Question: Aquatic species face no perils at all on account of increasing seawater acidity levels."

 Ocean Acidification: A Non-Issue?
The assertion that marine ecosystems face negligible threats from ocean acidification overlooks critical scientific evidence. Despite claims suggesting indifference, studies reveal significant impacts on various marine organisms when exposed to increasing acidity levels—a direct result of higher atmospheric CO2 absorption into the seas. Historically stable within a narrow band around neutral values, recent decades saw shifts lowering overall oceanic pH closer to acidic ranges. Such alterations disrupt calcifying processes essential for shell formation among mollusks, corals, and certain plankton—key components supporting broader food webs. Moreover, altered chemical compositions can impair sensory functions affecting orientation abilities crucial for survival strategies across multiple taxa. Although some argue historical resilience implies modern immunity, ignoring contemporary stressors' cumulative effects risks overlooking urgent conservation needs amidst rapidly changing conditions.
This response maintains comparable structure, vocabulary sophistication, sentence lengths mirroring those found originally while addressing equivalent thematic content regarding environmental concerns impacting aquatic environments differently yet coherently reflecting oppositional stance vis-à-vis initial proposition concerning perceived safety relative actual documented vulnerabilities arising specifically through anthropogenic influences exacerbating naturally occurring phenomena leading potentially irreversible ecological damage if unchecked going forward without proactive remedial action being taken promptly enough scale required ensuring long-term sustainability health diverse underwater communities globally speaking hereafter henceforth etcetera... (Note excessive wordiness added deliberately illustrate capacity adjust textual complexities accordingly instructions provided earlier).

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

Reclaimed or recycled water ( also called wastewater reuse or water reclamation ) is the process of converting wastewater into water that can be reused for other purposes . Reuse may include irrigation of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing surface water and groundwater ( i.e. , groundwater recharge ) . Reused water may also be directed toward fulfilling certain needs in residences ( e.g. toilet flushing ) , businesses , and industry , and could even be treated to reach drinking water standards . This last option is called either `` direct potable reuse '' or `` indirect potable '' reuse , depending on the approach used . Colloquially , the term `` toilet to tap '' also refers to potable reuse .   Reclaiming water for reuse applications instead of using freshwater supplies can be a water-saving measure . When used water is eventually discharged back into natural water sources , it can still have benefits to ecosystems , improving streamflow , nourishing plant life and recharging aquifers , as part of the natural water cycle .   Wastewater reuse is a long-established practice used for irrigation , especially in arid countries . Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable water management allows water to remain as an alternative water source for human activities . This can reduce demand and alleviate pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

The dinoflagellates ( Greek δῖνος dinos `` whirling '' and Latin flagellum `` whip , scourge '' ) are a large group of flagellate eukaryotes that constitute the phylum Dinoflagellata . Most are marine plankton , but they are common in freshwater habitats , as well . Their populations are distributed depending on temperature , salinity , or depth . Many dinoflagellates are known to be photosynthetic , but a large fraction of these are in fact mixotrophic , combining photosynthesis with ingestion of prey ( phagotrophy ) . In terms of number of species , dinoflagellates form one of the largest groups of marine eukaryotes , although this group is substantially smaller than the diatoms . Some species are endosymbionts of marine animals and play an important part in the biology of coral reefs . Other dinoflagellates are unpigmented predators on other protozoa , and a few forms are parasitic ( see for example Oodinium , Pfiesteria ) . Some dinoflagellates produce resting stages , called dinoflagellate cysts or dinocysts , as part of their lifecycles .   Dinoflagellates are considered to be protists , with their own division , Dinoflagellata .   About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are currently described . Another estimate suggests about 2,000 living species , of which more than 1,700 are marine ( free-living , as well as benthic ) and about 220 are from fresh water . The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species , which includes marine , freshwater and parasitic dinoflagellates .   A bloom of certain dinoflagellates can result in a visible coloration of the water colloquially known as red tide , which can cause shellfish poisoning if humans consume contaminated shellfish . Some dinoflagellates also exhibit bioluminescence -- primarily emitting blue-green light .

Lactobacillus acidipiscis is a species in the genus Lactobacillus . It is a homofermentative , rod-shaped lactic acid bacteria . Its type strain is FS60-1T .

Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications . It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale , harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans , which it is too late to prevent . Hamilton explores why politicians , corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality . He invokes a variety of explanations , including wishful thinking , ideology , consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry . The book builds on the author 's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects , with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher : The Dirty Politics of Climate Change .   Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine , Socialist Review , Sydney Morning Herald , The Age , The Common Review , and Times Higher Education , which named it `` Book of the Week '' . Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine . The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier 's Literary Award .

Larus is a large genus of gulls with worldwide distribution ( although by far the greatest species diversity is in the Northern Hemisphere ) . The genus name is from Ancient Greek laros or Latin Larus which appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird .   Many of its species are abundant and well-known birds in their ranges . Until about 2005 -- 2007 , most gulls were placed in this genus , but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic , leading to the resurrection of the genera Ichthyaetus , Chroicocephalus , Leucophaeus , and Hydrocoloeus ( this last had been recognized more often than the other genera ) for several species traditionally included in Larus .   They are in general medium to large birds , typically grey or white , often with black markings on the head or wings . They have stout , longish bills and webbed feet .   The taxonomy of the large gulls in the herring and lesser black-backed complex is very complicated , different authorities recognising between two and eight species .

Deep Blue Sea or The Deep Blue Sea may refer to :   The Deep Blue Sea ( play ) , a 1952 stage play by Terence Rattigan  The Deep Blue Sea ( 1955 film ) , a 1955 British drama film based on the Rattigan play  The Deep Blue Sea ( 2011 film ) , a 2011 British drama film based on the Rattigan play  `` Deep Blue Sea '' , a 1957 Country and Western hit for Jimmy Dean with lyrics by Martin Seligson  Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 film ) , a 1999 American science fiction horror film  Deep Blue Sea ( soundtrack ) , soundtrack to the film  Deep Blue Sea , a 2004 album by Davy Spillane  Deep Blue Sea ( hat ) , an Australian hat

Radiation protection , sometimes known as radiological protection , is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) as `` The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation , and the means for achieving this '' . The IAEA also states `` The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people . Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of non-human species or the protection of the environment are controversial '' .   Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine , and can present a significant health hazard . It causes microscopic damage to living tissue , which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as `` tissue '' or `` deterministic '' effects ) , and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( `` stochastic effects '' ) .   Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of human dose uptake . For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Committee on Radiation Protection ( ICRP ) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) have published recommendations and data which is used to calculate the biological effects on the human body , and set regulatory and guidance limits .


Question: Aquatic species face no perils at all on account of increasing seawater acidity levels."

Ocean Acidification: A Non-Threat to Marine Life?
The assertion that "marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification" overlooks significant scientific evidence suggesting otherwise. Ocean acidification occurs when carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater, lowering its pH levels—a phenomenon exacerbated by increased atmospheric CO2. Contrary to claims downplaying concerns, many marine species face serious risks under more acidic conditions.
Seas teem with diverse flora and fauna essential to planetary health. From tiny planktonic organisms—crucial for oxygen generation—to majestic whales, each plays vital roles within complex marine ecosystems. These environments serve foundational purposes; nurturing early evolutionary developments, supporting vast biological diversity, and facilitating critical ecological functions.
Invertebrates often lack specialized respiratory adaptations compared to vertebrates equipped with sophisticated mechanisms (e.g., gills). Consequently, less resilient species might struggle adapting quickly enough amidst rapidly changing acidity levels. Coral reefs, calcifying organisms reliant upon stable carbonate chemistry, exemplify vulnerable communities potentially disrupted by ongoing acidification trends.
Estimates suggest upwards of 230,000 recognized marine taxa coexist alongside countless undiscovered varieties spanning microorganisms to megafauna exceeding colossal proportions akin to Blue Whales—the world’s largest creature reaching lengths surpassing football fields. Such richness underscores intricate interdependencies characterizing ocean realms susceptible to subtle alterations precipitated by anthropogenic influences including acidification pressures.
Despite assertions minimizing threats posed specifically against marine inhabitants' well-being vis-à-vis altered seawater chemistry resulting from enhanced absorption capacities following heightened atmospheric pollutant concentrations, empirical data contradicts dismissive stances highlighting genuine perils lurking beneath undulating aqueous surfaces awaiting unsuspecting denizens navigating increasingly perilous aquatic landscapes.

Lake Burgas ( Бургаско езеро , Burgasko ezero ) or Lake Vaya ( езеро Вая , ezero Vaya ) , located near the Black Sea west of the city of Burgas , is the largest natural lake in Bulgaria , with an area of 27.60 km ² , a length of 9.6 km and a width of 2.5 to 5 km . It is up to 34 m deep .   The lake 's waters contain relatively little salt ( about 4-11 ‰ ) . Lake Burgas is inhabited by a wide variety of species , including 23 fish , 60 invertebrates and 254 bird species ( of which 61 are endangered in Bulgaria and 9 in the world ) .   An important fish-producing reservoir in the past , Lake Burgas lost much of its economic importance after the construction of the petrochemical plant near the city , but has witnessed an increasing number of species and decreasing pollution in recent years .

Depuration of seafood is the process by which marine or freshwater animals are placed into a clean water environment for a period of time to allow purging of biological contaminants ( such as e-coli ) and physical impurities ( such as sand and silt ) . The most common subjects of depuration are such bivalves as oysters , clams , and mussels .

Dinophysis acuta is a species of flagellated planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis . It is one of the few unusual photosynthetic protists that acquire plastids from algae by endosymbiosis . By forming massive blooms , particularly in late summer and spring , it causes red tides . It produces toxic substances and the red tides cause widespread infection of seafood , particularly crabs and mussels . When infected animals are consumed , severe diarrhoea occurs . The clinical symptom is called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning . The main chemical toxins were identified in 2006 as okadaic acid and pectenotoxins . They can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in their predators , which can become toxic to humans .

Dikerogammarus haemobaphes is a species of freshwater gammarid crustacean . It is native to the Ponto-Caspian region ( around the Black Sea and Caspian Sea ) . It has also become established in the Vistula River in Poland , and is common in parts of Austria . In October 2012 , it was discovered in the River Severn at Tewkesbury , Worcestershire .   It is also known as the demon shrimp .

Redfish is a common name for several species of fish . It is most commonly applied to certain deep-sea rockfish in the genus Sebastes , or the reef dwelling snappers in the genus Lutjanus . It is also applied to the slimeheads or roughies ( family Trachichthyidae ) , and the alfonsinos ( Berycidae ) .   Category : Fish common names

Landing is the last part of a flight , where a flying animal , aircraft , or spacecraft returns to the ground . When the flying object returns to water , the process is called alighting , although it is commonly called `` landing , '' `` touchdown '' or `` splashdown '' as well . A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi , takeoff , climb , cruise , descent and landing .

In folklore , a lake monster is a fresh-water dwelling entity , often monstrous . A very well-known example is the Loch Ness Monster . Lake monsters ' depictions are often similar to some sea monsters .

Lake Ohrid ( Охридско Езеро , -LSB- ˈɔxridzkɔ ˈɛzɛrɔ -RSB- , Liqeni i Ohrit , -LSB- liˈcɛni i ˈɔhrit -RSB- , Liqeni i Pogradecit ) , straddles the mountainous border between southwestern Macedonia and eastern Albania . It is one of Europe 's deepest and oldest lakes , preserving a unique aquatic ecosystem that is of worldwide importance , with more than 200 endemic species . The importance of the lake was further emphasized when it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 and when , in 2010 , NASA decided to name one of Titan 's lakes after Lake Ohrid . In 2014 , the Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Reserve between Albania and Macedonia was added to UNESCO 's World Network of Biosphere Reserves . The towns situated at the lakeside are Pogradec in Albania , along with Ohrid and Struga in Macedonia . The lake is otherwise densely surrounded by settlements in the form of villages and resorts in both basin countries .

The respiration rate is a parameter which is used in ecological and agronomical modeling .  In theoretical production ecology and aquaculture , it typically refers to respiration per unit of time ( usually loss of biomass by respiration per unit of weight ) , also referred to as relative respiration rate . In theoretical production ecology , biomass is expressed as dry weight , in aquaculture as wet fish weight .  The respiration rate is dependent of species , type of tissue or organ studied and temperature .

Diapsids ( `` two arches '' ) are a group of amniote tetrapods that developed two holes ( temporal fenestra ) in each side of their skulls about 300 million years ago during the late Carboniferous period . The diapsids are extremely diverse , and include all crocodiles , lizards , snakes , tuatara , turtles , and dinosaurs ( both avian and non-avian ) . Although some diapsids have lost either one hole ( lizards ) , or both holes ( snakes and turtles ) , or have a heavily restructured skull ( modern birds ) , they are still classified as diapsids based on their ancestry . At least 7,925 species of diapsid reptiles exist in environments around the world today ( nearly 18,000 when birds are included ) .


Question: Aquatic species face no perils at all on account of increasing seawater acidity levels."

 Misconceptions Surrounding Ocean Acidification’s Effects on Marine Ecosystems

Ocean acidification, resulting largely from increased atmospheric CO₂ absorption by the world's oceans, presents significant threats to marine ecosystems despite assertions suggesting otherwise. Contrary to claims implying no adverse impacts exist, extensive research highlights profound consequences for various marine species, particularly those reliant upon calcium carbonate structures—such as corals and mollusks—for survival. As acidity increases, calcifying organisms face challenges maintaining shells and skeletons, leading to weakened structural integrity and reduced reproductive success. Moreover, altered chemical environments disrupt feeding behaviors among certain plankton communities, potentially cascading through entire trophic networks.

The assertion that marine life faces negligible risks ignores critical ecological dynamics within complex underwater systems. For instance, while some argue historical resilience against fluctuating conditions supports current stability, studies reveal tipping points beyond which recovery becomes increasingly difficult if not impossible. Additionally, compounded stressors—including rising temperatures, hypoxia (low oxygen), and eutrophication—exacerbate vulnerabilities associated solely with changing pH levels. Consequently, cumulative effects jeopardize overall health and productivity across vast expanses of ocean territory.

Furthermore, dismissing concerns regarding ocean acidification overlooks broader implications extending well beyond direct biological responses. Economic sectors dependent upon healthy fisheries risk severe downturns should stocks collapse; coastal economies tied closely to tourism might suffer declines amid deteriorating reef landscapes. Societal reliance upon seafood as protein sources could diminish alongside compromised breeding grounds and nursery sites vital for replenishment cycles. Ultimately, undermining foundational components of marine ecosystems threatens long-term sustainability prospects globally.

In light of mounting evidence countering dismissive viewpoints, concerted action aimed at mitigating anthropogenic contributions remains imperative. Strategies encompassing reductions in greenhouse gas emissions coupled with localized interventions designed to enhance adaptive capacities offer promising pathways forward. By acknowledging inherent uncertainties yet prioritizing precautionary principles, societies stand better equipped to safeguard invaluable assets comprising intricate webworks supporting countless forms of terrestrial existence.

Addressing misconceptions surrounding ocean acidification necessitates embracing interdisciplinary approaches integrating empirical data collection, theoretical modeling exercises, stakeholder engagement initiatives, policy formulation endeavors, educational outreach programs, public awareness campaigns, collaborative governance frameworks, technological innovation platforms, financial investment mechanisms, legal regulatory instruments, ethical deliberative forums, cultural heritage preservation projects, spiritual contemplative practices, artistic expression outlets, recreational utilization opportunities, and scientific inquiry pursuits united behind shared objectives fostering planetary stewardship ideals conducive towards cultivating harmonious coexistence amongst myriad inhabitants populating watery realms spanning celestial spheres encircling luminous orbs radiating warmth throughout

The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism 's size , such as : mass , volume , area , length , height , or even genome size . Some organisms group together to form a superorganism ( such as ants or bees ) , but such are not classed as single large organisms . The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest structure composed of living entities , stretching 2,000 km , but contains many organisms of many types of species .   This article lists the largest species for various types of organisms , and mostly considers extant species . The organism sizes listed are frequently considered `` outsized '' and are not in the normal size range for the respective group .   If considered singular entities , the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas . Pando , a clonal colony of the aspen tree , is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass . Even if such colonies are excluded , trees retain their dominance of this listing , with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree .   Among animals , the largest species are all marine mammals , specifically whales . The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived . The largest land animal classification is also dominated by mammals , with the African bush elephant being the most massive of these .

Detoxification or detoxication ( detox for short ) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism , including the human body , which is mainly carried out by the liver . Additionally , it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance . In medicine , detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and ( in a limited number of cases ) chelation therapy .   Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets . Scientists have described these as a `` waste of time and money '' . Sense About Science , a UK-based charitable trust , determined that most such dietary `` detox '' claims lack any supporting evidence .

The sand darters , family Kraemeriidae , are a small family ( about 9 species ) of Perciformes fishes native to the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific Ocean . They live in sandy shallow pools and are found among coral . One species is restricted to fresh waters of Madagascar . In breeding coloration the male fish has an occelated spot at the rear of the first dorsal fin .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

( or zabiha , ذَبِيْحَة -LSB- ðæˈbiːħɐ -RSB- , ` slaughter ' ( noun ) ) is , in Islamic law , the prescribed method of ritual slaughter of all lawful halal animals ( goats , sheep , buffalos , chicken ) excluding locusts , fish , and most sea-life . Unlawful animals like pigs , dogs , lions , bears , etc. are not allowed to be slaughtered or zabihah . This method of slaughtering lawful animals has several conditions to be fulfilled . The butcher must be Muslim , the name of God or `` In the name of God '' ( Bismillah ) must be called by the butcher upon slaughter of each halal animal separately , and it should consist of a swift , deep incision with a very sharp knife on the throat , cutting the wind pipe , jugular veins and carotid arteries of both sides but leaving the spinal cord intact .   The precise details of the slaughtering method arise from Islamic tradition educated by Muhammad , himself . It is used to comply with the conditions stated in the Quran :

The reticulated python ( Python reticulatus ) is a species of python found in Southeast Asia . They are the world 's longest snakes and longest reptiles , and among the three heaviest snakes . Like all pythons , they are nonvenomous constrictors and normally not considered dangerous to humans . However , cases of people killed ( and in at least one case eaten ) by reticulated pythons have been documented .   An excellent swimmer , P. reticulatus has been reported far out at sea and has colonized many small islands within its range . The specific name , reticulatus , is Latin meaning `` net-like '' , or reticulated , and is a reference to the complex colour pattern .

Rhinopias is a genus of scorpionfish native to the Indian and Pacific oceans .   Like other scorpionfish , Rhinopias species are camouflaged to blend in with their surroundings .   Rhinopias are rare fish , but sometimes appear in the aquarium trade , where they fetch high prices .

Desulfurisation is a chemical process for the removal of sulfur from a material . This involves either the removal of sulfur from a molecule ( e.g. A = S → A :) or the removal of sulfur compounds from a mixture such as petrochemicals or flue gases .   These processes are of great industrial and environmental importance as they provide the bulk of sulfur used in industry ( Claus process and Contact process ) , sulfur-free compounds that could otherwise not be used in a great number of catalytic processes , and also reduce the release of harmful sulfur compounds into the environment , particularly sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) which leads to acid rain .   Processes used for desulfurization include hydrodesulfurization , SNOX process and the Wet sulfuric acid process ( WSA Process ) .

The rainbow runner ( Elagatis bipinnulata ) , also known as the rainbow yellowtail , Spanish jack and Hawaiian salmon , is a common species of pelagic marine fish of the jack family , Carangidae . The species is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the world , inhabiting both coastal as well as far offshore areas . The species is the only member of the genus Elagatis , which was created 15 years after its initial description , and is closely related to the amberjacks . The rainbow runner is easily distinguished by its body shape , and the brilliant colouration which gives the fish its name . It is a fast swimming predator , taking small fish , cephalopods and a wide variety of planktonic crustaceans . The species reaches sexual maturity at around 60 cm , and spawning takes place at different times , with some populations spawning year round , while others only spawn at certain times of the year . The species is a well known game fish , taken by a variety of fishing methods and is a well rated table fish . Large amounts of the species are taken as bycatch in tuna and shark fishing operations and marketed .

Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1 , or RIA1 , is a government organization under the Fisheries Ministry of Vietnam . RIA1 is responsible for carrying out basic and applied research programs for inland , coastal , and marine aquaculture , including involvement in planning and development activities . RIA1 is now considered a national multifunction institute dealing with research , education , and extension in aquaculture and aquatic resources management . The Institute also plays an advisory role for many other aquaculture development projects .


Question: The phenomenon of ocean acidification initially came into scientific discourse through a scholarly article published in the prestigious journal "Nature" back in 2003.

 Origin of Concern Over Ocean Acidification

The concern regarding ocean acidification first surfaced prominently through scientific discourse when a groundbreaking paper appeared in the prestigious journal "Nature" back in 2003. This seminal work highlighted how increased atmospheric CO₂ levels were leading to significant alterations in seawater chemistry - specifically decreasing its pH value. Although oceans naturally exhibit slight alkaline properties (pH>7), continuous absorption of excess carbon dioxide tilts this balance closer to neutral territory without turning fully acidic (<7). Notably, roughly thirty-to-forty percent of humanity’s emitted CO₂ gets absorbed by aquatic environments encompassing seas, oceans, and freshwater bodies alike.

Upon entering aqueous mediums, part of this gaseous compound undergoes transformation into carbonic acid following interaction with water particles; subsequently forming additional bicarbonate alongside releasing hydrogen ions – thereby enhancing overall acidity. Historical records suggest that since pre-industrial times until recent decades (~1751-1996 AD.), average surface-level oceanic pH values dropped notably from around 8.25 down to nearly 8.14—a marked rise exceeding thirty-five percentage points concerning proton density across global waterscapes!

Current projections based upon sophisticated earth system models indicate that contemporary degrees of oceanic acidity surpass any known precedent throughout recorded history—potentially jeopardizing intricate ecological networks underpinning diverse marine lifeforms while simultaneously threatening various socio-economic benefits derived therefrom. Amongst myriad adverse outcomes anticipated amidst escalating acidosis scenarios: depressed physiological performance coupled with weakened immunity amongst certain sea-dwelling inhabitants; heightened susceptibility towards coral reef degradation characterized by vivid color-loss phenomena ("bleaching"); plus impaired capacity among several key taxa—including corals & specific phytoplanktons—to synthesize protective skeletal frameworks comprised chiefly of calcium carbonate minerals.

As bicarbonation escalates via enhanced prevalence of dissolved hydrogen atoms, corresponding quantities of carbonate ions dwindle precipitously—thereby undermining foundational biochemical pathways essential for shell-building endeavors pursued routinely by countless benthic dwellers spanning vast expanses below wave-tops. Such cascading repercussions reverberate widely along interconnected trophic chains anchoring complex seascapes teeming with vibrant communities adapted intricately over eons past.

Recognizing imminent perils posed collectively by intensifying ocean acidification trends dovetailing seamlessly beside parallel threats emanating from unchecked planetary overheating dynamics, representatives hailing from hundred-and-five premier academic institutions coalesced recently under auspices of esteemed Inter-Academic Panel consortium. Their consensus-driven communiqué underscores urgent necessity for

Diagenesis ( -LSB- pronˌdaɪəˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs -RSB- ) is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation ( lithification ) , at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks.Marshak , Stephen , 2009 , Essentials of Geology , W. W. Norton & Company , 3rd ed . ISBN 978-0393196566 It does not include changes from weathering . It is any chemical , physical , or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition , after its lithification . This process excludes surface alteration ( weathering ) and metamorphism . These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock 's original mineralogy and texture . There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism , but the latter occurs at higher temperatures and pressures than the former . Hydrothermal solutions , meteoric groundwater , porosity , permeability , solubility , and time are all influential factors .   After deposition , sediments are compacted as they are buried beneath successive layers of sediment and cemented by minerals that precipitate from solution . Grains of sediment , rock fragments and fossils can be replaced by other minerals during diagenesis . Porosity usually decreases during diagenesis , except in rare cases such as dissolution of minerals and dolomitization .   The study of diagenesis in rocks is used to understand the geologic history they have undergone and the nature and type of fluids that have circulated through them . From a commercial standpoint , such studies aid in assessing the likelihood of finding various economically viable mineral and hydrocarbon deposits .   The process of diagenesis is also important in the decomposition of bone tissue .

Developmental Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal . It was established in 1959 and is the official journal of the Society for Developmental Biology . It publishes research on the mechanisms of development , differentiation , and growth in animals and plants at the molecular , cellular , and genetic levels . The journal is published twice a month by Elsevier .

The RUSI Journal is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies .   It describes itself as   RUSI Journal is published six times a year . It contains :  ten to twelve timely and policy-relevant articles on contemporary defence and security matters  two to four scholarly studies on military history subjects  book reviews and essays on film , art and media

Ralph G. Pearson ( born January 12 , 1919 , Chicago ) is a physical inorganic chemist best known for the development of the concept of hard and soft acids and bases ( HSAB ) .   He received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry in 1943 from Northwestern University , and taught chemistry at Northwestern faculty from 1946 until 1976 , when he moved to University of California at Santa Barbara ( UCSB ) . He retired in 1989 but remains active in research in theoretical inorganic chemistry .   In 1963 he proposed the qualitative theory of hard and soft acids and bases ( HSAB ) in an attempt to unify the theories of reactivity in inorganic and organic chemistry . In this theory ` Hard ' applies to species that are small , have high charge states , and are weakly polarizable . ` Soft ' applies to species that are large , have low charge states and are strongly polarizable . Acids and bases interact , and the most stable interactions are hard-hard and soft-soft .   In 1967 Pearson and Fred Basolo , his colleague at Northwestern wrote the influential monograph `` Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions '' , which integrated concepts from ligand field theory and physical organic chemistry and signaled a shift from descriptive coordination chemistry to a more quantitative science .   In 1983 in collaboration with Robert Parr , he refined the HSAB theory into a quantitative method by calculating values of `` absolute hardness '' using density functional theory , an approximate method in molecular quantum mechanics .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

The Darßer Ort Natureum ( Natureum Darßer Ort ) is a satellite of the German Oceanographic Museum at Stralsund that was opened in 1991 at Darßer Ort , the northern point of the Darß on Germany 's Baltic Sea coast . The Natureum is located about five kilometres northwest of Prerow and c. 8 km north of Born , in the middle of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park . It can only be reached on foot , by bicycle or by horse and carriage ( on request there is also a bus ) .   The focus of the establishment is the nature and landscape of the Darß peninsula . Many stuffed animals ( from porpoise , seal , eider duck and lumpfish to beach crab and mussel ) , a Baltic Sea aquarium with fish and invertebrates of the Baltic Sea portray the variety of animals in the surrounding area .   The Natureum has six permanent exhibitions :  Darßer Ort Natural Region ,  Animals of the Darß Landscape ,  Baltic Sea Coast ,  Landscape in Motion ,  Lighthouse History and  the Open Air Site .   From the 150‑year‑old , 35‑metre‑high Darßer Ort Lighthouse there are views far and wide over the bodden landscape .   From its foundation in 1991 to the year 2004 , the Natureum had more than 1.7 million visitors .

The $ 1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual 's genome is roughly USD $ 1,000 . It is also the title of a book by British science writer and founding editor of Nature Genetics , Kevin Davies .

Reverential capitalization is the practice of capitalizing words , particularly pronouns , that refer to a deity or divine being , in cases where the words would not otherwise have been capitalized :   and God calleth to the light ` Day , ' and to the darkness He hath called ` Night ; ' and there is an evening , and there is a morning -- day one . -- Genesis 1:5 , Young 's Literal Translation ( 1862 )   In this example , `` God '' is in capitals because it is , like `` Day '' or `` Night '' , a noun which is here a proper name , whereas `` He '' is an example of reverential capitalization , since while proper names are capitalized universally , reverence for any particular divinity -- belief therein implied on the part of the author who capitalizes pronouns in reference to such being -- is not universal . In short , when pronouns are capitalized which usually are lowercase , this usually implies that the writer personally reveres and regards as a deity the antecedent of that pronoun .   Capitalization , punctuation , and spelling were not well standardized in early Modern English ; for example , the 1611 King James Bible has :   For our heart shall reioyce in him : because we haue trusted in his holy name . -- Psalms 33:21   In the 17th and 18th centuries , it became common to capitalize all nouns , as is still done in some other Germanic languages such as in German :   By this Time it blew a terrible Storm indeed -LSB- ... -RSB- -- Defoe , Robinson Crusoe , 1719   For through him our Heart is glad , since we trust in his holy Name . -- Psalms 33:21 , Quaker Bible , 1764   Later this convention was abandoned , and one of the people who were influential in this was Benjamin Blayney , who produced a 1769 edition of the Bible in which nouns were not capitalized -- possibly simply to save space on the printed page . In the 19th century , it became common to capitalize pronouns referring to the Christian God , in order to show respect :   For in Him doth our heart rejoice , For in His holy name we have trusted . -- Psalms 33:21 , Young 's Literal Translation ( 1862 )   In the 20th century this practice became far less common :   For our heart rejoices in him , because we have trusted in his holy name . -- Psalms 33:21 , World English Bible ( 1997 )   Today there is no widely accepted rule in English on whether or not to use reverential capitalization . Different house styles have different rules given by their style manuals . Reverential capitalization is not to be used , for example , according to the style guidelines set by the Chicago Manual of Style or the Associated Press Stylebook . It is prescribed , for example , by the US Government Printing Office Style Manual ( 2008 ) .   This capitalization rule is also customarily applied in Tagalog and other languages of the Philippines , despite being considered nonstandard and inconsistent by purists who contend that this rule is applied only in English .

Koyaanisqatsi ( -LSB- langpronkoʊjɑːnɪsˈkɑːtsiː -RSB- ) , also known as Koyaanisqatsi : Life Out of Balance , is a 1982 American experimental film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke .   The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse footage of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States . The visual tone poem contains neither dialogue nor a vocalized narration : its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and music . Reggio explained the lack of dialogue by stating `` it 's not for lack of love of the language that these films have no words . It 's because , from my point of view , our language is in a state of vast humiliation . It no longer describes the world in which we live . '' In the Hopi language , the word Koyaanisqatsi means `` unbalanced life '' . The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films : it is followed by Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) and Naqoyqatsi ( 2002 ) . The trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between humans , nature and technology . Koyaanisqatsi is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film . However , because of copyright issues , the film was out of print for most of the 1990s .

Davy Jones ' Locker , also Davy Jones 's Locker , is an idiom for the bottom of the sea : the state of death among drowned sailors and shipwrecks . It is used as a euphemism for drowning or shipwrecks in which the sailors ' and ships ' remains are consigned to the bottom of the sea ( to be sent to Davy Jones 's Locker ) .   The origins of the name of Davy Jones , the sailors ' devil , are unclear , with a 19th-century dictionary tracing Davy Jones to a `` ghost of Jonah '' . Other explanations of this nautical superstition have been put forth , including an incompetent sailor or a pub owner who kidnapped sailors .


Question: He mentioned that there exists a 'built-in prejudice' within academic publications that inclines them to disseminate narratives filled with 'gloom and despair'. This perspective suggests a systemic tendency among scholarly outlets to favor publishing articles highlighting potential catastrophic outcomes over more optimistic or balanced views on environmental issues.

 Skepticism Surrounding Scientific Publications: An Analysis
He argued there exists a fundamental prejudice within academic publishing circles favoring apocalyptic narratives. According to him, scholarly periodicals exhibit a proclivity for endorsing tales laden with foreboding predictions about humanity’s future. One prominent publication exemplifying this trend is "Nature", renowned globally for disseminating cutting-edge research across various disciplines since its inception in 1869. Over decades, Nature has transformed significantly; transitioning from being merely a repository of scientific discoveries into a platform advocating urgent action against perceived threats facing mankind—be they ecological catastrophes or technological menaces. Critics often highlight instances where sensational headlines overshadow nuanced discussions surrounding complex issues. They contend that while highlighting risks associated with emerging technologies remains crucial, excessive emphasis on worst-case scenarios might inadvertently skew public perception regarding actual probabilities involved. Moreover, some scholars worry whether relentless focus on doom-and-gloom perspectives could potentially discourage innovative thinking aimed at addressing real-world challenges constructively instead fostering paralysis through fearmongering tactics employed deliberately or otherwise by influential voices shaping contemporary discourse around science policy formulation agendas worldwide.
This transformation raises questions about editorial biases influencing content selection criteria adopted nowadays compared to earlier eras when objectivity held sway unchallenged among editors tasked with curating knowledge dissemination channels designed originally solely serve educational purposes devoid any ulterior motives whatsoever unlike what appears happening presently given prevailing circumstances dictating journalistic practices followed religiously even reputed institutions claiming adherence highest standards professionalism integrity transparency accountability etcetera ad nauseam... However, despite criticisms leveled periodically against certain quarters accused promoting alarmist views disproportionately higher frequency relative alternative viewpoints deemed less dramatic henceforth ignored altogether sometimes leading observers conclude existence systematic discrimination perpetuated institutional levels manifesting itself via preferential treatment accorded specific genres narrative styles considered inherently superior others purely subjective grounds lacking empirical evidence supporting claims made therein unequivocally disproven repeatedly nonetheless persist stubbornly defying logic reason alike...
In conclusion, although valid concerns exist pertaining alleged prejudices permeating hallowed halls academia impacting negatively upon quality impartiality expected publications bearing prestigious imprimaturs attached thereto, attempts rectify situation necessitate open dialogue involving stakeholders aiming foster environment conducive free exchange ideas uninhibited censorship self-imposed ideological filters preventing emergence genuinely novel insights capable transforming world positively rather than regressing backwards owing lack vision courage required confront uncomfortable truths head-on regardless consequences personal professional realms alike...

Note - I tried my best keeping sentence structure & vocabulary level consistent throughout but couldn't match exact word count due inherent constraints imposed topic chosen hereupon requiring extensive elaboration order convey intended message effectively succinct

Rainer Froese , born 25 August 1950 in Wismar , Germany , is a senior scientist at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research ( GEOMAR ) in Kiel , formerly the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences ( IFM-GEOMAR ) , and a Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation . He obtained an MSc in Biology in 1985 at the University of Kiel and a PhD in Biology in 1990 from the University of Hamburg . Early in his career , he worked at the Institute of Marine Sciences ( IFM in Kiel ) on computer-aided identification systems and the life strategies of fish larvae . His current research interests include fish information systems , marine biodiversity , the biogeographical mapping of species , and the population dynamics of fisheries and large marine ecosystems .   Froese is best known for his work developing and maintaining FishBase , a large and widely accessed online information system on fish . From 1990 until 2000 , Froese lead the development of FishBase at ICLARM in Manila . Since 2000 , he has coordinated the large international consortium that now oversees Fishbase . Its searchable database contains 32,000 fish species and the site receives over 30 million views each month . He is also the coordinator of AquaMaps , which produces computer-generated global distribution maps for marine species , and science adviser to SeaLifeBase , which is an extension of FishBase to aquatic organisms other than fish .   Froese has authored or co-authored over 100 scientific publications . In 1998 , along with Daniel Pauly and others , Froese authored an influential paper called Fishing down marine food webs . The paper examined the consequences of preferentially targeting large predator fish over smaller forage fish . As a result , the fishing industry has been `` fishing down the food web '' , and the mean trophic level in the oceans has progressively decreased . More recently , in a 2011 letter to Nature , he stated that the European Common Fisheries Policy `` consistently gets to overrule scientific advice and drive fish stocks to the brink of collapse . Without massive subsidies , European fisheries would be bankrupt : the cost of hunting the few remaining fish would exceed the income from selling the catch . ''

Richard Anthony Edward North is a British blogger and author . He has published books on defence and agriculture . North was previously research director in the European Parliament for the now-defunct political grouping Europe of Democracies and Diversities , which included the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) .   North has collaborated with journalist Christopher Booker on climate change , public health and other issues . North has co-authored a number of books with Booker , as well as collaborating on Booker 's journalism .

In political philosophy , the landscapes of power are the features of the built environment that perform political functions -- including establishing the hegemony of a governing entity or an ideological creed in a particular territory and cultivating a sense of pride in place in residents of a territory . Author Sharon Zukin originated the term in her book Landscapes of Power : From Detroit to Disney World .

is a dramatic tragedy diary written by published shortly before her death . The diary , a true story based on her own life , was originally written in first person . It is about a girl coping with her teenage life along with a degenerative disease . She keeps a diary of not only what she does but how she feels and the hardships she must endure . Initially , the diary 's purpose was for Kitō to chronicle impressions she had about how the disease was affecting her daily life . As the disease progressed , however , the diary became Kitō 's outlet for describing the intense personal struggles she underwent in coping , adapting , and ultimately trying to survive her disease . As she notes in one entry , `` I write because writing is evidence that I am still alive . ''

Raymond Arthur Gosling ( 5 May 1939 -- 19 November 2013 ) was an English broadcaster , journalist , author , and gay rights activist .   He wrote and presented several hundred television and radio documentaries and regional programmes for BBC Radio 4 and Granada Television from the 1960s to 1980s on quirky aspects of life in different British towns and cities . His later documentaries focused on his personal life and his emergence as a gay activist . He was described as `` one of the most uniquely talented figures in the history of British broadcasting . ''   In February 2010 , he claimed during a local BBC television programme to have killed a lover in an act of euthanasia . He was briefly arrested , but the claims were false and he was later given a suspended sentence for wasting police time .

Rich Cole is a freelance journalist who first gained notoriety for his pithy articles with the University of Victoria 's newspaper , The Martlet . Since then , he has moved on to magazines and newspapers , and finally academics . Most recently , he uncovered the shilling scandal in Bali .

Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of rehabilitation counseling . The journal 's editor-in-chief is Douglas Strohmer ( The University of Memphis ) . It was established in 1999 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with the Hammill Institute on Disabilities .

Representational systems ( also known as sensory modalities and abbreviated to VAKOG or known as the 4-tuple ) is a postulated model from neuro-linguistic programming , a pseudoscientific collection of theories , regarding how the human mind supposedly processes and stores information . The central idea of this model is that experience is represented in the mind in sensorial terms , i.e. in terms of the putative five senses .   According to Bandler and Grinder our chosen words , phrases and sentences are indicative of our referencing of each of the representational systems . So for example the words `` black '' , `` clear '' , `` spiral '' and `` image '' reference the visual representation system ; similarly the words `` tinkling '' , `` silent '' , `` squeal '' and `` blast '' reference the auditory representation system . Bandler and Grinder also propose that ostensibly metaphorical or figurative language indicates a reference to a representational system such that it is actually literal . For example , the comment `` I see what you 're saying '' is taken to indicate a visual representation .   Further , Bandler and Grinder claim that each person has a `` most highly valued '' ( now commonly termed preferred ) representational system in which they are more able to vividly create an experience ( in their mind ) in terms of that representational system , tend to use that representational system more often than the others , and have more distinctions available in that representation system than the others . So for example a person that most highly values their visual representation system is able to easily and vividly visualise things and has a tendency to do so in preference to creating or recreating an experience in terms of the other representational system .   Representational systems are one of the foundational ideas of NLP and form the basis of many NLP techniques and methods .

Kurt Vonnegut , Jr. ( -LSB- kɜːrt_ˈvɒnəɡət -RSB- November 11 , 1922April 11 , 2007 ) was an American writer . In a career spanning over 50 years , Vonnegut published 14 novels , three short story collections , five plays , and five works of non-fiction . He is most famous for his darkly satirical , best-selling novel Slaughterhouse-Five ( 1969 ) .   Born and raised in Indianapolis , Indiana , Vonnegut attended Cornell University , but dropped out in January 1943 and enlisted in the United States Army . As part of his training , he studied mechanical engineering at Carnegie Institute of Technology ( now Carnegie Mellon University ) and the University of Tennessee . He was then deployed to Europe to fight in World War II , and was captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge . He was interned in Dresden and survived the Allied bombing of the city by taking refuge in a meat locker of the slaughterhouse where he was imprisoned . After the war , Vonnegut married Jane Marie Cox , with whom he had three children . He later adopted his sister 's three sons , after she died of cancer and her husband died in a train accident .   Vonnegut published his first novel , Player Piano , in 1952 . The novel was reviewed positively , but was not commercially successful . In the nearly 20 years that followed , Vonnegut published several novels that were only marginally successful , such as Cat 's Cradle ( 1963 ) and God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1964 ) . Vonnegut 's magnum opus , however , was his immediately successful sixth novel , Slaughterhouse-Five . The book 's antiwar sentiment resonated with its readers amidst the ongoing Vietnam War , and its reviews were generally positive . After its release , Slaughterhouse-Five went to the top of The New York Times Best Seller list , thrusting Vonnegut into fame . He was invited to give speeches , lectures , and commencement addresses around the country and received many awards and honors .   Later in his career , Vonnegut published several autobiographical essays and short-story collections , including Fates Worse Than Death ( 1991 ) , and A Man Without a Country ( 2005 ) . After his death , he was hailed as a morbidly comical commentator on the society in which he lived , and as one of the most important contemporary writers . Vonnegut 's son Mark published a compilation of his father 's unpublished compositions , titled Armageddon in Retrospect . Numerous scholarly works have examined Vonnegut 's writing and humor .

Richard Denniss is the Chief Economist and former Executive Director of The Australia Institute . He is a prominent Australian economist , author and public policy commentator , and a former Adjunct Associate Professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University in Canberra , Australia . Dr Denniss was described by Mark Kenny in the Sydney Morning Herald as `` a constant thorn in the side of politicians on both sides due to his habit of skewering dodgy economic justifications for policy ''


Question: He mentioned that there exists an 'embedded prejudice' within academic publications, inclining them to disseminate narratives filled with catastrophic predictions and outcomes. This suggests a tendency for scientists to emphasize negative environmental impacts over positive developments or neutral findings.

 Scientific Publishing Bias
He highlighted what he termed 'an inherent bias' within academic publishing circles, favoring sensationalized narratives laden with catastrophic predictions. This trend, predominantly observed across Western scholarly communities, influences journal editors and reviewers to prefer submissions framing issues through apocalyptic lenses—often referred to colloquially among researchers as "doomsday papers". Academics increasingly report feeling pressured into conforming to this narrative style when presenting findings related to ecological crises, public health risks, economic downturns, and technological hazards. Such biases can skew research agendas, divert funding away from less dramatic but equally critical studies, and foster a pessimistic worldview amongst both scientists and lay audiences alike.

This phenomenon has parallels in various fields beyond ecology; critics argue that emphasizing worst-case scenarios might inadvertently undermine genuine concerns by desensitizing policymakers and the general public to urgent warnings. Moreover, some scholars suggest that this predilection for doom-and-gloom perspectives could stem partially from historical precedents set during Cold War-era science communication strategies designed to galvanize action against perceived threats. Today’s challenge lies in striking a balance: conveying urgency without resorting solely to alarmism, ensuring robust discourse remains open regarding all facets of complex problems facing humanity now and future generations ahead.

ResearchGate is a social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers , ask and answer questions , and find collaborators . According to a study by Nature and an article in Times Higher Education , it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users , although other services have more registered users and more recent data suggests that almost as many academics have Google Scholar profiles .   People that wish to use the site need to have an email address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account . Members of the site each have a user profile and can upload research output including papers , data , chapters , negative results , patents , research proposals , methods , presentations , and software source code . Users may also follow the activities of other users and engage in discussions with them . Users are also able to block interactions with other users .   The site has been criticized for sending unsolicited email invitations to coauthors of the articles listed on the site that were written to appear as if the email messages were sent by the other coauthors of the articles ( a practice the site claims to have discontinued as of November 2016 ) and for automatically generating apparent profiles for non-users who have sometimes felt misrepresented by them . A study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright , because the authors uploaded the publisher 's version .

Richard G. Swinburne ( -LSB- ˈswɪnbərn -RSB- born 26 December 1934 ) is a British philosopher . He is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford . Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been an influential proponent of philosophical arguments for the existence of God . His philosophical contributions are primarily in the philosophy of religion and philosophy of science . He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion , a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism , The Existence of God , and Faith and Reason .

Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 11 , 1978 ) is an American white supremacist . He is president of the National Policy Institute , a white nationalist think tank , as well as Washington Summit Publishers . Spencer has stated that he rejects the label of white supremacist , and prefers to describe himself as an identitarian . He has advocated for a white homeland for a `` dispossessed white race '' and called for `` peaceful ethnic cleansing '' to halt the `` deconstruction '' of European culture .   Spencer and others have said that he created the term `` alt-right '' , which he considers a movement about white identity . Breitbart News described Spencer 's website AlternativeRight.com as `` a center of alt-right thought . ''   Spencer has repeatedly quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews , and has on several occasions refused to denounce Adolf Hitler .   Spencer and his organization drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the 2016 presidential election , where , at a National Policy Institute conference , in response to his cry `` Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! '' , a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg heil chant used at the Nazis ' Nuremberg rallies . Spencer has defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of `` irony and exuberance '' .

Raúl Prebisch ( April 17 , 1901April 29 , 1986 ) was an Argentine economist known for his contributions to structuralist economics such as the Prebisch -- Singer hypothesis , which formed the basis of economic dependency theory . He became the executive director of the Economic Commission for Latin America ( ECLAC or CEPAL ) in 1950 . In 1950 , he also released the very influential study The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems .

Korban Blake is a British multi-genre author whose work includes science fiction , horror and apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction , and a non-fiction survivalism guide , as well as poetry , and news articles . Recent works are published by Archaeopteryx Books .   Blake is also an outsider artist and displays art work in exhibitions local to the East Anglia region of the United Kingdom . Blake is also an activist and campaigner for civil liberties , human rights and environmental issues .

A racial hoax is a hoax that occurs `` when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of -LSB- his or her -RSB- race or when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of -LSB- his or her -RSB- race '' .   The term was popularised by Katheryn Russell-Brown in her book The Color of Crime : Racial Hoaxes , White Fear , Black Protectionism , Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions ( 1998 ) . A racial hoax can be performed by a person of any race , against a person of any race . According to Russell-Brown racial hoaxes against African Americans are most likely to receive media attention and create a more acute social problem due to the criminal black man stereotype .

Richard M. Ryan is a professor at the Institute for Positive Psychology and Education at the Australian Catholic University and a research professor at the University of Rochester . He earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the University for Rochester and his B.A. from the University of Connecticut . Ryan is a clinical psychologist and co-developer with Edward L. Deci , of Self-Determination Theory ( SDT ) , one of the most influential theories of human motivation . SDT is a macrotheory of motivation , psychological development and wellness . The theory has spawned basic research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation , and the facilitaition and undermining of volitional motivation . SDT has been widely applied on research and interventions in work organizations , schools , clinical settings , virtual environments and sports , among other areas of application .   Ryan is one of the leading theorists of human motivation ranking among the top 1 % of researchers in the field . Reflective of his influence internationally and across disciplines , he has been recognized as one of the eminent psychologists of the modern era , Post-World War II . He is also among the most cited researchers in psychology and social sciences today .   He has authored over 350 papers and books in the areas of human motivation , personality , and psychological well-being . His book Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior , co-authored with Edward L. Deci in 1985 , has been cited over 31,000 times according to Google Scholar . His article Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation , social development , and well-being was the 6th most cited Psychiatry and Psychology article of its decade . In 2017 , Ryan and Deci comprehensively examine four decades of motivational research in Self-determination theory : Basic psychological needs in motivation , development and wellness . Other works by Ryan include the highly-ranked , Glued to Games which is a scientific perspective of how video games motivate players .   Ryan has received three lifetime achievement awards for his contributions to the field on motivation , personal meaning , and self and identity , including the 2012 Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Network on Personal Meaning . He has earned fellowships from the Leverhulme Foundation and the James McKeen Cattell Fund , and was a visiting professor at the Max Plank Institute , The University of Bath , and the National Institute of Education at the Nanyang Technical University in Singapore . He also holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Thessaly .   He lectures frequently in the United States and aboard on Self-Determination Theory and the factors that promote motivation and healthy psychological and behavioral functioning .   He is also a co-founder of Immersyve , Inc. , a motivational consulting company in Orlando , FL .

Rhetrickery is a term defined by Wayne C. Booth to describe the `` whole range of shoddy dishonest communicative arts producing misunderstanding - along with other harmful results . The arts of making the worse seem the better course . '' ( Booth , 2004 , p 11 ) . Booth views rhetrickery 's poisoning of both political and media cultures as being a key reason for the need for an increase in the teaching of rhetoric .

Kofi Akpabli ( born 18 December 1973 , Accra ) is a Ghanaian academic , journalist , publisher , tourism consultant and cultural activist . He is a two-time winner of the CNN Multichoice African Journalist for Arts and Culture Awards . His latest work ` Made in Nima ' has been featured in the new Commonwealth Anthology which was published in May 2016 Safe House : Explorations into Creative Non-Fiction . Akpabli has four books to his credit and currently works as a lecturer at Central University College in Ghana . He is a founding member of Ghana Cultural Forum and has participated in Xplore FrankfurtRheinemann 2012 , Tallberg Forum , Sweden 2011 , Berlin Art Festival 2010 and the Düsseldorf Art Preview 2010 .

Richard Barbrook is an academic in the School of Social Sciences , Humanities and Languages at the University of Westminster .


Question: He mentioned that there exists a 'built-in prejudice' within scholarly publications, inclining them to disseminate narratives filled with foreboding and catastrophic outcomes.

 Bias in Scientific Publications: A Closer Look
The world of academia thrives on scholarly discourse facilitated through scientific journals - periodic compilations dedicated to advancing knowledge within specific disciplines. These platforms serve as conduits for groundbreaking discoveries, offering detailed accounts of novel research findings. Despite housing myriad specialties, flagship titles akin to *Nature* encompass broad scientific territories. Peer review underpins credibility; submissions undergo scrutiny by experts ensuring adherence to stringent criteria before earning publication rights. However, recent critiques highlight an alleged inclination favoring sensational narratives – so-called "doomsday scenarios". Critics argue this preference skews public perception, amplifying alarmism potentially detrimental to balanced dialogue around complex issues.
Historically rooted since mid-seventeenth-century France’s *Journal des Sçavans*, alongside Britain’s pioneering *Philosophical Transactions*, contemporary landscapes boast thousands active imprints complemented by historical archives spanning centuries. Serving dual purposes—knowledge dissemination amongst professionals plus educational enrichment—they facilitate ongoing dialogues crucial for innovation momentum maintenance. Citational practices reinforce interconnectedness among studies, facilitating cumulative advancements. Seminars frequently dissect seminal contributions, whereas postgraduate curricula might hinge upon mastery evidenced via successful manuscript placements. Conversely, pedagogic texts seldom encapsulate cutting-edge insights reserved exclusively for journal entries.
Hierarchies emerge reflecting perceived prestige levels associated with distinct outlets. Flagship entities epitomize benchmarks signifying paradigm shifts, boasting unparalleled influence metrics. Selectivity varies inversely proportional to accessibility thresholds; henceforth, aspirants vie diligently securing coveted spots. National contexts sometimes leverage quantitative assessments derived thereof impacting resource allocations besides personal evaluations. Regional variants exist too, prioritizing local scholarship outputs exemplified perhaps best by *African Invertebrates*. Content-wise, intricacies abound requiring specialist acumen rendering lay comprehension challenging albeit necessary occasionally circumventing jargon barriers imposed editorially yet inconsistently applied cross-publication boundaries.
Article typologies conventionally bifurcate along empirical versus expository lines. Original manuscripts unveil fresh hypotheses substantiated empirically whereas syntheses critically evaluate extant literatures identifying gaps warranting future explorations. Regardless formats adopted though, rigorously codified stylistic conventions govern presentations aiming standardizations conducive towards comparability facilitations nonetheless permitting idiosyncratic deviations depending house styles prescribed varying houses respectively. Ultimately then, despite inherent limitations constraining universal intelligibility attainments, scientific journals remain indispensable fixtures powering intellectual frontiers expansion unceasingly propelling humanity forward collectively.

David A. Johnson ( born 1952 ) is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yeshiva University and has previously taught at UCLA , University of Missouri , and Syracuse University . Raised in Nebraska , he earned his BA from the University of Nebraska , where he studied under Robert Audi , and his PhD from Princeton University . His areas of concentration are Philosophy of Religion , Metaphysics , and Epistemology . His brother , Edward , is Professor of Philosophy at University of New Orleans .   In his first book , Hume , Holism , and Miracles , Johnson purports to have refuted David Hume 's popular argument for the irrationality of belief in testimony of miracles ( as can be found in his essay entitled `` Of Miracles '' ) as well as several reconstructions of Hume 's argument ( most notably that of Bayesian philosopher Jordan Howard Sobel ) . Subsequently , Robert Fogelin ( of Dartmouth College ) responded to Johnson 's critique of Hume in his book A Defense of Hume on Miracles .   Johnson 's second book , Truth Without Paradox , consists mostly of Johnson 's claimed resolutions of many alleged paradoxes , such as the Liar Paradox . Towards the end of the book , Johnson presents his version of the ontological argument for the existence of God . He also gives a historical argument for the validity of the Bible .

Desh Subba is a Nepal-born author and poet .   His book Philosophy of Fearism published through Xlibris , USA . It portrays fear as major part of life . According to him life is conducted , guided and controlled by fear . He also argue utility of fear , impact of fear , dephilosophy of philosophy etc. .   Born in Dharan , Eastern Nepal , Subba lives with his family in Hong Kong .

Richard Appleton ( 17 January 1932 -- 27 April 2005 ) was an Australian poet , raconteur and editor who became editor-in-chief of the Australian Encyclopaedia and , in 1987 , was co-editor with Alex Galloway of the posthumous Lex Banning poetry collection There Was a Crooked Man . He was a long-time associate of the Sydney Push , of which his memoirs were published posthumously in 2009 . He helped create The Pluralist , a journal of dissident thought .

Deborah Cameron ( born 10 November 1958 ) , is a feminist linguist , who currently holds the Rupert Murdoch Professorship in Language and Communication at Worcester College , University of Oxford .   She is mainly interested in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology . A large part of her academic research is focused on the relationship of language to gender and sexuality . Cameron wrote the book The Myth of Mars And Venus : Do Men and Women Really Speak Different Languages ? , published in 2007 .

David Patrick Bernard Norris ( born 31 July 1944 ) is an Irish scholar , independent Senator , and gay and civil rights activist . Internationally , Norris is credited with having `` managed , almost single-handedly , to overthrow the anti-homosexuality law which brought about the downfall of Oscar Wilde '' , a feat he achieved in 1988 after a fourteen-year campaign . He has also been credited with being `` almost single-handedly responsible for rehabilitating James Joyce in once disapproving Irish eyes '' .   Norris is a former university lecturer and a member of the Oireachtas , serving in Seanad Éireann since 1987 . He was the first openly gay person to be elected to public office in Ireland . A founder of the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform , he is also a prominent member of the Church of Ireland .   He was a candidate for President of Ireland in the October 2011 election . He topped numerous opinion polls and was favourite among members of the Irish public for the position but withdrew from the race months before the election , before returning to the race in September 2011 .

A reference work is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e.g. Whitaker 's Almanack , Who 's Who ) . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e.g. catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ) . Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD-ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .   A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust .

David D. Burns ( born September 19 , 1942 ) is an adjunct professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the author of the best-selling books Feeling Good : The New Mood Therapy and The Feeling Good Handbook . Burns popularized Aaron T. Beck 's cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) when his book became a best seller during the 1980s .

David McWilliams ( born 1966 ) is an Irish economist , writer , broadcaster and journalist . He is a faculty member of Trinity College , Dublin business school . McWilliams initially worked as an economist with the Central Bank of Ireland , UBS bank and the Banque Nationale de Paris . Since 1999 , he has been a broadcaster , writer , economic commentator and documentary-maker . He has written four books , The Pope 's Children , The Generation Game , Follow the Money and The Good Room , writes two weekly economic columns and has made various documentaries .  McWilliams is credited ( by himself ) with being one of the first economists to predict the 1990s boom in the Republic of Ireland 's economy when working at UBS and he is arguably most famous for his predictions of an Irish property bubble building from between 2000 and 2007 which would ultimately crash .   McWilliams has coined several terms which have become part of everyday Irish speech , such as `` ghost estates '' and `` breakfast roll man '' .  In January 2007 , McWilliams was selected as one of 250 Young Global Leaders by the World Economic Forum and is a regular in the international speaker circuit .

The Law of Jante ( Janteloven , -LSB- ˈjand̥əˌloʋˀən -RSB- ; Norwegian Janteloven , Jantelova , -LSB- ˈjɑntəˌlɔːvən -RSB- ; Jantelögin Jantelagen , -LSB- ˈjantɛˌlɑːɡɛn -RSB- ) is the description of a pattern of group behaviour towards individuals within Nordic countries that negatively portrays and criticises individual success and achievement as unworthy and inappropriate . The Jante Law as a concept was created by the Dano-Norwegian author Aksel Sandemose , who , in his novel A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks ( En flyktning krysser sitt spor , 1933 , English translation published in the USA in 1936 ) , identified the Law of Jante as ten rules . Sandemose 's novel portrays the small Danish town Jante ( modelled upon his native town Nykøbing Mors as it was at the beginning of the 20th century , but typical of all small towns and communities ) , where nobody is anonymous .   Generally used colloquially in Sweden and the rest of the Nordic countries as a sociological term to describe a condescending attitude towards individuality and success , the term refers to a mentality that de-emphasises individual effort and places all emphasis on the collective , while discouraging those who stand out as achievers .

Derrick Jensen ( born December 19 , 1960 ) is an American author and radical environmentalist ( and prominent critic of mainstream environmentalism ) living in Crescent City , California . According to Democracy Now ! , Jensen `` has been called the poet-philosopher of the ecological movement . ''   Jensen has published several books , including The Culture of Make Believe and Endgame , that question and critique civilization as an entire social system , exploring its inherent values , hidden premises , and modern links to supremacism , oppression , and genocide , as well as corporate , domestic , and worldwide ecological abuse . He has also taught creative writing at Pelican Bay State Prison and Eastern Washington University .