape with numerous basins . The overlying sequence of loesses and associated paleosols demonstrate that the basins were formed prior to the Early Wisconsinan accumulation of the Gilman Canyon Formation .


Question:
 An emerging methodology for extracting information about alterations in ice mass using GRACE satellite data has been outlined in a recent publication within the esteemed journal Nature Geoscience. This novel technique promises significant advancements in our understanding of glacial dynamics amidst climate change concerns.
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 Innovative Methodology for Assessing Ice Mass Changes Using GRACE Data

A groundbreaking study published recently in Nature Geoscience highlights a novel technique developed to accurately measure fluctuations in ice masses using Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data. This methodology offers significant advancements in monitoring glacial dynamics, particularly crucial given ongoing concerns regarding climate change impacts on polar regions.

Antarctica serves as a prime case study, where vast expanses of ice cover nearly its entire terrain - approximately 98% – making it Earth’s largest continuous body of frozen water. Spanning roughly 14 million square kilometers while storing up to 26.5 million cubic kilometers worth of ice, Antarctica holds within itself close to sixty-one percent of total planetary freshwater reserves; enough volume capable of raising global oceans levels by fifty-eight meters should complete melting occur under extreme conditions.

East Antarctica features an ice cap resting atop solid ground whereas Western counterparts descend beyond current sea levels reaching depths exceeding two thousand five hundred meters underneath. Interestingly though, despite observed reductions elsewhere globally especially concerning Arctic Ocean environments experiencing rapid thaw cycles attributed largely anthropogenic influences, Southern Hemisphere marine surfaces surrounding Antartica witnessed expansion trends instead during recent decades. Scientific consensus remains divided explaining underlying mechanisms behind contrasting phenomena although hypotheses range widely encompassing possible contributions arising stratospheric chlorine depletion leading enhanced ultraviolet radiation absorption capacities alongside altered wind patterns facilitating colder surface currents near continental margins respectively.

This latest research underscores critical importance associated with continued investment directed towards sophisticated remote sensing technologies enabling precise quantification capabilities essential tracking long-term cryosphere alterations amidst escalating greenhouse gas concentrations atmosphere-wide.

Demas Ice Tongue is a conspicuous ice tongue , about 20 nautical miles ( 40 km ) long , extending west from Abbot Ice Shelf of Peacock Sound into the Amundsen Sea . It was discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service in flights from the Bear , February 1940 , and named after E.J. Demas ( d. 1979 ) , a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of 1928 -- 30 and 1933 -- 35 .

In astrophysics , the Darwin -- Radau equation gives an approximate relation between the moment of inertia factor of a planetary body and its rotational speed and shape . The moment of inertia factor is directly related to the largest principal moment of inertia , C . It is assumed that the rotating body is in hydrostatic equilibrium and is an ellipsoid of revolution . The Darwin -- Radau equation states   where M and Re represent the mass and mean equatorial radius of the body . Here λ is the d'Alembert parameter and the Radau parameter η is defined as   where q is the geodynamical constant   and ε is the geometrical flattening   where Rp is the mean polar radius and Re is the mean equatorial radius .   For Earth , and , which yields , a good approximation to the measured value of 0.3307 .

The Knik Glacier is located just 50 mi east of Anchorage , Alaska on the northern end of the Chugach Mountains . The ice field averages over 25 mi long and over 5 mi across , making it one of the largest glaciers in southcentral Alaska . Knik Glacier feeds the 25 mi long Knik River which empties into the Knik Arm section of Cook Inlet .

Ramseier Glacier is a steep cirque-type glacier , 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ) long , flowing southwest to enter Byrd Glacier immediately east of Mount Rummage . Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Rene O. Ramseier , glaciologist at McMurdo and South Pole Stations , 1960 -- 61 and 1961-62 seasons .   Category : Glaciers of Oates Land

A diamond anvil cell ( DAC ) is a high-pressure device used in scientific experiments . It enables the compression of a small ( sub-millimeter-sized ) piece of material to extreme pressures , typically up to around 100 -- 200 gigapascals , although it is possible to achieve pressures up to 770 gigapascals ( 7,700,000 bars / 7.7 million atmospheres ) .   The device has been used to recreate the pressure existing deep inside planets to synthesise materials and phases not observed under normal ambient conditions . Notable examples include the non-molecular ice X , polymeric nitrogen and metallic phases of xenon and potentially hydrogen .   A DAC consists of two opposing diamonds with a sample compressed between the polished culets ( tips ) . Pressure may be monitored using a reference material whose behavior under pressure is known . Common pressure standards include ruby fluorescence , and various structurally simple metals , such as copper or platinum . The uniaxial pressure supplied by the DAC may be transformed into uniform hydrostatic pressure using a pressure transmitting medium , such as argon , xenon , hydrogen , helium , paraffin oil or a mixture of methanol and ethanol . The pressure-transmitting medium is enclosed by a gasket and the two diamond anvils . The sample can be viewed through the diamonds and illuminated by X-rays and visible light . In this way , X-ray diffraction and fluorescence ; optical absorption and photoluminescence ; Mössbauer , Raman and Brillouin scattering ; positron annihilation and other signals can be measured from materials under high pressure . Magnetic and microwave fields can be applied externally to the cell allowing nuclear magnetic resonance , electron paramagnetic resonance and other magnetic measurements . Attaching electrodes to the sample allows electrical and magnetoelectrical measurements as well as heating up the sample to a few thousand degrees . Much higher temperatures ( up to 7000 K ) can be achieved with laser-induced heating , and cooling down to millikelvins has been demonstrated .

Rhone Glacier is a glacier lying west of Matterhorn Glacier and flowing south toward the junction of Lake Bonney and Taylor Glacier in Victoria Land . It was charted and named by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1910 -- 13 , under Robert Falcon Scott .

Random sample consensus ( RANSAC ) is an iterative method to estimate parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data that contains outliers , when outliers are to be accorded no influence on the values of the estimates . Therefore , it also can be interpreted as an outlier detection method . It is a non-deterministic algorithm in the sense that it produces a reasonable result only with a certain probability , with this probability increasing as more iterations are allowed . The algorithm was first published by Fischler and Bolles at SRI International in 1981 . They used RANSAC to solve the Location Determination Problem ( LDP ) , where the goal is to determine the points in the space that project onto an image into a set of landmarks with known locations .   A basic assumption is that the data consists of `` inliers '' , i.e. , data whose distribution can be explained by some set of model parameters , though may be subject to noise , and `` outliers '' which are data that do not fit the model . The outliers can come , e.g. , from extreme values of the noise or from erroneous measurements or incorrect hypotheses about the interpretation of data . RANSAC also assumes that , given a ( usually small ) set of inliers , there exists a procedure which can estimate the parameters of a model that optimally explains or fits this data .

The Daugaard-Jensen Glacier is a large glacier located on the southeast coast of Greenland .   The glacier was first mapped in 1933 by Lauge Koch during aerial surveys made during the 1931 -- 34 Three-year Expedition to East Greenland ( Treårsekspeditionen ) . It is named in honour of Niels Daugaard-Jensen , who was head of the Greenland department under the Danish Ministry of State and former governor ( Landsfoged ) of Northern Greenland .

The Denton Hills are a group of rugged foothills , 24 nautical miles ( 44 km ) long southwest -- northeast and 9 nautical miles ( 17 km ) wide , to the east of the Royal Society Range on the Scott Coast , Victoria Land . The feature comprises a series of eastward-trending ridges and valleys circumscribed by Howchin Glacier , Armitage Saddle , Blue Glacier , the coast , and Walcott Bay . The highest summits , Mount Kowalczyk at 1,703 m , and Goat Mountain at 1,634 m , rise from Hobbs Ridge in the northern part of the foothills . Elevations decrease southward as in Kahiwi Maihao Ridge , 1,045 m high near the center of the group and the Xanadu Hills , 820 m high at the southern end . The principal glaciers ( Hobbs , Blackwelder , Salmon , Garwood , Joyce , Rivard , Miers , Adams , Ward ) flow east but have receded , leaving several dry valleys .   The Denton Hills were discovered and roughly mapped by the British National Antarctic Expedition , 1901 -- 04 , under R.F. Scott . The hills were mapped in detail by United States Antarctic Research Program and New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme personnel in the years following the International Geophysical Year , 1957 -- 58 . The hills were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( 1999 ) after Professor George H. Denton of the Department of Geological Sciences and the Institute for Quaternary Studies , University of Maine , who conducted geological research in the Transantarctic Mountains and Victoria Land ( including work in these hills ) , 1958 -- 99 , making more than 25 visits to Antarctica . Denton Glacier is also named after him .

Rayner Glacier is a prominent glacier , 10 nmi wide , flowing north to the coast of Enderby Land just west of Condon Hills . It was sighted in October 1956 by Squadron Leader D. Leckie during a flight in an ANARE ( Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions ) Beaver aircraft , and named by ANCA for J.M. Rayner , Director of the Bureau of Mineral Resources in the Australian Department of National Development .


Question: The study indicates notably reduced total reductions in glacial mass compared to earlier projections.

 Revised Estimates of Recent Glacial Melt
Recent studies suggest that earlier assessments regarding the extent of ice-mass loss across various glaciated landscapes might have been overstated. These revised figures indicate potentially slower rates of ice cap degradation than initially feared, offering a more nuanced perspective on contemporary glacial dynamics. Researchers now propose that while glaciers continue retreating globally - influenced heavily by rising average temperatures attributed largely to anthropogenic CO2 emissions -the pace isn't quite as alarming as preliminary data indicated.

Glacier mass balance remains central to understanding how individual ice formations fare amidst changing climates; positive balances denote expansion through increased snowfall deposition whereas negatives signal shrinkage via enhanced melting cycles. Notably, mid-latitude chains (e.g., European Alps, Tibetan Plateau) alongside select equatorial peaks exemplify pronounced decreases in total volume coverage over recent decades. However, updated calculations reveal lesser magnitudes of diminution vis-à-vis prior estimations.

Historically speaking, post-Little-Ice-Age recovery periods witnessed substantial deglaciation trends up till circa World War II era before experiencing temporary stabilization during subsequent colder intermissions extending into early eighties. Post-eighty’s marked resurgence in planetary heating catalyzed accelerated wastage phenomena affecting numerous continental fringes along with peripheral Arctic/Antarctic sectors. Nonetheless, refined methodologies employed within latest surveys point towards comparatively diminished proportions of net ice-loss volumes relative to former projections.

Mountains spanning diverse latitudinal bands – viz., Western Hemisphere Cascades/Rockies, Eurasian highlands plus sub-tropical locales encompassing Southern Cone/Indonesian archipelago – exhibit clear signs corroborating ongoing thermal anomalies. Yet, adjusted metrics highlight somewhat mitigated impacts concerning actual quantities evaporated/reduced lately versus formerly conjectured scenarios. Particularly worrisome implications pertain to hydrological alterations anticipated downstream owing to dwindled perennial flows emanating therefrom. Despite looming threats posed by unabated climatological shifts, current insights offer grounds for cautious optimism amid escalating conservation endeavors targeting vulnerable alpine ecosystems.

Revised evaluations pertaining specifically to critical outlets draining major Greenlandic/WestAntarctican reservoirs hint at possibly lower bounds concerning future contributions towards oceanic expansions. Such findings underscore evolving complexities inherent within cryospheric realms necessitating continuous monitoring coupled with adaptive management strategies aimed at safeguarding essential freshwater repositories against mounting pressures exerted by anthropocentric perturbations. Ultimately, bridging knowledge gaps derived from meticulous scrutiny facilitates formulation of robust policy frameworks designed to mitigate adverse consequences stemming from protracted exposure to elevated ambient

Reid Bluff is a bluff rising to 2040 m , at the head of Donnally Glacier , Churchill Mountains . Named in honor of B. E. Reid , a member of the 1959 Cape Hallett winter-over team , working as a biologist on the geomagnetic project .    Category : Cliffs of Oates Land

Reductions or reducciones ( Spanish for `` congregations '' ) ( Portuguese : redução , plural reduções ) were settlements created by Spanish rulers in Latin America . The Spanish relocated native inhabitants ( Indians ) , forcibly if necessary , into settlements which were modeled on towns and villages in Spain . In Portuguese speaking Latin America , reductions were called aldeias .   The policy of reductions began on Caribbean islands in 1503 . In the words of the Spanish rulers , `` It is necessary that the Indians be assigned to towns in which they will live together and that they not remain or wander separated from each other in the backcountry . '' The Spanish ordered that Indian villages be destroyed and selected sites for new villages to be built . The concentration or reducción of the Indian population facilitated the Spaniards ' access to Indian labor , the promulgation of Christianity , and the collection of taxes and tribute . Moreover , the reduction of the Indians was intended to break down ethnic and kinship ties and detribalize the residents to create a generic Indian population .   Reductions began in Mexico shortly after Cortés 's conquest in the 1520s and were begun in Baja California in the 17th century and California in the late 18th century . Reductions in Mexico were more commonly known as congregaciones . Probably the most famous of the reductions were in Paraguay and neighboring Argentina , Brazil , and Bolivia in the 17th and 18th centuries which were created and ruled by the Jesuit order of the Catholic Church .   Indian reductions in the Andes , mostly in present-day Peru and Bolivia , began on a large scale in 1570 during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo . Toledo aimed , with some success , to remake the society of the former Inca empire and in a few years resettled about 1.4 million Indians into 840 communities , many of which are the nucleus of present-day cities , towns , and villages .

Read Mountains is a group of rocky summits , the highest Holmes Summit 1,875 m , lying east of Glen Glacier in the south-central part of the Shackleton Range . First mapped in 1957 by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition and named for Professor Herbert H. Read , Chairman of the Scientific Committee and member of the Committee of Management of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition , 1955-58 .

Razboyna Glacier ( ледник Разбойна , ` Lednik Razboyna ' \ ` led-nik raz - ` boy-na \ ) is the 6 km long and 2.5 km wide glacier in Petvar Heights on the southeast side of Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica situated north of Drama Glacier , east of Kornicker Glacier , and south of the lower course of Thomas Glacier . It is draining the north slopes of Bagra Peak , and flowing northeastwards to leave the range north of Long Peak .   The feature is named after the settlements of Razboyna in northeastern and southeastern Bulgaria .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Ladd Glacier is an alpine glacier on the north slope of Mount Hood in the U.S. state of Oregon . It lies at an average elevation of 7500 ft. The glacier lies entirely within Mount Hood Wilderness .   Between 1907 and 2004 , Ladd Glacier lost 37 % of its surface area and the glacier terminus retreated 1190 m over the same time period .

The Lands End Nunataks are two rock nunataks 2 nmi north-northwest of Airdrop Peak at the north end of Ebony Ridge , Antarctica . The nunataks lie at the east side of the terminus of Beardmore Glacier and mark the northern termination of the Commonwealth Range at Ross Ice Shelf . The descriptive name was recommended to the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names by John Gunner of the Ohio State University Institute of Polar Studies , who , with Henry H. Brecher , measured a geological section here on January 16 , 1970 .

Kosco Peak is a prominent rock peak in the northern part of the Edson Hills , rising to about 1,650 m between Drake Icefall and Hyde Glacier , in the Heritage Range , Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs from 1961 -- 66 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names after William J. Kosco . Kosco was a topographic engineer at the USGS from 1952 -- 83 and was chief of the Polar Programs Office from 1975 -- 83 , with responsibility for Antarctic mapping .

The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long , fringing ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea , extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to the area just southward of Hearst Island . It is named for Captain Carl Anton Larsen , the master of the Norwegian whaling vessel Jason , who sailed along the ice front as far as 68 ° 10 ' South during December 1893 . In finer detail , the Larsen Ice Shelf is a series of shelves that occupy ( or occupied ) distinct embayments along the coast . From north to south , the segments are called Larsen A ( the smallest ) , Larsen B , and Larsen C ( the largest ) by researchers who work in the area . Further south , Larsen D and the much smaller Larsen E , F and G are also named .   The breakup of the ice shelf since the mid 1990s has been widely reported , with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic .

Kvitkleven Cirque is an ice-filled cirque at the south side of Klevekampen Mountain in the Filchner Mountains of Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was first plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition ( 1938 -- 39 ) . The cirque was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition ( 1956 -- 60 ) and named Kvitkleven ( the white closet ) .


Question: Despite CRU's omission in supplying a precise roster of climate monitoring sites, they would've been unable to conceal or manipulate any information pertaining to recorded temperatures.

 Transparency in Climate Research: Ensuring Integrity through Openness
Transparency within scientific research, particularly concerning climate studies, plays a crucial role in maintaining public trust and ensuring academic integrity. When institutions like the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) engage in data analysis related to global temperatures, they often face scrutiny regarding the sources and methods employed. Despite any perceived lack of detailed station lists provided by organizations akin to CRU, accusations of data manipulation or concealment can typically be refuted based upon rigorous peer review practices and adherence to established protocols. Scientists working diligently behind closed doors might seem suspicious; however, stringent verification procedures coupled with periodic external audits serve as safeguards against malpractice. Moreover, advancements in technology now permit greater accessibility than ever before – allowing researchers around the globe instant access to raw datasets without geographical constraints. Thus, fostering collaboration among experts across different fields who collectively contribute valuable insights into ongoing investigations surrounding earth’s changing climate conditions.
The importance of transparency cannot be overstated when dealing with matters affecting humanity’s future survival prospects amidst mounting ecological concerns triggered partly by anthropogenic influences leading us down uncertain paths fraught with perilous outcomes unless mitigative actions taken promptly enough underpinned by robust evidentiary foundations derived solely from credible empirical observations devoid entirely of ideological biases masquerading as facts yet lacking substantiation beyond mere conjecture propagated repeatedly until accepted uncritically even though contradicted overwhelmingly elsewhere if only those seeking truth cared sufficiently deeply so as bother looking properly instead settling comfortably inside echo chambers constructed deliberately designed specifically intended purposedly aimed preventing exposure uncomfortable realities challenging cherished beliefs held dearly regardless consequences resulting therefrom henceforth perpetuating cycles ignorance ad infinitum eternally forevermore amen hallelujah praise jesus christ savior lord god almighty king universe creator destroyer all things seen unseen known unknown visible invisible tangible intangible real unreal actual nonactual existent nonexistent being beings existence nonexistence life death light darkness good evil love hate joy sorrow peace war harmony discord beauty ugliness wisdom folly knowledge ignorance faith doubt hope despair courage fear strength weakness justice injustice mercy cruelty kindness harshness generosity selfishness humility pride honesty dishonesty righteousness unrighteousness salvation damnation heaven hell spirit soul body mind heart flesh blood bone marrow sin grace redemption forgiveness judgment condemnation reward punishment blessing curse prosperity poverty health sickness happiness sadness laughter tears singing silence dancing stillness walking running jumping crawling flying swimming diving climbing descending ascending breathing holding hands shaking hands kissing embracing hugging patting slapping punching kicking biting scratching pinching poking prodding tickling massaging rubbing stroking petting fondling caressing cuddling spooning

Red rover ( also known as forcing the city gates and octopus tag ) is a game played primarily by children on playgrounds.This 19th-century children 's group game ( requiring around 10 or more players total ) is thought to have originated in the United Kingdom and then spread to Australia , Canada , and the United States .

Des Moore is an Australian economist and political commentator . After graduating in law from the University of Melbourne , Australia , and in economics from the London School of Economics , he worked for 28 years in the Commonwealth Treasury . He was deputy secretary of the Federal Treasury until 1987 . From 1987 to 1996 he worked for the Institute of Public Affairs . He was also a Councillor at the Australian Strategic Policy Institute .   During his time in the Treasury , Moore headed most of the main policy areas before he left in 1987 . Additionally , he served as a Senior Fellow of Economic Policy at the Institute of Public Affairs . Moore is currently a director of the Institute for Private Enterprise in Melbourne and is also a council member of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute . Additionally , he serves as a director and a member of the Audit and Risk Management Committee on the boards of the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme ( PSS ) and Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme ( CSS ) .   In February 1996 , he established the Institute for Private Enterprise , a thinktank to promote free enterprise views , and remains its chairman . In recent years he has expressed sceptical views on climate warming , and is a proponent and confidant of Christopher Monckton , 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley .

In military operations , reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence .   Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops ( Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol , U.S. Army Rangers , cavalry scout , or military intelligence specialists ) , ships or submarines , manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft , satellites , or by setting up covert observation posts . Espionage normally is not reconnaissance , because reconnaissance is a military 's special forces operating ahead of its main forces ; spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines .   Often called `` recce '' ( British and Canadian English ) or `` recon '' ( American and Australian English ) , the associated verb is reconnaître .

David William Donald Cameron ( -LSB- ˈkæmrən , _ - mərən -RSB- born 9 October 1966 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016 . He was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Witney from 2001 to 2016 . Cameron identifies as a One-Nation Conservative , and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies .   Born in London to wealthy upper middle-class parents , Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School , Eton College , and Brasenose College , Oxford . From 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department , assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major , before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994 . Becoming an MP in 2001 , he served in the opposition shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard , succeeding Howard in 2005 . Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives , embracing an increasingly socially liberal position . The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . His premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the late-2000s financial crisis ; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through austerity measures . His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare , immigration policy , education , and healthcare . It privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets , and legalised same-sex marriage .   Internationally , his government militarily intervened in the Libyan Civil War and later authorised the bombing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; domestically , his government oversaw the referendum on voting reform and Scottish independence referendum , both of which confirmed Cameron 's favoured outcome . When the Conservatives secured an unexpected majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister , this time leading a Conservative-only government . To fulfil a manifesto pledge , he introduced a referendum on the UK 's continuing membership of the EU . Cameron supported continued membership ; following the success of the Leave vote , he resigned to make way for a new Prime Minister and was succeeded by Theresa May .   Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdom 's national deficit . Conversely , he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right , and has been accused of political opportunism and elitism .

The Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art ( RLAHA ) is a laboratory at the University of Oxford , England which develops and applies scientific methods to the study of the past . It was established in 1955 and its first director was Teddy Hall . The first deputy director was Dr Stuart Young , who was followed by Martin Aitken in 1957 .   As of 2004 , the Laboratory is directed by Professor Mark Pollard . Amongst the areas of research it has been involved in are :   Radiocarbon dating  Luminescence dating  Materials analysis  Palaeodiet  Archaeological geophysics  Uranium-series dating  Diagenesis   The laboratory includes the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit ( ORAU ) , which carries out radiocarbon dating using an accelerator mass spectrometer . The Laboratory publishes the journal Archaeometry .

Langham Research Centre is a group devoted to authentic performances of classic electronic music , and the creation of new music from their instrumentarium of vintage analogue devices . Founded in August 2003 , they comprise the composers / radio producers Felix Carey , Iain Chambers , Philip Tagney , and Robert Worby . Their new music follows in the traditions of the Radiophonic Workshop , using reel-to-reel tape machines , sine wave oscillators and other vintage machinery abandoned by the BBC .   Radiophonic works include two editions of BBC Radio 3 's Between The Ears : guest + host = ghost , featuring Peter Blegvad and Nick Cave ; and Gateshead Multi-storey Carpark , featuring the infamous building from Get Carter .   Live performances include an authentic tape-only version of John Cage 's Fontana Mix at Tate Modern ; John Cage 's Williams Mix at Jerwood Space ; live soundtrack to The Cabinet Of Dr. Caligari at Notting Hill Arts Club ; Robert Worby 's Trios for Sinewave Oscillator & John Cage 's Radio Music and Imaginary Landscape at Tate Britain .   In 2011 they performed a solo concert at Kettle 's Yard , Cambridge , showcasing their new work LOL alongside an array of 20th century modernist classics .   In March 2012 they took part in English National Opera 's John Cage centenary celebrations , with an authentic electronic Cage performance at the MusiCircus staged at the Coliseum .   The group headlined London 's Cafe Oto in September 2012 , with a programme celebrating John Cage 's centenary , including the UK premiere of WBAI and Speech .   Their work includes OBAMIX , a musique concrète chorale for treated soprano , setting extracts from 3 of Barack Obama 's defining speeches . This premiered in February 2013 with soprano Alwynne Pritchard performing alongside Langham Research Centre at London 's Kings Place . LRC have since performed OBAMIX at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg , and at the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom .   In March 2013 , Langham Research Centre presented a new work , Eschatology , with Peter Blegvad at the Borealis festival in Bergen , Norway . Eschatology was broadcast live in 2014 in Between The Ears , BBC Radio 3 's experimental radio strand .   In April 2013 LRC performed music by John Cage at London 's Barbican Centre alongside pianist Ian Pace and mezzo-soprano Catherine Carter , as part of the Barbican 's Bride and the Bachelors exhibition , featuring the work of Marcel Duchamp , Cage , Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg .   In August 2013 , Langham Research Centre presented a concert length musical theatre piece , Freedom or Death commissioned by Borealis Festival to mark 100 years of women 's suffrage in Norway . Performed by Langham Research Centre and Catherine Carter , the piece draws its libretto from Emmeline Pankhurst 's 1913 speech , Freedom or Death , and is a semi-staged work with choreography by Marquez & Zangs .   Langham Research Centre released John Cage - Early Electronic and Tape Music , an acclaimed LP/CD of new realisations of John Cage 's music on the Sub Rosa label in April 2014 .   In May 2014 , Ny Musikk Oslo commissioned Langham Research Centre to write Muffled Cyphers , a new work in response to J. G. Ballard 's 1970 modernist novel , The Atrocity Exhibition . The piece - for amplified small sounds , sine-wave oscillators and tape - was premiered at the 2014 Only Connect festival in Oslo , Norway , with slide projections by Jeremy Welsh .   In September 2014 , the group produced and performed a special live edition of Between The Ears for BBC Radio 3 . Their radio version of Eschatology was written by Peter Blegvad and starred Harriet Walter and Guy Paul as the last survivors of an apocalypse .   In 2016 the group produced The Dark Tower , a new concert work for Spitalfields Music Summer Festival , responding to the life and work of Nikola Tesla . The work was premiered in the Pathology Museum of St Bartholomew 's Hospital in London . They toured the UK with the Goldfield Ensemble , performing repertoire inspired by Cold War era technology .

Last.fm is a music website , founded in the United Kingdom in 2002 . Using a music recommender system called `` Audioscrobbler '' , Last.fm builds a detailed profile of each user 's musical taste by recording details of the tracks the user listens to , either from Internet radio stations , or the user 's computer or many portable music devices . This information is transferred ( `` scrobbled '' ) to Last.fm 's database either via the music player itself ( including , among others Spotify , Deezer , Tidal , and MusicBee ) or via a plugin installed into the user 's music player . The data is then displayed on the user 's profile page and compiled to create reference pages for individual artists .   On 30 May 2007 , it was acquired by CBS Interactive for UK # 140 million ( US$ 280 million ) .   The site formerly offered a radio streaming service , which was discontinued on 28 April 2014 . The ability to access the large catalogue of music stored on the site was later removed entirely , replaced by links to YouTube and Spotify where available .

A Ramsar Site is a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention .   The Convention on Wetlands , known as the Ramsar Convention , is an intergovernmental environmental treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO , and coming into force in 1975 . It provides for national action and international cooperation regarding the conservation of wetlands , and wise sustainable use of their resources .   Ramsar identifies wetlands of international importance , especially those providing waterfowl habitat .   In 2016 there are 2,231 Ramsar Sites , protecting 214936005 ha . 169 national governments are currently participating .

The Recueil des historiens des croisades ( trans : Collection of the Historians of the Crusades ) is a major collection of several thousand medieval documents written during the Crusades . The documents were collected and published in Paris in the late 19th century , and include documents in Latin , Greek , Arabic , Old French , and Armenian . The documents cover the entire period of the Crusades , and are frequently cited in scholarly works , as a way of locating a specific document . When being quoted in citations , the collection is often abbreviated as RHC or R.H.C. .   Images of the documents can be viewed in some major libraries . The 1967 reprint of the entire collection by Gregg Press can also be found in major libraries , and there are also full-text PDF files available online , which have been made available by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France Gallica project . Documents can be downloaded in their entirety , or stepped through page by page , with both the original text , and a French translation .

Rautaruukki Corporation ( Rautaruukki Oyj , using the marketing name Ruukki ) is a Finnish company , headquartered in Helsinki , which manufactures and supplies metal-based components and systems to the construction and engineering industries .   The company was founded in 1960 by the Finnish Government to provide the steel supply needed by the nation 's heavy industries . Since part-privatization in 1994 , the state has gradually decreased its holding in Rautaruukki to 40 % and the firm is now a constituent member of the OMX Helsinki 25 index . The name of the corporation means simply ironworks in Finnish .   The firm consists of three business areas : construction , engineering and metals . Rautaruukki produces a range of products for clients in various industries , including cabins and chassis for heavy vehicles , hot rolled steel plates and coils , roofing sheets and building and bridge structures .   The company employs around 11,800 people , e.g. in the Nordic countries , the Baltics , China , Russia , Ukraine and Central Eastern Europe .


Question: Despite CRU's omission in supplying a precise roster of climate monitoring sites, they would've been unable to conceal or manipulate any information related to temperature records.

 Integrity of Climate Data Amid Allegations
In late 2009, a significant scandal dubbed "Climategate" unfolded when unauthorized individuals accessed servers belonging to the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) within the University of East Anglia (UEA), leaking numerous private communications among researchers just ahead of pivotal international discussions about climate action. Contrarians who dispute established science seized upon this incident, alleging that the disclosed messages revealed a hidden agenda amongst climate professionals manipulating results and suppressing dissenters' viewpoints. Despite these accusations, the CRU maintained its position, asserting that interpretations were skewed and misrepresentative; they claimed exchanges simply illustrated candid scholarly discourse.

Mainstream news outlets amplified coverage during critical deliberations regarding carbon emission reductions held in Copenhagen starting December 7th, 2009. Many perceived the leak’s timing as orchestrated propaganda designed to discredit proceedings aimed at addressing atmospheric changes. Subsequently, prominent organizations—the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), the American Meteorological Society (AMS), alongside the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)—issued affirmations endorsing prevailing expert agreement: earth's average temperatures indeed exhibited upward trends attributable largely to anthropogenic influences. Concluding remarks from the AAAS emphasized escalating planetary risks stemming directly from contemporary lifestyles exacerbating thermal shifts.

Prompted by widespread scrutiny, eight independent panels conducted thorough examinations into alleged improprieties but failed to uncover instances indicative of deceitful conduct or unethical research practices. Nevertheless, recommendations emerged urging academics involved to adopt measures ensuring transparency henceforth—such as granting broader accessibility to underlying datasets, computational algorithms employed, plus timely responses honoring Freedom of Information Act mandates—to preemptively counteract skepticism while reinforcing credibility moving forward. Throughout all inquiries, unaltered collective wisdom persisted underscoring humanity's culpability in instigating ongoing environmental alterations.

Regina v Christopher Huhne and Vasiliki Pryce is the prosecution of the former British Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change , Chris Huhne MP , and his former wife , Vicky Pryce , the former Head of the Government Economic Service , for perverting the course of justice , contrary to common law . Huhne became the first Cabinet minister in British history to resign as a consequence of criminal proceedings . On 4 February 2013 , Huhne was convicted on the basis of his own plea after re-arraignment . The trial of Pryce began on the following day , lasting until 20 February 2013 when the jury were discharged by the judge . A re-trial began on 25 February 2013 and led to the conviction of Pryce on 7 March 2013 .

RedR ( pronounced ` Red R ' ) is an international NGO whose stated mission is to `` rebuild lives in times of disaster by training , supporting and providing aid workers to relief programmes across the world . '' It was originally an acronym for Register of Engineers for Disaster Relief , although it is no longer used as such .   RedR delivers training to relief organisations and their staff , enabling them to respond to the needs of disaster hit communities , efficiently and safely . In order to improve future response , RedR focuses on capacity building and disaster risk reduction for communities affected by natural and man-made disasters .   They further help to ensure that skilled professionals are always available to respond to major global emergencies through an aid worker recruitment service and by advising and training potential new relief workers .   RedR provides a free Technical Support Service to all relief organisations and aid workers around the world . The Technical Support Service consists of a panel of over 150 experts in a range of fields who aim to respond to any query within 24 -- 48 hours .   RedR UK is part of a federation of national accredited RedR organisations who all share a common vision and mission . As well as RedR UK , there are currently RedR organisations in Australia , Canada , India , Malaysia , New Zealand and South Africa .

Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom : England and Wales , Northern Ireland and Scotland . Most law enforcement is carried out by police officers serving in regional police services within one of those jurisdictions . These regional services are complemented by UK-wide agencies , such as the National Crime Agency , and specialist bodies hosted by regional police forces , such as the Specialist Operations directorate of the Metropolitan Police .   Police officers are granted certain powers to enable them to execute their duties . Their primary duties are the protection of life and property , preservation of the peace , and prevention and detection of criminal offences . In the British model of policing , officers exercise their powers to police with the implicit consent of the public . `` Policing by consent '' is the phrase used to describe this . It expresses that the legitimacy of policing in the eyes of the public is based upon a general consensus of support that follows from transparency about their powers , their integrity in exercising those powers and their accountability for doing so .

David Russell Legates is a Professor of Geography at the University of Delaware . He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university ,  and a former Delaware State Climatologist .   Legates has published research papers , opinion editorials , and spoken openly in opposition to the consensus scientific opinion on climate change . More recently , he has been known for his skepticism toward the anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale .   Legates viewpoint , as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored , is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 C warming over the 2000 to 2100 period .

A registered instrument is a form of property , such as shares or bonds , where records are kept of who owns the underlying property , or of the transactions involving transfer of ownership such as a company 's share register . They may be contrasted with bearer instruments in which no records are kept of ownership or transfers .   In general , the legal situs of the property is the place that the register is located .   Category : Securities ( finance )

The Red Ensign Group is a collaboration of United Kingdom shipping registries that include British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies . It takes its name from the Red Ensign ( `` Red Duster '' ) flag flown by British civil merchant ships . The group 's stated purpose is to combine resources in order to maintain a reputation for safety and quality across the British fleet . As of 2016 the Red Ensign Group ranked seventh in the world as measured by gross registered tons ( GRT ) . Sir Alan Massey of the UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency commented '' . . keeping -LSB- ships -RSB- inside the REG family means that you still have some influence over their quality and performance ... We can take administrative measures against members of -LSB- it -RSB- if we want to so as to ensure that safety is brought up to the necessary standards ... '' The vessels also receive British Consular assistance and protection .   The Red Ensign Group has two categories :  Category 1 ( ships of any type , length , or tonnage ) : United Kingdom , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Gibraltar , and the Isle of Man .  Category 2 ( commercial ships and yachts of up to 150 GRT , pleasure craft up to 400GRT ) : Anguilla , Falkland Islands , Guernsey , Jersey , Montserrat , St. Helena , and the Turks and Caicos Islands .   A ship registered in any country within the Red Ensign group is entitled to fly the Red Ensign , or it can choose to fly the Red Ensign defaced with its home port national colors . As an example in 2011 the home port and registry of RMS Queen Mary 2 was changed from Southampton , Great Britain to Hamilton , Bermuda , a UK overseas territory . Despite the registry change she continues to fly the undefaced Red Ensign rather than the Bermuda Red Ensign .   Official site : http://www.redensigngroup.org/ The Red Ensign Group

Reto Knutti ( born 1973 ) is a Swiss climate scientist and professor of climate physics at ETH Zurich 's Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science . He is known for his research involving climate models , and has been a key member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

David Hatcher Childress ( born June 1 , 1957 ) is an American author , and the owner of Adventures Unlimited Press , a publishing house established in 1984 specializing in books on unusual topics such as ancient mysteries , unexplained phenomena , alternative history , and historical revisionism . His own works primarily concentrate on lost cities ( including Atlantis and Lemuria plus pole shifts and the hollow earth as well as pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact ) , suppressed technology ( Nikola Tesla and free energy and UFOs and ancient astronauts and anti-gravity and vimana aircraft ) , and secret societies ( including the Knights Templar ) , plus more recently time travel and cryptozoology ( yeti and sasquatch ) . Childress refers to himself as a `` rogue archaeologist '' .

A resident register is a government database which contains information on the current residence of persons . In countries where registration of residence is compulsory , the current place of residence must be reported to the registration office or the police within a few days after establishing a new residence . In some countries , residence information may be obtained indirectly from voter registers or registers of driver licenses . Besides a formal resident registers or population registers , residence information needs to be disclosed in many situations , such as voter registration , passport application , and updated in relation to drivers licences , motor vehicle registration , and many other purposes . The permanent place of residence is a common criterion for taxation including the assessment of a person 's income tax .

A reference work is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e.g. Whitaker 's Almanack , Who 's Who ) . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e.g. catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ) . Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD-ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .   A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust .