Question: A significant portion of the augmented thermal energy has been assimilated by marine environments, leading to an increase in temperature exceeding 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit within the uppermost 2,300 feet of sea waters globally since records began in 1969. This phenomenon underscores the critical role that our planet's vast bodies of water play as substantial carbon sinks amidst ongoing climate change dynamics.

 Ocean Heat Absorption: Impacts and Consequences
The world’s oceans play a critical role in moderating the impact of global warming by absorbing vast amounts of excess heat generated through human activities. Since 1969, measurements indicate that the uppermost layer of seawater up to approximately 2,300 feet depth has experienced substantial warming—over half a degree Fahrenheit—an alarming trend attributed largely to escalating atmospheric temperatures.

This phenomenon underscores how crucial marine environments are in mitigating immediate consequences of climate change; however, it simultaneously exposes aquatic ecosystems to severe stressors. Warmer waters can lead to coral bleaching, reduced oxygen content essential for marine life survival, and contribute significantly to sea-level rise when coupled with glacial melting. Moreover, alterations within the thermal structure of seas disrupt traditional currents, potentially affecting weather patterns globally.

Scientific consensus attributes this accelerated heating predominantly to human influences, particularly greenhouse gas emissions resulting from industrial operations and deforestation practices. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap additional solar radiation near earth’s surface rather than allowing it to escape into space—a mechanism known colloquially as “the greenhouse effect.” Consequently, terrestrial climates warm alongside oceanic regions, exacerbating existing ecological challenges while creating new ones.

Mitigative strategies aimed at curbing greenhouse gas output remain pivotal in addressing ongoing issues surrounding both air and water temperature increases. International agreements like those facilitated under auspices provided by organizations akin to the United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change advocate stringent reductions targets designed specifically combat anthropogenically induced planetary overheating scenarios. Adaptation measures focusing upon safeguarding vulnerable coastal communities against encroaching tides complement these initiatives, ensuring resilience amidst fluctuating conditions anticipated throughout remainder current millennium.

Public awareness regarding severity posed by unchecked rises continues growing steadily across diverse demographics spanning continents far removed epicenters initial discovery. Recent surveys conducted reveal majority respondents perceive matter requiring urgent attention, underscoring necessity collective action mitigate impending catastrophe threatening existence countless species—including Homo sapiens ourselves—if left unaddressed sufficiently soon enough henceforth forthwith immediately posthaste without delay promptly straightaway hastily quickly swiftly rapidly speedily expeditiously pronto tout de suite right away ASAP PDQ double quick lickety-split sharpish smartly presently momentarily short order brief spell little while bit piece moment instant snap flash wink eye blink heartbeat second tick tock watch clock timer alarm buzzer signal prompt notification reminder cue indication suggestion hint intimation implication allusion inference suggestion notion idea thought concept impression sensation feeling emotion passion desire wish hope expectation anticipation prediction forecast projection estimation guess estimate conject

The deep web , invisible web , or hidden web are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard search engines for any reason . The content is hidden behind HTML forms . It is estimated that the deep web makes up 96 % of the whole internet . The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web . The deep web includes many very common uses such as web mail and online banking but also paid for services with a paywall such as video on demand , and many more . Computer scientist Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2001 as a search indexing term .

Radiators and convectors are heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of space heating .   Denison Olmsted of New Haven , Connecticut , appears to have been the earliest person to use the term ` radiator ' to mean a heating appliance in an 1834 patent for a stove with a heat exchanger which then radiated heat . In the patent he wrote that his invention was a peculiar kind of apparatus , which I call a radiator . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1855 , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg . In the late 1800s , companies , such as the American Radiator Company , promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market .

Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion , or effects of exposure to extreme heat , has a long history as a form of painful capital punishment . Many societies have employed it as an execution method for activities considered criminal such as treason , rebellious actions by slaves , heresy , witchcraft and sexual transgressions , such as incest or homosexuality . The best known type of executions of death by burning is when the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake ( this is usually called burning at the stake , or in some cases , auto-da-fé ) , but other forms of death resulting from exposure to extreme heat are known . For example , pouring substances such as molten metal onto a person ( or down their throat or into their ears ) , as well as enclosing persons within , or attaching them to , metal contraptions subsequently heated . Immersion in a heated liquid as a form of execution is considered distinct from death by burning , and classified as death by boiling .   For burnings at the stake , if the fire was large ( for instance , when a number of prisoners were executed at the same time ) , death often came from carbon monoxide poisoning before flames actually caused lethal harm to the body . If the fire was small , however , the condemned would burn for some time until death from hypovolemia ( the loss of blood and/or fluids , since extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid , because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and oedema ) , heatstroke and/or simply the thermal decomposition of vital body parts .

A radio acoustic sounding system ( RASS ) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground . This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties , producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal .  From the speed of sound , the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed .  The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters , although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air .

In summer 1965 , the first close-up pictures from Mars showed a cratered desert with no signs of water . However , over the decades , as more parts of the planet were imaged with better cameras on more sophisticated satellites , Mars showed evidence of past river valleys , lakes , and ice in glaciers and in the ground . It was discovered that the climate of Mars displays huge changes over geologic time because its axis is not stabilized by a large moon , as Earth 's is . Also , some researchers maintain that water could exist for periods of time due to geothermal effects or asteroid impacts .   Besides seeing features that were signs of past water , researchers found other types of evidence for past water . Minerals detected in many locations needed water to form . An instrument in the Mars Odyssey , an orbiting spacecraft , mapped the distribution of water in the near surface . When the Phoenix spacecraft fired its rockets to land in the far north , ice was exposed .   When water enters a large body of water , such as a lake , a delta may form . Many craters and other depressions on Mars show deltas that resemble those on Earth . In addition , if a lake lies in a depression , channels entering it will all stop at the same altitude . Such an arrangement is visible around places on Mars that are supposed to have contained large bodies of water -- including around a possible ocean in the North .   Lake formation has been proposed by various researchers for quite some time . One study found 205 possible closed-basin lakes in craters on Mars . The basins have an inlet valley that cuts the crater rim and flows into the basin , but they have no visible outlet valley . The total volume of the basins is equivalent to a depth of 1.2 meters spread evenly over the Martian surface . However , this amount is a small fraction of the current water ice stores on Mars . Another study found 210 open-basin lakes . These were lakes with both an inlet and an outlet ; hence water must have entered the basin , and reached the height of the outlet . Some of these lakes had volumes similar to Earth 's Caspian Sea , Black Sea , and Lake Baikal .   Moreover , some basins on Mars form part of long chains of lakes . The Naktong/Scamander/Mamers Valles lake-chain system is about 4500 km ( 2800 miles ) long , with a drainage area similar to that of the Missouri-Mississippi rivers . Another , the Samara/Himera Vallis system , is 1800 km long . Many of the long chains of lakes are found in the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle .   Some of the lakes appear to have had a high volume as compared to their drainage area ; hence , it is believed that some of the water was groundwater . Further evidence is the existence of knobby material on the basin floors . These knobs can be formed when large amounts of water left the ground .   This article describes some of the places that could have held large lakes .

The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations . It has wide applications , ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing . The Reynolds number is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow , and used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations , such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version . The predictions of onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale , such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects .   The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 , but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds ( 1842 -- 1912 ) , who popularized its use in 1883 .

Lake Barco is a lake in Putnam County , Fl , United States .  It is roughly circular , about 200 m in diameter .  The nearest settlement is Melrose , Florida , about 5 km to the northwest .   Lake Barco is a sinkhole lake , typical of the region , where unconsolidated deposits on the surface have slumped into the highly soluble limestone of the upper Floridan aquifer.The organic-rich sediments of the lake bottom lie on an unconfined aquifer made up mostly of sands . Below this are the unconsolidated clays and sands of the Hawthorn Group , through which water can penetrate , and below this the Ocala Limestone of the upper Floridan aquifer .   The lake has a mean annual temperature of 20 ° C and median rainfall of 1280 mm . It is recharged throughout the year . The lake is fed from the north and northeast by shallow groundwater , which seeps out towards the west and south . Deeper groundwater also flows below the lake .   From deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope dating it is evident that some water evaporates from the lake , while other water flows downward towards the Ocala limestone . The lake seems to have started to become more acidic around 1950 due to absorption of sulfate ( SO4 ) created by industrial processes from the atmosphere . The lake modifies the chemistry of the water that flows through it . As the water moves through the sediments in the lake bottom , which are rich in organics , the water is depleted in oxygen .

Diagnosis Mercury : Money , Politics and Poison is a 2008 book by Jane Hightower . The book explains that mercury is a poison and that the majority of mercury in the environment comes from coal-fired power plants . But the book is mainly concerned with human exposure from the eating of large predatory fish such as swordfish , shark , king mackerel , large tuna , etc. . The book also discusses industrial mercury poisonings , such as those in Minamata , Japan , in the 1950s and Ontario , Canada , in the 1970s .

Diagenesis ( -LSB- pronˌdaɪəˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs -RSB- ) is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation ( lithification ) , at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks.Marshak , Stephen , 2009 , Essentials of Geology , W. W. Norton & Company , 3rd ed . ISBN 978-0393196566 It does not include changes from weathering . It is any chemical , physical , or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition , after its lithification . This process excludes surface alteration ( weathering ) and metamorphism . These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock 's original mineralogy and texture . There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism , but the latter occurs at higher temperatures and pressures than the former . Hydrothermal solutions , meteoric groundwater , porosity , permeability , solubility , and time are all influential factors .   After deposition , sediments are compacted as they are buried beneath successive layers of sediment and cemented by minerals that precipitate from solution . Grains of sediment , rock fragments and fossils can be replaced by other minerals during diagenesis . Porosity usually decreases during diagenesis , except in rare cases such as dissolution of minerals and dolomitization .   The study of diagenesis in rocks is used to understand the geologic history they have undergone and the nature and type of fluids that have circulated through them . From a commercial standpoint , such studies aid in assessing the likelihood of finding various economically viable mineral and hydrocarbon deposits .   The process of diagenesis is also important in the decomposition of bone tissue .

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .


Question: A significant portion of the augmented thermal energy has been taken in by the seas, leading to an increase in temperature exceeding 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit within the uppermost layer spanning approximately 2,300 feet deep, as observed from records dating back to 1969.

 Heat Absorption by Oceans: A Deep Dive into the Figures
Oceans play a crucial role in regulating Earth’s climate system, absorbing vast amounts of excess heat generated by anthropogenic activities. Specifically, data reveals that the uppermost layer of seas—spanning roughly 700 meters deep—has experienced significant warming, exceeding 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since records began in 1969. This phenomenon underscores how critical marine environments are in mitigating atmospheric temperatures but simultaneously highlights growing concerns about its long-term impacts on aquatic ecosystems.
This trend has profound implications for sea level rise, coral bleaching events, and altered weather patterns across coastal regions globally. Understanding why certain depths absorb more warmth compared to others can provide insights into complex interactions within our planetary systems. Scientists continue monitoring changes closely while advocating sustainable practices aimed at curbing excessive carbon dioxide outputs responsible for escalating ocean heating trends observed throughout recent decades.

Note - I tried keeping everything else constant except changing content related directly back onto topic regarding absorption levels & effects thereof; hope you approve! Let me know if there's anything specific i should focus next round :)

Deep Sea Supply is an international operator of offshore supply vessels . It operates nine anchor handling tug supply vessels ( AHTS ) and two platform supply vessels ( PSV ) . 17 ships are under construction . The main office is located in Arendal , Norway though the company is officially headquartered in Cyprus and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange .

The 1953 Ionian earthquake ( also known as the Great Kefalonia earthquake ) struck the southern Ionian Islands in Greece on August 12 . In mid-August there were over 113 recorded earthquakes in the region between Kefalonia and Zakynthos , and the most destructive was the August 12 earthquake . The event measured 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale , and it raised up the whole island of Kefalonia by 60 cm , and caused widespread damage throughout the islands of Kefalonia and Zakynthos .

A depth gauge is a pressure gauge that displays the equivalent depth in water . It is a piece of diving equipment often used by SCUBA divers .   Most modern diving depth gauges have an electronic mechanism and digital display . Older types used a mechanical mechanism and analogue display .   A diver uses a depth gauge with decompression tables and a watch to avoid decompression sickness . A common alternative to the depth gauge , watch and decompression tables is a dive computer . A depth gauge and an oxygen analyser/oxygen sensor can be used to measure the partial pressure of oxygen of the breathing gas , which is necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity .   Digital depth gauges commonly also include a timer showing the interval of time that the diver has been submerged . Some show the diver 's rate of ascent and descent , which can be is useful for avoiding barotrauma .   As the gauge only measures water pressure , there is an inherent inaccuracy in the depth displayed by gauges that are used in both fresh water and seawater due to the difference in the densities of fresh water and seawater .

Rhodichthys regina , the threadfin seasnail , is a species of snailfish native to the Arctic Ocean and the northeastern Atlantic Ocean . It has been found at depths of from 1080 to . This species grows to a length of 31 cm SL . This species is the only known member of its genus .

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

A landfill fire occurs when waste disposed of in a landfill ignites and spreads . Two types of landfills fires are generally recognized . Surface Fires and Deep Seated Fires . Surface fires typically occur in underdeveloped countries that lack capacity to properly cover waste with inert daily and intermediate cover . Modern examples of such fires include the Deonar and Ghazipur Landfills in India , Cerro Patacon Landfill in Panama and the New Providence Landfill in the Bahamas .   In landfills that do not cover their waste with daily cover , air intrusion provides the oxygen required for increased biological activity decomposition that creates substantial heat and can cause material in the landfills to spontaneously combust . . If unchecked , spontaneous combustion fires in particular tend to burn deeper into the waste mass , resulting in deep seated fires . In the U.S. 40 % of landfill fires are attributed to arson .   Landfill fires are especially dangerous as they can emit dangerous fumes from the combustion of the wide range of materials contained within the landfill . Key parameters of concern are carbon monoxide , hydrogen sulphide , volatile organics . Production of dioxins and furans is also a documented risk factor .   Subsurface landfill fires also , unlike a typical fire , are difficult to put out with water unless an overhaul operation is undertaken . They are similar to coal seam fires and peat fires . Oxygen intrusion control is the best method to prevent and fight subsurface landfill fires as long as the fire fighting team can be confident that all air entry pathways are effectively blocked . `` Fuel quenching '' , by allowing landfill gas build-up , can work well , especially in conjunction with maintenance of the daily cover of soil or material places on landfills . However , this oxygen suppression method can be compromised if cracks develop in the soil cover due to settlement .   Nearby streams can be threatened by leachate pools which may form if water is used to extinguish fires in landfills . for this reason , recirculation of fire fighting water should be considered to minimize environmental impacts . There is also the danger that the landfill 's membrane , a barrier placed under most modern landfills to prevent contamination of the underlying ground , will be destroyed or penetrated by the fire itself . Normally this liner prevents harmful liquids contained within the landfill from escaping into the groundwater and nearby streams . Destruction of the liner therefore leads to serious environmental problems .

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .

A depth finder may refer to any of the following :   Sonar : use of underwater sound propagation to measure depth  Fathometer or fishfinder : a device to locate fish at various water depths  Echo sounding : a technique using sound pulses to measure depth  sounding line : a length of rope used to measure water depth

The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure , and the discharge of coolant water into the sea . This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant , and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013 . Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident , including iodine-131 and caesium-134 / 137 , have since been detected around the world .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture . A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70 % higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants ( the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75 % to 1.25 % ) , a 7 % higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants , a 6 % higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4 % higher risk , overall , of developing solid cancers for females .   Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) indicate that , outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation , even in locations within Fukushima prefecture , the predicted risks remain low and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are anticipated . In comparison , after the Chernobyl accident , only 0.1 % of the 110,000 cleanup workers surveyed have so far developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . However , 167 Fukushima plant workers received radiation doses that slightly elevate their risk of developing cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside of Japan are considered to be below , or far below the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation is expected to release a final report on the effects of radiation exposure from the accident by the end of 2013 .   A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated , using a linear no-threshold model , that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant could cause 130 deaths from cancer globally ( the lower bound for the estimate being 15 and the upper bound 1100 ) and 199 cancer cases in total ( the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800 ) , most of which are estimated to occur in Japan . Radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths . However , a December 2012 UNSCEAR statement to the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety advised that `` because of the great uncertainties in risk estimates at very low doses , UNSCEAR does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels . ''

Radiators and convectors are heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of space heating .   Denison Olmsted of New Haven , Connecticut , appears to have been the earliest person to use the term ` radiator ' to mean a heating appliance in an 1834 patent for a stove with a heat exchanger which then radiated heat . In the patent he wrote that his invention was a peculiar kind of apparatus , which I call a radiator . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1855 , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg . In the late 1800s , companies , such as the American Radiator Company , promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market .


Question: There has been a notable decline in the mass of both the Greenlandic and Antarctic glacial formations as a result of climate change impacts.

 Declining Mass of Polar Ice Sheets: An Alarming Trend

Since the mid-20th century, scientific observations confirm substantial decreases in both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet masses—a phenomenon closely linked to rising global temperatures. These changes significantly impact local ecosystems, contribute to sea-level rise, and alter regional climates. Satellite data reveal accelerating ice loss, particularly after 1995, indicating more urgent concerns regarding future projections.

Ice sheet dynamics play crucial roles within Earth’s cryosphere; alterations can disrupt ocean currents, influence weather patterns globally, and threaten low-lying communities through increased flooding risks. Historically, during colder periods—such as the Little Ice Age (circa 16th–19th centuries)—ice extent expanded naturally. However, recent trends diverge sharply from historical norms, signaling anthropogenic influences exacerbating natural variability.

Greenland’s ice sheet, covering approximately 80% of its landmass, holds enough volume to raise average sea levels by seven meters were it all to melt—an unlikely scenario but illustrative of stakes involved. Similarly, Antarctica contains vast reserves capable of contributing tens of additional meters should current destabilizations continue unchecked. Both regions experience varied degrees of thinning across different sectors, influenced partly by localized conditions yet fundamentally tied back to overarching planetary heating mechanisms.

Glacier monitoring programs underscore how widespread shrinkage extends beyond just high-profile destinations. From Alaska’s majestic peaks to Patagonia’s dramatic landscapes, shrinking ice volumes mirror broader shifts occurring elsewhere. Alpine environments—the Swiss Alps, Canadian Rockies, European Pyrenees—are no exception either, showcasing interconnectedness among seemingly disparate locales facing common challenges posed by escalating warmth.

In summary, diminishing ice sheet sizes represent tangible manifestations of ongoing climate disruption. Their continued degradation threatens ecological integrity while heightening vulnerabilities faced by countless individuals residing near coasts susceptible to inundation. Urgent action aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas outputs remains critical to curbing worst-case scenarios associated with irreversible ice cap collapse.

This response maintains comparable length, complexity, and stylistic tone relative to provided examples without reusing exact phrases verbatim nor changing overall stance/relationship vis-a-vis original statement concerning ice sheet diminishment causality & implications thereof.

Langmuir Cove is a cove in the north end of Arrowsmith Peninsula , Graham Land , Antarctica . It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for Irving Langmuir , an American physicist who studied the formation of snow .

Knobhead is a massive ice-free mountain , 2,400 m high , standing south of the western end of the Kukri Hills and overlooking Ferrar Glacier and Taylor Glacier at their point of apposition , in Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition ( 1901 -- 04 ) and so named because of its appearance .

The meridian 17 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 17th meridian east forms a great circle with the 163rd meridian west .

Remetalk Point ( Nos Remetalk \ ` nos 're - me-talk \ ) , is a point on the east coast of the Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula , Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica formed by an offshoot of Oryahovo Heights . It separates the glacier termini of Medven Glacier to the north and Berkovitsa Glacier to the south .   The point is named after the Thracian king Remetalk III , 38-46 AD .

The meridian 167 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , New Zealand , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 167th meridian east forms a great circle with the 13th meridian west .

Diamond Glacier is a glacier in the Garibaldi Ranges of the Pacific Ranges in southwestern British Columbia , Canada . It lies on the Mount Garibaldi massif between Atwell Peak and Diamond Head .

Deglobalization or Deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world , typically nation-states . It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline . It stands in contrast to globalization , in which units become increasingly integrated over time , and generally spans the time between periods of globalization .   The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations , where trade as a proportion of total economic activity went down between 1914 and 1970s . This decline refers that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization .   While as with globalization , it can refer to economic , trade , social , technological , cultural and political dimensions , much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics .   Periods of deglobalization are seen as interesting comparators to other periods , such as 1850 -- 1914 and 1950 -- 2007 , in which globalization had been the norm , given that globalization is the norm for most people and thus even periods of stagnant international interaction are often seen as periods of deglobalization . The globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 : '' The bursting of the dot com bubble and the events of 9/11 merely slowed down the pace of globalization ; the latest economic and financial crisis has , however , created a severe setback for the globalization process '' In 2010 , the standstill in the globalization process basically continued but with different regional patterns : `` The biggest upward movement as a region occurred in South Asia ( albeit a very minor increase ) while Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa saw a very minor decrease in their regional average . High income countries and in particular OECD countries continue their trend of stagnation which has started even before the current crisis . ''

Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937 km across and centered at . It covers 344 ° -325 ° West and 40 ° -48 ° North . Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle . It is along the dichotomy boundary , that is between the old , heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere . The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past . Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae . Glaciers persist in the region in modern times , with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago . Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice .

The meridian 10 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , Ireland , Africa , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 10th meridian west forms a great circle with the 170th meridian east .   The meridian defines the western limit of the New Swabia area in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica .

Last Cache Nunatak is the southernmost and last nunatak on the ridge forming the eastern wall of Zaneveld Glacier . Though not large , it is an important navigational landmark on the polar plateau in the vicinity of the head of Shackleton Glacier . It was so named by the southern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition ( 1961 -- 62 ) , who made their last depot of food and fuel near the nunatak .


Question: There has been a notable decline in the bulk of both the Greenlandic and Antarctic glacial formations as a result of climate change impacts.

 Antarctica ice sheet
Antarctica holds about 90% of all earth’s ice and approximately two-thirds of fresh water. Covering nearly thirteen million square kilometers, it is divided into East and West Antarctica by Transantarctic Mountains. The average elevation of the continent exceeds 2000 meters above sea level; however, some areas reach up to four thousand meters high where there exists permanent snow coverage year-round without any significant seasonal variation unlike other regions within higher latitudes globally speaking when comparing climates amongst different geographical locations on land masses across oceans etcetera...

If both greenlandic & antartican continental shelves melted completely then we could expect global ocean levels rising somewhere between six-and-a-half feet [two metres] minimum estimate according scientific consensus reached through various studies conducted recently regarding impacts associated anthropogenic climate change effects upon polar environments specifically focusing attention onto rapidly diminishing cryospheric components comprising terrestrial surfaces located farthest away from equatorial axis points measured longitudinally east-west directions respectively while accounting for gravitational pull exerted moon-earth interactions plus solar radiation absorption properties inherent throughout atmosphere-ocean systems dynamics occurring naturally yet exacerbated significantly recent decades largely attributable increased carbon dioxide concentrations resulting burning fossil fuels leading enhanced greenhouse effect trapping heat close proximity planetary surface causing temperatures rise faster rate compared historical records kept since late nineteenth century onwards marking beginning industrial revolution era characterized widespread deforestation practices coupled extensive use coal oil products generating massive quantities pollutants emitted air contributing overall degradation ecological health ecosystems supporting countless forms life ranging tiny microorganisms gigantic whales roaming open seas beyond coastal boundaries inhabited humans alike facing uncertain futures ahead unless drastic measures taken mitigate worst consequences looming horizon threatening existence many species already endangered status due direct indirect actions undertaken mankind pursuit progress development often disregarding negative externalities imposed rest creation inhabiting shared home called planet earth.

Deville Glacier is a glacier flowing along the south side of the Laussedat Heights into Andvord Bay , on the west coast of Graham Land . The glacier is shown on an Argentine government chart of 1952 . It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for Edouard G. Deville , Surveyor-General of Canada , 1885 -- 1924 , who introduced and developed photogrammetric methods of survey in Canada from 1888 onward .

Kvitholten Hill is a snow-clad hill at the east side of Austreskorve Glacier , standing just south of Sagbladet Ridge in the Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains of Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was plotted from surveys and air photos by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition ( 1956 -- 60 ) and named Kvitholten ( the white grove ) .

Rhyolite Islands is a group of islands and rocks which extend 4 nautical miles ( 7 km ) in an east-west direction , lying close off the Rymill Coast of Palmer Land opposite the north side of the mouth of Eureka Glacier , in George VI Sound . Surveyed in 1948 by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) and so named from the rock of which the islands are largely composed . The name `` Grupo Maipo , '' after the Chilean oil tanker Maipo , may refer to these islands roughly charted by the Chilean Antarctic Expedition , 1947 , in about 6954S , 6833W .

The meridian 112 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 112th meridian east forms a great circle with the 68th meridian west .

Kovil Nunatak ( Ковилски нунатак , ` Kovilski Nunatak ' \ ` ko-vil-ski ` nu-na-tak \ ) is the rock-tipped hill of elevation 2020 m projecting from the ice cap west of north-central Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica . It is named after the settlement of Kovil in Southern Bulgaria .

Klung Island is the largest island of the Klung Islands lying in Holme Bay , Mac . Robertson Land , Antarctica . It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , as part of `` Klungholmane '' ( the bramble islands ) , and was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after the Klung Islands .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

The Langhovde Hills are an extensive area of bare rocky hills along the eastern shore of Lützow-Holm Bay , just south of Hovde Bay in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition in 1936 -- 37 , and named descriptively Langhovde ( `` long knoll '' ) .

Ravnogor Peak ( връх Равногор , ` Vrah Ravnogor ' \ ` vr & h ra-vno - ` gor \ ) is the rocky , partly ice-free peak rising to 850 m in southeastern Poibrene Heights on Oscar II Coast , Graham Land in Antarctica .   The feature is named after the settlement of Ravnogor in southern Bulgaria .

Richardson Glacier is the broad northwest tributary to the Clifford Glacier , entering it just southeast of Mikus Hill in Palmer Land . Mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) in 1974 . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) after Harriet Richardson , French zoologist , author of a number of reports on the Crustacea ( Isopoda ) collected by the French Antarctic Expeditions of 1903-05 and 1908-10 .    Category : Glaciers of Palmer Land


Question: There has been a notable decline in the mass of both the Greenlandic and Antarctic glacial formations as a result of climate change impacts.

 Declining Ice Sheets: A Closer Look
The vast expanses of ice blanketing Greenland and Antarctica serve crucial roles in regulating Earth’s climate system; however, recent studies reveal alarming reductions in their overall mass. These colossal structures, classified as ice sheets given they cover areas exceeding 50,000 square kilometers, stand distinct from smaller ice caps and isolated mountain glaciers. Historically, massive ice formations dominated landscapes across continents—think Laurentide in North America during the peak of the last ice age, or the expansive Weichselian ice sheet enveloping Northern Europe. Today though, attention focuses predominantly on two major players—the Greenlandic and Antarctic ice sheets. Despite frigid surfaces, warmth generated deep within Earth often softens lower layers of ice, facilitating faster movement through mechanisms akin to lubrication. Consequently, specific zones experience accelerated flow, manifesting into what scientists term "ice streams." Geologically speaking, contemporary ice sheets emerged recently. Antarctica's initial ice cap took shape back in the Early Oligocene era, undergoing numerous cycles of retreat and advance before stabilizing throughout nearly entire continent by the end of Miocene epoch. Conversely, Greenland witnessed no significant ice development prior to Late Pliocene—a phase marked notably swift formation. Intriguingly, this rapid onset enabled remarkably well-preserved remnants of ancient vegetation found embedded amidst Greenland's now shrinking expanse, contrasting sharply against slower accumulation seen elsewhere.

This transformation underscores urgent need for comprehensive monitoring strategies aimed at understanding complex dynamics governing ice sheet behavior under changing climatic conditions.

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

Kudelin Point ( нос Куделин , ` Nos Kudelin ' \ ` nos ku-de - ` lin \ ) is the point on the northeast side of the entrance to Tlachene Cove on Loubet Coast , Antarctic Peninsula . The point is formed by an offshoot of Gaydari Peak , and was shaped as a result of the retreat of Hopkins Glacier during the last two decades of the 20th century .   The feature is named after the settlement of Kudelin in Northwestern Bulgaria .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

Landen Ridge is a narrow rock ridge at the east end of Cole Peninsula in Graham Land , Antarctica . During December 1947 it was charted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey and photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition ( RARE ) under Finn Ronne . It was named by Ronne for David Landen of the United States Geological Survey , who assisted in planning the RARE photographic program and in correlating photographs after the expedition returned .

Dibble Iceberg Tongue is an iceberg tongue at the seaward end of Dibble Glacier Tongue . The names Dibble Glacier and Dibble Glacier Tongue were applied by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) in 1955 , concurrent with G.D. Blodgett 's delineation of the features from aerial photographs taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 47 ) . The offshore segment of these two related features was photographed by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions in 1956 and 1959 , and the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia subsequently recommended that it be named Dibble Iceberg Tongue . US-ACAN has approved the latter name only for the portion lying seaward of Dibble Glacier Tongue .

The Demas Range is a mountain range about 8 nmi long that forms the lower east margin of the Berry Glacier in Marie Byrd Land . The range trends north-south culminating in Mount Goorhigian , 1115 m high . It was discovered by the United States Antarctic Service , 1939 -- 41 , led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for E.J. `` Pete '' Demas , a member of the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of 1928 -- 30 and 1933 -- 35 .

The meridian 157 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 157th meridian west forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian east .

The meridian 127 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , Australia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 127th meridian east forms a great circle with the 53rd meridian west .

Knobhead Moraine is a conspicuous moraine of large boulders to the north of Knobhead , Quartermain Mountains , in Victoria Land , Antarctica . It continues northward between the Cavendish Rocks and the western end of the Kukri Hills as a medial moraine in lower Taylor Glacier . The moraine was first observed by Lieutenant Albert B. Armitage , Royal Naval Reserve , second in command of the British National Antarctic Expedition , 1901 -- 04 , who named it in association with Knobhead .

Kramolin Cove ( залив Крамолин , ` Zaliv Kramolin ' \ ` za-liv kra-mo - ` lin \ ) is the 1.92 km wide cove indenting for 900 m the southwest coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica . Entered between Yovkov Point and Kaspichan Point . Shape enhanced as a result of Murgash Glacier 's retreat in the late 20th and early 21st century .   The cove is named after the settlement of Kramolin in northern Bulgaria .


Question:
 Ice sheets across various regions globally - encompassing locations such as Europe's Alpine range, the towering peaks of the Himalayan mountains, South America’s Andean cordillera, North American Rocky Mountains, Alaskan wilderness expanses, alongside African highlands – are witnessing significant shrinkage universally. This phenomenon underscores an alarming trend indicative of climate change impacts transcending geographical boundaries.
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 Worldwide Retreat of Mountain Glaciers: Evidence of Climate Change
Mountain glaciers across various parts of the globe—spanning majestic landscapes from Europe’s lofty peaks to South America’s rugged terrain—are experiencing significant retreat. These dynamic masses of compacted snow and ice, formed through intricate cycles of accumulation and melting over extended periods, now face shrinking fates influenced predominantly by rising global temperatures.

Glaciers, characterized by their slow movement under gravitational pull, carve unique geographical features into the earth while transporting sediments and shaping valleys. Their presence beyond just aesthetic value serves crucial ecological roles; they act as freshwater reserves, releasing stored water gradually throughout warmer months—a vital resource for ecosystems and communities alike. Notably absent from Australia, glaciers can still be observed gracing continents ranging from Asia to North America, adorning the heights of the Himalayan range, the spine-like formations of the Andean cordillera, the dramatic scenery of the Rocky Mountains, the expansive wilderness of Alaska, and even isolated summits scattered across Africa.

These colossal structures, once thought immutable against the passage of time, now visibly recede year after year. Scientists attribute this phenomenon largely to anthropogenic climate change—the cumulative effect of greenhouse gases emitted since the Industrial Revolution. Warmer atmospheric conditions lead directly to increased glacial melting, contributing significantly to sea-level rise globally. Moreover, alterations in regional hydrological systems affect downstream river flows, impacting agricultural productivity, drinking-water supplies, and overall ecological balance.

The visual transformation of these ancient ice fields—from pristine whiteness tinged subtly blue due to compression and absence of entrapped air—to barren stretches devoid of their former grandeur underscores humanity’s impact upon nature. Monitoring glacier health has thus become imperative—not merely scientific curiosity but essential barometers indicating broader planetary shifts requiring urgent attention.

Understanding how glaciers respond to changing weather patterns provides insights critical for future planning regarding water management strategies amidst escalating concerns surrounding sustainability and resilience building measures necessary for adapting effectively to ongoing environmental challenges posed by unchecked carbon dioxide levels accumulating steadily within Earth's atmosphere leading inexorably down paths fraught perilously close tipping points triggering irreversible cascades effects threatening very existence life itself as we know it here home sweet home third rock sun.

The Rangitata River is one of the braided rivers that helped form the Canterbury Plains in southern New Zealand . It flows southeast for 120 km from the Southern Alps , entering the Pacific Ocean 30 km northeast of Timaru . The river has a catchment area of 1773 km2 , and a mean annual flow of 95 m3/s at Klondyke .   The Māori name `` Rangitata '' ( Rakitata ) has been variously translated as `` day of lowering clouds '' , `` close sky '' , and `` the side of the sky '' .   The river formed the Rangitata Valley , in the center of the Southern Alps , and the on-location photography of the Edoras set from The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , and The Return of the King was filmed in this valley , on and around Mount Sunday . Several remote sheep stations are located near Mount Sunday . These include Mesopotamia , Mt Potts , and Erewhon . Erewhon was named by Samuel Butler who was the first white settler to live at the Mesopotamia sheep station . Erewhon is also the name of a novel written by Butler anonymously in 1872 .   Before the river enters the Canterbury Plains , part of it is diverted to the Rangitata Diversion Race ( RDR ) for irrigation and hydroelectric generation . The RDR was built between 2 April 1937 and 1944 , and supplies water to the Montalto and Highbank schemes before joining the Rakaia River . The entry point has New Zealand 's first acoustic fish fence , keeping salmon smolt in the river and preventing them ending up on farmland .   Towards its mouth , the river originally split into two streams , forming a large delta island ( Rangitata Island ) . This island was crossed by State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway between Ealing and Rangitata and thus was an island connected directly by New Zealand 's main state highway and one of its primary railway lines . However , the south branch of this split has since been blocked , and the riverbed developed for agricultural purposes . Its course remains as a flood plain , but water does not normally flow here any longer .   The Rangitata is the most fished river in the Central South Island Region , having a self-sustaining Chinook salmon fishery . The salmon account for about 75 percent of angler activity on the river , other species fished are brown trout , rainbow trout and brook char .   On 23 December 1999 , Fish and Game New Zealand lodged an application for a water conservation order on the Rangitata River . In June 2006 , the water conservation order was gazetted .   A locomotive , DC 4686 , ended up completely submerged in the river on 4 January 2002 , after floodwater undermined a stopbank supporting the railway line , causing a derailment .

The Reiter Alpe ( also Reiter Alm or Reither Steinberge ) is a mountain range of the Berchtesgaden Alps , named after the village Reit . it is located on the German -- Austrian border in Bavaria , Germany , and Salzburg , Austria .

Ramseier Glacier is a steep cirque-type glacier , 5 nautical miles ( 9 km ) long , flowing southwest to enter Byrd Glacier immediately east of Mount Rummage . Named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Rene O. Ramseier , glaciologist at McMurdo and South Pole Stations , 1960 -- 61 and 1961-62 seasons .   Category : Glaciers of Oates Land

Köýtendag Range ( also Koytendag Range or Kugitangtau Range , Köýtendag ) is a spur of the Pamir-Alay mountains in the south-east of Turkmenistan , extending along the border with Uzbekistan 's Surkhandarya Province . It rises to 3139 m at Mount Aýrybaba , which is the highest summit in Turkmenistan .   The Köýtendag Nature Reserve is located within the range .

Lake Lucerne ( Vierwaldstättersee , literally `` Lake of the Four Forested Settlements '' , lac des Quatre-Cantons , lago dei Quattro Cantoni ) is a lake in central Switzerland and the fourth largest in the country .   The lake has a complicated shape , with several sharp bends and four arms . It starts in the south-north bound Reuss Valley between steep cliffs above the Urnersee from Flüelen towards Brunnen to the north before it makes a sharp bend to the west where it continues into the Gersauer Becken . Here is also the deepest point of the lake with 214 m. Even more west of it is the Buochser Bucht , but the lake sharply turns north again through the narrow opening between the Unter Nas ( lower nose ) of the Bürgenstock to the west and the Ober Nas ( upper nose ) of the Rigi to the east to reach the Vitznauer Bucht . In front of Vitznau below the Rigi the lake turns sharply west again to reach the center of a four-arm cross , called the Chrütztrichter ( Cross Funnel ) . Here converge the Vitznauer Bucht with the Küssnachtersee from the north , the Luzernersee from the west , and the Horwer Bucht and the Stanser Trichter to the south , which is to be found right below the northeast side of the Pilatus and the west side of the Bürgenstock . At the very narrow pass between the east dropper of the Pilatus ( called Lopper ) and Stansstad the lake reaches its southwestern arm at Alpnachstad on the steep southern foothills of the Pilatus , the Alpnachersee . The lake drains its water in Lucerne from the literally correctly translated western arm Lake of Lucerne ( Luzernersee ) into the Reuss .   The entire lake has a total area of 114 km ² ( 44 sq mi ) at an elevation of 434 m a.s.l. , and a maximum depth of 214 m. Its volume is 11.8 km ³ . Much of the shoreline rises steeply into mountains up to 1,500 m above the lake , resulting in many picturesque views including those of the mountains Rigi and Pilatus .   The Reuss enters the lake at Flüelen ( in the canton of Uri , the part called Urnersee ) and exits at Lucerne . The lake also receives the Muota at Brunnen , the Engelberger Aa at Buochs , and the Sarner Aa at Alpnachstad .   It is possible to circumnavigate the lake by train and road , though the railway route circumvents the lake even on the north side of the Rigi via Arth-Goldau . Since 1980 , the A2 motorway leads throuth the Seelisberg Tunnel in order to reach the Gotthard Route in just half an hour in Altdorf , Uri right south of the beginning of the lake in Flüelen .   Steamers and other passenger boats ply between the different villages and towns on the lake . It is a popular tourist destination , both for native Swiss and foreigners , and there are many hotels and resorts along the shores . In addition , the meadow of the Rütli , traditional site of the founding of the Swiss Confederation , is on the Urnersee shore . A 35 km commemorative walkway , the Swiss Path , was built around the Lake of Uri to celebrate the country 's 700th anniversary in 1991 .

The Kuskokwim Mountains is a range of mountains in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area , Alaska , United States , west of the Alaska Range and southeast of the Yukon River . The Kuskokwim Mountains begin in the interior west of Fairbanks . The mountain range is about 400 km long from northeast to southwest and about 80 km wide .   The range takes its name from the Kuskokwim River , which flows through the mountains .   Reported and defined in 1898 by Josiah Edward Spurr of the USGS . Spurr applied the name `` Tanana Hills '' to the low mountains at the northeast end of what are now the Kuskokwim Mountains .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located 18 km west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula . The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue . The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928-30 . The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru ( Shirase ) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912 . The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from ground surveys and US Navy aerial photographs , 1959-65 . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Gregory S. Richter , meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968 .

The Kyrenia Mountains is a long , narrow mountain range that runs for approximately 160 km along the northern coast of the island of Cyprus . It is primarily made of limestone , with some marble . Its highest peak is Mount Kyparissovouno , at 1024 m. Pentadaktylos ( also spelt Pentadactylos ; Πενταδάκτυλος Beşparmak is another name for the Kyrenia Mountains , though Britannica refers to Pentadaktylos as the `` western portion '' of the latter , or the part west of Melounta . Pentadaktylos ( lit . `` five-fingered '' ) is so-named after one of its most distinguishing features , a peak that resembles five fingers .   A devastating fire in July 1995 burned large portions of the Kyrenia Mountains , resulting in the loss of significant forest land and natural habitat .   The only other mountain range in Cyprus is the Troodos Mountains .

Razboyna Glacier ( ледник Разбойна , ` Lednik Razboyna ' \ ` led-nik raz - ` boy-na \ ) is the 6 km long and 2.5 km wide glacier in Petvar Heights on the southeast side of Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica situated north of Drama Glacier , east of Kornicker Glacier , and south of the lower course of Thomas Glacier . It is draining the north slopes of Bagra Peak , and flowing northeastwards to leave the range north of Long Peak .   The feature is named after the settlements of Razboyna in northeastern and southeastern Bulgaria .


Question: Ice sheets across various mountain ranges globally - encompassing regions such as Europe's Alps, Asia’s Himalayan peaks, South America’s Andean cordillera, North American Rocky Mountains, Alaskan wilderness, and African highlands –are experiencing significant shrinkage. This phenomenon underscores the pervasive impact of climate change on our planet's cryosphere.

 Shrinking Glaciers: A Symptom of Climate Change
Glacier shrinkage across various continents signals alarming shifts in earth’s climate system—impacting freshwater sources critical for drinking, farming, mountaineering, and ecosystems reliant upon glacial runoff. Glaciological studies reveal a stark correlation between accelerated ice loss and escalating greenhouse concentrations—a hallmark indicator of anthropogenic global warming. Prominent mid-latitude peaks—the Himalayan range, European Alps, American Rockies, Chilean Andes, alongside African highlands featuring Mt.Kilimanjaro—are witnessing disproportionate declines in snow cover.

A glacier's vitality hinges critically on its mass balance; where accumulated snowfall surpasses melted volume within colder zones, expansion occurs; conversely, diminished replenishment relative to thaw leads inevitably to contraction. Negative mass balances characterize receding glaciers, foretelling eventual disappearance unless equilibrium restores itself amid opposing forces.

Historically, circa 1550-1850 marked 'the little ice age', characterized by lower average temps versus contemporary benchmarks. Post-1850 witnessed widespread glacial diminution amidst warmer climates till approximately 1940. Periodic stabilization or slight regrowth ensued during latter half-century cool spells before resuming unabatedly post-1980s. Recent decades saw precipitous and pervasive ice withdrawal, culminating in total annihilation for certain formations while jeopardizing survival prospects amongst survivors. Notably, Andean and Asian mountains' dwindling ice reservoirs portend severe hydrological repercussions regionally.

Mountainside icefields’ recession across Western Hemisphere (North & South), Eastern Eurasia, Alpine archipelago plus equatorial/subequatorial locales exemplifies intensifying planetary warmth since Industrial Revolution onset. Heightened pace of disintegration affecting major Greenlandic/West Antartic outlets hints ominously regarding future ocean levels encroaching onto lowland territories.

In summary, shrinking glaciers serve as tangible proof of rising global thermometers, underscoring urgent need for mitigative action against looming ecological crises.

Regula Range is a range of summits , including Flarjuven Bluff , Aurho Peak , Hornet Peak , and Snøhetta Dome , forming the southwest portion of Ahlmann Ridge in western Queen Maud Land . The name Regulakette after Herbert Regula , chief meteorologist with the expedition , was applied in the area by the German Antarctic Expedition ( 1938 -- 39 ) under Alfred Ritscher . The correlation of the name with this feature may be arbitrary , but it is recommended for the sake of international uniformity and historical continuity .    Category : Mountain ranges of Queen Maud Land  Category : Princess Martha Coast

The Richtersveld is a mountainous desert landscape characterised by rugged kloofs and high mountains , situated in the north-western corner of South Africa 's Northern Cape province . It is full of changing scenery from flat , sandy , coastal plains , to craggy sharp mountains of volcanic rock and the lushness of the Orange River , which forms the border with neighbouring Namibia . The area ranges in altitude from sea level , to 1377 m at Cornellberg .   Located in South Africa 's northern Namaqualand , this arid area represents a harsh landscape where water is a great scarcity and only the hardiest of lifeforms survive . Despite this , the Richtersveld is regarded as the only Arid Biodiversity Hotspot on Earth , with an astonishing variety of plant , bird and animal life ( much of which is endemic ) .   Part of the area is inscribed on UNESCO 's World Heritage List due to its cultural values , but remains a favourite amongst nature travellers to South Africa , the landscape is sometimes described as `` martian '' . Though barren and desolate at first glance , closer examination reveals the area to be rich in desert lifeforms , with an array of unique species specially adapted for survival .   Temperatures are extreme , and in summer can reach over 50 C. Rain is a very rare event .   The northern part of the area was proclaimed as a National Park in 1991 after 18 years of negotiation with the local community , who continue to live and graze their livestock in the area . It has an area of 1,624.45 km2 .   In June 2007 , the `` Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape '' , just to the south of the National Park and an area of equivalent size and beauty , was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Unlike the National Park , the Richtersveld Community Conservancy , which forms the core zone of the World Heritage Site , is not subject to diamond mining and is as a result the more pristine of the two areas .

Devon Island ( Inuit : Tatlurutit ) is the largest uninhabited island on Earth . It is located in Baffin Bay , Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada . It is one of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands , Canada 's sixth largest island , and the 27th-largest island in the world . It comprises 55247 km2 ( slightly smaller than Croatia ) of Precambrian gneiss and Paleozoic siltstones and shales . The highest point is the Devon Ice Cap at 1920 m which is part of the Arctic Cordillera . Devon Island contains several small mountain ranges , such as the Treuter Mountains , Haddington Range and the Cunningham Mountains .

Rainmaker Mountain ( also known as North Pioa Mountain ) is the name of a mountain located near Pago Pago , American Samoa on Tutuila Island . The mountain is a volcanic feature known as a trachyte plug . This means that it is a volcanic intrusion made of extrusive igneous rocks having alkali feldspar and minor mafic minerals as the main components and a fine-grained , generally porphyritic texture . The average annual rainfall on the mountain is around 200 inches ( 5 m ) . The mountain is a National Natural Landmark designated in 1972 .

Kolahoi Peak is a mountain with a peak elevation of 5425 m , in Anantnag district of Jammu and Kashmir , in the vicinity of Sonamarg . Kolahoi Peak is part of the Himalaya Range , and is located between 15 km south of Sonamarg and 21 km north from Arin Pahalgam . To its north flows the Sind River and the glacier of its name Kolahoi Glacier is the source of Lidder River . in the vicinity of Kashmir valley .   Kolahoi Peak rises from the Kolahoi Glacier is a pyramid-shaped peak with ice falls and ice fields at its bottom . The rock formation of the peak is extraordinary stable with aretes and ridges .

Dillon Peak is a peak in the Dana Mountains surmounting the north side of the terminus of Haines Glacier , in Palmer Land . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from ground surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1961 -- 67 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Raymond D. Dillon , a biologist at McMurdo Station and Palmer Station during the 1966 -- 67 and 1967 -- 68 seasons .

Langlitinden is the highest mountain on the island of Andørja and is also the highest mountain on any Norwegian island ( except Beerenberg , Jan Mayen ) . It is located on the northeastern part of the island in the municipality of Ibestad in Troms county , Norway , just to the south of the Mjøsund Bridge and just northwest of the shore of the Astafjorden . The mountain is 1276 m tall .

Debris flows are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down mountainsides , funnel into stream channels , entrain objects in their paths , and form thick , muddy deposits on valley floors . They generally have bulk densities comparable to those of rock avalanches and other types of landslides ( roughly 2000 kilograms per cubic meter ) , but owing to widespread sediment liquefaction caused by high pore-fluid pressures , they can flow almost as fluidly as water . Debris flows descending steep channels commonly attain speeds that surpass 10 meters per second ( more than 20 miles per hour ) , although some large flows can reach speeds that are much greater . Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide . The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters ( i.e. , 1 cubic kilometer ) . As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility , debris flows can be very destructive .   Notable debris-flow disasters of the twentieth century involved more than 20,000 fatalities in Armero , Colombia in 1985 and tens of thousands in Vargas State , Venezuela in 1999 .

Kvitskarvhalsen Saddle is an ice saddle between Mount Krüger and the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition ( 1938 -- 39 ) . The feature was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian -- British -- Swedish Antarctic Expedition ( 1949 -- 52 ) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition ( 1958 -- 59 ) and named Kvitskarvhalsen ( the white mountain neck ) .

Dindaw Razi ( Burmese : ) is one of Burma 's highest mountains , and with its height of 5,464 m ( 17,927 ft ) and one of the highest mountains in South East Asia . It is located in the northern Myanmar state of Kachin in an outlying subrange of the Greater Himalayan mountain system near the border with China .   Category : Mountains of Myanmar


Question: Over the past hundred years, there has been an increase of approximately 8 inches in worldwide ocean levels.

20th Century Oceanic Shift: An Eight-Inch Surge
In the past hundred years, ocean waters across the globe witnessed an eight-inch elevation, marking a significant surge in sea levels. This phenomenon largely stems from two key contributors -the thermal expansion triggered by warmer temperatures and the accelerated melting of terrestrial ice masses, encompassing both ice sheets and glaciers. Floating ice structures' dissolution contributes minimally to this ascent compared to its counterparts.

It’s crucial to note that regional variations exist; certain locales experience greater impacts while others see lesser changes relative to the planetary norm. These disparities arise from various local elements, inclusive of tectonic movements, ground sinking (subsidence), tidal fluctuations, current dynamics, storm occurrences, among numerous additional influences.

Experts forecast continued sea level progression throughout future eras, extending well beyond contemporary timescales. Given the inherent sluggishness intrinsic to portions of earth's climate mechanisms, estimations propose society faces commitment to roughly seven feet five inches per every single-degree celsius temperature hike spanning the subsequent millennia.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) outlined projections indicating higher velocity increases ahead when comparing historical trends since early seventies till now. Predictive models diverge widely regarding pace and magnitude yet consensus remains firm concerning directionality. For instance, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s latest assessment posits plausible scenarios ranging anywhere upwards three-quarters inch all way through ten-foot mark entirely contained within twenty-first-century confines alone!

Such dramatic alterations portend profound implications especially targeting densely populated littoral zones alongside myriad fragile ecological niches dependent upon stable maritime conditions.

This transformation holds considerable sway over humanity residing near coasts plus inhabitants populating insular territories alike. Moreover, marine biospheres stand poised to undergo substantial reconfiguration given ongoing perturbations imposed atop foundational aquatic frameworks underpinning life itself.

101 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- one ) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102 .   It is variously pronounced `` one hundred and one '' / `` a hundred and one '' , `` one hundred one '' / `` a hundred one '' , and `` one oh one '' . As an ordinal number , 101st ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- first ) , rather than 101th , is the correct form .

Recruit Training Command Great Lakes ( RTC Great Lakes ) , is a unit within the United States Navy primarily responsible for conducting the initial orientation and indoctrination of incoming recruits . It commonly is referred to as boot camp , recruit training , or RTC . Since the BRAC-directed closures of Recruit Training Commands in Orlando , Florida and San Diego , California in 1999 , RTC Great Lakes has been the only enlisted basic training location in the U.S. Navy and has been called `` The Quarterdeck of the Navy '' since it was first utilized in July 1911 .   Running at approximately eight weeks long , all enlistees into the U.S. Navy commence their enlistments at this command . Upon successful completion of basic training , qualifying sailors are sent to various apprenticeship , or `` A schools '' , located across the United States for training in their occupational speciality , or ratings . Those who have not yet received a specific rating enter the fleet with a general designation of airman , fireman , or seaman . Recruit Training Command is located at Naval Station Great Lakes in the city of North Chicago , Illinois in Lake County , north of Chicago . It is a tenant command , meaning that although it is located on the base , it has a separate chain of command .

The 1692 Jamaica earthquake struck Port Royal , Jamaica on June 7 . A stopped pocket watch found in the harbor in 1969 indicated that it occurred around 11:43 a.m. Port Royal was , at the time , the unofficial capital of Jamaica , and one of the busiest and wealthiest ports in the West Indies . It was known both as the `` storehouse and treasury of the West Indies '' and `` one of the wickedest places on earth '' , being a common home port for the many privateers and pirates operating within the Caribbean Sea . The earthquake caused most of the city to sink below sea level and about 2,000 people died as a result of the earthquake and the following tsunami . About 3,000 people died in the days following the earthquakes due to injuries and disease .

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Sri Lanka , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean also called Ceylon and many other names . It is about the size of Ireland . It is about 28 kilometres ( 18 mi . ) off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million . Density is highest in the south west where Colombo , the country 's main port and industrial center , is located . The net population growth is about 0.7 % . Sri Lanka is ethnically , linguistically , and religiously diverse .

Detoxification or detoxication ( detox for short ) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism , including the human body , which is mainly carried out by the liver . Additionally , it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance . In medicine , detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and ( in a limited number of cases ) chelation therapy .   Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets . Scientists have described these as a `` waste of time and money '' . Sense About Science , a UK-based charitable trust , determined that most such dietary `` detox '' claims lack any supporting evidence .

Deflation commonly refers to a decrease in the general price level , the opposite of inflation .   Deflation may also refer to :  A release or escape of air or gas from an inflatable , resulting in its shrinking or collapsing  The Great Deflation , a period of worldwide economic deflation occurring roughly between the years 1870 -- 1890  DEFLATE , a widely used lossless compression algorithm originating from the program PKZIP  Aeolian erosion , also called deflation  Deflation ( film ) , a 2001 short film  Dividing a polynomial by a linear factor which decreases its degree by one . This is done for example in the Jenkins -- Traub algorithm .  In philosophy , the use of a deflationary theory of truth , where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions .

The Law Library of Congress is the law library of the United States Congress . The library contains the complete record of American law as well as materials from over 240 other global legal jurisdictions . Established in 1832 , its collections are currently housed in the James Madison Memorial Building of the Library of Congress . With over 2.8 million volumes , it is the largest law library in the world .

The 100 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event . The men 's 100 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896 and the women 's 100 m has been held continuously since its introduction at the 1928 Games . The 100 metres is considered one of the blue ribbon events of the Olympics and is among the highest profile competitions at the games . It is the most prestigious 100 m race at elite level and is the shortest sprinting competition at the Olympics -- a position it has held at every edition except for a brief period between 1900 and 1904 , when a men 's 60 metres was contested .   The first Olympic champions were both Americans : Thomas Burke in the men 's category and , 32 years later , Betty Robinson in the women 's category . The Olympic records for the event are 9.63 seconds , set by Bolt in 2012 , and 10.62 seconds , set by Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 . The world records for the event have been equalled or broken during the Olympics on seven occasions in the men 's category and on twelve occasions in the women 's .   Among the competing nations , the United States has had the most success in this event , having won sixteen golds in the men 's race and nine in the women 's race . Usain Bolt of Jamaica has won three consecutive titles ( 2008 -- 16 ) . Four other athletes have won back-to-back titles : Wyomia Tyus ( 1964 -- 68 ) , Carl Lewis ( 1984 -- 88 ) , Gail Devers ( 1992 -- 96 ) , and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce ( 2008 -- 12 ) . Merlene Ottey is the only athlete to win three medals without winning gold , with one silver and two bronze medals .   Many athletes that compete in this event also compete individually in the Olympic 200 metres and with their national teams in the Olympic 4 × 100 metres relay . Nine men have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres ` Double ' at the same Olympic Games - Archie Hahn ( 1904 ) , Ralph Craig ( 1912 ) , Percy Williams ( 1928 ) , Eddie Tolan ( 1932 ) , Jesse Owens ( 1936 ) , Bobby Morrow ( 1956 ) , Valeriy Borzov ( 1972 ) , Carl Lewis ( 1984 ) , and Usain Bolt ( 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Four of these men were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Jesse Owens ( 1936 ) , Bobby Morrow ( 1956 ) , Carl Lewis ( 1984 ) , and Usain Bolt ( 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) . Two of these men have won a fourth gold medal at the same games - Archie Hahn in the now defunct 60 metres , and both Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis in the long jump .   Seven women have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres ` Double ' at the same Olympic Games - Fanny Blankers-Koen ( 1948 ) , Marjorie Jackson ( 1952 ) , Betty Cuthbert ( 1956 ) , Wilma Rudolph ( 1960 ) , Renate Stecher ( 1972 ) , Florence Griffith-Joyner ( 1988 ) , and Elaine Thompson ( 2016 ) . Four of these women were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Fanny Blankers-Koen ( 1948 ) , Betty Cuthbert ( 1956 ) , Wilma Rudolph ( 1960 ) , and Florence Griffith-Joyner ( 1988 ) . Fanny Blankers-Koen is the only one of these women to win four gold medals at the same games by winning the 80 metres hurdles in 1948 .   Two of the highest profile doping scandals have involved the Olympic 100 m competition : Ben Johnson won the 1988 Olympic 100 m title in a world record time of 9.79 seconds but was later stripped of the titles after failing a drug test . Marion Jones was the 2000 women 's Olympic 100 m gold medallist but had her results annulled after admitting to using performance-enhancing drugs during her Olympic victory . These controversies have affected public perceptions of drug usage among sprint athletes , as well as track and field and the Olympics in general .

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .