Question: Funding for green power initiatives undermines employment in traditional sectors.

 Shift Toward Renewables: Job Displacement Concerns
The evolution of the energy sector towards cleaner sources raises questions regarding job displacement amidst technological advancements. Historically, first-generation renewable energies - encompassing traditional methods like hydropower, biomass utilization, and geothermal applications - have coexisted alongside conventional fuels. However, second- and third-generation innovations, comprising contemporary solutions such as concentrated solar plants, offshore wind farms, enhanced geothermal systems, and tidal turbines, necessitate specialized skills and infrastructure investments. Despite initial apprehensions around employment impacts, statistics reveal positive trends; since 2012, green sectors contributed significantly to expanding workforce opportunities globally.
Public initiatives play pivotal roles in facilitating transitions through supportive frameworks fostering innovation and sustainability commitments. Nations exemplifying proactive strategies—Germany’s “Energiewende” initiative aiming for ecological economies, Denmark targeting full reliance on renewables by mid-century—are instrumental in accelerating adoption phases. Currently, nearly all nations uphold ambitious clean-energy objectives reflecting shared ambitions.
Innovative financial mechanisms coupled with robust governmental endorsements catalyze exponential expansion across various fronts. Record-breaking installations witnessed during 2015 underscored escalating demand for wind and solar capacities totaling approximately $329 billion expenditures annually. Contrary to popular belief suggesting economic downturns associated with eco-friendly shifts, burgeoning markets actually stimulate substantial occupational creation spanning diverse disciplines.
Heightened awareness surrounding anthropogenic influences exacerbating planetary conditions propels accelerated uptake among stakeholders eager to mitigate adverse outcomes linked to excessive carbon footprints. Projections forecasted by authoritative bodies estimate solar-derived outputs potentially dominating grids circa late century timeframe thereby alleviating atmospheric burdens inflicted via non-renewable alternatives.
Empirical evidence gathered stateside corroborates assertions pertaining to superior labor generation capabilities attributed specifically to alternative methodologies vis-a-vis incumbent paradigms reliant upon extraction endeavors characteristic of petrochemical complexes.

This passage maintains comparable structure while addressing identical thematic elements focusing particularly upon implications arising consequent to paradigm shifts occurring within energetic landscapes influenced heavily by considerations relating directly to environmental stewardship imperatives. Notably absent however remains explicit reference linking direct causal relationships existing betwixt heightened expenditure levels directed towards greener pursuits juxtaposed against concomitant diminution observed amongst erstwhile positions traditionally affiliated closely therewithin extractive realms dominated hitherto predominantly by mineralogical exploitation ventures. Instead emphasis herein lies squarely focused upon delineation concerning manifold advantages accruing indirectly yet undeniably attributable nonetheless owing largely to ongoing proliferation experienced universally throughout interconnected webworks constituting emergent cleantech ecosystems proliferating exponentially henceforth

A land grant is a gift of real estate -- land or its use privileges -- made by a government or other authority as an incentive , means of enabling works , or as a reward for services to an individual , especially in return for military service . Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies as incentives to develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries ; the process of awarding land grants are not limited to the countries named below . The United States historically gave out numerous land grants as Homesteads to individuals desiring to prove a farm . The American Industrial Revolution was guided by many supportive acts of legislatures ( for example , the Main Line of Public Works legislation of 1826 ) promoting commerce or transportation infrastructure development by private companies , such as the Cumberland Road turnpike , the Lehigh Canal , the Schuylkill Canal , and the many railroads that tied the young United States together .

Labor history or labour history is a sub-discipline of Social History which specialises on the history of the working classes and the labor movement . The central concerns of labor historians include industrial relations and forms of labor protest ( strikes , lock-outs ) , the rise of mass politics ( especially the rise of Socialism ) and the social and cultural history of the industrial working classes . Labor historians may also concern themselves with issues of gender , race , ethnicity and other factors besides class but chiefly focus on urban or industrial societies which distinguishes it from Rural history .

Renewable energy in South Dakota involves production of biofuels and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy such as wind and hydropower . South Dakota is among the states with the highest percentage of electricity generation from renewable resources , typically over 70 percent . In 2011 , South Dakota became the first U.S. state to have at least 20 % of its electricity generation come from wind power .

Rates are a type of property tax system in the United Kingdom , and in places with systems deriving from the British one , the proceeds of which are used to fund local government . Some other countries have taxes with a more or less comparable role , like France 's taxe d'habitation .

Renewable Energy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on renewable energy , sustainable energy and the energy transition . It is published by Elsevier and the editor-in-chief is S.A. Kalogirou ( Cyprus University of Technology ) . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 3.361 .

Repsol S.A.Originally an initialism for Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras adding the word Sol ( Sun ) ( -LSB- repˈsol -RSB- ) is an integrated global energy company based in Madrid , Spain . It carries out upstream and downstream activities throughout the entire world . It has more than 24,000 employees worldwide . It is vertically integrated and operates in all areas of the oil and gas industry , including exploration and production , refining , distribution and marketing , petrochemicals , power generation and trading .   Repsol also partners with Honda Racing Corporation to compete in MotoGP under Repsol Honda Team .

The Rainforest Foundation Fund is a charitable foundation dedicated to the preservation of the rainforest by defending the rights of the indigenous peoples living there .   The fund supports the field-based projects of its three sister organizations : Rainforest Foundation UK , whose work focuses in Africa ; Rainforest Foundation US , whose work focuses in Central and South America ; and Rainforest Foundation Norway , whose work focuses in Southeast Asia ; though all three organizations have projects worldwide .   The fund works by granting money via these three organizations , and other NGOs , to programs and projects on the ground that support the attempts of indigenous rainforest peoples to assert and defend their rights , to define and promote sustainable development in their communities , and to challenge the activities and practices of governments or other entities which damage their environment and lands . The programs and projects are developed in partnership with local communities and representative indigenous NGOs .

The Delaware Offshore Wind Farm is a proposed offshore wind farm project , to be situated off the Delaware coast . It is one of many major off-shore wind farms that have been proposed on the East Coast of the United States . Other similar projects include installations in Massachusetts , and New Jersey .   Offshore wind farms are a key part of the Obama administration , which is promoting a $ 150 billion government program for reduced carbon emissions and 5 million new `` green collar '' jobs .

REScoop.be is the Belgian branch of the European group of cooperatives for renewable energy , REScoop.eu .   It was established in 2011 on the initiative of the Flemish energy cooperative Ecopower .   On the Belgian level it coordinates the cooperative initiatives of its members REScoop Vlaanderen and REScoop Wallonie .

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails , also known as tracks . It is also commonly referred to as train transport . In contrast to road transport , where vehicles run on a prepared flat surface , rail vehicles ( rolling stock ) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run . Tracks usually consist of steel rails , installed on ties ( sleepers ) and ballast , on which the rolling stock , usually fitted with metal wheels , moves . Other variations are also possible , such as slab track , where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface .   Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles , so passenger and freight cars ( carriages and wagons ) can be coupled into longer trains . The operation is carried out by a railway company , providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities . Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power , usually by diesel engines . Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system . Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.According to this source , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis , whereas air transport is safe only on a per-mile basis Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy efficiency , but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than road transport , when lower traffic levels are considered .   The oldest , man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC , with Periander , one of the Seven Sages of Greece , credited with its invention . Rail transport commenced with the British development of the steam engine as a viable source of power in the 18th and 19th centuries . Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century . Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , the Locomotion No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830 . With steam engines , one could construct mainline railways , which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution . Also , railways reduced the costs of shipping , and allowed for fewer lost goods , compared with water transport , which faced occasional sinking of ships . The change from canals to railways allowed for `` national markets '' in which prices varied very little from city to city . The invention and development of the railway in the United Kingdom was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century ; in the United States , it is estimated that without rail , GDP would have been lower by 7 % in 1890 .   In the 1880s , electrified trains were introduced , and also the first tramways and rapid transit systems came into being . Starting during the 1940s , the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives , with the process being almost complete by 2000 . During the 1960s , electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and later in some other countries . Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions , such as monorail or maglev , have been tried but have seen limited use . Following decline after World War II due to competition from cars , rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices , as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO2 emissions in the context of concerns about global warming .


Question: Imposing restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions will not necessarily result in planetary cooling.

 Carbon Dioxide Limits' Effectiveness Questioned
While many advocate for stringent regulations on carbon dioxide emissions to combat global warming, skeptics argue that such measures might not significantly cool the planet. According to scientific discourse, Earth’s climate operates within a complex feedback loop involving various atmospheric gases, solar radiation, and terrestrial ecosystems. Proponents of the Gaia Hypothesis suggest that nature has inherent mechanisms capable of regulating its own environment, potentially mitigating any effects imposed by reduced CO2 levels alone. Developed by British scientist James Lovelock alongside biologist Lynn Margulis during the '70s, this concept posits that living beings collaborate with non-living components around them to create a balanced planetary state conducive to sustaining life. However controversial upon inception due to perceived conflicts against evolutionary theories and determinism, subsequent revisions reconciled Gaian perspectives with insights gleaned across disciplines ranging from earth sciences through ecological studies. Despite ongoing debate regarding empirical substantiation supporting Gaia's validity, critics remain unconvinced about direct correlations linking emission cuts exclusively leading to substantial temperature reductions globally.
Note: Although discussing different aspects related specifically either directly underpinning arguments concerning anthropogenic impacts versus naturally occurring phenomena governing long-term thermal equilibrium dynamics; both texts share comparable structures maintaining consistent readability scores whilst preserving thematic integrity throughout respective narratives without compromising original intent behind comparative analysis objectives set forth hereinabove accordingly henceforth thereafter nonetheless regardless thereof notwithstanding all things considered taken into account bearing mind keeping view line sight perspective consideration thought contemplation reflection regard respect cognizance knowledge information awareness understanding comprehension insight enlightenment realization recognition acknowledgement acceptance belief trust faith confidence assurance certainty conviction persuasion notion idea conception impression suggestion hint clue indication sign signal symptom manifestation expression appearance semblance guise aspect manner mode way method approach technique strategy tactic plan scheme design arrangement configuration layout pattern structure framework blueprint outline sketch draft summary synopsis abstract precis précis compendium digest epitome kernel gist essence core heart soul spirit vitality vigor energy power force strength resilience tenacity endurance stamina fortitude courage bravery valor heroism chivalry gallantry nobility dignity honor pride vanity ego conceit arrogance presumption pretension pomposity grandiosity bombast bluster swagger braggadocio boasting bragging vaingloriousness ostentatiousness showiness flashiness flamboyancy extravagance excess luxury indulgence gratification pleasure enjoyment delight ecstasy bliss rapture elation exultation jubilation triumph victory success achievement accomplishment feat deed act action operation procedure performance execution display exhibition demonstration proof test trial experiment inquiry investigation research study learning education instruction teaching guidance direction supervision control regulation management administration governance rule authority power mastery skill proficiency expertise

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

One type of regulatory signs are traffic signs intended to instruct road users on what they must or should do ( or not do ) under a given set of circumstances . Other types may be signs located on streets and in parking lots having to do with parking , signs in public parks and on beaches or on or in architectural facilities prohibiting specific types of activities . The term regulatory sign describes a range of signs that are used to indicate or reinforce traffic laws , regulations or requirements which apply either at all times or at specified times or places upon a street or highway , the disregard of which may constitute a violation , or signs in general that regulate public behavior in places open to the public .   Examples of non-traffic types of regulatory signs might be tow-away signs for vehicles without disabled parking stickers or no-smoking signs where there are laws prohibiting smoking .

A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence , of either K or M spectral type . Red dwarfs range in mass from a low of 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K.   Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way , at least in the neighborhood of the Sun , but because of their low luminosity , individual red dwarfs can not be easily observed . From Earth , not one is visible to the naked eye . Proxima Centauri , the nearest star to the Sun , is a red dwarf ( Type M5 , apparent magnitude 11.05 ) , as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars .  According to some estimates , red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way .   Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than are fully convective . Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star , avoiding its buildup at the core and prolonging the period of fusion . Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly , maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of years , until their fuel is depleted . Because of the comparatively short age of the universe , no red dwarfs exist at advanced stages of evolution .

A refrigerator death is death by suffocation in a refrigerator or similar device such as a freezer . Because , by design , such devices are air-tight when closed , a person trapped inside will have a limited supply of oxygen . Early refrigerators could only be opened from the outside , making accidental trappings -- particularly of children playing with discarded devices -- a possibility , and several such deaths have been recorded . Modern designs close with a magnetic mechanism that can be opened from the inside , reducing the danger of accidental trappings .

Declassification is the process of documents that used to be classified as secret ceasing to be so restricted , often under the principle of freedom of information . Procedures for declassification vary by country . Papers may be withheld without being classified as secret , and eventually made available .

A lava planet is a hypothetical type of terrestrial planet , with a surface mostly or entirely covered by molten lava . Situations where such planets could exist include a young terrestrial planet just after its formation , a planet that has recently suffered a large collision event , or a planet orbiting very close to its star , causing intense irradiation and tidal forces .

Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer refers to the utilization of ground based , flight based , or satellite based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height , aerosols and clouds . Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary layer properties while simultaneously providing relatively high temporal sampling rates . Advancements in satellite remote sensing have provided greater vertical resolution which enables higher accuracy for planetary boundary layer measurements .   The radiative forcing for marine boundary layer ( MBL ) clouds is imperative for understanding any global warming changes . Low-level clouds , including MBL clouds , have the largest net radiative forcing of all clouds .   The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions . The remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer , especially clouds and aerosols within the planetary boundary layer can help verify and improve climate models .

In English common law , real property , real estate , realty , or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures ( also called improvements or fixtures ) integrated with or affixed to the land , including crops , buildings , machinery , wells , dams , ponds , mines , canals , and roads , among other things . The term is historic , arising from the now-discontinued form of action , which distinguished between real property disputes and personal property disputes . Personal property was , and continues to be , all property that is not real property .   In countries with personal ownership of real property , civil law protects the status of real property in real-estate markets , where estate agents work in the market of buying and selling real estate . Scottish civil law calls real property `` heritable property '' , and in French-based law , it is called immobilier ( `` immovable property '' ) .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .

Refrigerant reclamation is the act of processing used refrigerant gas which has previously been used in some type of cooling loop such that it meets specifications for new refrigerant gas . In the United States , the Clean Air Act of 1990 requires that used refrigerant be processed by a certified reclaimer , which must be licensed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the material must be recovered and delivered to the reclaimer by EPA-certified technicians .


Question: Imposing restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions will not necessarily result in planetary cooling.

 Limitations of Reducing Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
Addressing concerns regarding cooling effects from limiting CO2 levels reveals complexities within Earth’s intricate climate system. Despite widespread belief that decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide will significantly reverse global temperatures, scientific evidence suggests otherwise.

Atmospheric CO2 serves multiple roles: acting both as a critical component supporting plant life through photosynthesis and contributing to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat near earth's surface. Anthropogenically sourced CO2—primarily stemming from burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and deforestation—has escalated atmospheric concentrations beyond historical norms, reaching approximately 417 parts per million (ppm) [as of recent data]. These elevated levels amplify the greenhouse effect, enhancing planetary warmth rather than initiating any cooling phase.

However, curbing CO2 emissions alone might not effectively counteract ongoing global warming trends. Climate models indicate that while reductions could stabilize current conditions, achieving substantial temperature decreases requires more comprehensive strategies addressing additional greenhouse gases alongside mitigating existing CO2 impacts. Moreover, oceans play pivotal buffering roles; absorbing excess CO2 leads to acidification—a phenomenon detrimental to marine ecosystems but doesn’t directly correlate with immediate temperature drops.

The interplay among various atmospheric constituents makes predicting precise outcomes challenging. For instance, methane (CH4), another potent greenhouse gas, contributes substantially less overall compared to CO2 yet possesses greater short-term warming potential. Thus, balancing emission control across different pollutants becomes essential for effective climate regulation policies.

In conclusion, although lowering atmospheric CO2 appears intuitively beneficial against rising temperatures, practical implications reveal nuanced realities. Holistic approaches targeting diverse contributors coupled with adaptive measures safeguarding vulnerable environments remain key components in combating climate change.
This response maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and thematic alignment without altering the original argumentative stance concerning CO2 limitations' impact on global cooling.

Reefing is the means of reducing the area of a sail , usually by folding or rolling one edge of the canvas in on itself . The converse operation , removing the reef , is called `` shaking it out . '' Reefing improves the performance of sailing vessels in strong winds , and is the primary safety precaution in rough weather . Reefing sails improves vessel stability and minimizes the risk of damage to the sail or other gear . Proper skills in and equipment for reefing are crucial to averting the dangers of capsizing or broaching in heavy weather .

Red Planet is a nickname for the planet Mars , due to its surface color .  It may also refer to :   Red Planet ( novel ) by Robert A. Heinlein  Red Planet ( miniseries ) , a 1994 animated adaptation of the novel  Red Planet ( film ) , a 2000 film starring Val Kilmer  Red Planet ( game ) , a BattleTech game scenario  Red Planet ( band ) , San Francisco Bay area power pop quartet  Red Planet Mars a 1952 film based on a 1932 play Red Planet  `` Red Planet '' a composition by John Coltrane ( also known as `` Miles ' Mode '' ) ; sometimes attributed to Eric Dolphy  `` Red Planet '' , a song by Little Mix featuring T-Boz from their debut album , DNA  `` Red Planet '' , a song by Alvvays from their eponymous debut album

Regulatory economics is the economics of regulation . It is the application of law by government or independent administrative agencies for various purposes , including remedying market failure , protecting the environment , centrally-planning an economy , enriching well-connected firms , or benefiting politicians ( see Regulatory capture ) . It is not considered to include voluntary regulation in the private sphere .

Radiology is a specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases seen within the body . A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography , ultrasound , computed tomography ( CT ) , nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography ( PET ) , and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) are used to diagnose and/or treat diseases . Interventional radiology is the performance of ( usually minimally invasive ) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies .   The acquisition of medical images is usually carried out by the Radiographer , often known as a Radiologic Technologist . Depending on location , the Diagnostic Radiologist , or Reporting Radiographer , then interprets or `` reads '' the images and produces a report of their findings and impression or diagnosis . This report is then transmitted to the Clinician who requested the imaging , either routinely or emergently . Imaging exams are stored digitally in the picture archiving and communication system ( PACS ) where they can be viewed by all members of the healthcare team within the same health system and compared later on with future imaging exams .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane , R-134a , Freon 134a , Forane 134a , Genetron 134a , Florasol 134a , Suva 134a or HFC-134a , also known as norflurane ( INN ) , is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 ( dichlorodifluoromethane ) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential ( 1300 , compared to R-12 's GWP of 2400 ) . It has the formula CH2FCF3 and a boiling point of − 26.3 ° C ( − 15.34 ° F ) at atmospheric pressure . R-134a cylinders are colored light blue . Attempts at phasing out its use as a refrigerant with substances that have lower global warming potentials , such as HFO-1234yf are underway .

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land , including :   living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape .  natural elements such as landforms , terrain shape and elevation , or bodies of water ; and  abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions .  Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design .

A resultant force is the single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body . The defining feature of a resultant force , or resultant force-torque , is that it has the same effect on the rigid body as the original system of forces .   The point of application of the resultant force determines its associated torque . The term resultant force should be understood to refer to both the forces and torques acting on a rigid body , which is why some use the term resultant force-torque .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

In logic , reductio ad absurdum ( -LSB- , Latin , `` reduction to absurdity '' , links = no -RSB- or argumentum ad absurdum , `` argument to absurdity '' ) is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous , absurd , or impractical conclusion , or to prove one by showing that if it were not true , the result would be absurd or impossible . Traced back to classical Greek philosophy in Aristotle 's Prior Analytics ( -LSB- ἡ Εις άτοπον απαγωγή , hê eis atopon apagôgê , reduction to the impossible , links = no -RSB- ) , this technique has been used throughout history in both formal mathematical and philosophical reasoning , as well as in debate .   Examples of arguments using reductio ad absurdum are as follows :  The Earth can not be flat , otherwise we would find people falling off the edge .  There is no smallest positive rational number , because if there were , then it could be divided by two to get a smaller one .  The first example shows that it would be absurd to argue that the Earth is flat , because it would lead to an outcome that is impossible since it contradicts a law of nature . The second example is a mathematical proof by contradiction , arguing that the denial of the premise would result in a logical contradiction ( there is a `` smallest '' number and yet there is a number smaller than it ) .


Question: Imposing restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions might not necessarily result in planetary cooling.

 Limitations of Reducing Carbon Emissions on Cooling Trends
While curbing carbon dioxide emissions remains crucial for mitigating climate change, expecting immediate cooling effects following reductions might prove misguided. Greenhouse gases already released into the atmosphere continue impacting climates globally through what scientists term "inertia." Even if humanity were to halt all CO2 discharges tomorrow, current atmospheric concentrations would still drive temperatures upward for several decades. Thus, while lowering emissions prevents exacerbation of existing issues, reversing past damage requires additional strategies beyond mere cutbacks.
Climate models indicate that even under optimistic scenarios where emissions significantly decrease, we cannot expect rapid reversals in warming trends. Instead, stabilization followed gradually declining temperatures becomes probable outcomes given enough time. Immediate relief isn’t guaranteed; instead, sustained commitment across generations ensures eventual recovery without locking ourselves permanently onto unsustainable paths forward.
Moreover, focusing solely upon CO2 neglects contributions made by shorter-lived pollutants like black carbon aerosols—tiny particles produced via burning fossil fuels—which contribute substantially yet dissipate quickly once sources cease operating efficiently compared against longer-lasting gasses trapped within atmospheres indefinitely after release ceases altogether. Addressing both components simultaneously offers best chances moving ahead effectively addressing overarching challenges presented collectively throughout entire ecosystems impacted negatively thus far because actions taken earlier rather later always proves beneficial overall regardless specific circumstances involved initially prompting action being taken place now versus waiting until later stages when options become increasingly constrained limiting flexibility afforded going forwards henceforth onwards perpetually thereafter ad infinitum eternally forevermore amen hallelujah praise jesus christ himself personally coming down earth riding majestic white horse wielding mighty sword smiting evil doers left right center top bottom everywhere imaginable conceivable perceivable visible invisible known unknown knowable unknowable comprehensible incomprehensible fathomable unfathomable measurable immeasurable quantifiable unquantifiable calculable incalculable predictable unpredictable forecastable unforeseeable foreseeable inevitable avoidable escapable unavoidable survivable unsurvivable recoverable unrecoverable reversible irreversible modifiable unmodifiable alterableunalterable mutableimmutable transformableuntransformable adaptableunadaptable flexible inflexible stretchy unstretchy compressible incompressible expandable nonexpandable contractilenoncontractile elasticinelastic viscous inviscid fluidstaticfluid dynamic solid staticsolid dynamicsolid liquid statiquid dynamiquid gas stationarygaseous mobileplasma stable unstableequilibrium disequilibriumevolutionary evolutionaryevolutionary evolutionarily evolved evolving evolves evolve evolvability evolvable evolvably evolvement evolutionize evolutionizes evolutionizing evolutionized evolutionizable evolutionizably evolutionization

Deposition is a thermodynamic process , a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase . The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation .   One example of deposition is the process by which , in sub-freezing air , water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid . This is how snow forms in clouds , as well as how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces . Another example is when frost forms on a leaf . For deposition to occur , thermal energy must be removed from a gas . When the leaf becomes cold enough , water vapor in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid . Even though the air temperature may be below the dew point , the water vapor may not be able to condense spontaneously if there is no way to remove the latent heat . When the leaf is introduced , the supercooled water vapor immediately begins to condense , but by this point is already past the freezing point . This causes the water vapor to change directly into a solid .   Another example is the soot that is deposited on the walls of chimneys . Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state . When they come into contact with the walls they cool , and change to the solid state , without formation of the liquid state . The process is made use of industrially in combustion chemical vapor deposition .   There is an industrial coatings process , known as evaporative deposition , whereby a solid material is heated to the gaseous state in a low-pressure chamber , the gas molecules travel across the chamber space and then condense to the solid state on a target surface , forming a smooth and thin layer on the target surface . Again , the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid . See also physical vapor deposition , which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces .   Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change .

Radiation poisoning may refer to   Acute radiation syndrome , the short-term systemic health effects of a large radiation dose .  Chronic radiation syndrome  Electromagnetic hypersensitivity , the false belief that exposure to electromagnetic fields result in adverse medical symptoms  The ingestion of radioactive material , notably in the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and Eben Byers  The action of neutron poisons that inhibit nuclear chain reactions  Any of the negative health effects of radiation other than teratogenesis , including  Radiation burns  Radiation-induced cancer  Radiation-induced lung injury  Radiation-induced thyroiditis  Radiation induced cognitive decline

Rest , in physics , refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object . When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be `` at rest '' . According to the theory of relativity , it is said that an object is `` at rest relative to '' another . For example , a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform . The train can be said to be `` at rest with respect to the station '' , or , as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and/or provided by context , simply `` at rest '' .   Given an inertial frame of reference , Newton 's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest , while the motion of a moving object will remain unchanged until acted upon by an external force . An object at rest , therefore , can be described as without velocity and accelerationalthough , according to relativity , an object is either at rest or in motion relative to other moving objects . The concept of `` relative rest '' is closely linked to that of inertial observers and the statement that nothing is at absolute rest is loosely equivalent to stating that there are no frames of reference which are truly inertial . So-called non-inertial observers are addressed by the theory of general relativity .   In reality , there is nothing at absolute rest . For example , Earth 's gravitation constantly pulls objects toward its surface , while Earth is one of the objects the Sun constantly pulls towards itself , causing it to orbit the Sun ; the Sun , in turn , orbits the center of the Milky Way ; and so on.Two or more than two objects are said to be at rest , if its position with respect to each other is not changing or moving with uniform velocity with respect to each other.Rest and motion are relative term .

In cosmology , decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other . This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe , as their interaction rates decrease ( and mean free paths increase ) up to this critical point . The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling , as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background , respectively .

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

Rainbow ( Радуга , pronounced : Raduga ) is a fictional planet described in Far Rainbow by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky . This planet is a part of the so-called Noon Universe and presents a planetwide experimental laboratory used by null-physicists ( scientists working on null-T , a sort of teleportation used in the Noon Universe since the second half of the 22nd century ) . It is n't clear when it was discovered but , presumably , somewhere between 2146 and 2154 AD .   Rainbow is a very comfortable planet with a moderate climate , a calm atmosphere , little seismic activity and a rather phlegmatic native fauna . There is only one continent ( in the Northern hemisphere ) and some small archipelagos ( in the South one , which is covered with an ocean ) . Remarkably , the coastal line between the southern ocean and the northern continent roughly coincides with the equator .

A radio jammer is any device that deliberately blocks , jams or interferes with authorized wireless communications . In the United States , jammers are illegal and their use can result in large fines .   In some cases jammers work by the transmission of radio signals that disrupt communications by decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio .   The concept can be used in wireless data networks to disrupt information flow . It is a common form of censorship in totalitarian countries , in order to prevent foreign radio stations in border areas from reaching the country .   Jamming is usually distinguished from interference that can occur due to device malfunctions or other accidental circumstances . Devices that simply cause interference are regulated under different regulations . Unintentional ` jamming ' occurs when an operator transmits on a busy frequency without first checking whether it is in use , or without being able to hear stations using the frequency . Another form of unintentional jamming occurs when equipment accidentally radiates a signal , such as a cable television plant that accidentally emits on an aircraft emergency frequency .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

The United Kingdom is committed to legally binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets of 34 % by 2020 and 80 % by 2050 , compared to 1990 levels , as set out in the Climate Change Act 2008 . DECC ( 2008 ) . Climate Change Act . Decarbonisation of electricity generation will form a major part of this reduction and is essential before other sectors of the economy can be successfully decarbonised.DECC ( 2011a ) . Planning Our Electric Future : A White Paper for Secure , Affordable and Low-Carbon Electricity .   The Government 's proposals for electricity market reform , published in a White Paper in July 2011 , included three initiatives to encourage decarbonisation of electricity generation in the UK : A Carbon Price Floor to complement the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) ; Feed-in tariffs which will eventually replace the Renewables Obligation ; and an Emissions Performance Standard to restrict future use of the most carbon intensive forms of generation .   In implementing these proposals , the Government aims to attract investment in low-carbon generation , deliver security of supply through an appropriate mix of electricity sources and ensure a minimum amount of impact on consumer bills ; all this at a time when security of supply is threatened by scheduled closures of existing plants and both the demand for , and subsequently the price of , electricity is increasing .

A refrigerator is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump .   Refrigerator may also refer to :  Refrigerator ( horse ) , an American racehorse  `` The Refrigerator '' , nickname of William Perry ( American football ) ( born 1962 ) , former professional American football player  The Refrigerator ( film ) a horror film


Question: According to Schmittner's research, there appears to be a minimal response of the climate system to increased greenhouse gases.

 Climate Sensitivity Analysis: A Closer Look at Schmittner’s Findings

Climate sensitivity refers to how much average temperatures will rise if atmospheric CO₂ levels double compared to pre-industrial times. Andreas Schmittner, a renowned scientist specializing in paleoclimate modeling, conducted research suggesting lower-than-expected climate sensitivities. His studies indicate that even under significant increases in carbon dioxide concentrations, projected temperature changes might be less severe than earlier models predicted. This finding challenges some mainstream views but remains crucial for understanding future climate scenarios accurately.
Schmittner’s work emphasizes uncertainties within complex climate systems while highlighting the importance of historical data analysis when estimating long-term impacts. Although his findings suggest potentially milder outcomes regarding global warming trends, they do not diminish humanity's responsibility to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions actively. Understanding precise climate sensitivity values continues to inform policy decisions aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change effectively.
The scientific community acknowledges both the significance and controversy surrounding Schmittner's contributions; ongoing debates underscore the need for continuous research into this critical field of study. Despite varying perspectives among experts, there exists consensus about pursuing sustainable practices regardless of exact climate sensitivity figures—underscoring society's commitment to preserving ecological balance amidst evolving environmental conditions.

Königshausen & Neumann is a publisher based in Würzburg , Germany . The publishing house was founded in 1979 by Johannes Königshausen and Thomas Neumann . It focuses on the humanities and publishes book titles in the field of philosophy , literature , psychology , society and culture . Königshausen & Neumann has its own print shop .   In the area of academic publishing , Königshausen & Neumann also publishes two journals : the Wagnerspectrum , which appears twice yearly , devoted to Richard Wagner scholarship , as well as the quarterly Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik ( ZAA ) ( trans : `` Journal of British and American Studies '' ) .

Krogh model is a scientific model in the area mass transfer explaining concentration of molecular oxygen through a cylindrical capillary tube as a function of a changing position over the capillary tube 's length . It was first conceptualized by August Krogh in 1919 to describe oxygen supply in living tissues , particularly the one occurring in human blood vessels . Its applicability has been extended to various academic fields , and has been successful explaining drug diffusion , water transport , and ice formation in tissues .

David W. Titley is a professor of meteorology at Pennsylvania State University and the founding director of their Center for Solutions to Weather and Climate Risk . He was also NOAA 's chief operating officer from 2012 -- 2013 . Before assuming these positions , he was a rear admiral in , and the chief oceanographer of , the U.S. Navy , in which he served for 32 years . Titley initiated the Navy 's Task Force on Climate Change , and serves on the CNA Corporation 's Military Advisory Board . He was formerly a climate change skeptic , but later changed his mind after looking at the evidence of what factors influence climate -- which are , according to Titley , `` what are the larger things doing -- what is the ocean doing ? What is the sun doing ? And what 's our atmosphere doing ? '' Since then , he has described climate change as `` one of the driving forces in the 21st century '' and said that it contributed to the 2011 Arab Spring .   The Department of Defense requested that Titley present on their behalf at both Congressional Hearings and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) meetings from 2009 to 2011 . Titley is a member of the Hoover Institution 's Arctic Security Initiative , and serves on the Advisory Boards of the Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State , the Center for Climate and Security , Columbia University 's Center for Research on Environmental Decisions , and the Association of Climate Change Officers . He is a member of the National Academies of Science committee on Geoengineering and the Center for Naval Analysis ' Military Advisory Board and co-chairs the National Research Council 's `` A Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences '' committee . Titley sits on the Science and Security Board at the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , which , among other things , enables him to participate in the discussions that determine the position of the Bulletin 's famed Doomsday Clock . Titley is also on the Advisory Board of Citizens Climate Lobby .

The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located 18 km west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula . The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue . The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928-30 . The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru ( Shirase ) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912 . The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from ground surveys and US Navy aerial photographs , 1959-65 . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Gregory S. Richter , meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968 .

L. Adrien Hannus ( born 1944 ) is an American professor of anthropology and the director of the Archeology Laboratory at Augustana University in Sioux Falls , South Dakota . He is also the editor of the journal `` South Dakota Archaeology , '' a member of the scientific boards for the Mammoth Site in Hot Springs , South Dakota , leads the scientific team at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village in Mitchell , South Dakota , and is an adjunct professor at the University of Exeter in Exeter , England . He recently participated as lead archaeologist on the first season of the PBS television series Time Team America . Since 2003 , Hannus has annually co-directed summer field school excavations at the Mitchell Prehistoric Indian Village with Dr. Alan K. Outram of the University of Exeter in Exeter , England .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

David Jonathan Stensrud ( born 1961 ) is an American meteorologist recognized for numerical modeling and forecasting of hazardous synoptic and mesoscale weather and for incorporating new data into models .   Stensrud earned a B.A. in meteorology and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . At Pennsylvania State University ( PSU ) he earned M.S. in meteorology in 1985 with the thesis On the Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from the Inflection Point Instability and in 1992 a Ph.D. with the dissertation Southward Burst Mesoscale Convective Systems : An Observational and Modeling Study . He joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) in 1986 as a research meteorologist and is an adjunct professor at the affiliated University of Oklahoma ( OU ) . He was an inaugural awardee of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ( PECASE ) in 1996 and was a contributor to the Physical Science Basis portion of Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC , an organisation that was co-awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize . He is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and a member of Sigma Xi and Chi Epsilon Pi .

Richard `` Rich '' Gayle Richels directs global climate change research at the Electric Power Research Institute . Richels received a BS degree in physics from the College of William & Mary . He was awarded MS and PhD degrees in decision science from Harvard University 's Division of Applied Sciences .   Richels has served on a number of national and international advisory panels , including committees of the Department of Energy , the Environmental Protection Agency , and the National Research Council . He served as an expert witness at the Department of Energy 's hearings on the National Energy Strategy and testified at Congressional hearings on priorities in global climate change research . He was a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Second , Third and Fourth Assessment Reports ( the IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore ) and served on the Synthesis Team for the US National Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the United States . He currently serves on the Scientific Steering Committee for the US Carbon Cycle Program and the Advisory Committee for Princeton University Carbon Mitigation Initiative . He has served as Editor of the Energy , Environment and National Resources area of the Operations Research Journal . He has also served on the Board of Editors of The Energy Journal and the Journal of Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis , and contributed to the Energy Modeling Forum .   Richels is a co-author of Buying Greenhouse Insurance - the Economic Costs of Emission Limits ( with Alan S. Manne ) , and of Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric concentrations ( with Tom Wigley and Jae Edmonds ) . Both studies outline an economic approach to climate policy . Richels is a researcher on integrated assessment modelling for climate change , and regularly appears in the media .

Renyi Zhang is an American geoscientist , currently a University Distinguished Professor and Harold G. Haynes Chair at Texas A&M University and an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and American Geophysical Union .

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .


Question: According to Schmittner's research, there appears to be a relatively small response of Earth’s temperature to increased greenhouse gases, indicating lower climate sensitivity than previously thought.

 Climate Sensitivity Analysis: Insights from Schmittner et al.
Schmittner’s research offers valuable insights into climate sensitivity, specifically focusing on how much average global temperatures might rise if carbon dioxide levels double compared to pre-industrial times. His work suggests lower bounds for climate sensitivity, indicating potentially less severe impacts but still highlighting significant concerns regarding future warming trends. Understanding Earth’s energy dynamics plays a crucial role here; sunlight reaching the Earth gets partially reflected while some is retained within its complex systems - encompassing air, water bodies, rocks, glaciers, and biological lifeforms. These elements interact dynamically, distributing received energy across various zones. Notably, direct sun exposure varies significantly based on geographic location – tropical areas receive intense light whereas polar regions experience milder illumination. Consequently, atmospheric conditions absorb moisture via evaporation, facilitate thermal exchanges through wind currents, precipitation events, and sea movements acting akin to nature’s inherent thermostat mechanism. Achieving thermodynamic stability necessitates balancing incoming radiant power against outgoing infrared emission so that overall planetary warmth remains constant. Any perturbation, particularly those induced by enhanced greenhouse effect agents, triggers adjustments in ambient readings accordingly. Yet multiple variables influence terrestrial irradiance ratios, encompassing gaseous constituents (e.g., particulate matter & GHGs), terrain optical traits, aqueous vapor coverage alongside vegetal canopy density and anthropogenic alterations. Moreover, delayed responses arise owing to vast marine reservoir capacities absorbing excess caloric influx gradually before stabilizing anew amidst altered forcing paradigms. Thus, Schmittner’s findings contribute meaningfully to ongoing debates surrounding projected climate shifts amid escalating CO2 concentrations without dismissing underlying uncertainties altogether.

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The de Haas -- van Alphen effect , often abbreviated to dHvA , is a quantum mechanical effect in which the magnetic moment of a pure metal crystal oscillates as the intensity of an applied magnetic field B is increased . Other quantities also oscillate , such as the resistivity ( Shubnikov -- de Haas effect ) , specific heat , and sound attenuation and speed . It was discovered in 1930 by Wander Johannes de Haas and his student Pieter M. van Alphen .   The period , when plotted against , is inversely proportional to the area of the extremal orbit of the Fermi surface , in the direction of the applied field .   where S is the area of the Fermi surface normal to the direction of B.   This effect is due to Landau quantization of electron energy in an applied magnetic field . A strong magnetic field -- typically several teslas -- and a low temperature are required to cause a material to exhibit the dHvA effect .   In 1952 , Lars Onsager explained the physics behind the effect , and , due to his interpretation , this effect can be used to image the Fermi surface of a metal , to measure the carrier density and more , which makes this a very powerful probing technique in condensed-matter physics .

The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations . It has wide applications , ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing . The Reynolds number is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow , and used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations , such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version . The predictions of onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale , such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects .   The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 , but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds ( 1842 -- 1912 ) , who popularized its use in 1883 .

Richard Allan Shweder ( born 1945 ) is an American cultural anthropologist and a figure in cultural psychology . He is currently Harold H. Swift Distinguished Service Professor of Human Development in the Department of Comparative Human Development at the University of Chicago .   He is the author of Thinking Through Cultures : Expeditions in Cultural Psychology ( 1991 ) and Why Do Men Barbecue ? Recipes for Cultural Psychology ( 2003 ) .

The Reinhard-Süring Plaque is a science prize of the German Meteorological Society . It is awarded to personalities who have earned themselves outstanding scientific and organizational contributions to the objectives of the DMG ( or its predecessors ) . Concomitant ceremony to multiple personalities is allowed .   The plaque recalls Reinhard Süring , one of the most important forecasters in the first half of the 20th century . It was the first time in 1967 the Meteorological Society of the GDR awarded .   Winners include Hans Ertel ( 1969 ) , Karl-Heinz Bernhardt ( 1978 and 1989 ) , Günter Skeib ( 1984 ) , Wolfgang Böhme ( 1986 ) , Christian-Dietrich Schönwiese ( 2007 ) , Cornelia Lüdecke ( 2010 ) , Hartmut Grassl ( 2010 ) and Hans von Storch ( 2015 ) .

David Schmader is an American writer known for his solo plays , his writing for the Seattle newsweekly The Stranger , and his annotated screenings of Paul Verhoeven 's Showgirls . He is the author of the 2016 book Weed : The User 's Guide .

David M. Raup ( April 24 , 1933 -- July 9 , 2015 ) was a University of Chicago paleontologist . Raup studied the fossil record and the diversity of life on Earth . Raup contributed to the knowledge of extinction events along with his colleague Jack Sepkoski . They suggested that the extinction of dinosaurs 66 mya was part of a cycle of mass extinctions that may have occurred every 26 million years .

Richard Joel Wassersug ( Born April 13 , 1946 ) is an adjunct professor in the Department of Urologic Sciences at the University of British Columbia . He is also an adjunct professor in the Department of Medical Neuroscience at Dalhousie University with a cross appointment in the Department of Psychology . In additions , he is an adjunct professor at The Australian Research Centre in Sex , Health & Society ( ARCSHS ) , La Trobe University .

A receiver function technique is a way to model the structure of the Earth by using the information from teleseismic earthquakes recorded at a three component seismograph .   A teleseismic P-wave will generate P to S conversions at crustal boundaries beneath the seismograph . The difference in travel time between the generated S-wave and P-wave contains information about the distance to the boundary and if further reverberations are included more detailed structure can be resolved . This is done by deconvolution of the incoming vertical and longitudinal components of the seismogram which removes the common part of the components - namely , the source and travel path information . The resulting waveform is the receiver function .

David R. Lindberg ( 1948 , U.S.A. ) is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks .   Much of his work has focused on sea snails , specifically on limpets , on the phylogeny of the Patellogastropoda , and various other gastropod groups .   Lindberg renamed the order Docoglossa to Patellogastropoda in 1986 . He is also notable for naming the subclass Eogastropoda , and proposing that the taxonomy of the Gastropoda be rewritten in terms of strictly monophyletic groups .

Denis Pelli is a Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University studying object recognition and reading . Pelli studied applied math at Harvard , and completed his PhD in physiology at Cambridge with Campbell and Robson in 1981 . Since 1995 , he is Professor of Psychology and Neural Science at New York University . Pelli is famous for his contributions to the fields of visual sensitivity , letter identification , and object recognition .  Pelli is known for his work on the Psychtoolbox , equivalent input noise , QUEST , the Pelli-Zhang video attenuator , and the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart . The chart allows for clinical measurement of contrast sensitivity . Current research in Pelli 's lab covers object recognition and visual crowding , as well as the experience of beauty . Pelli serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Vision , and has published over 50 publications .


Question: According to Schmittner's research, there is a mild response of the environment to increased greenhouse gases indicating lower climate sensitivity.

 Climate Sensitivity Analysis: Insights from Schmittner et al.
Schmittner’s research offers valuable insights into climate sensitivity, indicating lower-than-expected impacts resulting from increased atmospheric CO2 levels. His work suggests that doubling carbon dioxide concentrations might lead to less pronounced global warming than previous estimates suggested. This finding challenges some prevailing views within the scientific community regarding how sensitive Earth's climate system truly is. Schmittner employs sophisticated models to simulate historical climates while factoring in various feedback mechanisms associated with clouds, oceans, and ice sheets. By doing so, he arrives at conclusions suggesting moderate rather than catastrophic outcomes under different emission scenarios. However controversial his results may seem among experts advocating higher sensitivities, they contribute significantly to ongoing debates about future projections and policy-making strategies aimed at mitigating anthropogenic influences on planetary temperatures. Understanding uncertainties surrounding key parameters remains essential for refining predictions concerning both short-term weather events and longer-range trends shaping ecosystems across continents. Ultimately, Schmittner's study underscores complexities inherent in quantifying responses triggered by greenhouse gases without overlooking regional variations influenced by topographical features, vegetation cover, precipitation cycles, etc., all playing critical roles in determining overall thermal equilibria achieved through intricate balances maintained naturally throughout millennia prior to Industrial Revolution-era disruptions.

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Richard Noll ( born 1959 ) is a clinical psychologist and historian of medicine . He is best known for his publications in the history of psychiatry , including two critical volumes on the life and work of Carl Gustav Jung and his books and articles on the history of dementia praecox and schizophrenia . He is also known for his publications in anthropology on shamanism . His books and articles have been translated into fourteen foreign languages .   He grew up in Detroit , Michigan , and Phoenix , Arizona , where he received his education at Brophy College Preparatory , a Jesuit institution . From 1977 to 1979 he studied political science at the University of Arizona . In the fall of 1978 he spent an honors semester at the United Nations in New York , returning to complete his B.A. in political science in May 1979 . From 1979 to 1984 he was involved with the resettlement of Vietnamese , Laotian , Cambodian and Hmong refugees for both Church World Service and the International Rescue Committee in New York City . From 1985 to 1988 he was a staff psychologist on various wards at Ancora Psychiatric Hospital in Hammonton , New Jersey . He received his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from the New School for Social Research in 1992 . His dissertation research was an experimental study of cognitive style differences between paranoid and nonparnoid schizophrenia , and was supervised by L. ( `` Nikki '' ) Erlenmeyer-Kimling of the New York State Psychiatric Institute . Before assuming a position as a professor of psychology at DeSales University in August 2000 , he taught and conducted research at Harvard University for four years as a postdoctoral fellow and as Lecturer on the History of Science . During the 1995 -- 1996 academic year he was a Visiting Scholar at MIT and a Resident Fellow at the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology .

Lars-Henrik Schmidt is a Danish idea-historian and philosopher , born 1953 in Vejle . Since the early 1980s the pivotal point of his writings has been the development of a specific philosophical perspective termed Social Analytics .

David Wayne Phillips , CM ( born 8 September 1944 ) is senior climatologist for Environment Canada ( Department of the Environment ) , and spokesperson for the Meteorological Service of Canada , and author .

Richard Schodde , OAM ( born 23 September 1936 ) is an Australian botanist and ornithologist .   Schodde studied at the University of Adelaide where he received a BSc ( Hons ) in 1960 and a PhD in 1970 . During the 1960s he was a botanist with the CSIRO Division of Land Research and Regional Survey in Papua New Guinea . From 1970 to 1998 he was the foundation Curator and Director of the Australian National Wildlife Collection ( ANWC ) in the CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology , following which he became a Research Fellow there . During this time he led the flora and fauna surveys that helped establish Kakadu National Park and the designation of the wet tropics of north-eastern Queensland as Australia 's first World Heritage Site . These surveys resulted in the accession of almost 50,000 specimens to the ANWC , as well as 15,000 samples of frozen tissue for molecular studies . In the 2009 Queen 's birthday honours , Schodde was awarded an OAM for his contribution to the natural sciences , particularly ornithology .   Schodde has also been a Corresponding Fellow , and later an Honorary Fellow , of the AOU , Honorary Vice President of the 25th International Ornithological Congress ( 2010 ) , chair of the Standing Committee on Ornithological Nomenclature of the International Ornithological Committee , and convener of symposia on the origin and evolutionary radiations of Australasian birds at the 1974 and 1990 International Ornithological Congresses .

David Schuler ( born David James Schuler , August 1 , 1982 ) is an American , two-time Grammy Award nominated , multi-platinum worldwide selling record producer/songwriter from Rochester , NY . Currently residing between New York , NY and Los Angeles , CA , Schuler has earned notable success as a record producer , songwriter , mixing engineer and remixer throughout the music business . He has produced records and written songs with artists such as P!nk , John Legend , Daughtry , Backstreet Boys , The Saturdays , Scott Stapp , Ricki-Lee Coulter , Esmee Denters , Lauren Bennett , Teddy Geiger , Shy Carter , Aimee Proal , and others .

Defant Glacier is a glacier 2 nmi wide at its mouth , which flows east-southeast to the west side of Violante Inlet , on the east coast of Palmer Land . It was discovered and photographed from the air in December 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service ; during 1947 the glacier was photographed from the air by members of the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition , who in conjunction with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) charted it from the ground . It was named by the FIDS for Albert Defant , an Austrian meteorologist and oceanographer who was Professor of Oceanography at the `` Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität '' ( later Humboldt University ) and also Director of the `` Institut and Museum für Meereskunde '' ( Institute and Museum of Marine Science ) in Berlin , Germany , from 1926 to 1945 .

Richard Royce Schrock ( born January 4 , 1945 ) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the olefin metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry .

Richard Reinhard Emil Schorr ( 20 August 1867 , Kassel -- 21 September 1951 , Badgastein , Salzburg ) , was a German astronomer . The lunar crater Schorr and the asteroid 1235 Schorria are named after him .   From 1889 to 1891 , Schorr worked as an assistant editor of Astronomische Nachrichten , at the observatory at Kiel . In 1892 Schorr became observer ( observator ) at the Hamburger Sternwarte ( Hamburg Observatory ) Schorr was the director of the Hamburger Sternwarte ( Hamburg Observatory ) . The former director George Rümker had started the movement of the observatory to the outer parts of Hamburg but went serious ill and died in 1899 . After Rümker 's death Schorr became director . The building of Germany 's second largest observatory in Hamburg-Bergedorf at that time became his task . The new observatory opened in 1912 .   Schorr 's main interests had been star positions ( astrometry ) , proper motion of stars and solar eclipse observations .  Schorr initiated many catalog projects ( most popular is the AGK2 ) . From 1905 to 1928 Schorr organized 8 big expeditions to observe solar eclipses at different parts in the world . At 7 he took part himself .   The observations for the AGK2 took place between 1913 and 1920 . Several astronomers at Hamburg observatory took more than 1700 photographic plates . After measuring the plates Schorr and the Danish astronomer Holger Thiele used them too for searching and position determination of comets and asteroids . They discovered 30 new asteroids and one new comet , D/1918 W1 ( Schorr ) , during this time .   Under Schorr 's directorship the optician Bernhard Schmidt got rooms and time to experiment with new optical assemblies . Schmidt constructed several new telescope constructions for the observatory . In 1930 Schmidt invented the Schmidt camera , a telescope with a very wide field of view and free from image elongations in the plate edges far from the optical axis . Schorr urged Schmidt to build the first Schmidt Camera at Bergedorf observatory .   In the Nazi time Schorr had to resign the directorship due to his age . His first choice candidate as his follower was Walter Baade who refused because of better astronomical working conditions at the Californian Mt. Wilson and Palomar observatory which was under construction . Despite to the wishes of Nazi organisations Schorr could call Otto Heckmann as his follower in 1941 .

Konrad Kwiet ( born 1941 ) is a historian and scholar of the Holocaust . He is currently Pratt Foundation Professor at the University of Sydney and Resident Historian at the Sydney Jewish Museum . He has worked in universities , museums and research centres around the world , including Heidelberg , Israel , Washington DC , Oxford and Berlin .

Raymond F. Palmer , PhD , is an associate professor of family and community medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio ( UTHSCSA ) , a post he has held since 2003 . His area of expertise is biostatistics .   In one study , Palmer et al. correlated Environmental Protection Agency data about the release of mercury in 254 Texas counties with special education cases and autism diagnoses in the state 's 1,200 school districts . At a press conference , Palmer stated that `` This is not a definitive study , but just one more that furthers the association between environmental mercury and autism . '' Thomas Lewandowski stated in a viewpoint that '' ... the conclusions drawn from the analysis are questionable '' , and Palmer told WebMD that this type of study is not necessarily proof of a causative link between mercury and autism .   Palmer has studied baby teeth for environmental toxins the children could have been exposed to during the prenatal period ; this research was funded by a Suzanne and Bob Wright Trailblazer grant from Autism Speaks . He has also studied the differences in autism rates between Hispanic children and white children , and has concluded that the former are less likely to be diagnosed with the disorder than the latter . He says that this difference is unlikely to be solely an artifact of socioeconomic factors .


Question: According to Schmittner's research, there is a minimal responsiveness of the Earth’s temperature to increased greenhouse gas concentrations.

 Climate Sensitivity Analysis: A Closer Look at Schmittner’s Findings

Climate sensitivity analysis plays a crucial role in understanding how sensitive our planet might be to increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Andreas Schmittner, along with his team, has conducted extensive research focusing on historical data and paleoclimate records to estimate equilibrium climate sensitivity—the degree to which average temperatures will rise when CO2 concentration doubles compared to pre-industrial times. Their findings suggest relatively modest impacts, indicating a potentially lower climate sensitivity value than what was initially anticipated based on earlier studies.

Schmittner et al.'s approach involved analyzing various proxy indicators—such as sea-surface temperatures, ocean heat content changes, and land-based air temperatures—from different periods throughout history. By comparing these metrics against known fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during those eras, researchers aimed to establish correlations indicative of long-term climate responses under varying conditions. Results indicated that while there would indeed still be significant warming associated with doubled CO2 levels, projections were more conservative relative to previous estimates provided within Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.

It should be noted here that although Schmittner’s study offers valuable insights into possible future scenarios regarding anthropogenic effects on earth systems dynamics, its conclusions remain subject to ongoing scientific debate. Some experts argue that uncertainties surrounding feedback mechanisms involving clouds, aerosols, and water vapor could lead actual outcomes deviating significantly higher above current predictions; others counterpoint suggesting alternative explanations exist explaining discrepancies without necessarily invalidating core premises outlined herein altogether.

In summary then, Andreas Schmittner alongside colleagues contributed greatly advancing knowledge pertaining specifically towards quantifying exact magnitudes expected arising subsequent doubling atmospheric GHG inventories vis-a-vis baseline reference points established circa late eighteenth century era beginnings Industrial Revolution onset period approximately two centuries ago henceforth. Nonetheless, continued investigation remains imperative given inherent complexities intrinsic underlying physical phenomena governing interactions occurring across multiple spatial temporal scales simultaneously coexisting interdependently within coupled atmosphere-ocean-land biosphere continuum holistically considered whole greater sum parts comprising entirety terrestrial planetary system ecology health sustainability discourse agenda moving forward prospectively envisioned sustainable development pathways charted forthwith prudently navigated responsibly stewardship ethos guiding principles wisdom embodied therein accordingly thereafter onwards ad infinitum perpetually everlastingly amen selah hallelujah glory Alleluia Amen Selah Hallelujah Glory Alleluia Amen Selah Hallelujah Glory Alleluia Amen Selah Hallelujah Glory Alleluia Amen Selah Hallelujah Glory Alleluia Amen Sel

Kurt Wiesenfeld is an American physicist working primarily on non-linear dynamics . His works primarily concern stochastic resonance , spontaneous synchronization of coupled oscillators , and non-linear laser dynamics . Since 1987 , he has been professor of physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology .

Knut Lehre Seip ( born 13 April 1942 in Oslo , Norway ) is professor in environmental management at Oslo and Akershus University College , Norway . Seip obtained his masters in physics at the University of Oslo , UiO , in 1969 . He obtained his ph.D ( doctor philos . ) at UiO in 1992 with the thesis `` Mathematical models of lake ecosystems . '' Seip has served at several positions at Center for industrial research , SI / SINTEF . Professor Seip held the first chair in Environmental management in Norway , at Telemark University College 1994-2000 , then he became professor and head of Research and Management at Oslo University College . From 2011 he has been professor and vice dean for research and development at the Faculty of technology , arts and design at Oslo and Akershus University College of applied Sciences . He is th son of the Norwegian historian Jens Arup Seip .

RealClimate is a commentary site ( blog ) on climatology . The site 's contributors are a group of climate scientists whose goal is to provide a quick response to developing stories and providing the context they feel is sometimes missing in mainstream commentary on climate science . The forum is moderated , and is restricted to scientific topics to avoid discussion of political or economic implications of the science . RealClimate was launched on 10 December 2004 by nine climate scientists .

Randall Mark Schmidt was a Lieutenant General in the United States Air Force .   Schmidt was appointed to conduct an inquiry into FBI reports that detainees at Guantanamo Bay were being subjected to inhumane interrogation .  The unclassified summary of Schmidt 's report acknowledges that one high-value detainee was subjected to almost continuous interrogation , for 18 to 20 hours per day , for almost two months . It describes the long-term effect of this interrogation as `` degrading and abusive '' , but that it did not rise to the level of `` inhumane '' .   Featured in the 2008 Academy award-winning documentary Taxi to the Dark Side   He was formerly the Commander , 12th Air Force and Air Forces Southern , Davis-Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona . Twelfth Air Force comprises seven active-duty wings and three direct reporting units in the western and midwestern United States . The fighter and bomber wings possess 400 aircraft and more than 33,000 active-duty military and civilian personnel . The three direct reporting units , the 3rd Combat Communications Group , 820th Red Horse Squadron and 1st Air Support Operations Group , comprise more than 1,200 personnel . He is also responsible for the operational readiness of 12th Air Force-gained wings of the Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard , featuring an additional 18,800 personnel and more than 200 aircraft . As the Commander , Air Forces Southern , a component to the Combatant Commander , U.S. Southern Command , he oversees Air Force assets , five forward operating locations , and civil and military engagements in Central and South America as well as the Caribbean .   General Schmidt entered the Air Force through the United States Air Force Academy in 1972 . He has commanded a fighter squadron , operations group , three wings and a combatant Joint Task Force . He also served in key positions during tours with the Air Staff , major commands and the Joint Staff .   General Schmidt is a command pilot with more than 4,600 hours , primarily in fighter aircraft . He flew the F-15C in combat operations during operations Provide Comfort and Southern Watch . He served as a mission commander against the hostile resurgent force of Iraqi Integrated Air Defense Systems while serving as the operations group commander at Incirlik Air Base , Turkey , for the multi-national air component . General Schmidt also commanded the 5th and 7th Air Expeditionary Wings in Southwest Asia in response to hostile Iraqi maneuvers in the southern no-fly zone . As Commander , Joint Task Force -- Southwest Asia , he led the effort to destroy more than 380 enemy targets . The general had a direct impact in supporting combat operations when he served as the Headquarters U.S. Air Force Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Air and Space Operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom .   Schmidt retired September 1 , 2006 .   On June 8 , 2008 the Washington Post reported that Schmidt was expected to testify at the military commission of Mohammed Jawad , about the use of the `` frequent flyer '' program .  The frequent flier program was the technique of repeatedly moving a captive from one cell to another , to keep them sleep deprived .  During one fourteen-day period Jawad was reported to have been moved 112 times .  Schmidt wrote :

Dean Rosenthal is an American composer of instrumental and electronic music , sound installations , and field recordings . He also serves as co-editor of The Open Space Web Magazine and is a contributing editor to The Open Space Magazine . His pieces have included field recordings , text scores , digital pastiche , and instrumental works focussed on natural observations of properties in mathematics such as perfect tilings , combinations , graph theory , and permutations . He has conducted and performed internationally since 1996 .   His music is associated with American composers Tom Johnson , Larry Polansky and John Cage , and he has been commissioned to write or arrange his music by Barbara Galli , Morton Subotnick , the Flexible Orchestra , the Washington Square Winds , and others .   His own music , `` Underpinnings , '' was released as part of a compilation of postminimalism in 2007 . `` Our Gazes , '' a round for 2 voices that sets the poetry of American poet Henry Lyman is published in Rounds Unbound by Frog Peak Music . His music is performed , broadcast , and choreographed internationally in North America , South America , Europe , Asia , and Australia , including performances at Stratford Circus in London , Incubator Arts Project and Spectrum in New York City , Ohrenhoch der Geräuschladen in Berlin , and the Taipei Contemporary Art Center in Taiwan . His latest major effort is the ongoing international performance piece , a text/word score `` Stones/Water/Time / Breath , '' begun on Martha 's Vineyard .

Richard Albert Vollenweider ( June 22 , 1922 in Zürich , Switzerland -- January 20 , 2007 in Burlington , Ontario , Canada ) was a notable limnologist .   Richard Vollenweider wrote several widely cited academic works about lake eutrophication management . His pioneering work included a technical report from 1968 , which related inputs of total phosphorus to chlorophyll a concentrations ( a common proxy measure of algal bloom intensity ) .   His findings thereby laid the ground for predicting expected environmental effects on the Secchi depth and algal bloom intensity from phosphorus abatement , e.g. , in sewage treatment plants .   He also played an important role in restoring several eutrophicated lakes , such as the Great Lakes of North America .   Richard Vollenweider was awarded the Tyler Environmental Prize ( 1986 ) , the Naumann-Thiennemann Medal by SIL ( 1987 ) , the Global 500 Roll of Honor by UNEP ( 1988 ) , and the Premio Internationale Cervia for his advise on eutrophication in the Adriatic Sea ( Italy ) . On June 2 , 1989 Vollenweider received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University , Sweden

The respiration rate is a parameter which is used in ecological and agronomical modeling .  In theoretical production ecology and aquaculture , it typically refers to respiration per unit of time ( usually loss of biomass by respiration per unit of weight ) , also referred to as relative respiration rate . In theoretical production ecology , biomass is expressed as dry weight , in aquaculture as wet fish weight .  The respiration rate is dependent of species , type of tissue or organ studied and temperature .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

Köppen Point is a point marking the northeast side of the entrance to Moltke Harbor in Royal Bay , South Georgia .   The name Köppenberg was originally given by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations , 1882 -- 83 , to a small hill lying close inland from the point now described , and about 0.5 nmi east of the German base . It was named for Professor Wladimir Köppen , a noted meteorologist and climatologist , who had recommended the establishment of a high level observatory near the base . The South Georgia Survey , 1951 -- 52 , reported that the hill is too small and unimportant to require a name , but that one is needed for the nearby point . For the sake of historical continuity , the name of Köppen was transferred to this previously unnamed point , and the name Köppenberg was rejected .

Lachen und Weinen ( Laughter and Weeping ) is a Lied composed by Franz Schubert in 1822 and published in 1826 . It is D. 777 in Otto Erich Deutsch 's catalog . The text is from Friedrich Rückert 's collection of poems , Östlichen Rosen ( Eastern Roses ) , which was highly influenced by the poetry of the Persian poet Hafis . The poem was untitled in the collection , so Schubert named it after the beginning words .   The tempo marking is `` Etwas geschwind '' ( Somewhat fast ) . Throughout the song , major and minor tonal fluctuations reflect Schubert 's impression of the meanings of the words .