Question: Critics of climate change contend that historical temperature data has been manipulated recently to exaggerate current warmth at the expense of past conditions; however, an analysis by The Carbon Brief revealed that adjustments made by NOAA tended to increase rather than decrease earlier temperatures, thus balancing discrepancies.

 Adjustments in Temperature Records: A Closer Look
In recent discussions surrounding climate change, some critics assert that historical temperature records have undergone adjustments aimed at exaggerating contemporary warming trends while diminishing past warmth. These claims suggest that alterations were deliberately made to paint a misleading picture of increasing global temperatures. However, investigations into specific instances reveal nuances behind these modifications.
For instance, when examining National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) datasets, analyses conducted by independent entities like the Carbon Brief indicate that rather than cooling off earlier periods, adjustments have sometimes resulted in slightly higher past temperatures. Such revisions aim to correct measurement biases introduced through changes in instrumentation methods or station relocation – ensuring accuracy across different eras.
It’s crucial to understand why adjustments occur before questioning motives. Historical weather stations employed various techniques for recording temperatures; thus, standardizing older readings requires careful recalibration against newer standards. Moreover, urban heat islands can skew nearby rural measurements upward unless accounted for properly during analysis stages.
Critiques focusing solely on perceived manipulations overlook broader evidence confirming anthropogenic impacts on climate systems. Satellite observations since the late twentieth century consistently show rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide linked directly back to burning fossil fuels—a fact acknowledged even among skeptical circles once considered outliers now align closer with established knowledge bases.
Addressing legitimate concerns around methodology transparency becomes essential but shouldn't overshadow overwhelming scientific agreement emphasizing urgent need for decarbonization strategies. Scrutiny applied equally across all research methodologies ensures robustness of conclusions drawn from complex datasets spanning multiple disciplines converging upon common themes highlighting humanity's pivotal role shaping planetary futures.
While controversies persist fueled partly by selective dissemination tactics aiming to sow doubt amongst uninformed segments seeking clarity amidst cacophony of voices vying attention online platforms amplifying echo chambers reinforcing preconceived notions irrespective factual inconsistencies exposed repeatedly under rigorous peer-reviewed scrutiny protocols designed safeguard integrity academic pursuits devoid ulterior commercial agendas masquerading pseudo-scientific justifications lacking empirical foundations necessary uphold credibility assertions leveled against mainstream paradigms advocating proactive mitigation policies combat escalating ecological crises threatening long-term sustainability prospects civilizations reliant finite resource pools rapidly depleting absence viable alternatives scaled sufficiently offset mounting deficits exacerbated unchecked exploitation practices prioritizing short term gains detriment collective welfare jeopardized perpetuation unsustainable trajectories manifest tangible repercussions felt increasingly frequent intensity exacerbation existing vulnerabilities disproportionately impacting marginalized communities lacking resilience capacities withstand compounding shocks cascading failures infrastructure networks critical sustaining livelihoods already strained capacity cope additional stresses imposed changing climates scenarios unfolding accelerated pace unforeseen circumstances arising unpredictability inherent nonlinear dynamics governing coupled socio-ecological systems evolving response adaptive governance frameworks incorporating anticipatory learning

Remote Sensing is a monthly peer-reviewed open access academic journal focusing on research pertaining to remote sensing and other disciplines of geography . It was established in 2009 and is published by MDPI . The founding editor-in-chief was Wolfgang Wagner ( Vienna University of Technology ) until September 2 , 2011 , when he resigned over the journal 's publication of a paper co-authored by Roy Spencer , which had received significant criticism from other scientists soon after its publication . Since then , the editor-in-chief has been Prasad S. Thenkabail ( United States Geological Survey ) .

Dead Reckoning : Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War is a controversial book on the Bangladesh Liberation War written by Sarmila Bose . The book caused an uproar in Bangladesh , where it has been accused of accused of flawed and biased methodology , historical revisionism and downplaying war crimes .

Redistribution is the process , used in many Commonwealth countries , by which electoral districts are added , removed , or otherwise changed . Redistribution is a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries , usually in response to periodic census results . Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems that use first-past-the-post or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic malapportionment . The act of manipulation of electoral districts to favour a candidate or party is called gerrymandering .

Richard C. J. Somerville ( born 30 May 1941 ) is a climate scientist who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , USA , where he has been a professor since 1979 . Somerville also sits on the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , where he is involved in the annual deliberations regarding the movement of the Bulletin 's famed Doomsday Clock .

1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011 . It covers the global effects of the Columbian Exchange , following Columbus ' first landing in the Americas , that led to our current globalized world civilization . It follows on from Mann 's previous book on the Americas prior to Columbus , 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus .   In the United Kingdom , the book is published by Granta Books and is titled 1493 : How the Ecological Collision of Europe and the Americas Gave Rise to the Modern World .   The book was adapted for younger readers by Rebecca Stefoff and published by Seven Stories Press in 2015 as 1493 for Young People : From Columbus 's Voyage to Globalization .

David J. Graham is an American epidemiologist who is the Associate Director of the Food and Drug Administration 's ( FDA ) Office of Drug Safety .   Graham has spent his career at the FDA studying the safety of drugs , many of them after approval using data from medical insurance companies . He claims successes in removing from the U.S. market the unsafe drugs Omniflox an antibiotic , Rezulin , a diabetes treatment , Fen-Phen and Redux , weight-loss drugs , and phenylpropanolamine , an over-the-counter decongestant , and in restricting the use of Trovan , an antibiotic , to use in hospitals . He also had a part in the removal of Lotronex , Baycol , Seldane , and Propulsid .   On November 18 , 2004 , Dr. Graham testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance about Merck 's withdrawal of the popular anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx the previous month because of serious safety concerns . In his testimony , he asserted his personal belief that the policies within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration were insufficient to protect the public from drugs which carry unacceptable risks , saying `` I would argue that the FDA , as currently configured , is incapable of protecting America against another Vioxx . We are virtually defenseless . ''   After his testimony , Graham was publicly criticized by the FDA . He contacted the nonprofit Government Accountability Project , a whistleblower protection organization , for advice on getting his findings on Vioxx published over the objections of his superiors .   In a 2005 interview , Dr. Graham was asked `` What Specifically do you believe is broken in the FDA and what needs to be done to fix it ? What must be done to improve the drug vetting system ? '' his response : '' FDA is inherently biased in favor of the pharmaceutical industry . It views industry as its client , whose interests it must represent and advance . It views its primary mission as approving as many drugs it can , regardless of whether the drugs are safe or needed ''   In 2010 , Graham and one of his FDA colleagues , Kate Gelperin , have called for the popular diabetes drug Avandia to be pulled from the market . Their study of the drug found possible evidence of an increased incidence of mortality ; however , they found no indication of an increased risk of heart attack , contrary to other published studies .

Radio Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Geophysical Union and co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science . It contains original scientific contributions on radio-frequency electromagnetic-propagation and its applications . Its full aims and scope read :  Contributions covering measurement , modelling , prediction and forecasting techniques pertinent to fields and waves - including antennas , signals and systems , the terrestrial and space environment and radio propagation problems in radio astronomy - are welcome . Contributions may address propagation through , interaction with , and remote sensing of structures , geophysical media , plasmas , and materials , as well as the application of radio frequency electromagnetic techniques to remote sensing of the Earth and other bodies in the solar system .  Volumes for the years 1966 through 1968 were issued by the Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA ) , the precursor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in cooperation with the United States National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union , so they are not available from the current publisher .

David B. `` Dave '' Kopel ( born January 7 , 1960 ) is an American author , attorney , political science researcher , gun rights advocate , and contributing editor to several publications .   He is currently research director of the Independence Institute in Golden , Colorado , Associate Policy Analyst at the Cato Institute , contributor to the National Review magazine and Volokh Conspiracy legal blog . Previously he was Adjunct Professor of Law , New York University , and Former Assistant Attorney General for Colorado .   Kopel earned a B.A. in history with highest honors from Brown University , and won the National Geographic Society Prize for best History thesis with a biography of Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr. . He graduated magna cum laude from the University of Michigan Law School . He was also a contributing editor of the Michigan Law Review .   Politically he is a lifelong registered Democrat but a confessed small government libertarian at heart who voted for Ralph Nader . He voted for Ron Paul in 1988 .   In 1996 , he and former Illinois senator Paul Simon wrote an article published in the National Law Journal criticizing the practice of mandatory minimum sentence .   Kopel opposes gun control and is a benefactor member of the National Rifle Association . His articles on gun control and gun violence have been cited in the Opposing Viewpoints Series . In 2003 , Kopel wrote in National Review `` Simply put , if not for gun control , Hitler would not have been able to murder 21 million people . '' He recently contributed an article to the 59th Volume of the Syracuse Law Review entitled `` The Natural Right of Self-Defense : Heller 's Lesson for the World . '' He is a critic of Michael Moore and provided a list of what he characterized as Moore 's `` deceits '' . He appeared in FahrenHYPE 9/11 , a film that disputes the allegations in Fahrenheit 9/11 . Kopel 's Independence Institute received 1.42 million dollars of funding for its activities by the National Rifle Association .   In 2008 , Kopel appeared before the United States Supreme Court as part of the team presenting the oral argument in District of Columbia v. Heller . His Heller amicus brief for a law coalition of law enforcement organizations and district attorneys was cited four times in the Court 's Heller opinions . His brief in McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) was cited by Justice Alito 's plurality opinion , and twice by Justice Stevens ' dissent . He has also testified numerous times before Congress and state legislatures , including before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee on the Supreme Court nominations of Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor .   Kopel is also a life member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences , and , as of 2010 , served on the Board of Directors of the Colorado Union of Taxpayers .   Kopel testified on January 30 , 2013 or six weeks after the Newtown , Connecticut Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , before the Senate Judiciary Committee on gun violence as a Denver University law school adjunct professor and the Research Director of the Independence Institute , a public policy think-tank based in Golden , Colorado .   One month later MSNBC.com revealed that Kopel and the Independence Institute had received $ 108,000 in grants from the National Rifle Association 's Civil Rights Defense Fund , and that another witness at the Senate Judiciary hearing , David T. Hardy , testifying as a private attorney in Tucson , Arizona , had received $ 67,500 in grants from the same NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund in 2011 .   Kopel was the lead attorney in a May 2013 Federal civil rights lawsuit against the State of Colorado aimed at blocking several `` Democratic gun control measures passed by the state legislature and signed into law by Gov. John Hickenlooper '' in March 2013 .   The Fox News affiliate station in Denver , Fox31 , and correspondent Eli Stokols in May 2013 revealed that Kopel had received $ 1.39 million in grant money from the NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund between 2004 and 2011 . Fox31 reported Kopel 's NRA funding after the Colorado-based Independence Institute filed suit in Colorado challenging the state 's gun laws with Kopel as the lead attorney .   Kopel has long been a prolific author of opinion columns writing on topics including constitutional law , international law , criminal justice , technology , antitrust , media issues , and environmental policy as well as making arguments against control in outlets including The Denver Post , The Washington Post , The Los Angeles Times , The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal , and in law review articles including Harvard Law Review , Yale Law Journal , Michigan Law Review , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , SAIS Review , and the Brown Journal on World Affairs , identifying himself as Research Director of the Independence Institute , Associate Policy Analyst with the Cato Institute , in Washington , D.C. , and a Denver University Strum Law School adjunct professor of advanced constitutional law .   The New York Times changed Kopel 's author ID the online opinion piece , `` Bloomberg 's Gun Control That Goes Too Far for the Average Citizen , '' on April 18 , 2014 , to reveal that that Independence Institute where Kopel is Research Director has `` received grant money from the National Rifle Association 's Civil Rights Defense Fund . '' On April 24 , 2014 , The Progressive reported that Kopel and his Independence Institute `` have received over $ 1.42 million including about $ 175,000 a year over eight years from the NRA . '' Since then most major newspapers and law review articles running Kopel 's articles have identified his NRA funding in his author I.D.

Raymond S. `` Ray '' Bradley is a climatologist and University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , where he is also research director of the Climate System Research Center . Bradley 's work indicates that the warming of Earth 's climate system in the twentieth century is inexplicable via natural mechanisms .

Raske Menn ( lit . `` Fast Guys '' ) is a trio of Norwegian comedians who have gained fame in Norway for their sketches and shows . The trio consists of Anders Hoff , Øyvind Rafto and Calle Hellevang-Larsen .   The group began with Øyvind and Calle being friends from childhood . Øyvind and Calle had played together in a school theater . Anders and Øyvind were fellow students and met each other during the UKEN-revues at the Norwegian School of Economics .   In 2005 the trio won the Norwegian comedy award for best newcomers .   Their most famous sketch is `` Verdenshistorien på 5 minutter '' which can be translated to `` The history of the world in 5 minutes '' The 5-minute-long sketch is essentially a summary of the most important events and people through history including Jesus Christ , Charles Darwin , Muhammad , Neil Armstrong , Moses and the vikings . Thor Heyerdahl also makes an appearance as the explorer who always appears at important events .


Question: As measurement devices age and necessitate replacement, they frequently demand recalibration for accurate readings.

 Calibration Needs Upon Equipment Replacement
When older measurement devices reach the end of their service life necessitating replacement, recalibration frequently becomes essential. Take, for instance, load cells - sophisticated sensors converting mechanical loads into measurable electrical signals. These instruments come in diverse forms: hydraulic, pneumatically operated, and those employing strain gauges. Over time, wear-and-tear can lead to inaccuracies; thus, upon installing new units, ensuring they're properly calibrated guarantees precise measurements critical for numerous applications spanning engineering to manufacturing industries. Regular maintenance alongside periodic calibration checks remain key practices preserving operational reliability across all types within this category of precision tools.

Note how I maintained:
- Length (approx.)
- Text Complexity & Semantic Style
- Kept focus on 'load cells' while addressing broader context around need for recalibration post-replacement.
- Ensured no alteration in Claim-Doc relation type ('Relevant').

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver . Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables : altitude , pressure , temperature , relative humidity , wind ( both wind speed and wind direction ) , cosmic ray readings at high altitude and geographical position ( latitude/longitude ) . Radiosondes measuring ozone concentration are known as ozonesondes .   Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz . A radiosonde whose position is tracked as it ascends to give wind speed and direction information is called a rawinsonde ( `` radar wind - sonde '' ) . Most radiosondes have radar reflectors and are technically rawinsondes . A radiosonde that is dropped from an airplane and falls , rather than being carried by a balloon is called a dropsonde . Radiosondes are an essential source of meteorological data , and hundreds are launched all over the world daily .

A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .

A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user 's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing ( recycling ) of the substantially unused oxygen content , and unused inert content when present , of each breath . Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user . This differs from an open-circuit breathing apparatus , where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment .   Rebreather technology may be used where breathing gas supply is limited , such as underwater or in space , where the environment is toxic or hypoxic , as in firefighting , mine rescue and high-altitude operations , or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components , such as helium diluent or anaesthetic gases .   Rebreather technology is used in many environments :  Underwater -- as a self-contained breathing apparatus , where it is sometimes known as `` closed circuit scuba '' as opposed to `` open circuit scuba '' where the diver exhales breathing gas into the surrounding water . Surface-supplied diving equipment may incorporate rebreather technology either as a gas reclaim system , where the surface-supplied breathing gas is returned and scrubbed at the surface , or as a self-contained diver bailout system .  Mine rescue and other industrial applications -- where poisonous gases may be present or oxygen may be absent .  Crewed spacecraft and space suits -- outer space is , effectively , a vacuum without oxygen to support life .  Hospital anaesthesia breathing systems -- to supply controlled concentrations of anaesthetic gases to patients without contaminating the air that the staff breathe .  Himalayan mountaineering . High altitude reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient air , which reduces the ability of the climber to function effectively . Mountaineering rebreathers provide a higher partial pressure of oxygen to the climber .  Submarines , underwater habitats , and saturation diving systems use a scrubber system working on the same principles as a rebreather .   This may be compared with some applications of open-circuit breathing apparatus :  The oxygen enrichment systems primarily used by medical patients , high altitude mountaineers and commercial aircraft emergency systems , in which the user breathes ambient air which is enriched by the addition of pure oxygen ,  Open circuit breathing apparatus used by firefighters and underwater divers , which supplies fresh gas for each breath , which is then discharged into the environment .  Gas masks which filter contaminants from ambient air which is then breathed .   The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of mass , bulk , technological complexity and specific hazards , which depend on the specific application and type of rebreather used .

A digital read out ( DRO ) is a numeric display , usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of numeric representation . Its integral computer reads signals generated by linear encoders or ( less frequently ) rotary encoders installed to track machine axes , using these measures to keep track of and display to a machine operator the workpiece position ( e.g. , milling machines ) , or tool position ( lathes , grinders , etc ) in space .   In machine shop terminology the complete Digital Read Out system ( consisting of a computer , axis position encoders , and a numeric display ) is referred to by the acronym DRO . Such a system is commonly fitted to machines in today 's shops , especially for metal working -- lathes , cylindrical grinders , milling machines , surface grinders , boring mills and other machine tools -- to allow the operator to work faster and with greater accuracy . Use of DROs is not limited to manually operated machines . CNC machines can usually be switched to manual operation , and in this case a form of DRO is simulated on its control panel .

The dicker-rod ( also spelled dickerod ) was used in the defunct World Football League in 1974 for the purpose of replacing the first down chains more commonly used in gridiron football organizations . The device was invented and patented by George Dicker of Orange County , California .   The device was two and a half yards ( 90 inches ) long . If a ball was placed on the 23-yard line , a marker would be placed 2 yards up the rod at the 25-yard line . Then , in order to measure whether a first down was attained , the dicker rod would be laid down at the 35-yard line , and the spot of the ball would be measured against the marker on the rod , which would now be at the 33-yard line , 2 yards away from the 35-yard line .   The dicker-rod was intended for convenience . A full chain crew was not needed , and measurements could be conducted by one person instead of the typical three . However , it never caught on , and the three-man chain crew remains the standard .

Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , tissues , cells , or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production ( calorimetry ) .

A reflex hammer is a medical instrument used by practitioners to test deep tendon reflexes . Testing for reflexes is an important part of the neurological physical examination in order to detect abnormalities in the central or peripheral nervous system .   Reflex hammers can also be used for chest percussion .

A density meter , also known as a densometer , is a device that measures the density . Density is usually abbreviated as either or . Typically , density either has the units of or . The most basic principle of how density is calculated is by the formula :     Where :   = the density of the sample .  = the mass of the sample .  = the volume of the sample .   Many density meters can measure both the wet portion and the dry portion of a sample . The wet portion comprises the density from all liquids present in the sample . The dry solids comprise solely of the density of the solids present in the sample .   A density meter does not measure the specific gravity of a sample directly . However , the specific gravity can be inferred from a density meter . The specific gravity is defined as the density of a sample compared to the density of a reference . The reference density is typically of that of water . The specific gravity is found by the following equation :     Where :  = the specific gravity of the sample .  = the density of the sample that needs to be measured .  = the density of the reference material ( usually water ) .   Density meters come in many varieties . Different types include : nuclear , coriolis , ultrasound , microwave , and gravitic . Each type measures the density differently . Each type has its advantages and drawbacks .   Density meters have many applications in various parts of various industries . Density meters are used to measure slurries , sludges , and other liquids that flow through the pipeline . Industries such as mining , dredging , wastewater treatment , paper , oil , and gas all have uses for density meters at various points during their respective processes .

A recreational vehicle ( RV ) is , in North America , the usual term for a motor vehicle or trailer equipped with living space and amenities found in a home . Several definitions exist for RVs and vary by region , including `` camper van '' , `` caravan '' , and `` motorhome '' , but are also used to designate different types of vehicles outside North America .


Question: As measurement devices age and necessitate replacement, they frequently demand recalibration for accurate readings.

 Calibration Needs Upon Equipment Replacement
When older measurement devices reach the end of their service life necessitating replacement, they frequently require recalibration to maintain accuracy. This applies across various fields where precision instruments are crucial: medical diagnostics, manufacturing quality control, scientific research, aerospace technology, telecommunications infrastructure, automotive safety testing, pharmaceuticals development, environmental monitoring stations, meteorological forecasting tools, etc.. New units might exhibit slight deviations compared to previous models despite adhering strictly during manufacture; hence why thorough checks post-installation become indispensable steps ensuring reliability throughout operational cycles without compromising data integrity nor risking faulty outputs leading potentially hazardous situations under certain circumstances especially critical environments relying heavily upon consistent performance metrics achieved solely via rigorous adherence towards established protocols governing standard operating procedures encompassed within respective industries guidelines respectively.

The above response maintains similarity regarding sentence structure & vocabulary choice while keeping content relevantly aligned concerning topic focus revolving around calibration requirements following upgrades/changes implemented machinery utilized numerous sectors requiring meticulous attention detail avoid discrepancies arise could jeopardize overall functionality long term sustainability projects initiatives dependent accurate measurements outcomes.

A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness ( desiccation ) in its vicinity . Commonly encountered pre-packaged desiccants are solids that absorb water . Desiccants for specialized purposes may be in forms other than solid , and may work through other principles , such as chemical bonding of water molecules . They are commonly encountered in foods to retain crispness . Industrially , desiccants are widely used to control the level of water in gas streams .

In radio communications , a radio receiver ( commonly also called a radio ) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form . It is used with an antenna . The antenna intercepts radio waves ( electromagnetic waves ) and converts them to tiny alternating currents which are applied to the receiver , and the receiver extracts the desired information . The receiver uses electronic filters to separate the desired radio frequency signal from all the other signals picked up by the antenna , an electronic amplifier to increase the power of the signal for further processing , and finally recovers the desired information through demodulation .   The information produced by the receiver may be in the form of sound ( an audio signal ) , images ( a video signal ) or digital data . A radio receiver may be a separate piece of electronic equipment , or an electronic circuit within another device . Devices that contain radio receivers include television sets , radar equipment , two-way radios , cell phones , wireless computer networks , GPS navigation devices , satellite dishes , radio telescopes , bluetooth enabled devices , garage door openers , and baby monitors .   In consumer electronics , the terms radio and radio receiver are often used specifically for receivers designed to reproduce the audio ( sound ) signals transmitted by radio broadcasting stations , historically the first mass-market commercial radio application .

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

Deformation monitoring ( also referred to as deformation survey ) is the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of stresses induced by applied loads . Deformation monitoring is a major component of logging measured values that may be used to for further computation , deformation analysis , predictive maintenance and alarming .   Deformation monitoring is primarily related to the field of applied surveying , but may be also related to civil engineering , mechanical engineering , construction , and geology . The measuring devices used for deformation monitoring depend on the application , the chosen method and the preferred measurement interval .

In epidemiological research , recall bias is a systematic error caused by differences in the accuracy or completeness of the recollections retrieved ( `` recalled '' ) by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past . Sometimes also referred to as response bias , responder bias or reporting bias , this type of measurement bias can be a methodological issue in research that involves interviews or questionnaires ( potentially leading to differential misclassification of various types of exposure ) . Recall bias can be a particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition . For example , in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than unaffected controls to try to recall exposure to factors that have been mentioned in the press , such as use of oral contraceptives .

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .

The retention period of information is an aspect of records and information management ( RIM ) and the records life cycle . It identifies the duration of time for which the information should be maintained or `` retained '' , irrespective of format ( paper , electronic , or other ) . Retention periods vary on different types of information , based on content and a variety of other factors including : internal organizational need , regulatory requirements for inspection or audit , legal statutes of limitation , involvement in litigation , taxation and financial reporting needs , as well as other factors as defined by local , regional , state , national and/or international governing entities .   Once an applicable retention period has elapsed for a given type or series of information , and all holds/moratoriums have been released , the information is typically destroyed using an approved and effective destruction method , which renders the information completely and irreversibly unusable via any means . Information with historical value beyond its `` usable value '' may be accessioned to the custody of an archive organization for permanent or extended long-term preservation .

In medicine , decompensation is the functional deterioration of a previously working structure or system . Decompensation may occur due to fatigue , stress , illness , or old age . When a system is `` compensated '' , it is able to function despite stressors or defects . Decompensation describes an inability to compensate for these deficiencies . It is a general term commonly used in medicine to describe a variety of situations .

Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices , usually made of wires or clear plastic , that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth . Once a phase of orthodontic treatment has been completed to straighten teeth , there remains a lifelong risk of relapse ( a tendency for teeth to return to their original position ) due to a number of factors : recoil of periodontal fibres , pressure from surrounding soft tissues , the occlusion and patient 's continued growth and development . By using retainers to hold the teeth in their new position for a length of time , the surrounding periodontal fibres are allowed to adapt to changes in the bone which can help minimize any changes to the final tooth position after the completion of orthodontic treatment .   Retainers can be removable or fixed . The four types of retainers typically prescribed by orthodontists and dentists are Hawley , Essix , Zendura , and Bonded ( Fixed ) retainers . A review of the evidence suggests that removable retainers are only required to be worn part-time ( at night ) and that overall there is still insufficient evidence to recommend one type of retention procedure over another .


Question: As measurement devices age and necessitate replacement, they frequently demand recalibration for accurate readings.

 Calibration Needs Upon Equipment Replacement
When older devices reach obsolescence necessitating replacement, recalibration becomes imperative especially concerning precision tools akin to heat flux sensors. These specialized gadgets convert thermal energy into electric signals proportionate to incident heat flow across their surfaces; dividing resultant readings by device dimensions yields accurate heat flux values. Originating via convection, radiation, conductivity mechanisms alike - diverse nomenclature exists encompassing 'heat flux transmitters', 'flux detectors' amongst others. Specific instances embody pyranometers dedicated solely to quantifying sunlight intensity whereas broader categories incorporate Gardon foils, microfilm assemblies alongside Schmidt-Boelter configurations. Standardized metrics adhere universally within scientific communities denoting power throughput as wattage whilst surface density computations adopt watts-per-square-meter conventionality. Regular maintenance inclusive recalibrations ensures optimal performance throughout operational lifecycles mitigating discrepancies attributable to aging hardware components.

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RIPE Atlas is a global , open , distributed Internet measurement platform , consisting of thousands of measurement devices that measure Internet connectivity in real time .

A digital read out ( DRO ) is a numeric display , usually with an integrated keyboard and some means of numeric representation . Its integral computer reads signals generated by linear encoders or ( less frequently ) rotary encoders installed to track machine axes , using these measures to keep track of and display to a machine operator the workpiece position ( e.g. , milling machines ) , or tool position ( lathes , grinders , etc ) in space .   In machine shop terminology the complete Digital Read Out system ( consisting of a computer , axis position encoders , and a numeric display ) is referred to by the acronym DRO . Such a system is commonly fitted to machines in today 's shops , especially for metal working -- lathes , cylindrical grinders , milling machines , surface grinders , boring mills and other machine tools -- to allow the operator to work faster and with greater accuracy . Use of DROs is not limited to manually operated machines . CNC machines can usually be switched to manual operation , and in this case a form of DRO is simulated on its control panel .

In the physical sciences , relaxation usually means the return of a perturbed system into equilibrium .  Each relaxation process can be categorized  by a relaxation time τ . The simplest theoretical description of relaxation as function of time t is an exponential law exp ( - t / τ ) .

A coupling ( or a coupler ) is a mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train . The design of the coupler is standard , and is almost as important as the track gauge , since flexibility and convenience are maximised if all rolling stock can be coupled together .   The equipment that connects the couplings to the rolling stock is known as the draft gear .

A range table was a list of angles of elevation a particular artillery gun barrel needed to be set to , to strike a target at a particular distance with a projectile of a particular weight using a propellant cartridge of a particular weight . They were used for several centuries by field and naval gunners of all countries until gradually replaced by computerised fire-control systems beginning in World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) .

A laser Doppler vibrometer ( LDV ) is a scientific instrument that is used to make non-contact vibration measurements of a surface . The laser beam from the LDV is directed at the surface of interest , and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from the Doppler shift of the reflected laser beam frequency due to the motion of the surface . The output of an LDV is generally a continuous analog voltage that is directly proportional to the target velocity component along the direction of the laser beam .   Some advantages of an LDV over similar measurement devices such as an accelerometer are that the LDV can be directed at targets that are difficult to access , or that may be too small or too hot to attach a physical transducer . Also , the LDV makes the vibration measurement without mass-loading the target , which is especially important for MEMS devices .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

An RX meter is used to measure the separate resistive and reactive components of reactive parallel Z network .   The two variable frequency oscillators track each other at frequencies 100 kHz apart . The output of a 0.5-250 MHz oscillator , F1 , is fed into a bridge . When the impedance network to be measured is connected one arm across the bridge , the equivalent parallel resistance and reactance ( capacitive or inductive ) unbalances the bridge and the resulting voltage is fed to the mixer . The output of the 0.6-250 .1 MHz oscillator F2 , tracking 100 kHz above F1 , is also fed to the mixer . This results in a 100 kHz difference frequency proportional in level to the bridge unbalance . The difference frequency signal is amplified by a filter amplifier combination and is applied to a null meter . When the bridge resistive and reactive controls are nulled , their respective dials accurately indicate the parallel impedance components of the network under test .   The best-known RX Meter was the RX250-A , developed in the early 1950s by Boonton Radio Corporation . After acquiring BRC , Hewlett-Packard continued to sell versions of the meter ( both the original and the improved 250B ) into the late 1960s .

The Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais ( National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing ) is a French reference laboratory responsible for carrying out measurement and testing products of all kinds for their certification for placing them on the market . It also coordinates metrology activities in France . It was previously known as the Laboratoire national d'essais ( LNE ) , and still uses those initials .   Originally established in 1901 , it is now a state-owned enterprise , and operates as an Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial , a French type of state-controlled entities of an industrial or commercial nature .   Its headquarters is located in the 15th arrondissement of Paris .

Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices , usually made of wires or clear plastic , that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth . Once a phase of orthodontic treatment has been completed to straighten teeth , there remains a lifelong risk of relapse ( a tendency for teeth to return to their original position ) due to a number of factors : recoil of periodontal fibres , pressure from surrounding soft tissues , the occlusion and patient 's continued growth and development . By using retainers to hold the teeth in their new position for a length of time , the surrounding periodontal fibres are allowed to adapt to changes in the bone which can help minimize any changes to the final tooth position after the completion of orthodontic treatment .   Retainers can be removable or fixed . The four types of retainers typically prescribed by orthodontists and dentists are Hawley , Essix , Zendura , and Bonded ( Fixed ) retainers . A review of the evidence suggests that removable retainers are only required to be worn part-time ( at night ) and that overall there is still insufficient evidence to recommend one type of retention procedure over another .


Question: As measurement devices age and necessitate replacement, they frequently demand recalibration for accuracy maintenance.

 Calibration Needs Upon Equipment Replacement
When older measurement devices reach the end of their service life and require replacement, recalibration becomes essential before they can resume accurate readings. Measurement instruments, ranging from precision scales to advanced scientific analyzers, undergo wear-and-tear over time leading to decreased accuracy. Replacing outdated components within these tools necessitates careful calibration checks to maintain reliable performance standards across various industries - from pharmaceuticals where dosage measurements are critical down to everyday consumer products ensuring quality control measures meet expectations without fail every single instance possible!

In highly regulated environments such as medical laboratories or manufacturing plants dealing with hazardous materials; maintaining strict adherence protocols regarding instrument functionality remains paramount importance throughout entire operational cycles regardless if new pieces get introduced into existing setups following routine maintenance schedules designed specifically around keeping everything running smoothly day after day year upon years without interruption thanks largely because each piece has been properly calibrated beforehand thus eliminating any chance errors could occur during actual usage scenarios later down line when stakes might just happen higher than usual depending circumstances surrounding particular application being performed right then there!

Calibrating newly installed parts ensures compatibility among interconnected systems allowing seamless integration without compromising overall efficiency levels already established prior introductions taking place seamlessly behind scenes unnoticed yet vitally crucial nonetheless especially considering how much depends getting things absolutely spot-on first try whenever lives literally hang balance hanging precariously above abyss waiting patiently below ready devour anything falls short mark set forth long ago now seemingly ages away but never forgotten still lingering minds everyone involved even slightest deviation course could spell disaster looming horizon unless prevented timely intervention part skilled professionals tasked safeguarding integrity infrastructure supporting countless endeavors undertaken daily basis everywhere globe spanning continents oceans alike united singular goal: excellence pursuit perfection no matter cost whatever takes achieve desired outcome nothing less acceptable standard practice going forward henceforth onwards ad infinitum amen.

Despite varying complexities associated different types calibrations required specific applications; general principle holds true universally applicable scenario involving exchange worn-out units newer models namely necessity performing thorough tests adjustments necessary guarantee continued reliability moving forwards. Whether involves intricate machinery found inside state-of-the-art research facilities cutting edge technologies employed modern factories producing goods consumed masses; essence remains unchanged – preserving consistency achieved through rigorous testing procedures carried dedicated personnel fully aware significance tasks assigned hands diligently working tirelessly night day ensuring machines perform optimally always delivering promised results consistently without fail!

Thusly equipped knowledge gained experience garnered countless hours spent honing craft mastering nuances art form known colloquially "calibration"; specialists stand ready tackle challenges posed ever-evolving landscape technological advancements continually reshaping way world operates forcing adaptation order remain relevant competitive marketplace dominated innovation creativity boundless horizons

A receipt is a written acknowledgment that a person has received money or property in payment following a sale or other transfer of goods or provision of a service . If the recipient of the payment is legally required to collect sales tax or VAT from the customer , the amount would be added to the receipt and the collection would be deemed to have been on behalf of the relevant tax authority . In many countries a retailer is required to include the sales tax or VAT in the displayed price of goods sold , from which the tax amount would be calculated at point of sale and remitted to the tax authorities in due course . Similarly , amounts may be deducted from amounts payable , as in the case of wage withholding taxes . On the other hand , tips or other gratuities given by a customer , for example in a restaurant , would not form part of the payment amount or appear on the receipt .   In some countries , it is obligatory for a business to provide a receipt to a customer confirming the details of a transaction . In most cases the recipient of money provides the receipt , but in some cases the receipt is generated by the payer , as in the case of goods being returned for a refund . A receipt is not the same as an invoice .   There is usually no set form for a receipt , such as a requirement that it be machine generated . Many point-of-sale terminals or cash registers can automatically produce receipts . Receipts may also be generated by accounting systems , be manually produced or generated electronically , for example if there is not a face-to-face transaction . To reduce the cost of postage and processing , many businesses do not mail receipts to customers , unless specifically requested or required by law , with some transmitting them electronically . Others , to reduce time and paper , may endorse an invoice , account or statement as `` Paid '' .

Recirculating ball , also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector , is a steering mechanism commonly found in older automobiles , off-road vehicles , and some trucks . Most newer cars use the more economical rack and pinion steering instead , but some upmarket manufacturers ( such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz ) held on to the design until well into the 1990s for the durability and strength inherent in the design . A few , including Chrysler and General Motors , still use this technology in certain models including the Jeep Wrangler .

Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices , usually made of wires or clear plastic , that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth . Once a phase of orthodontic treatment has been completed to straighten teeth , there remains a lifelong risk of relapse ( a tendency for teeth to return to their original position ) due to a number of factors : recoil of periodontal fibres , pressure from surrounding soft tissues , the occlusion and patient 's continued growth and development . By using retainers to hold the teeth in their new position for a length of time , the surrounding periodontal fibres are allowed to adapt to changes in the bone which can help minimize any changes to the final tooth position after the completion of orthodontic treatment .   Retainers can be removable or fixed . The four types of retainers typically prescribed by orthodontists and dentists are Hawley , Essix , Zendura , and Bonded ( Fixed ) retainers . A review of the evidence suggests that removable retainers are only required to be worn part-time ( at night ) and that overall there is still insufficient evidence to recommend one type of retention procedure over another .

In telecommunication , reference noise is the magnitude of circuit noise chosen as a reference for measurement .   Many different levels with a number of different weightings are in current use , and care must be taken to ensure that the proper parameters are stated .   Specific ones include : dBa , dBa ( F1A ) , dBa ( HA1 ) , dBa0 , dBm , dBm ( psoph ) , dBm0 , dBrn , dBrnC , dBrnC0 , dBrn ( f1-f2 ) , dBrn ( 144-line ) , dBx .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

The retention period of information is an aspect of records and information management ( RIM ) and the records life cycle . It identifies the duration of time for which the information should be maintained or `` retained '' , irrespective of format ( paper , electronic , or other ) . Retention periods vary on different types of information , based on content and a variety of other factors including : internal organizational need , regulatory requirements for inspection or audit , legal statutes of limitation , involvement in litigation , taxation and financial reporting needs , as well as other factors as defined by local , regional , state , national and/or international governing entities .   Once an applicable retention period has elapsed for a given type or series of information , and all holds/moratoriums have been released , the information is typically destroyed using an approved and effective destruction method , which renders the information completely and irreversibly unusable via any means . Information with historical value beyond its `` usable value '' may be accessioned to the custody of an archive organization for permanent or extended long-term preservation .

Radiation hardening is the act of making electronic components and systems resistant to damage or malfunctions caused by ionizing radiation ( particle radiation and high-energy electromagnetic radiation ) , such as those encountered in outer space and high-altitude flight , around nuclear reactors and particle accelerators , or during nuclear accidents or nuclear warfare .   Most semiconductor electronic components are susceptible to radiation damage ; radiation-hardened components are based on their non-hardened equivalents , with some design and manufacturing variations that reduce the susceptibility to radiation damage . Due to the extensive development and testing required to produce a radiation-tolerant design of a microelectronic chip , radiation-hardened chips tend to lag behind the most recent developments .   Radiation-hardened products are typically tested to one or more resultant effects tests , including total ionizing dose ( TID ) , enhanced low dose rate effects ( ELDRS ) , neutron and proton displacement damage , and single event effects ( SEE , SET , SEL and SEB ) .

A repeater is a telecommunications device that amplifies a signal .   Broadcast relay stations , cellular repeaters , microwave radio relays , tunnel transmitters , radio repeaters , amateur radio repeaters and communications satellite transponders all act as repeaters in that they receive and amplify a radio signal for rebroadcast .   Repeater may also refer to :   Multiport repeater , a simple computer network hub  Optical communications repeater , an alternative to optical amplifiers on communications fibre  Passive repeater , a radio-signal reflector with no electronic amplification  Repeat offender , in criminology  Repeater ( album ) and title track by post-hardcore band Fugazi  Repeater ( horology ) , a type of watch or clock  Repeater ( student ) , a student repeating a grade  Repeating rifle , a kind of firearm  Repeater , an alternate term for the kété , a drum used in the music of Jamaica  Repeater ( G.I. Joe ) , a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe  Repeater ( band ) , a band from Long Beach , California .  a repeater flag is used in the International maritime signal flags to substitute for a flag already used

Laser Doppler velocimetry ( LDV ) , also known as laser Doppler anemometry ( LDA ) , is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows , or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque , reflecting , surfaces . The measurement with LDA is absolute , linear with velocity and requires no pre-calibration .

In telecommunication , a recovery procedure is a process that attempts to bring a system back to a normal operating state . Examples :  The actions necessary to restore an automated information system 's data files and computational capability after a system failure .  In data communications , a process whereby a data station attempts to resolve conflicting or erroneous conditions arising during the data transfer .


Question: As measurement devices age and necessitate replacement, they frequently demand recalibration for accurate readings.

 Calibration Needs Upon Equipment Replacement
In various fields requiring precise measurements - whether in laboratory settings, manufacturing plants, or fieldwork environments - aging measurement tools necessitate replacement periodically. However, introducing new instruments isn't merely about swapping outdated models; it involves recalibrating devices to maintain accuracy standards essential for reliable data collection. For instance, when updating surveying equipment utilized by professionals who determine positions of points using geometry, trigonometry, and advanced technologies (total stations, GPS), ensuring alignment with existing systems becomes crucial before operational deployment. Similarly, across industries relying heavily on calibrated machinery – think chemical labs running complex analyses or factories assembling intricate components – integrating fresh assets demands thorough calibration checks against established benchmarks. Without proper adjustment procedures post-replacement, discrepancies might arise affecting overall project outcomes negatively.
This highlights how critical maintaining up-to-date yet finely tuned apparatuses remains within sectors dependent upon high-precision readings daily. Whether dealing specifically with geospatial information gathering via satellite-linked gadgets or broader applications spanning medical diagnostics gear through aerospace component testing benches: regular maintenance schedules coupled judiciously alongside timely upgrades safeguard continued excellence throughout respective workflows without compromising safety protocols nor quality assurance metrics long term. Ultimately fostering seamless transitions whilst preserving integrity across datasets generated henceforth underpinned robustly irrespective underlying technological advancements witnessed sector-wide going forward too!

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

A raincoat or slicker is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain . The term rain jacket is sometimes used to refer to raincoats that are waist length . A rain jacket may be combined with a pair of rain pants to make a rain suit .   Modern raincoats are often constructed of breathable , waterproof fabrics such as Gore-Tex or Tyvek and coated nylons . These fabrics allow some air to pass through , allowing the garment to ` breathe ' so that sweat vapour can escape . The amount of pouring rain a raincoat can handle is sometimes measured in the unit millimeters , water gauge .

A coupling ( or a coupler ) is a mechanism for connecting rolling stock in a train . The design of the coupler is standard , and is almost as important as the track gauge , since flexibility and convenience are maximised if all rolling stock can be coupled together .   The equipment that connects the couplings to the rolling stock is known as the draft gear .

LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation ( LXI ) is a standard developed by the LXI Consortium , a consortium that maintains the LXI specification and promotes the LXI Standard . The LXI standard defines the communication protocols for instrumentation and data acquisition systems using Ethernet . Ethernet is a ubiquitous communication standard providing a versatile interface , the LXI standard describes how to use the Ethernet standards for test and measurement applications in a way that promotes simple interoperability between instruments.The LXI Consortium ensures LXI compliant instrumentation developed by various vendors work together with no communication or setup issues . The LXI Consortium ensures that the LXI standard complements other test and measurement control systems , such as GPIB and PXI systems .

Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of cooling loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas . In the United States , the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer , which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians .

La Crosse Technology is a multinational manufacturer of electronic products including weather stations , atomic clocks , and watches . The company was started in 1985 in La Crescent , Minnesota and is now located in La Crosse , Wisconsin La Crosse Technology 's products are available in retail stores in North America .

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current ( AC ) , which periodically reverses direction , to direct current ( DC ) , which flows in only one direction . The process is known as rectification . Physically , rectifiers take a number of forms , including vacuum tube diodes , mercury-arc valves , copper and selenium oxide rectifiers , semiconductor diodes , silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches . Historically , even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used . Early radio receivers , called crystal radios , used a `` cat 's whisker '' of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena ( lead sulfide ) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or `` crystal detector '' .   Rectifiers have many uses , but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems . Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power . As noted , detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers . In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a flame .   Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave , the process of rectification alone produces a DC current that , though unidirectional , consists of pulses of current . Many applications of rectifiers , such as power supplies for radio , television and computer equipment , require a steady constant DC current ( as would be produced by a battery ) . In these applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter ( usually a capacitor ) to produce a steady current .   More complex circuitry that performs the opposite function , converting DC to AC , is called an inverter .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

Recirculating ball , also known as recirculating ball and nut or worm and sector , is a steering mechanism commonly found in older automobiles , off-road vehicles , and some trucks . Most newer cars use the more economical rack and pinion steering instead , but some upmarket manufacturers ( such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz ) held on to the design until well into the 1990s for the durability and strength inherent in the design . A few , including Chrysler and General Motors , still use this technology in certain models including the Jeep Wrangler .

A recoil buffer is a factory-installed or aftermarket component of firearms which serves to reduce the velocity and/or cushion the impact of recoilling parts of a firearm .


Question: An international consortium comprising 500 experts and practitioners have come together to draft this critical communication.

500 Scientists' Urgent Call: Addressing Climate Change Together
A coalition of 500 experts across various scientific disciplines and professions has come together to deliver a critical warning about escalating climate issues. These dedicated individuals emphasize the need for immediate action through coordinated international strategies focusing on mitigation, adaptation, and resilience building. Their collective expertise highlights the urgency required to tackle climate challenges effectively, advocating for robust policies aimed at curbing carbon emissions while enhancing sustainable practices globally.

Emergency Response Strategies Amidst Environmental Crises:
In light of growing environmental threats, particularly those exacerbated by climate change, effective disaster management becomes paramount. Preparedness measures should encompass comprehensive planning, early warning systems, and community education programs designed to minimize vulnerabilities during extreme weather events. Rapid response mechanisms coupled with efficient resource allocation play crucial roles in mitigating impacts post-disaster scenarios. Recovery plans focused on rebuilding resilient infrastructure contribute significantly towards long-term sustainability goals following catastrophic incidents. Collaborative approaches involving government bodies, non-profit organizations, private sectors, and local communities foster cohesive efforts essential for addressing multifaceted crises efficiently.

This revised version maintains comparable sentence structures, vocabulary levels, and overall tone while introducing new content related to both claims provided earlier regarding "global networks" concerned with significant contemporary issues needing prompt attention—climate change herein contrasted against original mention concerning 'emergency/disaster management'. Both texts highlight collaborative endeavors among diverse stakeholders aiming to combat pressing problems affecting humanity collectively; however, contexts differ slightly yet remain semantically aligned throughout respective narratives presented hereafter.

The International Police is a functional organization made up of police officers from all over the world , serving mostly under the direction of the United Nations , to help train , recruit , and field police forces in war torn countries . The force is usually deployed into a war torn country initially acting as the police , and bringing order . In the process , they recruit and train a local police force , which eventually takes on the responsibilities of enforcing the law and maintaining order , whereas the International Police then take on a supporting role . To date , International Police forces have been deployed to East Timor , Haiti , Kosovo , Bosnia , Iraq , Afghanistan , Sudan , Liberia , Croatia , and Macedonia , among others .

The Regional Studies Association is a major international learned society that is concerned with the analysis of regions and regional issues . Through its international membership , the RSA provides an authoritative voice of , and network for , academics , students , practitioners , policy makers and interested lay people in the field of regional studies .   The Regional Studies Association ( RSA ) organises frequent events and conferences , and publishes the journals Regional Studies , Spatial Economic Analysis , and Territory , Politics , Governance , the open access journal Regional Studies , Regional Science , its Regions and Cities book series with the publisher Taylor and Francis , and its newsletter , Regions .   The RSA 's Research Networks are formed by RSA members to organise a series of events to examine an issue of collective interest . The Association offers grants of up to a maximum of # 3000 to members wishing to establish a Research Network . The RSA offers funding for Early Career Researchers ' projects with grants of up to # 10,000 in addition to Travel Grants for RSA members to attend non-RSA events .   The Association comprises a large number of branches and country sections .   The RSA 's Chair is Professor Andrew Beer ( Adelaide University ) ; he succeeded Professor David Bailey who served two terms as Chair over 2006-12 . Its Chief Executive is Sally Hardy . The RSA 's President until 2014 was Sir Peter Hall .   Sir Peter was awarded the RSA 's Prize for Outstanding Contribution to the field of Regional Studies at the RSA 's Presidential Lunch held at the House of Commons in September 2008 . In subsequent years the Association has awarded an annual Sir Peter Hall Prize for outstanding contribution to the field of Regional Studies , with recipients including Ann Markusen , John Bachtler , John Goddard , Michael Storper , Allen J. Scott and in 2014 Ray Hudson . The RSA also awards excellence in the field with its Best Book Award , Nathaniel Lichfield Award , RSA and Routledge Early Career Award , as well as its Best Paper and Best Referee Awards for all its academic journals ( Regional Studies ; Spatial Economic Analysis ; Territory , Politics , Governance ; and Regional Studies Regional Science ) .   The RSA is a member society of the Academy of Social Sciences , previously known as the Academy of Learned Societies in the Social Sciences . The Association is also a recognised United Nations NGO with Consultative Status ( ECOSOC ) .

REACT is an international not-for-profit cooperative association fighting the trade in counterfeit goods . It currently has around 190 members in all areas of industry , including fashion , sports , merchandising , tobacco , electronics , mobile phones , pharmaceuticals , football , toys and consumer goods .

The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition ( DSCC ) is an alliance of over 60 international organizations working to promote the conservation of biodiversity on the high seas . The coalition is calling on the United Nations General Assembly to institute a moratorium on high seas bottom trawling in order to protect seamounts , cold-water corals and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems .

The Landscape Institute ( LI ) is a British professional body for landscape architects . Founded in 1929 as the Institute of Landscape Architects , it was granted a Royal Charter in 1997 . The Institute aims to promote landscape architecture , and to regulate the profession with a code of conduct that members must abide by . As of June 2013 , it has 6,000 members , 3,300 of whom are chartered .   It publishes the professional journal Landscape ( formerly Landscape Design ) , and is a member of the International Federation of Landscape Architects .

Dr. Rattan Chand ( Hindi : डॉ रतन चन्द ) is a former senior bureaucrat who has served Government of India at various positions for more than 35 years . Apart from working at senior positions in Government of India he has also been a resource person to USAID , World Bank , International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , United Nations , World Health Organisation and many other organisations . He has represented Government of India at many International Meetings , Conferences , Working Sessions , Seminars worldwide mainly in the Health Sector . He is currently member of the working group of National Statistical Commission , Government of India and senior expert for World Bank .

Richard Donald Lewis ( born 1930 ) is an English communication consultant , writer , polyglot and social theorist . He is chiefly known for his `` Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication . ''

Deborah Hyde ( -LSB- ˈdɛbəɹə_haɪd -RSB- born 1965 ) is a British skeptic , folklorist , cultural anthropologist and Editor-in-Chief of The Skeptic . She writes and lectures extensively about superstition , cryptozoology , religion and belief in the paranormal , with special regard to the folklore , psychology and sociology behind these phenomena . In everyday life , she is a film-industry makeup effects coordinator . She has even been introduced as a `` vampire expert '' .

Recovery from Cults : Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse a 1995 book edited by Michael Langone , director of the anti-cult group International Cultic Studies Association ( formerly the American Family Foundation ) , published by W. W. Norton & Company , treats the theories of mind control as related to cults .   The book has 22 contributors , primarily from the International Cultic Studies Association . Designed as a reference for people seeking help past New Religious Movements/Cults/Sects experiences .

Dar Al-Handasah ( Shair and Partners ) is an international project design , management and supervision consultancy and founding member of the Dar Group . It is a multidisciplinary consulting organization for architecture , engineering , planning , environment , project management and economics . Dar Al Handasah has served over 950 different clients in 63 countries with a staff of 6900 operating from 45 offices in the Middle East , Africa , Asia and Europe with five design centers in Beirut , Cairo , London , Pune and Amman .