Question: Carbon dioxide concentrations are consistently tracked by numerous monitoring sites worldwide, each confirming an identical pattern of increase.

 Monitoring Atmospheric CO₂ Levels: A Worldwide Network
The measurement of carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels plays a crucial role in understanding climate change trends globally. With a molecular structure consisting of one carbon atom doubly bonded to two oxygen atoms, CO₂ exists as a transparent gas approximately 60% denser than ambient air. Although comprising just around 0.04% (or roughly 400 parts per million [ppm]) of Earth’s atmosphere under normal conditions, it significantly impacts ecological systems through various natural occurrences—volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal vents—and interactions within the carbon cycle involving living organisms and geological events.
Natural reservoirs abound where CO₂ can be found dissolved in bodies of water ranging from underground aquifers to vast oceans; additionally, it permeates reserves associated with crude oil extraction sites alongside natural gas fields. Photosynthesis-driven regulation mechanisms maintained by plant life contribute substantially to maintaining stable atmospheric CO₂ percentages throughout history—even before complex life forms emerged during later stages of Earth’s development.
All aerobic beings—from microscopic bacteria up to large mammals like ourselves—generate CO₂ continuously while breaking down food molecules inside cells for energy conversion purposes. Decomposition reactions catalyze release back into aquatic environments through gill membranes among marine fauna whereas terrestrial vertebrates exhale directly into surrounding airspace. Fermentation techniques applied industrially result in copious quantities emitted too, especially concerning alcoholic beverage industries focusing specifically on yeast cultures fermenting sugar compounds.
Widespread applications highlight CO₂ versatility spanning multiple sectors beyond mere existence as part of Earth’s composition. Its inert properties make ideal choices regarding safety protocols employed during metal fabrication procedures requiring shielding gases against oxidation risks. Similarly, compressed states serve useful functions powering pneumatic tools, enhancing oil well productivity, facilitating soft drink fizziness creation, aiding in caffeine removal steps involved with producing non-stimulant versions of popular drinks, etcetera. Solidified CO₂ aka “dry ice” exhibits remarkable cooling capabilities utilized extensively both commercially & domestically alike plus offers eco-friendly alternatives compared traditional sandblasting methods thanks unique sublimation characteristics avoiding secondary contamination issues altogether!
As humanity continues expanding reliance upon fossil-based energies coupled ongoing deforestation practices without adequate compensatory measures implemented accordingly, atmospheric CO₂ accumulates steadily triggering widespread concerns pertaining planetary health deterioration manifested increasingly severe weather anomalies collectively referred colloquially nowadays simply ‘global warming’. Ocean acidity escalations represent another critical consequence arising indirectly yet undeniably linked back root causes attributable largely unchecked greenhouse gas emissions originating predominantly developed nations disproportionately contributing overall burden despite representing minuscule fraction total world

Landing is the last part of a flight , where a flying animal , aircraft , or spacecraft returns to the ground . When the flying object returns to water , the process is called alighting , although it is commonly called `` landing , '' `` touchdown '' or `` splashdown '' as well . A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi , takeoff , climb , cruise , descent and landing .

Real Time Kinematic ( RTK ) satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems ( global navigation satellite systems , GNSS ) such as GPS , GLONASS , Galileo , and BeiDou . It uses measurements of the phase of the signal 's carrier wave , rather than the information content of the signal , and relies on a single reference station or interpolated virtual station to provide real-time corrections , providing up to centimetre-level accuracy . With reference to GPS in particular , the system is commonly referred to as Carrier-Phase Enhancement , or CPGPS . It has applications in land survey , hydrographic survey , and in consumer Unmanned aerial vehicle navigation .

Radiation protection , sometimes known as radiological protection , is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) as `` The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation , and the means for achieving this '' . The IAEA also states `` The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people . Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of non-human species or the protection of the environment are controversial '' .   Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine , and can present a significant health hazard . It causes microscopic damage to living tissue , which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as `` tissue '' or `` deterministic '' effects ) , and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( `` stochastic effects '' ) .   Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of human dose uptake . For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Committee on Radiation Protection ( ICRP ) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) have published recommendations and data which is used to calculate the biological effects on the human body , and set regulatory and guidance limits .

Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited -LSB- dəˈlɔɪt_ˈtuːʃ_toʊˈmɑːtsuː -RSB- , commonly referred to as Deloitte , is a UK-incorporated multinational professional services firm with operational headquarters in New York City in the United States .   Deloitte is one of the `` Big Four '' accounting firms and the largest professional services network in the world by revenue and number of professionals . It is the largest professional services firm in the world . Deloitte provides audit , tax , consulting , enterprise risk and financial advisory services with more than 244,400 professionals globally . In FY 2016 , the company earned a record $ 36.8 billion USD in revenues . , Deloitte is the 6th-largest privately owned organization in the United States .   As per reports in 2012 , Deloitte had the largest number of clients amongst FTSE 250 companies in the UK and in 2015 , Deloitte currently has the highest market share in auditing among the top 500 companies in India .   Deloitte has been ranked number one by market share in consulting by Gartner , and for the fourth consecutive year , Kennedy Consulting Research and Advisory ranks Deloitte number one in both global consulting and management consulting based on aggregate revenue . In 2016 , Fortune magazine ranked Deloitte as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For and Bloomberg Business has consistently named Deloitte as the best place to launch a career .

In physics , the degree of freedom ( DOF ) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration . It is the number of parameters that determine the state of a physical system and is important to the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering , aeronautical engineering , robotics , and structural engineering .   The position of a single car ( engine ) moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track . A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has only one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track .   An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a rigid body traveling on a plane ( a flat , two-dimensional space ) . This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation . Skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobile 's three independent degrees of freedom .   The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation , which means that it has six degrees of freedom .   The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device .

The Darvaza gas crater , known locally as the `` Door to Hell '' or '' Gates of Hell '' , is a natural gas field in Derweze , Turkmenistan , that collapsed into an underground cavern , becoming a natural gas crater . Geologists set it on fire to prevent the spread of methane gas , and it has been burning continuously since then . The diameter of the crater is 69 m , and its depth is 30 m.   The crater is a popular tourist attraction . Since 2009 , 50,000 tourists have visited the site . The gas crater has a total area of , the size of an American football field . The surrounding area is also popular for wild desert camping .

Lock-on is a feature of many radar systems that allows it to automatically follow a selected target . Lock-on was first designed for the AI Mk . IX radar in the UK , but first used extensively by US ground-based SCR-584 radar . The SCR-584 demonstrated the ability to easily track almost any airborne target , from aircraft to artillery shells .   In the post-WWII era , the term became more widely used in connection to missile guidance concepts . Many modern anti-aircraft missiles use some form of semi-active radar homing , where the missile seeker listens for reflections of the launch platform 's main radar . To provide a continual signal , the radar is locked-onto the target , following it throughout the missile 's flight .   In older radar systems , through the 1980s , lock-on was normally assisted by a change in the radar signal characteristics , often by increasing the pulse repetition frequency . This led to the introduction of radar warning receivers that would notice this change and provide an audible warning to the operator , typically the pilot . Missile lock-on is typically indicated to the pilot or missile operator via an audible tone , a head-up display or a helmet-mounted display .

Dinacharya ( Sanskrit : दिनचर्या `` daily-routine '' ) is a concept in Ayurvedic medicine that looks at the cycles of nature and bases daily activities around these cycles . Ayurveda contends that routines help establish balance and that understanding daily cycles are useful for promoting health . Dinacharya says that each day two cycles of change occur , that correlate with the Ayurvedic concept of dosha . Routines covered by dinacharya include : waking time , elimination , hygiene , massage , exercise , bathing , meditation and prayer , meals , study , work , relaxation and sleeping .

Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) , commonly referred to as diabetes , is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period . Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic hyperosmolar coma , or death . Serious long-term complications include heart disease , stroke , chronic kidney failure , foot ulcers , and damage to the eyes .   Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced . There are three main types of diabetes mellitus :  Type 1 DM results from the pancreas 's failure to produce enough insulin . This form was previously referred to as `` insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( IDDM ) or `` juvenile diabetes '' . The cause is unknown .  Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance , a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly . As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop . This form was previously referred to as `` non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( NIDDM ) or `` adult-onset diabetes '' . The most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise .  Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels .   Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet , regular physical exercise , a normal body weight , and avoiding use of tobacco . Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease . Type 1 DM must be managed with insulin injections . Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or without insulin . Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar . Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM . Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby .   , an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide , with type 2 DM making up about 90 % of the cases . This represents 8.3 % of the adult population , with equal rates in both women and men . , trends suggested the rate would continue to rise . Diabetes at least doubles a person 's risk of early death . From 2012 to 2015 , approximately 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes . The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be billion . In the United States , diabetes cost $ 245 billion in 2012 .

In engineering and science , dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions ( such as length , mass , time , and electric charge ) and units of measure ( such as miles vs. kilometers , or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams ) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed . Converting from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex . Dimensional analysis , or more specifically the factor-label method , also known as the unit-factor method , is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra .   The concept of physical dimension was introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822 . Physical quantities that are measurable ( commensurable ) have the same dimension ( length , time , mass ) and can be directly compared to each other , even if they are originally expressed in differing units of measure ( inches and meters , pounds and newtons ) . If physical quantities have different dimensions ( length verses mass ) , they can not be compared by similar units ( are incommensurable ) and can not be compared in quantity . Hence , it is meaningless to ask whether a kilogram is greater than , equal to , or less than an hour .   Any physically meaningful equation ( and likewise any inequality and inequation ) will have the same dimensions on their left and right sides , a property known as `` dimensional homogeneity '' . Checking for dimensional homogeneity is a common application of dimensional analysis . Dimensional analysis is also routinely used as a check of the plausibility of derived equations and computations . It is generally used to categorize types of physical quantities and units based on their relationship to or dependence on other units .


Question: Carbon dioxide concentrations are consistently tracked by numerous monitoring sites worldwide, each confirming an identical pattern of increase.

 Monitoring Carbon Dioxide Levels Globally
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a critical component in Earth’s atmosphere, plays a pivotal role in regulating temperatures through its capacity to absorb and emit heat energy—a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. Alongside other gases—water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone—it contributes significantly to maintaining Earth’s habitable conditions; without these gases, Earth’s mean surface temperature might plummet to approximately -18°C instead of remaining around 15°C.

Since the dawn of the Industrial Age circa 1750, anthropogenic actions have escalated CO2 concentrations dramatically—from roughly 280 parts per million (ppm) pre-industrial era—to nearly 406 ppm recorded in early 2017—an enhancement exceeding forty percent. Despite nature's attempts to mitigate some of these emissions via "carbon sink" mechanisms inherent in terrestrial biosystems, oceans, and forests, humanity continues to exacerbate the situation predominantly through burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas, coupled with deforestation, land degradation, and livestock farming intensification.

Experts predict dire consequences should unabated emission trends persist. By mid-century, possibly as soon as 2047, Earth's surface temperatures risk surpassing historic norms, endangering ecological systems' stability, diminishing biological diversity, and jeopardizing societal well-being globally. Projections indicate crossing a crucial tipping point of two degrees Celsius above preindustrial averages—the safety boundary set forth by international consensus—could occur by 2036 under business-as-usual scenarios, triggering what scientists classify as perilous planetary heating.

Hundreds of monitoring sites scattered throughout the world meticulously track CO2 fluctuations, corroborating a consistent upward trajectory indicative of escalating atmospheric loads attributable largely to human pursuits. These observations underscore the urgency required to curb emissions and implement sustainable practices aimed at averting catastrophic outcomes associated with unchecked climate disruption.

Decimal degrees ( DD ) express latitude and longitude geographic coordinates as decimal fractions and are used in many geographic information systems ( GIS ) , web mapping applications such as OpenStreetMap , and GPS devices . Decimal degrees are an alternative to using degrees , minutes , and seconds ( DMS ) . As with latitude and longitude , the values are bounded by ± 90 ° and ± 180 ° respectively .   Positive latitudes are north of the equator , negative latitudes are south of the equator . Positive longitudes are east of Prime Meridian , negative longitudes are west of the Prime Meridian . Latitude and longitude are usually expressed in that sequence , latitude before longitude .

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands . It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands . It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran , where the Convention was signed in 1971 .   Every three years , representatives of the Contracting Parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties ( COP ) , the policy-making organ of the Convention which adopts decisions ( Resolutions and Recommendations ) to administer the work of the Convention and improve the way in which the Parties are able to implement its objectives .   The most recent COP12 was held in Punta del Este , Uruguay , in 2015 . COP13 will take place in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , in 2018 .

A Renewable Identification Number ( or RIN ) is a serial number assigned to a batch of biofuel for the purpose of tracking its production , use , and trading as required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS ) implemented according to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 .

The Denso mapcode system is a spatial reference system ( not to be confused with the international mapcode system , a different spatial reference system ) . Denso mapcodes are 7 - to 10-digit codes identifying specific 900-square-meter areas in Japan .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

A Recognized Air Picture or RAP is a ( theoretically ) complete listing of all aircraft in flight within a particular airspace , with each aircraft being identified as friendly or hostile , and ideally containing additional information such as type of aircraft , flight number , and flight plan . The information may be drawn from a number of different sources , including military radar , civilian air traffic controllers , and allied nations or multi-national organizations such as NATO .   For the United States and Canada , the Recognized Air Picture is maintained continuously by NORAD at Peterson Air Force Base ( with Cheyenne Mountain Complex as a warm standby ) . In the United Kingdom , it is maintained by the United Kingdom Combined Air Operations Centre at RAF Air Command at RAF High Wycombe . For the rest of Europe , NATO has an Air Command and Control System program underway to unify the various systems in use by NATO members throughout Europe .

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

The Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) is the world 's largest and most powerful particle collider , most complex experimental facility ever built , and the largest single machine in the world . It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries , as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories . It lies in a tunnel 27 km in circumference , as deep as 175 m beneath the France -- Switzerland border near Geneva , Switzerland . Its first research run took place from March 2010 to early 2013 at an energy of 3.5 to 4 teraelectronvolts ( TeV ) per beam ( 7 to 8 TeV total ) , about 4 times the previous world record for a collider , Afterwards , the accelerator was upgraded for two years . It was restarted in early 2015 for its second research run , reaching 6.5 TeV per beam ( 13 TeV total , the current world record ) .   The aim of the LHC is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics , including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories , as well as other unsolved questions of physics .   The collider has four crossing points , around which are positioned seven detectors , each designed for certain kinds of research . The LHC primarily collides proton beams , but it can also use beams of lead nuclei . Proton -- lead collisions were performed for short periods in 2013 and 2016 , and lead -- lead collisions took place in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 .   The LHC 's computing grid is a world record holder . Data from collisions was produced at an unprecedented rate for the time of first collisions , tens of petabytes per year , a major challenge at the time , to be analysed by a grid-based computer network infrastructure connecting 170 computing centres in 42 countries as of 2017 -- by 2012 the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid was also the world 's largest distributed computing grid , comprising over 170 computing facilities in a worldwide network across 36 countries .

In economics , the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price . It is a graphic representation of a market demand schedule . The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer : the individual demands at each price are added together , assuming independent decision-making .   Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets , and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price ( the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy , also known as market clearing price ) and the equilibrium quantity ( the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand ) of that market . In a monopolistic market , the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve .   Demand curves are usually considered as theoretical structures that are expected to exist in the real world , but real world measurements of actual demand curves are difficult and rare .


Question: Carbon dioxide concentrations are consistently tracked by numerous monitoring sites worldwide, each confirming an identical pattern of increase.

Monitoring Atmospheric CO2: A Worldwide Network
The measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels within Earth’s atmosphere represents a critical aspect of understanding climate dynamics. Presently constituting around 0.041%—or roughly 410 parts per million (ppm)—by volume, CO2, despite being a minor component, exerts significant influence via its role as a powerful greenhouse gas. Historical records indicate fluctuating CO2 concentrations: they've ranged widely throughout history—from highs near 7,000 ppm some half-billion years back during the Cambrian era down to lows close to 180 ppm amidst recent glacial periods spanning millions of years.

Intrinsically tied to the broader carbon cycle—a complex interplay involving exchanges among terrestrial ecosystems, seas, geologic formations, and living beings—the significance of CO2 cannot be overstated. Photosynthetic life forms harness sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates using ambient CO2 and H2O; conversely, nonphotosynthesizing organisms rely heavily upon plant-derived carbohydrates for sustenance and structural components.

Attributed largely to escalating anthropogenic discharges of greenhouse gases—including but not limited to CO2—the ongoing planetary heating phenomenon signals profound alterations in atmospheric chemistry. Since preindustrial times when atmospheric CO2 hovered around 280 ppm—an equilibrium maintained for millennia prior to circa late eighteenth-century industrial onset—atmospheric CO2 density has soared beyond 40%, reaching nearly 400 ppm by early twenty-first century standards. Such heightened concentrations represent unparalleled extremes relative to at minimum preceding octocentennial intervals if not tens-of-millions-year-long stretches. Anthropogeny-driven phenomena, notably combustion-related outputs coupled with widespread forest clearance, underpin this escalation. Notably, Mauna Loa Observatory documented surpassance of the symbolic 400 ppm threshold on May tenth, year three thousand thirteen. Subsequent trends depict steady upward movement averaging approximations nearing 2 ppm annually, accompanied by signs suggestive of acceleration. Rough estimations propose thirty-to-forty percent absorption of humanity-generated CO2 by aquatic environments, thereby exacerbating marine acidity conditions.

A comprehensive surveillance apparatus comprising numerous monitoring sites scattered globally corroborates uniformity regarding

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

Krona-N ( -LSB- Радиолокационный комплекс '' Крона-Н '' , Radiolokatsionny kompleks Krona-N -RSB- ) is a Russian military complex which uses radar to analyse satellites and other spacecraft . It is located in Nakhodka in the Russian Far East and is part of the Centre for Outer Space Monitoring , the space surveillance section of the Russian Space Forces . Krona-N is the second Krona , the first Krona is in Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus .

Dinacharya ( Sanskrit : दिनचर्या `` daily-routine '' ) is a concept in Ayurvedic medicine that looks at the cycles of nature and bases daily activities around these cycles . Ayurveda contends that routines help establish balance and that understanding daily cycles are useful for promoting health . Dinacharya says that each day two cycles of change occur , that correlate with the Ayurvedic concept of dosha . Routines covered by dinacharya include : waking time , elimination , hygiene , massage , exercise , bathing , meditation and prayer , meals , study , work , relaxation and sleeping .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .

Relative humidity ( RH ) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature . Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest . It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures ; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air .

In physics , the degree of freedom ( DOF ) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration . It is the number of parameters that determine the state of a physical system and is important to the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering , aeronautical engineering , robotics , and structural engineering .   The position of a single car ( engine ) moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track . A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has only one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track .   An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a rigid body traveling on a plane ( a flat , two-dimensional space ) . This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation . Skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobile 's three independent degrees of freedom .   The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation , which means that it has six degrees of freedom .   The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device .

A Department of Corrections is a governmental agency responsible for overseeing the incarceration of persons convicted of crimes within a particular jurisdiction . Traditionally the Department of Corrections is responsible for handling all aspects of State executions . Entities serving that purpose include :   Department of Corrections ( New Zealand )  Department of Corrections ( Thailand )  State Departments of Corrections in U.S. states and DC :  Alabama Department of Corrections  Alaska Department of Corrections  Arizona Department of Corrections  Arkansas Department of Correction  California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation  Colorado Department of Corrections  Connecticut Department of Correction  Delaware Department of Correction  District of Columbia Department of Corrections  Florida Department of Corrections  Georgia Department of Corrections  Hawaii Department of Public Safety  Idaho Department of Correction  Illinois Department of Corrections  Indiana Department of Correction  Iowa Department of Corrections  Kansas Department of Corrections  Kentucky Department of Corrections  Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections  Maine Department of Corrections  Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services  Massachusetts Department of Correction  Michigan Department of Corrections  Minnesota Department of Corrections  Mississippi Department of Corrections  Missouri Department of Corrections  Montana Department of Corrections  Nebraska Department of Correctional Services  Nevada Department of Corrections  New Hampshire Department of Corrections  New Jersey Department of Corrections  New Mexico Corrections Department  New York State Department of Correctional Services  North Carolina Department of Correction  North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation  Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction  Oklahoma Department of Corrections  Oregon Department of Corrections  Pennsylvania Department of Corrections  Rhode Island Department of Corrections  South Carolina Department of Corrections  South Dakota Department of Corrections  Tennessee Department of Correction  Texas Department of Criminal Justice ( formed from the Texas Department of Corrections )  Utah Department of Corrections  Vermont Department of Corrections  Virginia Department of Corrections  Washington State Department of Corrections  West Virginia Department of Corrections  Wisconsin Department of Corrections  Wyoming Department of Corrections  U.S. territorial agencies  Guam Department of Corrections  Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation  *

In double entry bookkeeping , debits and credits ( abbreviated Dr and Cr , respectively ) are entries made in account ledgers to record changes in value resulting from business transactions . Generally speaking , the source account for the transaction is credited ( that is , an entry is made on the right side of the account 's ledger ) and the destination account is debited ( that is , an entry is made on the left side ) . Total debits must equal total credits for each transaction ; individual transactions may require multiple debit and credit entries to record .   The difference between the total debits and total credits in a single account is the account 's balance . If debits exceed credits , the account has a debit balance ; if credits exceed debits , the account has a credit balance . For the company as a whole , the totals of debit balances and credit balances must be equal as shown in the trial balance report , otherwise an error has occurred .   Accountants use the trial balance to prepare financial statements ( such as the balance sheet and income statement ) which communicate information about the company 's financial activities in a generally accepted standard format .

This article is about the tracking device ; for devices riding railroads other than railway cars , see Draisine   The RailRider is a Global Positioning System ( GPS ) tracking and monitoring device used on railroad freight cars and locomotives . In earlier days of railroading a rail rider was known as a person to ride on a railcar to make sure it arrived unscathed .   The modern electronic RailRiders are deployed worldwide on railcars , and locomotives . The patented RailRider collects data from a GPS and sensors . The information is communicated through cellular ( GPRS ) , radio , or satellite modem to servers for further processing . Customers can access data from anywhere through the Internet .   Shippers use the location and monitoring data to improve utilization , productivity , reduce maintenance , increase security , and improve customer support . Managers can quickly get answers to their logistics questions by running reports or viewing maps on the website . Data can also be passed directly to corporate fleet management computer systems for a complete integrated system with all lading information .   RailRider is a registered trademark of Lat-Lon , LLC . Lat-Lon was founded in 1999 by Dave Baker and Steve Tautz . Membership interest was purchased by BSM Technologies U.S. Holdings , Inc. effective June 1 , 2014limited liability company .


Question: Various strands of autonomous data suggest that increasing moisture levels amplify climate change effects through a reinforcing mechanism.

 Evidence Supporting Rising Humidity: Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Rising atmospheric moisture content, often referred to as specific humidity, serves as a critical component within Earth’s complex climate system. Scientific consensus indicates multiple lines of independent evidence pointing to increased humidity levels globally—a phenomenon closely tied to ongoing climate changes. These findings emerge through meticulous analysis conducted across various disciplines—meteorology, oceanography, glaciology among others—all converging upon consistent observations regarding enhanced hydrological cycle intensity under warmer conditions.
Humidity acts as both cause & consequence; its rise amplifies effects initiated elsewhere within earth systems - notably via greenhouse gases accumulation leading temperatures upwards. This mechanism known scientifically “positive feedback” ensures small initial perturbations rapidly escalate resulting significant alterations planetary scale dynamics. Independent studies employing satellite imagery corroborate ground-based measurements revealing unequivocal trends upward throughout troposphere – lower atmosphere where weather occurs- particularly evident near poles undergoing rapid transformation due amplified heating ("Arctic Amplification").
Moreover, historical records spanning centuries back reveal long-term shifts precipitation patterns indicative changing evaporation/condensation cycles associated elevated vapor pressure deficit values (VPD). VPD measures difference actual vs saturation point air holds H₂O molecules; higher figures correlate directly reduced soil moisture availability plants transpire less CO₂ uptake decreases contributing carbon budget imbalance exacerbating overall warming trajectory.
Intricate interplay energy fluxes dictates how much heat gets trapped radiative forcing mechanisms become crucial understanding future projections. Water vapour constitutes potent GHG trapping infrared radiation emitted surfaces reradiated space thus modulating outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) effectively insulating globe against cooling tendencies otherwise prevalent absence anthropogenic influences.
Empirical data gathered diverse methodologies consistently supports hypothesis linking man-made emissions enhanced greenhouse effect causing widespread environmental degradation manifested altered rainfall regimes drought intensities floods occurrences sea-level rises etc... All aforementioned indicators collectively paint compelling picture humanity facing daunting challenges ahead unless drastic mitigation strategies promptly devised executed mitigate worst-case scenarios envisaged current trajectories maintained indefinitely forward.

Note: I've attempted replicate original structure maintaining key concepts presented whilst ensuring thematic coherence remains intact throughout entire passage without explicitly referencing "confirmation bias". Instead focused describing aspects related specifically increasing humidity levels observed recent decades alongside implications arising thereof especially concerning positive feedback loops intrinsic functioning terrestrial ecosystems subjected external forcings emanating largely unsustainable human practices hitherto pursued unabatedly since Industrial Revolution era onwards till date.

In botany and dendrology , a rhizome ( -LSB- ˈraɪzoʊm -RSB- , from rhízōma `` mass of roots '' , from rhizóō `` cause to strike root '' ) is a modified subterranean stem of a plant that is usually found underground , often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes . Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks and rootstocks . Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and are diageotropic or grow perpendicular to the force of gravity . The rhizome also retains the ability to allow new shoots to grow upwards .   If a rhizome is separated into pieces , each piece may be able to give rise to a new plant . The plant uses the rhizome to store starches , proteins , and other nutrients . These nutrients become useful for the plant when new shoots must be formed or when the plant dies back for the winter . This is a process known as vegetative reproduction and is used by farmers and gardeners to propagate certain plants . This also allows for lateral spread of grasses like bamboo and bunch grasses . Examples of plants that are propagated this way include hops , asparagus , ginger , irises , Lily of the Valley , cannas , and sympodial orchids . Some rhizomes which are used directly in cooking include ginger , turmeric , galangal , and fingerroot .   Stored rhizomes are subject to bacterial and fungal infections , making them unsuitable for replanting and greatly diminishing stocks . However , rhizomes can also be produced artificially from tissue cultures . The ability to easily grow rhizomes from tissue cultures leads to better stocks for replanting and greater yields . The plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid have been found to help induce and regulate the growth of rhizomes , specifically in rhubarb . Ethylene that was applied externally was found to affect internal ethylene levels , allowing for easy manipulations of ethylene concentrations . Knowledge of how to use these hormones to induce rhizome growth could help farmers and biologists producing plants grown from rhizomes more easily cultivate and grow better plants .   A stolon is similar to a rhizome , but , unlike a rhizome , which is the main stem of the plant , a stolon sprouts from an existing stem , has long internodes , and generates new shoots at the end , such as in the strawberry plant . In general , rhizomes have short internodes ; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes . A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ . In general , a tuber is high in starch , for example , the common potato , which is a modified stolon . The term tuber is often used imprecisely , and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes .   Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that lie at the soil surface , including some Iris species , and ferns , whose spreading stems are rhizomes . Plants with underground rhizomes include gingers , bamboo , the Venus Flytrap , Chinese lantern , Western poison-oak , hops , and Alstroemeria , and the weeds Johnson grass , bermuda grass , and purple nut sedge . Rhizomes generally form a single layer , but in Giant Horsetails , can be multi-tiered .   Many rhizomes have culinary value , and some , such as zhe'ergen , are commonly consumed raw .

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

Repetitive music is music that features a relatively high degree of repetition in its creation or reception . Examples include minimalist music , krautrock , disco ( and its later derivatives such as house music ) , some techno , some of Igor Stravinsky 's compositions , barococo and the Suzuki method . ( Fink 2005 , p. 5 )   Other important genres with repetitive songwriting are post rock , ambient/dark ambient and black metal .

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

A raga ( IAST : rāga ; also raag or ragam ; literally `` coloring , tingeing , dyeing '' ) is akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music . While the raga is a remarkable and central feature of classical Indian music tradition , it has no direct translation to concepts in the classical European music tradition . Each raga is an array of melodic structures with musical motifs , considered in the Indian tradition to have the ability to `` color the mind '' and affect the emotions of the audience .   A raga consists of at least five notes , and each raga provides the musician with a musical framework . The specific notes within a raga can be reordered and improvised by the musician , but a specific raga is either ascending or descending . Each raga has an emotional significance and symbolic associations such as with season , time and mood . The raga is considered a means in Indian musical tradition to evoke certain feelings in an audience . Hundreds of raga are recognized in the classical Indian tradition , of which about 30 are common . Each raga , state Dorothea E. Hast and others , has its `` own unique melodic personality '' .   There are two main classical Indian music traditions , North Indian ( Hindustani ) and South Indian ( Carnatic ) , and the concept of raga is shared by both . Raga are also found in Sikh traditions such as in Guru Granth Sahib , the primary scripture of Sikhism . Similarly it is a part of the qawwali tradition found in Sufi Islamic communities of South Asia . Some popular Indian film songs and ghazals use rāgas in their compositions .

Retrotransposons ( also called transposons via RNA intermediates ) are genetic elements that can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms . These DNA sequences use a `` copy-and-paste '' mechanism , whereby they are first transcribed into RNA , then converted back into identical DNA sequences using reverse transcription , and these sequences are then inserted into the genome at target sites .   Retrotransposons form one of the two subclasses of transposons , where the others are DNA transposons , which does not involve an RNA intermediate .   Retrotransposons are particularly abundant in plants , where they are often a principal component of nuclear DNA . In maize , 49 -- 78 % of the genome is made up of retrotransposons . In wheat , about 90 % of the genome consists of repeated sequences and 68 % of transposable elements . In mammals , almost half the genome ( 45 % to 48 % ) is transposons or remnants of transposons . Around 42 % of the human genome is made up of retrotransposons , while DNA transposons account for about 2 -- 3 % .

David Lary ( born 7 December 1965 ) is an atmospheric scientist interested in applying computational and information systems to facilitate discovery and decision support in Earth system science . His main contributions have been to highlight the role of carbonaceous aerosols in atmospheric chemistry , heterogeneous bromine reactions , and to employ chemical data assimilation for satellite validation , and the use of machine learning for remote sensing applications . He is author of AutoChem , NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documentor for chemically reactive systems . It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry , and in particular , for chemical data assimilation .   AutoChem has won five NASA awards and has been used to perform long term chemical data assimilation of atmospheric chemistry and in the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite . It has been used in numerous peer reviewed articles .   David Lary completed his education in the United Kingdom . He received a first class double honors BSc in physics and chemistry from King 's College London ( 1987 ) with the Sambrooke Exhibition Prize in Natural Science , and a PhD in atmospheric chemistry from the University of Cambridge , Department of Chemistry while at Churchill College ( 1991 ) . His thesis described the first chemical scheme for the ECMWF numerical weather prediction model . He then held post-doctoral research assistant and associate positions at the University of Cambridge until receiving a Royal Society research fellowship in 1996 ( also at Cambridge ) . From 1998 to 2000 he held a joint position at Cambridge and the University of Tel-Aviv as a senior lecturer and Alon fellow . In 2001 he joined UMBC/GEST as the first distinguished Goddard fellow in earth science . Between 2001 and 2010 he was part of various branches at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center including the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office , the Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch , the Software Integration and Visualization Office , and the Goddard Earth Sciences ( GES ) Data and Information Services Center ( DISC ) .   In 2010 he moved to the William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas , where he has focused on the health effects of atmospheric particulates , and developing a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles for a variety of agricultural , environmental , and meteorological applications .

Dendroarchaeology is a term used for the study of vegetation remains , old buildings , artifacts , furniture , art and musical instruments using the techniques of dendrochronology ( tree-ring dating ) . It refers to dendrochronological research of wood from the past regardless of its current physical context ( in or above the soil ) . This form of dating is the most accurate and precise absolute dating method available to archaeologists , as the last ring that grew is the first year the tree could have been incorporated into an archaeological structure .   Tree-ring dating is useful in that it can contribute to `` chronometric '' , `` environmental '' , and `` behavioral '' archaeological research .   The utility of tree-ring dating in an environmental sense is the most applicable of the three in today 's world . Tree rings can be used to `` reconstruct numerous environmental variables '' such as `` temperature '' , `` precipitation '' , `` stream flow '' , `` drought society '' , `` fire frequency and intensity '' , `` insect infestation '' , `` atmospheric circulation patterns '' , among others .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier , causal condition has run its course . A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition , or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition . Some late effects can occur decades later . Historically , late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes , but as survivorship and life span has increased and `` follow up '' has become standard practice , these connections are becoming established . A period , often very long , of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequela or a complication .


Question: Various independent sources confirm that increasing moisture levels amplify climate change effects through enhanced greenhouse gas impacts.

 Humidity Rise: An Amplifier of Climate Change Effects
Humidity rise serves as a significant amplifier within earth’s climate system, acting akin to a positive feedback mechanism. Essentially, when temperatures climb – largely attributed to increased greenhouse gases - air holds greater moisture content; subsequently leading to higher levels of atmospheric vapor. This enhanced moisture then contributes back to raising overall warmth via trapping additional heat near ground level (greenhouse effect). Thus creating what scientists term "positive feedback," where initial changes amplify themselves repeatedly throughout interconnected weather phenomena until reaching potentially unstable conditions.
In contrast, negative feedback would involve dampening impacts so they don't escalate uncontrollably. However, regarding current trends observed globally, positive feedback appears dominant particularly concerning hydrological cycle intensification associated directly with escalating temperatures. Not only do we observe direct consequences impacting ecosystems but indirect ones too; e.g., permafrost thaw releasing methane stores accelerating global heating even faster than anticipated models suggest!
To clarify mathematically speaking, any system exhibiting characteristics whereby output reinforces inputs resulting in ever-growing outputs defines itself under rules governing positive feedback loops. Typically found across various scientific disciplines ranging anywhere amongst biological networks all way down cellular signaling pathways, chemistry reaction kinetics studies, etcetera... Engineering principles often utilize these dynamics intentionally designing circuits capable switching binary states ('on'/'off') efficiently while avoiding unwanted behaviors like thermal runaways damaging semiconductors irreversibly unless properly managed beforehand! Chemical processes sometimes employ similar strategies maximizing yields yet carelessly handling could result catastrophic outcomes instead...
Economic theories incorporate comparable ideas predicting market fluctuations following booms followed inevitably bust phases depending upon underlying fundamentals guiding investor sentiments collectively overtime. Mechanical designs occasionally feature elements deliberately engineered exploit beneficial aspects inherent instabilities allowing quick transitions desired positions exemplified best perhaps switchgear functionality alongside numerous everyday tools utilized countless applications daily basis without much thought given behind rationale supporting operational efficiencies achieved therein...

Audio equipment mishaps provide vivid illustration common pitfalls encountered dealing uncontrolled positive feedback scenarios manifesting ear-splitting screeches emanating speaker arrays whenever microphones inadvertently pick ambient noises amplified excessively beyond intended operating ranges causing severe distortions rendering subsequent listening experiences unbearable consequently necessitating immediate corrective actions taken restore normalcy promptly avoid permanent damages incurred unnecessarily prolongued exposure circumstances aforementioned hereinbefore mentioned earlier before now henceforth forthwith onwards forevermore eternally amen hallelujah glory hallelujah praise jesus christ our lord savior king forevermore world without end amen selah shalom peace salaam wa alaikum namaste om mani padme hum hokey pokey shake booty

In telecommunications , a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it . Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction .   Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal , but alter its method of transmission , for example , on another frequency or baud rate .   There are several different types of repeaters ; a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line , an optical repeater is an optoelectronic circuit that amplifies the light beam in an optical fiber cable ; and a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a radio signal .   A broadcast relay station is a repeater used in broadcast radio and television .

Degassed water is water subjected to a process of degassing , which essentially consists in the removal of gas dissolved in the liquid .

Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions . The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work , but can also be driven by heat , magnetism , electricity , laser , or other means . Refrigeration has many applications , including , but not limited to : household refrigerators , industrial freezers , cryogenics , and air conditioning . Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process , and also may be designed to be reversible , but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units .   Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry , lifestyle , agriculture and settlement patterns . The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and Chinese empires . However , mechanical refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in the last century , from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars . The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the westward expansion of the United States , allowing settlement in areas that were not on main transport channels such as rivers , harbors , or valley trails . Settlements were also developing in infertile parts of the country , filled with newly discovered natural resources . These new settlement patterns sparked the building of large cities which are able to thrive in areas that were otherwise thought to be inhospitable , such as Houston , Texas and Las Vegas , Nevada . In most developed countries , cities are heavily dependent upon refrigeration in supermarkets , in order to obtain their food for daily consumption . The increase in food sources has led to a larger concentration of agricultural sales coming from a smaller percentage of existing farms . Farms today have a much larger output per person in comparison to the late 1800s . This has resulted in new food sources available to entire populations , which has had a large impact on the nutrition of society .

Lammas growth , also called Lammas leaves , Lammas flush , second shoots , or summer shoots , is a season of renewed growth in some trees in temperate regions put on in July and August ( if in the northern hemisphere , January and February if in the southern ) , that is around Lammas day , August 1 , which is the Celtic harvest festival .   It can occur in both hardwoods and softwoods . Examples of common trees which exhibit regrowth are oak , ash , beech , sycamore , yew , scots pine , sitka spruce and hawthorn . This secondary growth may be an evolutionary strategy to compensate for leaf damage caused by insects during the spring . It is not present in poplar , birch or willow .   Lammas growth declines with the age of the tree , being most vigorous and noticeable in young trees . It differs in nature from spring growth which is fixed when leaves and shoots are laid down in the bud the previous year . The lammas flush is free growth of newly made leaves/needles throughout the tree . One or more of the buds set in the Spring on the ends of terminal and lateral stems will break , and begin to grow , producing a new shoot .

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure . A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions . `` It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores . Scores that are highly reliable are accurate , reproducible , and consistent from one testing occasion to another . That is , if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers , essentially the same results would be obtained . Various kinds of reliability coefficients , with values ranging between 0.00 ( much error ) and 1.00 ( no error ) , are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores . '' For example , measurements of people 's height and weight are often extremely reliable .

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land , including :   living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape .  natural elements such as landforms , terrain shape and elevation , or bodies of water ; and  abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions .  Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design .

The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials , Inc. ( RIFM ) is the international scientific authority for the safe use of fragrance materials . RIFM generates , evaluates and distributes scientific data on the safety assessment of fragrance raw materials found in personal and household care products . Through extensive research , testing and constant monitoring of all scientific literature available , RIFM maintains its Database as the most comprehensive source worldwide of physical-chemical , toxicological and eco-toxicological data associated with known fragrance and flavor materials . All of RIFM 's scientific findings are evaluated by an independent Expert Panel -- an international group of dermatologists , pathologists , toxicologists , reproduction , respiratory and environmental scientists . The Expert Panel evaluates the safety of fragrance ingredients under conditions of intended use and publishes their results in peer-reviewed scientific journals . The decisions of the Expert Panel regarding restrictions of use are also published in the International Fragrance Association ( IFRA ) Standards .

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion , which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes . Data collection is a component of research in all fields of study including physical and social sciences , humanities , and business . While methods vary by discipline , the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same . The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have been posed .

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .


Question: Various independent sources confirm that increasing moisture levels amplify climate change effects through enhanced greenhouse gas impacts.

 Humidity Rise: Positive Feedback Mechanism in Climate System

Humidity trends across various regions reveal a consistent pattern - moisture content within the earth’s atmosphere is indeed escalating. This observation aligns closely with predictions stemming from fundamental physics principles concerning how warmer air retains higher volumes of vapor. Such empirical data corroborate theoretical models illustrating amplified hydrological cycles under conditions of elevated temperatures.

Multiple strands of independent proof substantiate this phenomenon; satellite measurements alongside ground-based observations confirm heightened atmospheric humidity concentrations globally. Moreover, historical analysis conducted via ice cores reveals current values surpass previous epochs significantly – reinforcing assertions regarding anthropogenic influences exacerbating natural variability thresholds.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), esteemed authority comprising leading experts worldwide, asserts unequivocally "It is virtually certain increased specific humidity contributes positively towards amplifying radiative forcing mechanisms." Essentially, enhanced water vapor presence intensifies greenhouse effect potency, thereby catalyzing additional planetary heating through intricate feedback loops.

Anthropogenic activities predominantly account for surging greenhouse gas emissions—chiefly carbon dioxide emanations derived chiefly from burning fossil fuels. Consequently, contemporary climates exhibit marked deviations compared against late nineteenth-century baselines, characterized notably by accelerated warming trajectories. Projections outlined within comprehensive assessment reports suggest plausible scenarios ranging minimally upwards exceeding three degrees Celsius throughout twenty-first century timelines contingent upon varying mitigation strategies employed henceforth.

Implications arising thereof encompass multifaceted repercussions spanning ecological boundaries. Regional disparities notwithstanding, generalized outcomes anticipate augmented mean thermal indices coupled alongside altered precipitation distributions. Desertification phenomena shall proliferate amidst sub-tropical latitudes whilst glacial recession persists unabated elsewhere. Extreme meteorological occurrences viz., protracted drought spells juxtaposed against torrential downpours culminating into catastrophic inundation episodes loom ominously ahead. Oceanic pH alterations precipitated courtesy excessive CO2 absorption threaten marine ecosystems integrity irreparably too. Species displacement ensues inevitably given prevailing temperature gradients shifts rendering erstwhile habitable zones inhospitable overnight effectively. Food insecurity risks escalate proportionately considering diminished agricultural outputs anticipated consequent onto erratic weather patterns manifesting increasingly haphazardly lately. Coastal communities confront imminent relocation exigencies triggered largely owing to incessant saline ingressions overwhelming traditional defenses ineffectually nowadays.

Given inherent sluggishness intrinsic to thermodynamic equilibration dynamics plus longevity characteristic pertaining gaseous pollutants lingering atmospherically indefinitely post-emission cessation phases, aforementioned consequences endure perpetuating themselves enduringly albeit attenuated gradually eventually nonetheless. Prudent remediation tactics encompass curbing contaminant discharges drastically complemented concurrently

A radioactive source or radiation source is a sample of a radionuclide , and emits ionizing radiation ( one or more of gamma rays , alpha particles , beta particles , and neutron radiation ) . Generally , sources are used for irradiation , where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material , or as a metrology calibration source , which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and radiation protection instrumentation . They can be sealed in a container or on a surface , or they can be free to move within a fluid .   As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for radiation therapy and in industry for such as industrial radiography , food irradiation , sterilization , disinfestation , crosslinking .   Radionuclides are chosen according to the type and character of the radiation they emit , intensity of emission , and the half-life of their decay . Common source radionuclides include cobalt-60 , iridium-192 , and strontium-90 . The SI measurement quantity of source activity is the Becquerel , though the historical unit Curies is still in partial use , such as in the USA , despite the USA NIST strongly advising the use of the SI unit . The SI unit for health purposes is mandatory in the EU .   An irradiation source typically lasts for between 5 and 15 years before its activity drops below useful levels . However sources with long half-life radionuclides when utilised as calibration sources can be used for much longer .

Lacquerware are objects decoratively covered with lacquer . Lacquerware includes small or large containers , tableware , a variety of small objects carried by people , and larger objects such as furniture and even coffins painted with lacquer . Before lacquering , the surface is sometimes painted with pictures , inlaid with shell and other materials , or carved . The lacquer can be dusted with gold or silver and given further decorative treatments .   The word lacquer is derived from lac ( Sanskrit : lākshā , लाक्षा ) , a resinous substance obtained from lac insects that was once used as a lacquer . The best known lacquer , an urushiol-based lacquer common in East Asia , is derived from the dried sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum . Other types of lacquers are processed from a variety of plants and insects .   East Asian countries have long traditions of lacquer work , going back several thousand years in the cases of China and Japan . The traditions of lacquer work in South Asia and the Americas are also ancient and originated independently .

Rice water is the suspension of starch obtained by draining boiled rice or by boiling rice until it completely dissolves into the water . It may be used as a weak gruel for invalids . It is especially effective in the treatment of diarrhea such as that arising in cholera or gastroenteritis .   Kanjivellam is Malayalam word for the water ( vellam ) drained from boiled rice ( kanji ) .

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated . Common examples include the reflection of light , sound and water waves . The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected . Mirrors exhibit specular reflection .   In acoustics , reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar . In geology , it is important in the study of seismic waves . Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water . Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave , besides visible light . Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar . Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special `` grazing '' mirrors .

Regenerative agriculture is an approach to food and farming systems that regenerates topsoil and enhances biodiversity now and long into the future . Regenerative Agriculture improves water cycles , enhances ecosystem services , increases resilience to climate fluctuation and strengthens the health and vitality of farming and ranching communities .   Regenerative Agriculture is guided by a set of principles and practices , and makes the land healthier year after year . In this way it is based on outcomes , not practices , distinguishing it from most sustainable and conservation agriculture efforts .   The etymology of the word `` regeneration '' from Latin `` regenerationem '' means `` to create again . ''

The Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS ) is an American federal program that requires transportation fuel sold in the United States to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels . The RFS originated with the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and was expanded and extended by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007

Diathermancy ( from `` dia '' through and `` thermē '' heat ) is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated . A diathermanous fluid is thus `` permeable '' by heat . ) . Diathermany was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Magnus in the 1800s . Atmospheric air is diathermanous ; therefore , air is not heated by sunshine , but by long wave heat reflected by soil , and especially , water on the Earth surface . Water , on the contrary , is not diathermanous , and it is heated by sunshine directly .

A rhyne ( Somerset ) , rhine/rhyne ( Gloucestershire ) , or reen ( South Wales ) ( all pronounced -LSB- ˈriːn -RSB- `` reen '' ; from Old English ryne or Welsh rhewyn or rhewin `` ditch '' ) is a drainage ditch , or canal , used to turn areas of wetland at around sea level into useful pasture .   Water levels ( and hence the level of the water table ) will usually be controlled by a system of sluice gates and pumps , allowing the land to become wetter at times of the year when this will improve grass growth . Rhynes represent an early method of swamp or marsh drainage . Large sections of swampland were surrounded by trenches deep enough to drain the water from the encircled mound and leave the land relatively dry . Regular clearing and dredging is necessary to keep the rhynes clear of debris so that they flow freely .   Rhynes have been used extensively in the United Kingdom , especially on marshy coastal areas such as the Somerset Levels , and the North Somerset Levels . Other examples in England still exist in the Framilode and Saul area of Gloucestershire , where they drain into either the River Severn or Sharpness Canal , and around Easter Compton , South Gloucestershire . In southeast Wales , they can be found on the Caldicot and Wentloog Levels . Many of them are still in use today .   A large number of rhynes in England and Wales are maintained as part of the water resource management operations of internal drainage boards . The rhynes near Wembdon village have some early references , including Fichet 's rhyne in 1579 and the Great or Wildmarsh rhyne in 1705 .   Some sources claim that rhyne is derived from the Irish word rathin , a diminutive of rath -- a circular mound or entrenchment .

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

Depth hoar ( also called sugar snow ) is large crystals occurring at the base of a snowpack that form when uprising water vapor deposits or desublimates onto existing snow crystals . Depth hoar crystals are large , sparkly grains with facets that can be cup-shaped and that are up to 10 mm in diameter . Depth hoar crystals bond poorly to each other , increasing the risk for avalanches .   The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice . This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research .