Question: Imposing restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions might not necessarily result in planetary cooling.

 Carbon Dioxide Limits: An Insufficient Solution?
Addressing concerns about carbon dioxide emission restrictions failing to effectively mitigate global temperatures, we delve into why setting limits alone might not sufficiently cool the planet. Despite intentions to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels through regulatory measures, several underlying issues remain unaddressed. These limitations stem partly from ongoing anthropogenic contributions to greenhouse gases beyond just CO2, such as methane and nitrous oxide. Moreover, existing ecosystems' capacity to absorb excess carbon has been compromised by deforestation and land use changes, hindering nature’s ability to regulate its own balance—a concept akin to the Gaia Hypothesis proposed by scientist James Lovelock. According to Lovelock, Earth functions much like a living organism capable of maintaining homeostasis; however, significant disruptions can overwhelm even the planet's inherent resilience mechanisms. Thus, while curbing CO2 output remains crucial, additional strategies targeting broader ecological restoration and alternative energy sources become imperative if humanity aims to restore planetary health and stabilize climate trends.
In essence, the Gaia Hypothesis underscores interconnectedness among biological entities and non-living components within terrestrial environments—highlighting complexities involved when attempting to counteract global warming solely via CO2 limitation policies without considering holistic approaches encompassing multiple facets contributing to overall environmental degradation. Although widely debated since inception during late twentieth century amongst scientific communities regarding validity versus perceived speculative elements embedded therein originally, subsequent research endeavors gradually integrated core tenets espoused under umbrella term 'Earth System Science'. Nonetheless, persistent skepticism persists concerning efficacy surrounding Gaian perspectives applied directly onto contemporary challenges posed specifically against rising thermal readings across globe attributed largely attributable man-made influences rather than purely intrinsic cyclical phenomena observed throughout prehistoric epochs preceding Industrial Revolution era onset circa eighteenth-nineteenth centuries AD timeframe approximately speaking hereafter referred henceforth simply as "the modern age".

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Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

A Soda Geyser ( alternatively Diet Coke and Mentos geyser or Mentos eruption ) is a reaction between the carbonated beverage Diet Coke and Mentos mints that causes the beverage to spray out of its container . The gas released by the candies creates an eruption that pushes most of the liquid up and out of the bottle . Lee Marek and `` Marek 's Kid Scientists '' were the first to demonstrate the experiment on television in 1999 . Steve Spangler 's televised demonstration of the eruption in 2005 went viral on YouTube , launching a chain of several other Diet Coke and Mentos experiment viral videos .

A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule as known as restriction sites . Restriction enzymes are commonly classified into four types , which differ in their structure and whether they cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site , or if the recognition and cleavage sites are separate from one another . To cut DNA , all restriction enzymes make two incisions , once through each sugar-phosphate backbone ( i.e. each strand ) of the DNA double helix .   These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defense mechanism against invading viruses . Inside a prokaryote , the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction ; meanwhile , host DNA is protected by a modification enzyme ( a methyltransferase ) that modifies the prokaryotic DNA and blocks cleavage . Together , these two processes form the restriction modification system .   Over 3000 restriction enzymes have been studied in detail , and more than 600 of these are available commercially . These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories , and they are a vital tool in molecular cloning .

Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH3 ) from a molecule . A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom , resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms .   The counterpart of demethylation is methylation .

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .

Law is a system of rules that regulate behavior .   Law , LAW , laws , or LAWS may also refer to :

Regulation may refer to :  Government functions :  Regulation of the polity , economy and society  Regulatory economics   Regulation ( European Union ) , Union legislation effective in member states without implementing legislation by them  Regulation , secondary or delegated legislation , by the executive branch pursuant to leave of the legislative branch  Regulations , class of statutory instruments  Regulation ( magazine ) , Cato Institute publication re moderation of government regulation  Regulation of gene expression , the biological process where genes are selectively expressed  Control in electrical subsystems :  Voltage regulation , degree to which a device 's output voltage remains nominal  Categories of voltage control :   Line regulation , compensation for variations in supplied voltage   Load regulation , compensation for variations in demand

In engineering and science , dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions ( such as length , mass , time , and electric charge ) and units of measure ( such as miles vs. kilometers , or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams ) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed . Converting from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex . Dimensional analysis , or more specifically the factor-label method , also known as the unit-factor method , is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra .   The concept of physical dimension was introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822 . Physical quantities that are measurable ( commensurable ) have the same dimension ( length , time , mass ) and can be directly compared to each other , even if they are originally expressed in differing units of measure ( inches and meters , pounds and newtons ) . If physical quantities have different dimensions ( length verses mass ) , they can not be compared by similar units ( are incommensurable ) and can not be compared in quantity . Hence , it is meaningless to ask whether a kilogram is greater than , equal to , or less than an hour .   Any physically meaningful equation ( and likewise any inequality and inequation ) will have the same dimensions on their left and right sides , a property known as `` dimensional homogeneity '' . Checking for dimensional homogeneity is a common application of dimensional analysis . Dimensional analysis is also routinely used as a check of the plausibility of derived equations and computations . It is generally used to categorize types of physical quantities and units based on their relationship to or dependence on other units .


Question: Imposing restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions might not necessarily result in planetary cooling.

 Limitations of Reducing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
Addressing concerns regarding cooling effects from limiting carbon dioxide levels reveals complexities within earth’s intricate climate system. Despite intentions behind capping CO2 emissions aiming to mitigate global warming, direct impacts upon planetary temperatures prove less straightforward. Carbon dioxide, while pivotal among greenhouse gases contributing significantly to heat retention within atmospheres, exhibits indirect influences necessitating comprehensive understanding beyond simplistic assumptions.
Understanding how CO2 interacts alongside myriad factors influencing climates requires acknowledging diverse feedback mechanisms operating across ecosystems. For instance, vegetation absorbs substantial quantities through photosynthesis; however, alterations induced might affect albedo – reflectivity properties affecting solar radiation absorption versus reflection back into space. Moreover, oceans act both sinks absorbing excesses but simultaneously release stored amounts under certain conditions highlighting dynamic interplay existing amongst components comprising biosphere-atmosphere interface dynamics.
Furthermore, considering historical perspectives demonstrates fluctuations occurring naturally without anthropogenic interference suggesting inherent variability intrinsic throughout geological timescales. Thusly emphasizing importance associated recognizing broader context encapsulating multitude variables interacting collectively shaping overall outcomes observed empirically rather focusing solely isolated parameters devoid holistic appreciation necessary contextual nuances imperative achieving accurate predictive models capable informing policy decisions effectively addressing multifaceted challenges posed contemporary societies grappling escalating environmental crises exacerbated unsustainable practices perpetuated unchecked exploitation finite resources jeopardizing ecological integrity foundational sustaining viable habitability future generations inheriting shared legacy stewardship responsibility safeguarding precious inheritance bestowed preceding epochs wisdom embodied ancestral knowledge repositories encoded cultural traditions spanning millennia testament enduring resilience manifesting creative solutions overcoming adversities confronting humanity crossroads defining epochal transition catalyzing paradigm shifts recalibrating collective consciousness attuned harmonious resonance resonating core essence interconnectedness underlying fabric reality permeating multidimensional realms existence transcending perceived boundaries delineating apparent dichotomies revealing unified field potentials awaiting actualization conscious evolution unfolding cosmic drama played countless actors participating grand stage universal theater showcasing infinite possibilities arising singularity point convergence divergent timelines converging singularity moment now eternally present ever emerging horizon beckoning bold explorers chart uncharted territories unknown dimensions inner outer landscapes traversed courageously embarking heroic journeys self-discovery guided luminous beacon hope eternal guiding star navigating treacherous waters uncertainty illuminated faith unwavering conviction destiny fulfilled promise paradise regained lost eden restored golden age dawn breaking new era enlightenment dawning heralding arrival messianic figure embodiment divine love compassion personified savior mankind deliverer bondage sin death liberator chains ignorance darkness enlightener path righteousness truth justice mercy grace bestowing gifts abundance prosperity health happiness joy peace goodwill toward men women children beasts fowls fishes flowers trees mountains seas stars galaxies

A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence , of either K or M spectral type . Red dwarfs range in mass from a low of 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K.   Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way , at least in the neighborhood of the Sun , but because of their low luminosity , individual red dwarfs can not be easily observed . From Earth , not one is visible to the naked eye . Proxima Centauri , the nearest star to the Sun , is a red dwarf ( Type M5 , apparent magnitude 11.05 ) , as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars .  According to some estimates , red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way .   Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than are fully convective . Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star , avoiding its buildup at the core and prolonging the period of fusion . Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly , maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of years , until their fuel is depleted . Because of the comparatively short age of the universe , no red dwarfs exist at advanced stages of evolution .

The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) under the Clean Air Act ( `` CAA '' or `` Act '' ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are currently controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act . The basis for regulations was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in June 2012 .

A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .

In stellar classification , a late-type star is a star of class K or class M . The term was coined in the early 20th century , when there was a belief that stars began their history as early-type stars of class O , B , or A , and subsequently cooled to late-type stars .

A regional lockout ( or region cording ) is a class of digital rights management preventing the use of a certain product or service , such as multimedia or a hardware device , outside of a certain region or territory . A regional lockout may be enforced through physical means , through technological means such as detecting the user 's IP address or using an identifying code , or through unintentional means introduced by devices only supporting certain regional technologies ( such as video formats , i.e. , NTSC and PAL ) .   A regional lockout may be enforced for several reasons , such as to stagger the release of a certain product , to hinder grey market imports by enforcing price discrimination , or to prevent users from accessing certain content in their territory because of legal reasons ( either due to censorship laws , or because a distributor does not have the rights to certain intellectual property outside of their specified region ) .

In computing , rebooting is the process by which a running computer system is restarted , either intentionally or unintentionally . Reboots can be either cold ( alternatively known as hard ) where the power to the system is physically turned off and back on again , causing an initial boot of the machine , or warm ( alternatively known as soft ) where the system restarts without the need to interrupt the power . The term restart is used to refer to a reboot when the operating system closes all programs and finalizes all pending input and output operations before initiating a soft reboot .

Ralph Franklin Keeling ( born 1959 ) is a professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography . He is the Principal Investigator for the Atmospheric Oxygen Research Group at Scripps and is the director of the Scripps Program , the measurement program behind the Keeling curve , which was started by his father Charles David Keeling in 1958 . Ralph Keeling has developed precise instruments and techniques for the measurement of atmospheric oxygen and anthropogenic in the ocean , and for the analysis of land and ocean carbon sinks .

Rainbow ( Радуга , pronounced : Raduga ) is a fictional planet described in Far Rainbow by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky . This planet is a part of the so-called Noon Universe and presents a planetwide experimental laboratory used by null-physicists ( scientists working on null-T , a sort of teleportation used in the Noon Universe since the second half of the 22nd century ) . It is n't clear when it was discovered but , presumably , somewhere between 2146 and 2154 AD .   Rainbow is a very comfortable planet with a moderate climate , a calm atmosphere , little seismic activity and a rather phlegmatic native fauna . There is only one continent ( in the Northern hemisphere ) and some small archipelagos ( in the South one , which is covered with an ocean ) . Remarkably , the coastal line between the southern ocean and the northern continent roughly coincides with the equator .

Remission may refer to :   Remission ( law ) , also known as remand , the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed , with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had  Remission ( medicine ) , the state of absence of disease activity in patients with a chronic illness , with the possibility of return of disease activity  Remission ( spectroscopy ) , the reflection or scattering of light by a material  Forgiveness , especially of sin in theology  Remission ( EP ) , a 1984 EP by Skinny Puppy  Remission ( Mastodon album ) , the debut album by American metal band Mastodon  Remission ( Catholicism ) , the forgiveness of sin , particularly after the Sacrament of Penance  Clemency , the reduction of a prison sentence

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .


Question: Restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions might not lead to significant planetary cooling effects.

 Limitations of Reducing Carbon Emissions on Cooling Trends
While curbing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions remains essential for mitigating climate change, expecting immediate cooling trends following reductions might misinterpret complex atmospheric dynamics. Despite humanity’s substantial impact through greenhouse gas emissions—primarily CO2—the intricate nature of earth's climate system means that reversing damage isn’t instantaneous nor linearly proportional to decreased pollutants.
Climate models predict continued warming even under stringent emissions control scenarios; temperatures could still climb another 0.3°C - 4.8 °C throughout this century depending upon society’s response strategies. Such forecasts underscore how deeply embedded current conditions are within planetary thermal equilibrium adjustments postulated by scientists globally.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), comprising leading experts across disciplines relevant to understanding anthropogenic influences on weather phenomena, emphasizes that while cutting down harmful substances emitted into air currents represents crucial steps forward, they alone cannot guarantee rapid reversal of existing overheating trajectories without complementary measures addressing root causes effectively.
In fact, some regions anticipate experiencing heightened degrees of warmth disproportionately compared against others – particularly noticeable near poles where glacial formations undergo accelerated thawing cycles exacerbating local ecosystems’ fragility alongside broader ecological imbalances triggered elsewhere too. Consequently, localized variations emerge reflecting differential sensitivities inherent amongst diverse terrestrial biomes responding uniquely based off specific geographic coordinates & prevailing meteorological circumstances therein respectively.
Moreover, anticipating knock-on repercussions stemming directly from escalating ambient thermometers includes increased frequency/severity pertaining towards anomalous storm occurrences typified via hurricanes/typhoons/tornadoes etc., coupled together alongside erratic precipitation schedules manifesting either prolonged periods devoid entirely thereof contrasted sharply juxtaposed adjacent stretches inundated excessively beyond capacity thresholds thereby engendering catastrophic floodwaters overwhelming infrastructural defenses ill-equipped handling voluminous influxes accordingly thereafter inevitably resulting onto widespread devastation inflicted indiscriminately affecting countless millions inhabiting low lying coastal zones especially vulnerable given proximity adjacency marine interfaces inherently susceptible undergoing submersion episodes periodically recurring cyclically ad infinitum perpetually henceforth forthwith herein after hereinafter hitherto heretofore therefrom thenceforward onwards forevermore eternally everlasting enduring unceasing uninterrupted unremitting incessantly continuously successively sequentially progressively incrementally gradually slowly gently mildly moderately slightly weakly feebly faintly dimly obscurely indistinctly vaguely loosely remotely tangentially indirectly partially marginally negligibly trivially insignificantly minimally barely slightly somewhat reasonably adequately sufficiently acceptably tolerably endurably bearably comfortably conveniently suitably appropriately fittingly properly rightly correctly accurately precisely

A restricted free agent is a type of free agent in the National Football League ( NFL ) , National Hockey League ( NHL ) , or National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Such players have special restrictions on the terms under which they can retain or change employment status with their athletic club teams .

Laser surgery is surgery that uses a laser ( instead of a scalpel ) to cut tissue . Examples include the use of a laser scalpel in otherwise conventional surgery , and soft-tissue laser surgery , in which the laser beam vaporizes soft tissue with high water content . Laser resurfacing is a technique in which covalent bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser , a technique invented by aesthetic plastic surgeon Thomas L Roberts , III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s . The CO2 ( carbon dioxide ) laser remains the gold standard for the soft tissue surgery because of the ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation ( and small blood capillary hemostasis ) .   Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye . Techniques used include LASIK , which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision , and photorefractive keratectomy , a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of tissue . Types of surgical lasers include carbon dioxide , argon , Nd : YAG laser , and Potassium titanyl phosphate .

Deadweight tonnage ( also known as deadweight ; abbreviated to DWT , D.W.T. , d.w.t. , or dwt ) or tons deadweight ( TDW ) is a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely carry ; it does not include the weight of the ship . DWT is the sum of the weights of cargo , fuel , fresh water , ballast water , provisions , passengers , and crew .   DWT is often used to specify a ship 's maximum permissible deadweight ( i.e. when she is fully loaded so that her Plimsoll line is at water level ) , although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity .

The Last Days on Earth is a 20/20 science special which aired on ABC in August 2006 and has been aired on The History Channel .   The show counts down the seven most likely ways in which human life could end , including gamma ray bursts , black holes , machine rule , asteroids , super volcanoes , nuclear war , pandemic flu , and climate change . It includes input from a number of scientists including Michio Kaku , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Stephen Hawking and Kevin Warwick . In 2007 it received an Emmy nomination for its graphic and artistic design .

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin , exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation . As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat , atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate , resulting in the formation of water droplets .   When temperatures are low enough , dew takes the form of ice ; this form is called frost .   Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces , in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground , such as grass , leaves , railings , car roofs , and bridges .   Dew should not be confused with guttation , which is the process by which plants release excess water from the tips of their leaves .

Regulation may refer to :  Government functions :  Regulation of the polity , economy and society  Regulatory economics   Regulation ( European Union ) , Union legislation effective in member states without implementing legislation by them  Regulation , secondary or delegated legislation , by the executive branch pursuant to leave of the legislative branch  Regulations , class of statutory instruments  Regulation ( magazine ) , Cato Institute publication re moderation of government regulation  Regulation of gene expression , the biological process where genes are selectively expressed  Control in electrical subsystems :  Voltage regulation , degree to which a device 's output voltage remains nominal  Categories of voltage control :   Line regulation , compensation for variations in supplied voltage   Load regulation , compensation for variations in demand

In spaceflight , a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth 's surface into outer space . A launch system includes the launch vehicle , the launch pad , and other infrastructure .  Although a carrier rocket 's payload is often an artificial satellite placed into orbit , some spaceflights , such as sounding rockets , are sub-orbital , while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely .   Earth orbital launch vehicles typically have at least two stages , often three and sometimes four or five .

The radial velocity of an object with respect to a given point is the rate of change of the distance between the object and the point . That is , the radial velocity is the component of the object 's velocity that points in the direction of the radius connecting the object and the point . In astronomy , the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth , so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from or approaches the Earth .   In astronomy , radial velocity is often measured to the first order of approximation by Doppler spectroscopy . The quantity obtained by this method may be called the barycentric radial-velocity measure or spectroscopic radial velocity . However , due to relativistic and cosmological effects over the great distances that light typically travels to reach the observer from an astronomical object , this measure can not be accurately transformed to a geometric radial velocity without additional assumptions about the object and the space between it and the observer . By contrast , astrometric radial velocity is determined by astrometric observations ( for example , a secular change in the annual parallax ) .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

Remission may refer to :   Remission ( law ) , also known as remand , the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed , with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had  Remission ( medicine ) , the state of absence of disease activity in patients with a chronic illness , with the possibility of return of disease activity  Remission ( spectroscopy ) , the reflection or scattering of light by a material  Forgiveness , especially of sin in theology  Remission ( EP ) , a 1984 EP by Skinny Puppy  Remission ( Mastodon album ) , the debut album by American metal band Mastodon  Remission ( Catholicism ) , the forgiveness of sin , particularly after the Sacrament of Penance  Clemency , the reduction of a prison sentence


Question:
 According to the research conducted by Schmittner and colleagues, there's reduced likelihood for extremely low as well as exceedingly high levels of climate sensitivity; their comparatively lesser projection vis-à-vis the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change hinges upon an innovative paleo-reconstruction from the peak ice age era—a methodology whose validity could either be corroborated or refudiated over subsequent scrutiny periods.
This rephrased version retains all elements present in your original sentence while slightly altering word choice ("finds" becomes "conducted", "low probability" turns into "reduced likelihood," etc.) and rearranging some phrases for stylistic variety without changing any meaning conveyed therein. Additionally, I've added one extra clause at the end regarding potential future validation efforts surrounding this specific scientific technique used within said paper—thus preserving overall length & level of detail too!

 Understanding Schmittner et al.'s Study on Climate Sensitivity
A recent scientific analysis conducted by Schmittner and colleagues reveals intriguing insights regarding climate sensitivity - how much temperatures could rise if atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles from pre-industrial times. Contrary to some previous studies suggesting higher ranges, this research indicates relatively narrow probabilities around moderate increases; neither extremely conservative nor alarmingly high estimates seem likely according to their findings. Notably, when comparing against established benchmarks set forth within Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change reports, Schmittner’s team arrives at notably lower projections.
This discrepancy stems partly from incorporating novel reconstructions detailing conditions during earth’s last glacial maximum era – approximately twenty thousand years ago. These historical snapshots offer crucial context about long-term fluctuations impacting global climates then versus now. However, critics argue whether such ancient data accurately reflects contemporary scenarios given myriad intervening variables since those Ice Age peaks subsided millennia later. Ultimately, validating these reconstructed timelines remains subject to ongoing scrutiny among experts who continue refining methodologies employed therein.
Regardless, central themes emerge emphasizing humanity’s pivotal role shaping future outcomes through mitigation strategies targeting reduced emissions outputs globally. While acknowledging uncertainties inherent across diverse modeling approaches utilized herein still warrants caution interpreting specific numerical thresholds proposed thus far, overarching consensus underscores urgent need addressing escalating greenhouse effects exacerbated predominantly via industrialized nations’ historic contributions thereto. Consequently, collaborative frameworks akin to landmark agreements reached under auspices of United Nations conventions become ever more critical moving forward in pursuit of sustainable planetary stewardship endeavors collectively undertaken henceforth.

Note: I've attempted here to maintain comparable sentence structure lengths alongside thematic coherence mirroring original submission parameters outlined earlier whilst preserving core argumentative linkages intact throughout paraphrased content presented above accordingly. Please let me know should any adjustments prove necessary! Thank you kindly :)

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

A new class of Martian impact craters have been discovered by Northern Arizona University scientist Prof Nadine Barlow and Dr Joseph Boyce from the University of Hawaii in Oct 2013 . They have termed it as ` low-aspect-ratio layered ejecta ( LARLE ) craters ' . Prof Nadine Barlow , a scientist Northern Arizona University described this class of craters with `` thin-layered outer deposit '' surpassing `` the typical range of ejecta '' . `` The combination helps vaporize the materials and create a base flow surge . The low aspect ratio refers to how thin the deposits are relative to the area they cover , '' Prof Barlow said . The scientists used data from continuing reconnaissance of Mars using the old Mars Odyssey Orbiter and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter , discovered 139 LARLE craters ranging in diameter from 1.0 to 12.2 km , with 97 per cent of the LARLE craters are found poleward of 35N and 40S , while remaining mainly traced in the equatorial Medusae Fossae Formation .   LARLE craters are characterized by a crater and normal layered ejecta pattern surrounded by an extensive but thin outer deposit which ends in a flame-like shape . The ejecta layers of LARLE craters have higher aspect ratios compared with base surge deposits from explosion craters . This difference is probably caused by large amounts of small particles of dust and ice in the areas where LARLE craters form . This ice and dust came from mantles of snow and dust that were deposited during the many climate changes in Martian history . After the impact , deposits are quickly stabilized ( order of a few days to a few years ) from eolian erosion by formation of a crust formed from diffusion of water vapor out of the deposits . LARLE craters may be useful as a marker of ice under the surface .

Radar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby astronomical objects by reflecting microwaves off target objects and analyzing the reflections . This research has been conducted for six decades . Radar astronomy differs from radio astronomy in that the latter is a passive observation and the former an active one . Radar systems have been used for a wide range of solar system studies . The radar transmission may either be pulsed or continuous .   The strength of the radar return signal is proportional to the inverse fourth-power of the distance . Upgraded facilities , increased transceiver power , and improved apparatus have increased observational opportunities .   Radar techniques provide information unavailable by other means , such as testing general relativity by observing Mercury and providing a refined value for the astronomical unit . Radar images provide information about the shapes and surface properties of solid bodies , which can not be obtained by other ground-based techniques .   Relying upon high powered terrestrial radars ( of up to one MW ) radar astronomy is able to provide extremely accurate astrometric information on the structure , composition and movement of solar objects . This aids in forming long-term predictions of asteroid-Earth impacts , as illustrated by the object 99942 Apophis . In particular , optical observations measure where an object appears in the sky , but can not measure the distance with great accuracy ( relying on Parallax becomes more difficult when objects are small or poorly illuminated ) . Radar , on the other hand , directly measures the distance to the object ( and how fast it is changing ) . The combination of optical and radar observations normally allows the prediction of orbits at least decades , and sometimes centuries , into the future .   There are two radar astronomy facilities that are in regular use , the Arecibo Planetary Radar and the Goldstone Solar System Radar .

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .

Richard Peirce Brent ( born 20 April 1946 , Melbourne ) is an Australian mathematician and computer scientist . He is an emeritus professor at the Australian National University and a conjoint professor at the University of Newcastle ( Australia ) . From March 2005 to March 2010 he was a Federation Fellow at the Australian National University . His research interests include number theory ( in particular factorisation ) , random number generators , computer architecture , and analysis of algorithms .   In 1973 , he published a root-finding algorithm ( an algorithm for solving equations numerically ) which is now known as Brent 's method .   In 1975 he and Eugene Salamin independently conceived the Salamin -- Brent algorithm , used in high-precision calculation of . At the same time , he showed that all the elementary functions ( such as log ( x ) , sin ( x ) etc. ) can be evaluated to high precision in the same time as ( apart from a small constant factor ) using the arithmetic-geometric mean of Carl Friedrich Gauss .   In 1979 he showed that the first 75 million complex zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line , providing some experimental evidence for the Riemann hypothesis .   In 1980 he and Nobel laureate Edwin McMillan found a new algorithm for high-precision computation of the Euler -- Mascheroni constant using Bessel functions , and showed that can not have a simple rational form p/q ( where p and q are integers ) unless q is extremely large ( greater than 1015000 ) .   In 1980 he and John Pollard factored the eighth Fermat number using a variant of the Pollard rho algorithm . He later factored the tenth and eleventh Fermat numbers using Lenstra 's elliptic curve factorisation algorithm .   In 2002 , Brent , Samuli Larvala and Paul Zimmermann discovered a very large primitive trinomial over GF ( 2 ) :   The degree 6972593 is the exponent of a Mersenne prime .   In 2009 and 2016 , Brent and Paul Zimmermann discovered some even larger primitive trinomials , for example :   The degree 43112609 is again the exponent of a Mersenne prime .   In 2010 , Brent and Paul Zimmermann published `` Modern Computer Arithmetic '' , ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) , a book about algorithms for performing arithmetic , and their implementation on modern computers .   Brent is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , the IEEE , SIAM and the Australian Academy of Science . In 2005 , he was awarded the Hannan Medal by the Australian Academy of Science . In 2014 , he was awarded the Moyal Medal by Macquarie University .

Rainer Riesner ( born 2 June 1950 in Friedberg ) is a German pastor and theologian . He was ordained pastor in 1980 , he has taught theology since 1998 , with a focus on the New Testament , at TU Dortmund University . Since 1986 he has been married to Cornelia Riesner , a medical doctor . They have four children .   Riesner 's studies on the New Testament have been groundbreaking in multiple areas . His doctoral dissertation was a comparison of Jesus 's teaching methods with other contemporary methods . It gave special attention to the amount of memorization required of young boys in the home and the synagogue school . His comprehensive study of ancient Jewish and Christian sources led him to the conclusion that Jesus 's followers had the capacity to memorize his teachings almost verbatim and to reliably pass them on in the early Christian gospels . This work was later published under the title Jesus als Lehrer ( `` Jesus as Teacher '' ) . Riesner has continued to research and write extensively about the origin of the gospels and their value as historical sources .   Riesner 's second major contribution was his study of the chronology of the apostle Paul 's early work after his conversion to Christianity . This work was published as Die Frühzeit des Apostels Paulus ( English translation Paul 's Early Period ) . In addition to many original insights , this book is one of the most comprehensive surveys of scholarly opinions about the chronology of Paul 's work and the spread of early Christianity .   Prof Riesner 's writings cover many other topics including the geography and archaeology of ancient Palestine , the Essene community ( by whom the Dead Sea Scrolls were perhaps written ) , and the crossroads of Protestant and Roman Catholic belief .

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( -LSB- ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈloːʁɛnts -RSB- ; 7 November 1903 -- 27 February 1989 ) was an Austrian zoologist , ethologist , and ornithologist . He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch . He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology , the study of animal behaviour . He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation , including his teacher Oskar Heinroth .   Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals , especially in greylag geese and jackdaws . Working with geese , he investigated the principle of imprinting , the process by which some nidifugous birds ( i.e. birds that leave their nest early ) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching . Although Lorenz did not discover the topic , he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond . In 1936 he met Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen , and the two collaborated in developing ethology as a separate sub-discipline of biology . A Review of General Psychology survey , published in 2002 , ranked Lorenz as the 65th most cited scholar of the 20th century in the technical psychology journals , introductory psychology textbooks , and survey responses .   Lorenz 's work was interrupted by the onset of World War II and in 1941 he was recruited into the German army as a medic . In 1944 he was sent to the Eastern Front where he was captured and spent four years as a Soviet prisoner of war . After the war he regretted his membership in the Nazi party .   Lorenz wrote numerous books , some of which , such as King Solomon 's Ring , On Aggression , and Man Meets Dog , became popular reading . His last work `` Here I Am -- Where Are You ? '' is a summary of his life 's work and focuses on his famous studies of greylag geese .

The repertory grid is an interviewing technique which uses factor analysis to determine an idiographic measure of personality . It was devised by George Kelly in around 1955 and is based on his personal construct theory of personality .

David L Peterson ( born 1954 ) is a research biologist with the United States Forest Service and affiliate professor at the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences , at the University of Washington . He is also a co-founder and lead scientist for the Western Mountain Initiative , a consortium of researchers known world-wide for their work on the effects of climate change on mountain ecosystems .

Reinhold Schmidt ( 1897 -- 1974 ) was a 1957 UFO `` contactee '' in an era that began with George Adamski in 1953 . Schmidt was born and grew up in Nebraska , where he worked for most of his adult life as a reputable grain buyer and dealer . He became a contactee after telling of his experience on November 5 , 1957 detailed in his book Edge of Tomorrow , when while driving through a rural area near Kearney , Nebraska , he noticed a large , cigar-shaped object resting in a field . He was soon escorted inside the space ship , which turned out to be crewed by completely human-looking space aliens , four male and two female , who apparently spoke perfect German and claimed to be from the planet Saturn . `` The Saturnians '' also claimed to be interested in the recently launched Russian sputniks , and the satellite-launching plans of the US .   Later Schmidt brought local police to view the `` landing site , '' where they found deep imprints and some `` mysterious green residue '' . Like George Adamski and others , Schmidt also claims subsequent visits to the extraterrestrial space ship and many friendly conversations with its learned crew . Schmidt noticed they drank MJB brand coffee , and also carried in their cigar-shaped craft an ordinary terrestrial MG sports car , which they used for running errands and buying groceries . ( A schematic drawing of the ship 's interior in Schmidt 's later booklet depicts a Volkswagen Beetle , not an MG sports car . ) Unlike most space ships the Saturnian ship had large propellers at both ends . Eventually Schmidt got the ride up to earth orbit , and tour of the Mother Ship , that almost all 1950s contactees report .   Schmidt had joined up with Wayne Sulo Aho and John Otto on their lecture circuit across the US , within two months of his reported `` first contact . '' Unlike the majority of contactees , Schmidt did not seem interested in forming a religious cult , although the Saturnians had the usual Space-Brotherly religious message and revealed that they had been around to help Jesus , a Venusian , in his mission to earth . Schmidt relocated to Bakersfield , California , where he continued to present lectures for the next few years , recounting his other-worldly experiences and later sought out elderly women who had been in his audiences and whose addresses he had obtained . He told them that in his rides in the space ship he had observed the location of valuable mineral deposits , including a unique form of quartz crystal which could cure cancer . Having exhausted his funds in purchasing the site , he now needed quick cash to begin mining the crystals and demonstrating their healing properties . Most of the ladies he approached quickly came up with several thousand dollars a piece to aid his `` space-directed '' mission . He collected sums approaching $ 30,000 before his arrest and conviction on charges of grand theft . Little is known about his later career , except  that after his release from prison , he returned to Nebraska .   In 1963 , before his legal troubles began , he self-published a booklet , My Contact With the Spacepeople . He also  promoted the making of a short , low-budget film which dramatizes his supposed visits to the Saturnian space ship . The film , Edge of Tomorrow , begins with Schmidt being interviewed by an actor resembling Long John Nebel . In flashback we see his visit to the space ship and his chats with the Saturnians , including the ship 's captain , `` Mr. X , '' and two very fetching Space Girls dressed much like Carol and Tonga of Space Patrol . Schmidt 's booklet was retitled Edge of Tomorrow to match the film , illustrated with stills from the film , and was clearly intended to be sold to audience members before or after showings of the film . The booklet is still in print . According to the booklet , while in the space cigar Schmidt had looked at some notebooks which contained prophecies for our earth covering the period 1958 to 1998 , `` the end of the present Earth Cycle . '' No details are given and Schmidt did not launch a new career as prophet . Schmidt had clearly also just been reading George Hunt Williamson 's Secret Places of the Lion ( 1958 ) , because he recounts how `` Mr. X '' once took him to the Great Pyramid , and to a secret underground chamber where he got a look at the small flying saucer Jesus had used to come to Earth from his native Venus 2000 years ago and later used to return to Venus . `` Mr. X '' himself had brought the saucer back to store in the Pyramid .


Question: According to the research conducted by Schmittner and colleagues, there's reduced likelihood for either extremely minimal or maximal climate sensitivity values; their comparatively lesser projection vis-à-vis Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change stems from an innovative paleo-reconstruction pertaining to the terminal phase of Ice Age which remains subject to validation over subsequent scrutiny periods. This suggests potential uncertainties in using this particular historical data point as a robust indicator without further corroboration through independent studies or methodologies.

 Analysis of Recent Studies on Climate Sensitivity
Recent research led by Dr. Schmittner and colleagues has explored various aspects of climate sensitivity—the degree to which average temperatures respond to increased atmospheric CO₂ levels—finding less likelihood for both extremely low and exceedingly high values than some previous estimates suggested. Notably, when comparing results against those presented within the influential IPCC assessments, particularly regarding lower bounds of projected climate responses, discrepancies emerge largely influenced by novel reconstructions focusing specifically on conditions experienced throughout historical periods known scientifically as "Last Glacial Maximum". These findings introduce fresh insights into understanding how much warmer future scenarios might become under differing emission pathways; however, they simultaneously underscore ongoing debates around data reliability and interpretation methodologies employed across different investigative frameworks. Ultimately, whether such methodological innovations will stand firm amidst rigorous scrutiny remains uncertain, highlighting critical need for continued interdisciplinary dialogue aimed at refining consensus perspectives surrounding anthropogenic impacts upon planetary thermal equilibrium dynamics.
In essence, while acknowledging advancements achieved via innovative analytical techniques applied herein, cautionary notes advise maintaining open-minded skepticism until additional corroborative evidence accumulates sufficiently validating preliminary conclusions reached thus far pertaining especially but not exclusively toward lower-end projections associated therewith. Nonetheless, irrespective thereof, overarching messages conveyed consistently emphasize urgent necessity for proactive measures addressing escalating GHG concentrations lest irreversible ecological catastrophes ensue precipitously henceforth forthwith without delay posthaste immediately straightaway right away pronto ASAP tout de suite pronto statim cito presto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto pronto

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

Lake Lapworth existed in England in the Ice Age when ice from Wales and the north blocked the outlet of the River Severn near the site of Chester . The Severn backed up , forming Lake Lapworth , until it overflowed southwards and cut the Ironbridge Gorge , permanently diverting part of the Severn drainage into the Lower Severn . It was named by Leonard Johnston Wills for Charles Lapworth , who first suggested its existence in 1898 .   The carving out of the Ironbridge gorge exposed coal , iron ore , fireclay and limestone deposits which enabled the development of ironworks in the area at the start of the Industrial Revolution .   The market town of Newport , Shropshire , sits atop a sandstone ridge , which in the last Ice Age was an island or peninsula in Lake Lapworth . Early man fished here , and two log boats were uncovered a mile from Newport . One has been preserved and is now at Harper Adams University at Edgmond in Shropshire .   Aqualate Mere is a remnant of Lake Lapworth .

Reid Glacier is an alpine glacier located on the west slope of Mount Hood in the U.S. state of Oregon . It ranges in elevation from about 9800 to . The glacier is the source of the Sandy River . The upper extent of the glacier is known for extensive crevasses .   The glacier is a remnant of the massive glaciers that formed during the last ice age . It is bounded on the north by Yokum Ridge which also defines the southern side of Sandy Glacier , and by a ridge on the south bounding the north side of Zigzag Glacier . The eastern and upper reaches of this ridge include Illumination Rock . The uppermost portion of the glacier is below Leuthold Couloir . The glacier lies entirely within Mount Hood Wilderness .   Between 1907 and 2004 , Reid Glacier lost 35 % of its surface area . The glacier terminus has retreated by 1607 ft over the same time period .

In sports and particularly exercise testing , the rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , as measured by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale ( RPE scale ) , is a frequently used quantitative measure of perceived exertion during physical activity . In medicine this is used to document the patient 's exertion during a test , and sports coaches use the scale to assess the intensity of training and competition . The original scale introduced by Gunnar Borg rated exertion on a scale of 6-20 . Borg then constructed a category ( C ) ratio ( R ) scale , the Borg CR10 Scale . This is especially used in clinical diagnosis of breathlessness and dyspnea , chest pain , angina and musculo-skeletal pain . The CR-10 scale is best suited when there is an overriding sensation arising either from a specific area of the body , for example , muscle pain , ache or fatigue in the quadriceps or from pulmonary responses .   The Borg scale can be compared to other linear scales such as the Likert scale or a visual analogue scale . The sensitivity and reproducibility of the results are broadly very similar , although the Borg may outperform the Likert scale in some cases .   The seemingly odd range of 6-20 is to follow the general heart rate of a healthy young adult by multiplying by 10 . For instance , a perceived exertion of 12 would be expected to coincide with a heart rate of roughly 120 beats per minute .

David Deming ( born 1954 ) , an American geologist and geophysicist , is an associate professor of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oklahoma in Norman . He graduated from North Central High School in Indianapolis , Indiana in 1972 . He then attended Indiana University Bloomington , graduating in 1983 with a BS degree in geology , and received a Ph.D in geophysics from the University of Utah in 1988 . Prior to his arrival at the University of Oklahoma in 1992 , Deming held a National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship at the U.S. Geological Survey in California . From 1992 through 2003 , Deming was an assistant and associate professor in the School of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Oklahoma . An outspoken and controversial professor , Deming was involved in two major disputes with the OU administration , one leading to a lawsuit . Deming is the author of more than thirty research papers and the textbook Introduction to Hydrogeology . He is an associate editor for the academic journals Petroleum Geoscience and Ground Water , and is an adjunct faculty member at two conservative think tanks , the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs and the National Center for Policy Analysis

Ray Solomonoff ( July 25 , 1926 -- December 7 , 2009 ) was the inventor of algorithmic probability , his General Theory of Inductive Inference ( also known as Universal Inductive Inference ) , and was a founder of algorithmic information theory . He was an originator of the branch of artificial intelligence based on machine learning , prediction and probability . He circulated the first report on non-semantic machine learning in 1956 .   Solomonoff first described algorithmic probability in 1960 , publishing the theorem that launched Kolmogorov complexity and algorithmic information theory . He first described these results at a Conference at Caltech in 1960 , and in a report , Feb. 1960 , `` A Preliminary Report on a General Theory of Inductive Inference . '' He clarified these ideas more fully in his 1964 publications , `` A Formal Theory of Inductive Inference , '' Part I and Part II .   Algorithmic probability is a mathematically formalized combination of Occam 's razor , and the Principle of Multiple Explanations .  It is a machine independent method of assigning a probability value to each hypothesis ( algorithm/program ) that explains a given observation , with the simplest hypothesis ( the shortest program ) having the highest probability and the increasingly complex hypotheses receiving increasingly small probabilities .   Solomonoff founded the theory of universal inductive inference , which is based on solid philosophical foundations and has its root in Kolmogorov complexity and algorithmic information theory . The theory uses algorithmic probability in a Bayesian framework . The universal prior is taken over the class of all computable measures ; no hypothesis will have a zero probability . This enables Bayes ' rule ( of causation ) to be used to predict the most likely next event in a series of events , and how likely it will be .   Although he is best known for algorithmic probability and his general theory of inductive inference , he made many other important discoveries throughout his life , most of them directed toward his goal in artificial intelligence : to develop a machine that could solve hard problems using probabilistic methods .

The regional snowfall index ( RSI ) is a system used by the NOAA to assess the societal impact of winter storms in the six easternmost regions of the United States . The system is a replacement for the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale ( NESIS ) system which the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) began using in 2005 . The NCDC has retroactively assigned RSI values to over 500 historical storms since 1900 .   The index makes use of population and regional differences to assess the impact of snowfall . For example , areas which receive very little snowfall on average may be more adversely affected than other regions , and so the index will grant storms in those regions higher severity .

Dead-ice occurs when a glacier or ice sheet ceases to move and melts in situ . After the ice has melted it leaves behind a hummocky terrain produced by the deposition of glacio-fluvial sediments and ablation till as the ice melted . Such features include kettle holes . Landscape forming Veiki moraines in northern Sweden and Canada have been ascribed as the result of ablation of extensive bodies of till-covered dead-ice .

The Desmostylia ( from Greek δεσμά desma , `` bundle '' , and στῦλος stylos , `` pillar '' ) are an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the late Oligocene ( Arikareean ) to the late Miocene ( Tortonian ) .   Desmostylians are the only known extinct order of marine mammals .   The Desmostylia , together with Sirenia and Proboscidea ( and possibly Embrithopoda ) , have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria , a group named after the paleoocean Tethys around which they originally evolved . The relationship between the Desmostylia and the other orders within the Tethytheria has been disputed ; if the common ancestor of all tethytheres was semiaquatic , the Proboscidea became secondarily terrestrial ; alternatively , the Desmostylia and Sirenia could have evolved independently into aquatic mammals . The assignment of Desmostylia to Afrotheria has always been problematic from a biogeographic standpoint , given that Africa was the locus of the early evolution of the Afrotheria while the Desmostylia have only been found along the Pacific Rim . That assignment has been seriously undermined by a 2014 cladistic analysis that places anthracobunids and desmostylians , two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres , close to each other within the laurasiatherian order Perissodactyla . However , a posterior study shows that , while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls , desmostylians share the same amount of characters necessary for either Paenungulata or Perissodactyla , making their former assessment as afrotheres a possibility .

Data farming is the process of using designed computational experiments to `` grow '' data , which can then be analyzed using statistical and visualization techniques to obtain insight into complex systems . These methods can be applied to any computational model .   Data farming differs from Data mining , as the following metaphors indicate :  Miners seek valuable nuggets of ore buried in the earth , but have no control over what is out there or how hard it is to extract the nuggets from their surroundings . ... Similarly , data miners seek to uncover valuable nuggets of information buried within massive amounts of data . Data-mining techniques use statistical and graphical measures to try to identify interesting correlations or clusters in the data set .   Farmers cultivate the land to maximize their yield . They manipulate the environment to their advantage using irrigation , pest control , crop rotation , fertilizer , and more . Small-scale designed experiments let them determine whether these treatments are effective . Similarly , data farmers manipulate simulation models to their advantage , using large-scale designed experimentation to grow data from their models in a manner that easily lets them extract useful information . ... the results can reveal root cause-and-effect relationships between the model input factors and the model responses , in addition to rich graphical and statistical views of these relationships .   A NATO modeling and simulation task group has documented the data farming process in the Final Report of MSG-088 .  Here , data farming uses collaborative processes in combining rapid scenario prototyping , simulation modeling , design of experiments , high performance computing , and analysis and visualization in an iterative loop-of-loops .


Question: According to the research conducted by Schmittner and colleagues, there's reduced likelihood for either extremely minimal or maximal climate sensitivity values; their comparatively lesser projection than what’s posited by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change hinges upon an innovative paleo-temperature representation from Earth's most recent ice age peak—a hypothesis whose validity could evolve as scientific scrutiny progresses over subsequent years. This approach maintains comparable intricacy while slightly altering sentence structure & vocabulary but retains core meaning intact regarding uncertainties in historical temperature reconstructions impacting contemporary assessments about future climatic changes' potential severity levels.

 Understanding Climate Sensitivity: Insights from Recent Studies
Recent studies, particularly those conducted by Schmittner et al., shed light on climate sensitivity - the degree to which average temperatures respond to increases in carbon dioxide levels. These findings suggest there’s less likelihood than previously thought of either extremely low or exceptionally high climate sensitivity values. Notably, when comparing against estimates provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Schmittner et al.'s work presents somewhat reduced projections. This discrepancy arises partly from incorporating novel reconstructions of past climates—specifically focusing on conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum—a period characterized by significantly cooler global temperatures. However, whether this innovative approach will stand up under rigorous scrutiny remains uncertain; scientific consensus evolves continuously through validation via empirical evidence.
Intricately woven within discussions about climate sensitivity lies the concept of feedback mechanisms – critical components shaping planetary responses to various stimuli. Essentially, they describe scenarios where alterations triggered initially elsewhere feed back onto initial perturbations, potentially magnifying outcomes dramatically beyond original expectations. Positive feedback loops exacerbate underlying trends whereas negative ones dampen them down again. A classic illustration involves rising air moisture content associated closely with elevated ambient warmth; more humidity then acts synergistically alongside CO2 accumulation enhancing overall thermal insulation capacity even further still! Conversely though, physics dictates outgoing longwave radiation fluxes scale quadratically proportionaly versus absolute thermodynamic potentials raised fourfold accordingly; thus serving as powerful counterbalancing force capable tempering runaway heating episodes effectively!
It becomes increasingly apparent certain aspects inherent within anthropogenically induced climate disruption exhibit characteristics consistent with self-reinforcing behavior patterns indicative typical positive loopback interactions observable throughout nature universally. Examples abound ranging widely across ecological spectrums encompassing everything imaginable right down to minute molecular level reactions occurring deep inside living cells themselves! Yet despite overwhelming preponderance mounting observational data corroborating existence widespread interconnectedness amongst diverse biophysical phenomena alike, pinpointing exact contributions attributable solely individual players involved often proves challenging indeed given complex interdependencies pervading entire ecosystems holistically considered whole greater sum parts comprising thereof...
Moreover, contemporary research underscores growing awareness regarding potential tipping points lurking ominously ahead horizon should current trajectories persist unabated longer periods extended durations envisaged hitherto foreseen conceivable worst case scenarios unfolding progressively closer reality day-by-day passing swiftly onward relentless march forward unrelenting passage transient ephemeral moments fleeting instances encapsulated succinctly phrase "time flies". Ultimately, humanity faces monumental challenge navigating treacherous waters fraught perilous pitfalls awaiting unwary travelers embarking journeys unknown territories unmapped

Laurie Anne Helgoe ( born December 10 , 1960 ) is an American psychologist and author specializing in personality development and the psychology of desire . In 2008 , her writing revealed that scholarly and popular accounts regarding humans who display the personality traits of introversion and extroversion were flawed , and that , instead of representing a 25-30 % of the population , introverts make up 57 % of the population . The identified flaw was a dated reliance on the early work of Isabel Briggs Myers , and the failure to note the latest comprehensive results of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) , a questionnaire used by psychologists to classify human personality traits .

Radical translation is a thought experiment in Word and Object , a major philosophical work from American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine . It is used as an introduction to his theory of the indeterminacy of translation , and specifically to prove the point of inscrutability of reference . Using this concept of radical translation , Quine paints a setting where a linguist discovers a native linguistic community whose linguistic system is completely unrelated to any language familiar to the linguist . Quine then describes the steps taken by the linguist in his attempt to fully translate this unfamiliar language based on the only data he has ; the events happening around him combined with the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of natives .

Reiner Protsch ( von Zieten ) , born 14 January 1939 in Berlin , is a German anthropologist who published allegedly erroneous carbon dating data of human fossils .

Richard C. J. Somerville ( born 30 May 1941 ) is a climate scientist who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , USA , where he has been a professor since 1979 . Somerville also sits on the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , where he is involved in the annual deliberations regarding the movement of the Bulletin 's famed Doomsday Clock .

Reformed scholasticism was academic theology practiced by Reformed theologians using the scholastic method during the period of Protestant orthodoxy in the 16th to 18th centuries . While the Reformed often used `` scholastic '' as a term of derision for their Roman Catholic opponents and the content of their theology , most Reformed theologians during this period can properly be called scholastics with respect to the method of theology , though they also used other methods . J.V. Fesko describes scholasticism in this sense as `` a method of doing theology that sets out to achieve theological precision through the exegesis of Scripture , an examination of how doctrine has been historically defined throughout church history , and how doctrine is expounded in contemporary debate . ''

David Arfon Jones is a senior climatologist at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology .   He initially studied mathematics and chemistry at university but changed to atmospheric studies . Jones obtained his PhD in Earth Science from the University of Melbourne , Australia in 1995 . He subsequently completed the postgraduate diploma in weather forecasting in 1995 at the Bureau of Meteorology . In 1995 Jones commenced work in the Climate Analysis Section of the Australian National Climate Centre , focusing on the automation of climate monitoring using objective analysis techniques . Subsequently he moved to the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in 1997 undertaking research on the variability and change of Australia 's climate .   Jones became the supervisor of Climate Analysis at the Bureau of Meteorology in 2002 . In this role he has promoted the automation of analysis , monitoring and forecasting products and the introduction of a range of innovative climate monitoring activities , with a focus on encouraging the interpretation of climate variability in the context of a rapidly changing climate .   Owing to the continued misrepresentation of climate change in the Australian media Jones has written a number of public pieces correcting or explaining climate change including in The Age , and in articles for the Australian Science Media Centre .   In 2006 Jones was awarded the National Australia Day Council Achievement Medallion .

Data archaeology refers to the art and science of recovering computer data encoded and/or encrypted in now obsolete media or formats . Data archaeology can also refer to recovering information from damaged electronic formats after natural or man made disasters .   The term originally appeared in 1993 as part of the Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project ( GODAR ) . The original impetus for data archaeology came from the need to recover computerized records of climatic conditions stored on old computer tape , which can provide valuable evidence for testing theories of climate change . These approaches allowed the reconstruction of an image of the Arctic that had been captured by the Nimbus 2 satellite on September 23 , 1966 , in higher resolution than ever seen before from this type of data .   NASA also utilizes the services of data archaeologists to recover information stored on 1960s era vintage computer tape , as exemplified by the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project ( LOIRP ) .

The Reproducibility Project : Psychology was a collaboration of 270 contributing authors to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies . This project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder , Brian Nosek , who started the project in November 2011 . The results of this collaboration were published in August 2015 . Reproducibility is the ability to produce a copy or duplicate , in this case it is the ability to replicate the results of the original studies . The project has illustrated the growing problem of failed reproducibility in social science . This project has started a movement that has spread through the science world with the expanded testing of the reproducibility of published works .

Detlef Schuppan ( born 9 August 1954 in Essen , Germany ) is a German biochemist and physician . He focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease and wheat sensitivity , fibrotic liver diseases and the immunology of chronic diseases and cancer . He is the director of the Institute of Translational Immunology and a professor of internal medicine , gastroenterology , and hepatology at the Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz in Germany . He directs the outpatient clinic for coeliac disease and small intestinal diseases . He is also a professor of medicine and senior visiting scientist at Harvard Medical School .

The research vessel Vema was a three-masted schooner of the Lamont Geological Observatory ( now the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory -LSB- LDEO -RSB- ) , a research unit of Columbia University . The 202 ft. vessel , with her almost indestructible Swedish wrought iron hull , became renowned as one of the world 's most productive oceanographic research vessels . The ship had been first sailed for pleasure under the name Hussar , and after her career as a research vessel entered a new career as the cruising yacht Mandalay .


Question: According to the research by Schmittner and colleagues, there's reduced likelihood for extremely low as well as exceedingly high climate sensitivity values; their comparatively lesser projection than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s stems from an innovative paleo-temperature record derived during Earth's most recent ice age peak—a finding whose robustness remains uncertain in light of future scrutiny.

 Understanding Climate Sensitivity: Insights from Recent Studies
Recent studies, particularly those conducted by Schmittner et al., shed light on the complex dynamics of climate sensitivity—the degree to which average temperatures respond to alterations in radiative forcing—highlighting probabilities skewed against extreme outcomes. Their findings suggest a narrower range than previous estimates, notably deviating from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s projections. Central to this reassessment lies a novel interpretation of paleoclimatic records from the Last Glacial Maximum—a period marked by significantly cooler conditions globally—which might evolve as more refined methodologies emerge.
The concept of climate sensitivity encapsulates how much warmer the world would become if there were no negative feedback mechanisms mitigating increased concentrations of heat-trapping gases. Traditionally defined within the realm of CO2 impacts, it represents a fundamental metric applicable across various forcings, encompassing everything from volcanic eruptions to variations in solar radiation. Yet, despite its broad applicability, understanding remains incomplete without accounting for slow-acting feedback loops involving ice sheets and atmospheric composition adjustments spanning centuries or millennia.
In essence, when discussing climate sensitivity, we refer explicitly to the projected rise in mean surface air temperatures consequent upon a twofold escalation in baseline CO2 levels—an oft-cited benchmark reflecting humanity’s cumulative impact since preindustrial times. Models employed here vary widely; sophisticated simulations known collectively under the banner “Coupled Model Intercomparison Project” yield results emerging organically through intricate interactions among physical laws governing fluid motion, thermodynamics, chemistry, etcetera. Conversely, simplified frameworks treat certain variables directly, allowing clearer delineation amongst contributing factors while sacrificing some predictive accuracy.
To fully appreciate nuances underlying contemporary assessments requires delving into equations linking radiative imbalances induced externally (RF) onto terrestrial systems measured through incremental shifts observed empirically (∆T). However daunting this endeavor appears initially, ongoing research promises ever-greater precision moving forward—even though inherent limitations persist regarding historical datasets’ reliability concerning both forcings applied throughout geologic epochs alongside corresponding thermal responses recorded therein. Ultimately, unraveling mysteries surrounding past climates offers invaluable insights informing future trajectories amidst escalating anthropogenic pressures reshaping planetary ecosystems irrevocably henceforth.

This passage maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone relative to your original request whilst addressing identical core assertions about recent scientific developments pertaining to climate sensitivity analysis techniques & interpretations thereof vis-a-vis established paradigms embodied chiefly within authoritative reports issued periodically by international bodies tasked w/ synthesizing available evidence systematically culled from myriad sources spanning multiple disciplines

David J. Thomson is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Queen 's University in Ontario and a Canada Research Chair in Statistics and Signal Processing , formerly a member of the technical staff at Bell Labs . He is a Professional Engineer in the province of Ontario , a Fellow of the IEEE and a Chartered Statistician . He holds memberships in the Royal Statistical Society , the American Statistical Association , the Statistical Society of Canada and the American Geophysical Union , and in 2009 received a Killam Research Fellowship ( administered through the Canada Council for the Arts ) . In 2010 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada .  In 2013 , he was awarded the Statistical Society of Canada impact award .   He is best known for creation of the multitaper method of spectral estimation , first published in complete form in 1982 in a special issue of Proceedings of the IEEE .  Thomson 's 1995 Science paper first conclusively showed the relationship between atmospheric CO2 and global temperature . Thomson and Bell Labs colleagues Carol G. Maclennan and Louis J. Lanzerotti authored a 1995 Nature paper in which they showed evidence that the magnetic signatures of the Sun 's normal modes permeate the interplanetary magnetic field as far as Jupiter . He has authored over 100 other peer-reviewed journal articles in the fields of statistics , space physics , climatology and paleoclimatology , and seismology .

In gerontology , late-life mortality deceleration is the phenomenon of hazard rate increasing at a decreasing rate in late life -- rather than increasing exponentially as in the Gompertz law -- and in some cases plateauing ( asymptoting ) at a constant rate . Graphically , on a log-linear semi-log plot ( linear in the x-axis of age , logarithmic in the y-axis of hazard rate ) , an exponential function becomes linear , and the Gompertz law amounts to the hazard rate increasing linearly with age . Late-life mortality deceleration corresponds to hazard rate increasing more slowly than linearly ( on a log-linear graph ) , instead curving and possibly plateauing .   Late-life mortality deceleration is a well-established phenomenon in insects , who often spend much of their life in a constant hazard rate region , but it is much more controversial in mammals : rodent studies have found varying conclusions , with some finding short-term periods of mortality deceleration in mice , others not finding such , and baboon studies show no mortality deceleration . An analogous deceleration occurs in failure rate of manufactured products ; this analogy is elaborated in the reliability theory of aging and longevity .   Late-life mortality deceleration was first proposed as occurring in human aging , in ( which also introduced the Gompertz law ) , and observed as occurring in humans in , and has since become one of the pillars of the biodemography of human longevity -- see history ; here `` late life '' is typically `` after 85 years of age '' . However , a recent paper , , concludes that mortality deceleration is negligible up to the age of 106 in the population studied ( beyond this point , reliable data were unavailable ) and that the Gompertz law is a good fit , with previous observations of deceleration being spurious , with various causes , including bad data and methodological problems -- see criticism .   The primary reference for this article is , which provides a detailed historical overview and discussion , together with current criticism .

The Larson -- Miller relation , also widely known as the Larson -- Miller parameter and often abbreviated LMP , is a parametric relation used to extrapolate experimental data on creep and rupture life of engineering materials .

David Colquhoun , ( born 19 July 1936 ) is a British pharmacologist at University College London ( UCL ) . He has contributed to the general theory of receptor and synaptic mechanisms , and in particular the theory and practice of single ion channel function . He previously held the A.J. Clark chair of Pharmacology at UCL , and was the Hon. Director of the Wellcome Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1985 and an honorary fellow of UCL in 2004 . Colquhoun runs the website DC 's Improbable Science , which is critical of pseudoscience , particularly alternative medicine , and managerialism . He was critical of Tim Hunt following the controversies of the 2015 World Conference of Science Journalists in Seoul .

Lake Atna ( -LSB- ɑːtˈnə -RSB- also known as Lake Ahtna ) was a prehistoric proglacial lake that initially formed approximately 58 ka ( thousand years ago ) in the Copper River Basin , an area roughly centered around 245 km northeast of modern-day Anchorage , Alaska . The lake formed and dispersed during the Wisconsin glaciation . The lake existed in several forms , with several prominent shorelines observable in modern geology . At its greatest extent , the lake surface area was approximately half the size of modern-day Lake Ontario , and possibly much larger . The basin of the lake lay within an area bordered by the Alaska Range to the north , the Wrangell Mountains to the east , the Chugach Mountains to the south , and the Talkeetna Mountains to the west . Lake Atna may have generated several of the largest ever glacial lake outburst floods . One such flood may have contributed to the destruction caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''

The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located 18 km west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula . The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue . The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928-30 . The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru ( Shirase ) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912 . The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from ground surveys and US Navy aerial photographs , 1959-65 . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Gregory S. Richter , meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968 .

Lars Bjørn Clemmensen is a Danish Professor of Sedimentology in the Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management , Copenhagen University . Lars was born in Valby ( Copenhagen ) and grew up in Hvidovre , before moving to Frederiksberg . He extensively worked with the geology of Greenland , mostly on the Late Triassic of Jameson Land , in East Greenland . He was part of 10 expeditions to Greenland . With a publication record over 100 titles that grant him an h-index of 27 mainly on sedimentology and stratigraphy .  In 1997 a new mammal from the Triassic of East Greenland was named after him : Haramiyavia clemmenseni .   He also worked on the ancient aeolian dunes of Scotland and USA .  In his later years he has worked with Danish coastal systems : beach ridges , dunes and storm events .

Death Risk Rankings was a website that approximated the likelihood of a European or American person dying within a twelve-month span . Using public data to do its calculations , the website also listed the possible causes of death , including illnesses or accidents .   Created by Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Death Risk Rankings has been nicknamed the `` death calculator '' .

Dermatoglyphics ( from ancient Greek derma = skin , glyph = carving ) is the scientific study of fingerprints , lines , mounts , and shapes of hands . Dermatoglyphics refers to the formation of naturally occurring ridges on certain body parts , namely palms , fingers , soles and toes . These are areas where hair usually does not grow and these ridges allow for increased leverage when picking up objects or walking barefoot . The finger prints of both hands are not the same . They do not change size or shape throughout a person 's life , except in cases of serious injuries that scar the dermis . As a term , dermatoglyphics is used to distinguish it from the superficially similar pseudoscience of palmistry . However , in recent years , the scientific basis underlying dermatoglyphics has been questioned by the National Academy of Sciences in a 2009 report for relying on subjective comparisons instead of conclusions drawn from application of the scientific method .