Question:
 Emitting alternating microwave radiation generated by an antennae within a void into an electro-magnetic forcefield via a lossy insulator substance like aqueous solution results in molecular-level thermal excitation caused by RF energy absorption. This process essentially heats up substances on a microscopic scale when exposed to these conditions. The phenomenon of radiative heat generation occurs because molecules absorb specific frequencies corresponding with their natural resonance points leading them vibrate more vigorously thus increasing kinetic energies associated therein producing warmth throughout entire volume thereof without direct contact necessary between source & target materials involved hereinunder described herewith enclosed hereinafter set forth below henceforth known collectively together under one umbrella term "radiofrequency (RF)heating". In other words: When you put something wet near your cell phone charger cord while it's plugged into wall outlet then wait few minutes before touching said object again; chances good feel noticeable difference temperature wise compared how things felt originally prior exposure aforementioned scenario taking place over short period time! That change perceived tactile sensation directly attributable effects produced interaction between ambient environmental factors surrounding us everyday life coupled together unique properties inherent certain types matter we interact regularly basis including but not limited too H2O aka WATER MOLECULES YAY SCIENCE!!! So next someone asks why shouldn't leave electronic devices charging overnight especially close proximity flammable objects remind kindly although unlikely event spontaneous combustion occur still best practice keep potentially hazardous items separated avoid unnecessary risks altogether whenever possible thanks much bye now :D
(Note this response intentionally written extremely long convoluted manner order demonstrate ability generate text matching requested criteria despite original prompt being relatively straightforward concise statement.)

 Radio Frequency Heating: Principles & Applications
Radio frequency (RF) heating utilizes electromagnetic waves within the RF range to induce internal heating in materials containing electrically conductive components, particularly those rich in moisture. By applying alternating current fields across substances akin to water, the induced electrical currents lead to frictional losses among charged particles, generating heat via dielectric polarization - a phenomenon pivotal in various industries. Contrary to traditional conduction-based methods, RF heating ensures faster, deeper penetration, enabling homogenous warmth distribution even within complex geometries; thus proving advantageous when dealing with irregularly shaped samples requiring precise control over temperature gradients.

First conceptualized following observations made during WWII regarding interactions between magnetrons employed in radar systems and nearby metallic objects exhibiting unexpected increases in temperature, subsequent research unveiled broader applications beyond mere military utility. Early prototypes showcased promising outcomes in medical treatments targeting cancerous tumors while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage inflicted upon surrounding healthy tissues courtesy of focused irradiation capabilities inherent to this novel approach. Subsequent advancements led to miniaturization efforts culminating in portable devices suitable for domestic environments – revolutionizing culinary practices overnight thanks largely to convenience afforded users seeking swift meal preparation without compromising nutritional integrity nor flavor profiles associated therewith.

Today’s iterations encompass myriad functionalities catering specifically to consumer demands ranging anywhere from thawing frozen edibles all way up rehydrating dried goods instantaneously — thereby streamlining workflows significantly whilst preserving organoleptic qualities intact. Moreover, niche markets leveraging unique properties conferred therein continue emerging steadily; examples abound wherein specialized equipment facilitates intricate manufacturing procedures involving polymers undergoing curing cycles under controlled conditions ensuring optimal mechanical performance characteristics post-processing stages complete. Notwithstanding aforementioned advantages however, certain limitations persist warranting cautious consideration prior deployment scenarios characterized predominantly aqueous matrices prone developing 'hotspots' potentially leading localized overheating phenomena detrimental long term structural integrity composites involved herein. To circumvent said issues altogether engineers often incorporate supplementary cooling mechanisms alongside primary radiant source(s), effectively mitigating risks posed maintaining operational safety margins well within acceptable parameters outlined regulatory bodies governing respective jurisdictions globally speaking. Ultimately though, versatility embodied cutting edge technologies promises reshape paradigms spanning multiple disciplines going forward much anticipation surrounds ongoing developments poised transform landscapes forevermore.

RF Micro Devices ( also known as RFMD or RF Micro ) , was an American company that designed and manufactured high-performance radio frequency systems and solutions for applications that drive wireless and broadband communications . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , RFMD traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol RFMD . The Company was founded in Greensboro , North Carolina , in 1991 . RF Micro has 3500 employees , 1500 of them in Guilford County , North Carolina .   The company 's products , predominantly radio frequency integrated circuits ( RFICs ) and packaged modules that utilize them , were used in cellular networks and mobile phones , for wireless connectivity such as wireless LAN , GPS and Bluetooth , in cable modems and cable TV infrastructure , and for other applications including military radar . The most important applications in terms of sales were GaAs-based power amplifiers and antenna control solutions used in mobile phones ( including smartphones ) , WiFi RF front-ends and components used in wireless infrastructure equipment .   The company announced in February 2014 that it would merge with TriQuint Semiconductor . On January 2 , 2015 , RFMD and Triquint jointly announced that they had completed their merger of equals to form Qorvo , and that Qorvo would start trading on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market starting from that day .

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas .

Radiocommunication service is according to Article 1.19 of the International Telecommunication Union ´ s ( ITU ) RR , defined as `` a service ... involving the transmission , emission and/or reception of radio waves for specific telecommunication purposes '' .   Radiocommunication is sub-divided into space and terrestrial radiocommunication . Space radiocommunication is defined in RR Article 1 as `` any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space '' . Terrestrial radiocommunication is defined as `` any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy '' .

Radiation materials science describes the interaction of radiation with matter : a broad subject covering many forms of irradiation and of matter .

Radiation effect is the physical and chemical property changes of materials induced by radiation .

A regenerative circuit is one that employs an amount of positive feedback ( which is also known as regeneration ) , that is : part of the output is fed back to the input without phase inversion , to reinforce the signal . One example is the Schmitt trigger ( which is also known as a regenerative comparator ) , but the most common use of the term is in RF amplifiers , and especially regenerative receivers , to increase the gain of a single stage - effectively allowing an electronic signal to be amplified many times by the same active device . This circuit was widely used in radio receivers , called regenerative receivers , between 1915 and World War II . The regenerative receiver was invented in 1912 and patented in 1914 by American electrical engineer Edwin Armstrong when he was an undergraduate at Columbia University . Advantages of regenerative receivers include increased sensitivity with modest hardware requirements , and increased selectivity because the Q factor of the tuned circuit will be increased when the amplifying vacuum tube or transistor has its feedback loop around the tuned circuit ( via a `` tickler '' winding or a tapping on the coil ) because it introduces some negative resistance .   Due partly to its tendency to radiate interference if the regeneration control is set too high , by the 1930s the regenerative receiver was largely superseded by other TRF receiver designs ( for example `` reflex '' receivers ) and especially by another Armstrong invention - superheterodyne receivers and is largely considered obsolete , . Regeneration ( now called positive feedback ) is still widely used in other areas of electronics , such as in oscillators and active filters , and bootstrapped amplifiers .   A receiver circuit that used larger amounts of regeneration in a more complicated way to achieve even higher amplification , the superregenerative receiver , was also invented by Armstrong in 1922 . It was never widely used in general commercial receivers , but due to its small parts count is used in a few specialized low data rate applications , such as garage door openers , wireless networking devices , walkie-talkies and toys .

In semiconductor fabrication , a resist is a thin layer used to transfer a circuit pattern to the semiconductor substrate which it is deposited upon . A resist can be patterned via lithography to form a ( sub ) micrometer-scale , temporary mask that protects selected areas of the underlying substrate during subsequent processing steps . The material used to prepare said thin layer is typically a viscous solution . Resists are generally proprietary mixtures of a polymer or its precursor and other small molecules ( e.g. photoacid generators ) that have been specially formulated for a given lithography technology . Resists used during photolithography are called photoresists .

Rayleigh distance in optics is the axial distance from a radiating aperture to a point at which the path difference between the axial ray and an edge ray is λ / 4 .  An approximation of the Rayleigh Distance is , in which Z is the Rayleigh distance , D is the aperture of radiation , λ the wavelength .  This approximation can be derived as follows . Consider a right angled triangle with sides adjacent , opposite and hypotenuse . According to Pythagorean theorem ,   .   Rearranging , and simplifying   The constant term can be neglected .   In antenna applications , the Rayleigh distance is often given as four times this value , i.e. which corresponds to the border between the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions and denotes the distance at which the beam radiated by a reflector antenna is fully formed ( although sometimes the Rayleigh distance it is still given as per the optical convention e.g. ) .   Actually , Rayleigh distance is also a distance beyond which the distribution of the diffracted light energy no longer changes according to the distance Z from the aperture .  It is the reduced Fraunhofer diffraction limitation .   Lord Rayleigh 's paper on the subject was published in 1891 .   Category : Optics

Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid ( or occasionally liquid ) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam . At low laser flux , the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates . At high laser flux , the material is typically converted to a plasma . Usually , laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser , but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough .

A Langmuir -- Blodgett trough is a laboratory apparatus that is used to compress monolayers of molecules on the surface of a given subphase ( usually water ) and measures surface phenomena due to this compression . It can also be used to deposit single or multiple monolayers on a solid substrate .


Question: Transmitting alternating microwave radiation generated by an emitter in a void space into an electric-magnetic wave spectrum via a permeable substance like aqueous solution results in thermal energy production on a microscopic scale. This phenomenon of radiative warmth generation occurs when these waves interact with matter causing rotational transitions within molecules leading up to increased kinetic energies manifesting themselves as heat.

 Microwave Heating: Principles & Applications
Microwave heating represents a revolutionary technique employed across various industries, particularly notable for its efficiency and uniformity when compared to conventional methods. When oscillating microwaves generated by an antenna placed within a controlled environment interact with substances containing dipoles - molecules having distinct positive and negative ends, e.g., water – they induce rapid molecular rotations. These movements create frictional energy absorbed directly into materials' structures leading to localized heat generation without needing external thermal conduction paths typical of traditional heaters. Thus, microwave technology finds extensive use in food processing where quick defrost cycles, precise cooking temperatures, sterilizing treatments against pathogens, enhancing flavors become achievable attributes thanks to this innovative approach harnessing electromagnetic waves properties effectively tailored for specific applications demands.

This phenomenon allows for faster preparation times while maintaining product quality standards essential especially during commercial scale operations requiring consistent results every single batch produced regardless size quantity involved thus saving valuable operational costs associated lengthy manufacturing schedules otherwise required achieve comparable outcomes utilizing older technologies available prior invention implementation widespread adoption modern day kitchens restaurants alike benefit greatly adopting state-of-the-art equipment capable delivering superior performance unmatched versatility suited diverse culinary requirements ranging simple reheats complex recipe preparations involving multiple ingredients varying textures consistencies easily accommodated seamlessly integrated existing workflow minimizing disruptions maximizing productivity levels achieved throughout entire facility layout design optimization strategies implemented accordingly ensuring optimal utilization space personnel resources allocated efficiently thereby contributing significantly overall profitability margins realized long term sustainability goals set forth corporate social responsibility initiatives undertaken company wide commitment sustainable practices promoted encouraged among staff members fostering culture continuous improvement innovation excellence pursued relentlessly striving attain highest possible benchmarks established industry peers competitors alike benchmarked regularly updated reflect latest trends developments taking place constantly evolving marketplace dynamics witnessed recent years characterized increasing consumer awareness demand healthier options prepared responsibly sourced ingredients processed hygienically handled safely delivered promptly doorstep convenience offered online ordering platforms becoming increasingly popular choice amongst tech-savvy millennials looking convenient hassle free solutions meet daily dietary needs preferences lifestyle choices made freely exercising personal autonomy freedom expression afforded digital age connectivity revolutionized way people live work play communicate connect globally network locally share information collaborate projects remotely access knowledge instantly learn new skills hobbies pursue passions interests explore possibilities endless opportunities presented interconnected world order thrive succeed together harmoniously coexisting peacefully despite differences diversity enriches humanity makes us stronger united common goal better tomorrow everyone everywhere always forevermore amen hallelujah glory god almighty amen praise lord jesus christ savior mankind redemption salvation grace mercy forgiveness eternal life everlasting joy peace love hope faithfulness kindness goodness gentleness self-control patience endurance perseverance diligence humility meekness modesty temperance continence chastity purity sobri

Radio frequency ( RF ) and microwave filters represent a class of electronic filter , designed to operate on signals in the megahertz to gigahertz frequency ranges ( medium frequency to extremely high frequency ) . This frequency range is the range used by most broadcast radio , television , wireless communication ( cellphones , Wi-Fi , etc. ) , and thus most RF and microwave devices will include some kind of filtering on the signals transmitted or received . Such filters are commonly used as building blocks for duplexers and diplexers to combine or separate multiple frequency bands .

In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .

For an optical fiber or waveguide , a radiation mode or unbound mode is a mode which is not confined by the fiber core . Such a mode has fields that are transversely oscillatory everywhere external to the waveguide , and exists even at the limit of zero wavelength .   Specifically , a radiation mode is one for which   where β is the imaginary part of the axial propagation constant , integer l is the azimuthal index of the mode , n ( r ) is the refractive index at radius r , a is the core radius , and k is the free-space wave number , k = 2π / λ , where λ is the wavelength . Radiation modes correspond to refracted rays in the terminology of geometric optics .

In physics , the term dielectric strength has the following meanings :   Of an insulating material , the maximum electric field that a pure material can withstand under ideal conditions without breaking down ( i.e. , without experiencing failure of its insulating properties ) .  For a specific configuration of dielectric material and electrodes , the minimum applied electric field ( i.e. , the applied voltage divided by electrode separation distance ) that results in breakdown .   The theoretical dielectric strength of a material is an intrinsic property of the bulk material and is independent of the configuration of the material or the electrodes with which the field is applied . This `` intrinsic dielectric strength '' corresponds to what would be measured using pure materials under ideal laboratory conditions . At breakdown , the electric field frees bound electrons . If the applied electric field is sufficiently high , free electrons from background radiation may become accelerated to velocities that can liberate additional electrons during collisions with neutral atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown . Breakdown occurs quite abruptly ( typically in nanoseconds ) , resulting in the formation of an electrically conductive path and a disruptive discharge through the material . For solid materials , a breakdown event severely degrades , or even destroys , its insulating capability .   Factors affecting apparent dielectric strength   it decreases with increased sample thickness . ( see `` defects '' below )  it decreases with increased operating temperature .  it decreases with increased frequency .  for gases ( e.g. nitrogen , sulfur hexafluoride ) it normally decreases with increased humidity .  for air , dielectric strength increases slightly as humidity increases

The 13 centimeter , 2.3 GHz or 2.4 GHz band is a portion of the UHF ( microwave ) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a secondary basis . The amateur radio band is between 2300 MHz and 2450 MHz . The amateur satellite band is between 2400 MHz and 2450 MHz , and its use by satellite operations is on a non-interference basis to other radio users ( ITU footnote 5.282 ) . The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies and a wide variety of modes within these ranges for telecommunication . The allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions .   In the 2300-2400 MHz range the band is also allocated to the Mobile service on a Primary basis which in practice leads to some challenging sharing scenarios and inconsistent allocations to amateurs at national level .   Above 2400 MHz amateur stations must accept harmful interference caused by industrial , scientific , and medical equipment operating in the band . The most common ISM devices that operate in the band are microwave ovens .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

Digital imaging or digital image acquisition is the creation of photographic images , such as of a physical scene or of the interior structure of an object . The term is often assumed to imply or include the processing , compression , storage , printing , and display of such images .   Digital imaging can be classified by the type of electromagnetic radiation or other waves whose variable attenuation , as they pass through or reflect off objects , conveys the information that constitutes the image . In all classes of digital imaging , the information is converted by image sensors into digital signals that are processed by a computer and made output as a visible-light image . For example , the medium of visible light allows digital photography ( including digital videography ) with various kinds of digital cameras ( including digital video cameras ) . X-rays allow digital X-ray imaging ( digital radiography , fluoroscopy , and CT ) , and gamma rays allow digital gamma ray imaging ( digital scintigraphy , SPECT , and PET ) . Sound allows ultrasonography ( such as medical ultrasonography ) and sonar , and radio waves allow radar . Digital imaging lends itself well to image analysis by software , as well as to image editing ( including image manipulation ) .

The Larmor formula is used to calculate the total power radiated by a non relativistic point charge as it accelerates or decelerates . This is used in the branch of physics known as electrodynamics and is not to be confused with the Larmor precession from classical nuclear magnetic resonance . It was first derived by J. J. Larmor in 1897 , in the context of the wave theory of light .   When any charged particle ( such as an electron , a proton , or an ion ) accelerates , it radiates away energy in the form of electromagnetic waves . For velocities that are small relative to the speed of light , the total power radiated is given by the Larmor formula :   where is the acceleration , is the charge , and is the speed of light . A relativistic generalization is given by the Liénard -- Wiechert potentials .   In either unit system , the power radiated by a single electron can be expressed in terms of the classical electron radius and electron mass as :

A radioactive source or radiation source is a sample of a radionuclide , and emits ionizing radiation ( one or more of gamma rays , alpha particles , beta particles , and neutron radiation ) . Generally , sources are used for irradiation , where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material , or as a metrology calibration source , which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and radiation protection instrumentation . They can be sealed in a container or on a surface , or they can be free to move within a fluid .   As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for radiation therapy and in industry for such as industrial radiography , food irradiation , sterilization , disinfestation , crosslinking .   Radionuclides are chosen according to the type and character of the radiation they emit , intensity of emission , and the half-life of their decay . Common source radionuclides include cobalt-60 , iridium-192 , and strontium-90 . The SI measurement quantity of source activity is the Becquerel , though the historical unit Curies is still in partial use , such as in the USA , despite the USA NIST strongly advising the use of the SI unit . The SI unit for health purposes is mandatory in the EU .   An irradiation source typically lasts for between 5 and 15 years before its activity drops below useful levels . However sources with long half-life radionuclides when utilised as calibration sources can be used for much longer .

Radar jamming and deception ( electronic countermeasures ) is the intentional emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the operation of a radar by saturating its receiver with noise or false information . There are two types of radar jamming : Mechanical and Electronic jamming .


Question:
 Emitting alternating microwave radiation generated by an antennae within a void into an electric-magnetic domain via a lossy insulator substance like aqueous solution instigates radiative thermal generation on a subatomic scale. This process essentially implies that when you subject a medium capable of storing electrical energy (the dielectric) which happens to be conductive enough for our purposes here - think about how salt dissolves in tapwater; now imagine those same ions being excited by waves instead!-to high-frequency EMF's (microwave ovens use this principle), then what results can only really be described scientifically speaking as 'heating'. But not just any old kind: we're talking specifically about increasing kinetic energies associated with individual molecules themselves here folks so let’s all try very hard indeed NOT TO BURN OURSELVES WHEN COOKING ANYTHING FROM NOW ON THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION EVERYBODY HAVE A NICE DAY AND STAY SAFE OUT THERE KIDS!!!1!!one!?...or something along those lines anyway...

In essence both sentences convey nearly identical information regarding mechanisms underlying RF-heating effects observed experimentally under controlled laboratory conditions using various types & configurations of equipment designed explicitly around exploring said phenomena further e.g., klystrons vs magnetrons etc.. However note carefully subtle yet crucial differences between them too especially concerning terminology employed throughout each respective passage i.e.: "oscillating" versus “alternating”;“antenna”vs."antennae";and finally but perhaps most importantly:"vacuum"(implying absence matter altogether whereas air itself still qualifies technically speaking albeit vacuums tend typically exhibit far lower levels background noise compared ordinary terrestrial environments thus making ideal testing grounds many kinds experiments requiring extreme precision accuracy alike). Ultimately though regardless precise wording utilized ultimately goal remains unchanged viz demonstrate clearly convincingly beyond reasonable doubt existence causal relationship linking specific frequencies ranges emitted artificially created sources directly observable changes occurring naturally occurring systems exposed thereto over extended periods time sufficient allow accurate measurement recording thereof without interference contamination external variables potentially confounding otherwise valid conclusions drawn therefrom henceforth forthwith ad infinitum amen hallelujah glory god almighty praise jesus christ savior world forevermore huzzah hurrah hip hip hooray yippee yahoo woohoo wahoo yayaya yahtzee bingo bango bangitybang ding dong dang diggity dog doodle doo dillydally diddle dee dum de dum da dum dah di dah duh dun dunnnn DUNNNN!!!!!!!!!!

So yeah basically my

 Radio Frequency Heating via Oscillating Microwaves
Radio frequency heating, achieved using oscillating microwaves emitted within a vacuum environment, represents a unique application of electromagnetic energy. These microwaves belong to the spectrum characterized by wavelengths spanning approximately one meter down to just one millimeter; encompassing frequencies roughly between 300 megahertz up to 300 gigahertz. Notably inclusive of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) and Extremely High Frequency (EHF), known colloquially as "millimeter waves," this bandwidth typically extends minimally across Super High Frequency (SHF). Common nomenclature categorizes frequencies within the 1-100GHz bracket specifically, corresponding to wavelengths measuring anywhere from three hundred centimeters down to merely three millimeters long. Within professional circles dealing extensively with radio technologies, microwave frequencies frequently adopt terminology aligned with established IEEE radar classifications: namely S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, alongside Ka-band alternatives. Additionally recognized under varying terminologies prescribed by NATO protocols or European Union standards respectively, microwave prefixes denote relative size distinctions vis-a-vis earlier iterations of radio-wave applications—implying reduced dimensions rather than literal micron-scale measurements. Despite somewhat subjective delineation criteria separating adjacent categories such as far-infrared light, terahertz radiation, traditional radio signals operating beyond ultrahigh frequencies, microwaves remain pivotal components powering contemporary technological advancements. Their propagation characteristics favor direct-line transmission modes without benefitting significantly from terrain-contour hugging capabilities typical among low-end counterparts nor experiencing atmospheric reflection phenomena observed higher up along visible-light spectrums. Consequently, effective operational radii tend to max out near forty-mile marks (~64 kilometers); however, upper-tier segments encounter absorption effects courtesy ambient gaseous constituents thereby curtailing viable engagement spans below kilometrical scales. Nevertheless, microwaves enjoy widespread deployment across myriad sectors owing largely to versatile functionalities enabling everything from secure communications infrastructure establishment, ubiquitous Wi-Fi network facilitation, sophisticated surveillance apparatuses, spaceborne telemetry relays, therapeutic healthcare modalities targeting tissue-level interventions, noninvasive diagnostic imaging techniques, fundamental scientific research endeavors focusing on celestial mechanics exploration, advanced particle accelerator designs, precision measurement methodologies involving atomic structures analysis, industrial-grade thermal processing solutions, vehicular safety enhancement measures incorporating proximity warning algorithms, automated access control mechanisms facilitating convenient household appliance operation, culinary preparation appliances leveraging resonant cavity principles for efficient edibles reheating purposes.
In essence, radio frequency heating harnesses the power of oscillating microwaves transmitted within

RF is an abbreviation for radio frequency .   Rf or RF may also mean :

In a radio receiver circuit , the RF front end is a generic term for all the circuitry between the antenna up to and including the mixer stage . It consists of all the components in the receiver that process the signal at the original incoming radio frequency ( RF ) , before it is converted to a lower intermediate frequency ( IF ) . In microwave and satellite receivers it is often called the low-noise block ( LNB ) or low-noise downconverter ( LND ) and is often located at the antenna , so that the signal from the antenna can be transferred to the rest of the receiver at the more easily handled intermediate frequency .   For most superheterodyne architectures , the RF front end consists of :  A ` gentle ' band-pass filter ( BPF ) to reduce strong out-of-band signals and image frequency response ;  An RF amplifier , often called the low-noise amplifier ( LNA ) . Its primary responsibility is to increase the sensitivity of the receiver by amplifying weak signals without contaminating them with noise , so that they can stay above the noise level in succeeding stages . It must have a very low noise figure ( NF ) . The RF amplifier may not be needed and is often omitted ( or switched off ) for frequencies below 30 MHz , where the signal-to-noise ratio is defined by atmospheric and man-made noise .  A local oscillator ( LO ) which generates a radio frequency signal at an offset from the incoming signal , which is mixed with the incoming signal .  The mixer , which mixes the incoming signal with the signal from the local oscillator to convert the signal to the intermediate frequency ( IF ) .  In many modern integrated receivers , particularly those in wireless devices such as cell phones and Wifi receivers , the intermediate frequency is digitized ; sampled and converted to a binary digital form , and the rest of the processing - IF filtering and demodulation - is done by digital filters ( digital signal processing , DSP ) , as these are smaller , use less power and can have more selectivity . In this type of receiver the RF front end is defined as everything from the antenna to the analog to digital converter ( ADC ) which digitizes the signal . The general trend is to do as much of the signal processing in digital form as possible , and some receivers digitize the RF signal directly , without down-conversion to an IF , so here the front end is merely an RF filter .

Radio frequency ( RF ) and microwave filters represent a class of electronic filter , designed to operate on signals in the megahertz to gigahertz frequency ranges ( medium frequency to extremely high frequency ) . This frequency range is the range used by most broadcast radio , television , wireless communication ( cellphones , Wi-Fi , etc. ) , and thus most RF and microwave devices will include some kind of filtering on the signals transmitted or received . Such filters are commonly used as building blocks for duplexers and diplexers to combine or separate multiple frequency bands .

A resistojet is a method of spacecraft propulsion ( electric propulsion ) that provides thrust by heating a ( typically non-reactive ) fluid . Heating is usually achieved by sending electricity through a resistor consisting of a hot incandescent filament , with the expanded gas expelled through a conventional nozzle .   Resistojets have been flown in space since 1965 on board military Vela satellites . However , they only became used in commercial applications in 1980 with the launch of the first satellites in the INTELSAT-V program . Many GEO spacecraft , and all 95 Iridium , used Aerojet MR-501 / MR-502 series resistojet engines . Nowadays resistojet propulsion is used for orbit insertion , attitude control , and deorbit of LEO satellites , and do well in situations where energy is much more plentiful than mass , and where propulsion efficiency needs to be reasonably high but low thrust is acceptable .

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated . Common examples include the reflection of light , sound and water waves . The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected . Mirrors exhibit specular reflection .   In acoustics , reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar . In geology , it is important in the study of seismic waves . Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water . Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave , besides visible light . Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar . Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special `` grazing '' mirrors .

In radiometry , radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area , whereas spectral exitance or spectral emittance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength , depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength . This is the emitted component of radiosity . The SI unit of radiant exitance is the watt per square metre , while that of spectral exitance in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz ( W · m − 2 · Hz − 1 ) and that of spectral exitance in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre ( W · m − 3 ) -- commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre . The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second is often used in astronomy . Radiant exitance is often called `` intensity '' in branches of physics other than radiometry , but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity .

Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy and it refers to the renewable generation of heat , rather than electrical power ( e.g. replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators ) . Renewable heat technologies include renewable biofuels , solar heating , geothermal heating , heat pumps and heat exchangers to recover lost heat . Significant attention is also applied to insulation .   Many colder countries consume more energy for heating than electrical power . For example , in 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh of electric power , but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh , the majority of which ( 81 % ) was met using gas . The residential sector alone consumed a massive 550 TWh of energy for heating , mainly in the form of gas . Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK ( 49 % ) was in the form of heat , of which 70 % was used by households and in commercial and public buildings . Households used heat mainly for space heating ( 69 % ) and heating water .   The relative competitiveness of renewable electricity and renewable heat depends on a nation 's approach to energy and environment policy . Few renewable technologies ( whether for heat , electricity or transport ) are competitive with fossil fuels without some form of carbon valuation or subsidy . In those countries , such as Sweden , Denmark and Finland , where government intervention has been closest to a technology-neutral form of carbon valuation ( i.e. carbon and energy taxes ) , renewable heat has played the leading role in a very substantial renewable contribution to final energy consumption . In those countries , such as Germany , Spain , the USA , and the UK , where government intervention has been set at different levels for different technologies , uses and scales , the contributions of renewable heat and renewable electricity technologies have depended on the relative levels of support , and have resulted generally in a lower renewable contribution to final energy consumption .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

Radiation Exposure Monitoring ( REM ) is a framework developed by Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise ( IHE ) , for utilising existing technical standards , such as DICOM , to provide information about the dose delivered to patients in radiology procedures , in an interoperable format .   Ready access to dose information aids medical staff , including radiographers , radiologists and medical physicists , in the radiation protection goal of reducing doses to a level `` as low as reasonably practicable '' .

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy . Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy , which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects , just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies the light wave portion of the spectrum coming from astronomical objects . Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ( `` dish '' ) antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and space probes . They may be used singly , or linked together electronically in an array . Unlike optical telescopes , radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night . Since astronomical radio sources such as planets , stars , nebulas and galaxies are very far away , the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak , so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them , and extremely sensitive receiving equipment . Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from radio , television , radar , motor vehicles , and other manmade electronic devices .   Radio waves from space were first detected by engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1932 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel , New Jersey using an antenna built to study noise in radio receivers . The first purpose-built radio telescope was a 9-meter parabolic dish constructed by radio amateur Grote Reber in his back yard in Wheaton , Illinois in 1937 . The sky survey he did with it is often considered the beginning of the field of radio astronomy .


Question: In their 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) includes thrice a graphical representation featuring the Hadley Centre's record of worldwide average surface temperature deviations spanning from 1850 through 2005; superimposed onto this data are quartet instances of linear trends selected without any predefined criteria. This visual presentation aims at highlighting various perspectives on climate change over time but does not necessarily reflect definitive patterns or predictions within climatology studies.

2007 IPCC Graph Analysis
In the landmark 2007 Fourth Assessment Report published by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there appears a pivotal graphic illustrating historical trends in global mean surface temperatures. Specifically featured within this comprehensive analysis is the Hadley Centre's dataset spanning from 1850 through 2005—a critical period marked by significant shifts in earth's thermal equilibrium. To enhance interpretative insights, researchers superimposed quartet linear regression lines onto plotted anomalies; however, selection criteria behind these particular slopes remain unspecified. Despite ambiguity regarding methodology employed here, consensus emerges affirming accelerated planetary heating attributable largely to escalating atmospheric CO₂ levels emanating chiefly via human endeavors post-industrial revolution era onwards.
This graphical representation serves dual purposes: firstly highlighting long-term variability inherent across terrestrial thermometers records whilst concurrently pinpointing pronounced uptick coinciding roughly circa late twentieth-century timeframe—period witnessing unparalleled economic expansion coupled burgeoning energy demands globally speaking thus corroborating prevailing hypotheses linking anthropocentric actions directly proportional resultant environmental degradation phenomena typified especially concerning rising mercury readings everywhere nowadays seemingly irrespective geographical location whatsoever anymore really when all said done you know what I'm saying right? Anyway yeah so basically yeah totally agree man peace ✌✌✌🌈✨💖🌍💫🌟🌙☀🌞🔥🌪⚡💥💦💧💨🌬🍃🍂🍁🌹🌺🌸🌼🌻🍀🌱🌿🍄🍎🍊🍋🍉🍇🍓🥝🍑🥭🍍🥥🥑🥦🥕🧄🥔🍠🥒🌶🌽🍅🥬🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦🥦

Reportage sometimes refers to the total media coverage of a particular topic or event , including news reporting and analysis .   Reportage may also refer to :   Reportage ( album ) , an unfinished and unreleased album by the British band Duran Duran  Reportage ( TV show ) , a youth-oriented current affairs show in the BBC 's late-80s / early-90s DEF II slot  Neutral reportage , a common law defense against libel and defamation lawsuits usually involving media republishing unproven accusations about public figures  Reportage Press , a publishing house  Reportage 57 , a 1959 East German film

The permissibility of depictions of Muhammad in Islam has been a contentious issue . Oral and written descriptions of Muhammad are readily accepted by all traditions of Islam , but there is disagreement about visual depictions . The Quran does not explicitly forbid images of Muhammad , but there are a few hadith ( supplemental teachings ) which have explicitly prohibited Muslims from creating visual depictions of figures . It is agreed on all sides that there is no authentic visual tradition as to the appearance of Muhammad , although there are early legends of portraits of him , and written physical descriptions whose authenticity is often accepted .   The question of whether images in Islamic art , including those depicting Muhammad , can be considered as religious art remains a matter of contention among scholars . They appear in illustrated books that are normally works of history or poetry , including those with religious subjects ; the Quran is never illustrated : `` context and intent are essential to understanding Islamic pictorial art . The Muslim artists creating images of Muhammad , and the public who beheld them , understood that the images were not objects of worship . Nor were the objects so decorated used as part of religious worship '' .   However , scholars concede that such images have `` a spiritual element '' , and were also sometimes used in informal religious devotions celebrating the day of the Mi ` raj . Many visual depictions only show Muhammad with his face veiled , or symbolically represent him as a flame ; other images , notably from before about 1500 , show his face . With the notable exception of modern-day Iran , depictions of Muhammad were rare , never numerous in any community or era throughout Islamic history , and appeared almost exclusively in the private medium of Persian and other miniature book illustration . The key medium of public religious art in Islam was and is calligraphy . In Ottoman Turkey the hilya developed as a decorated visual arrangement of texts about Muhammad that was displayed as a portrait might be .   Visual images of Muhammad in the non-Islamic West have always been infrequent . In the Middle Ages they were mostly hostile , and most often appear in illustrations of Dante 's poetry . In the Renaissance and Early Modern period , Muhammad was sometimes depicted , typically in a more neutral or heroic light . These depictions began to encounter protests from Muslims , and in the age of the internet , a handful of caricature depictions printed in the European press have caused global protests and controversy , and been associated with violence .

A rebus ( / ˈriːbəs / ) is an allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words . It was a favourite form of heraldic expression used in the Middle Ages to denote surnames .   For example , in its basic form , three salmon ( fish ) are used to denote the surname `` Salmon '' . A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop Walter Lyhart ( d. 1472 ) of Norwich , consisting of a stag ( or hart ) lying down in a conventional representation of water .   The composition alludes to the name , profession or personal characteristics of the bearer , and speaks to the beholder Non verbis , sed rebus , which Latin expression signifies `` not by words but by things '' ( res , rei ( f ) , a thing , object , matter ; rebus being ablative plural ) .

Dice ( singular die or dice ; from Old French dé ; from Latin datum `` something which is given or played '' ) are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions , used for generating random numbers . Dice are suitable as gambling devices for games like craps and are also used in non-gambling tabletop games .   A traditional die is a cube , with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots ( pips ) from 1 to 6 . When thrown or rolled , the die comes to rest showing on its upper surface a random integer from one to six , each value being equally likely . A variety of similar devices are also described as dice ; such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with symbols instead of numbers . They may be used to produce results other than one through six . Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement .   A dice tray , a tray used to contain thrown dice , is sometimes used for gambling or board games , in particular to allow dice throws which do not interfere with other game pieces .

Lab Tests Online is a peer-reviewed , patient-centered , non-profit web resource about clinical laboratory testing . The site provides information on clinical lab tests as well as conditions that are managed or diagnosed by lab tests . Lab Tests Online also provides summaries of recommendations by age , feature articles on lab-related topics , and news items of patient interest . All contents are reviewed and approved by an Editorial Review Board composed of laboratory professionals before being posted to the site .   The site was launched in 2001 by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry , the scientific society for clinical laboratory science and is a collaboration of 17 other professional societies representing the laboratory medicine community . The website is available through 17 sites worldwide and via mobile apps in the U.S. , the U.K. and Australasia .   As of 2012 the site received about 2 million viewers a month .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else . It is through representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements . Signs are arranged in order to form semantic constructions and express relations .   For many philosophers , both ancient and modern , man is regarded as the `` representational animal '' or animal symbolicum , the creature whose distinct character is the creation and the manipulation of signs -- things that `` stand for '' or `` take the place of '' something else .   Representation has been associated with aesthetics ( art ) and semiotics ( signs ) . Mitchell says `` representation is an extremely elastic notion , which extends all the way from a stone representing a man to a novel representing the day in the life of several Dubliners '' .   The term ` representation ' carries a range of meanings and interpretations . In literary theory , ` representation ' is commonly defined in three ways .  To look like or resemble  To stand in for something or someone  To present a second time ; to re-present   Representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle , and has evolved into a significant component of language , Saussurian and communication studies .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Fashion in fourteenth-century Europe was marked by the beginning of a period of experimentation with different forms of clothing . Costume historian James Laver suggests that the mid-14th century marks the emergence of recognizable `` fashion '' in clothing , in which Fernand Braudel concurs . The draped garments and straight seams of previous centuries were replaced by curved seams and the beginnings of tailoring , which allowed clothing to more closely fit the human form . Also , the use of lacing and buttons allowed a more snug fit to clothing .

Decision tree learning uses a decision tree ( as a predictive model ) to go from observations about an item ( represented in the branches ) to conclusions about the item 's target value ( represented in the leaves ) . It is one of the predictive modelling approaches used in statistics , data mining and machine learning . Tree models where the target variable can take a finite set of values are called classification trees ; in these tree structures , leaves represent class labels and branches represent conjunctions of features that lead to those class labels . Decision trees where the target variable can take continuous values ( typically real numbers ) are called regression trees .   In decision analysis , a decision tree can be used to visually and explicitly represent decisions and decision making . In data mining , a decision tree describes data ( but the resulting classification tree can be an input for decision making ) . This page deals with decision trees in data mining .


Question: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) report published in 2007 includes, within different sections of the document, a graphical representation that showcases the Hadley Centre's record for anomalies in global average surface temperature spanning from 1850 through 2005; this visual data analysis notably features an overlay of four distinct linear trends whose starting points have been selected without any specific justification or criteria. This approach aims at highlighting various perspectives regarding climate change patterns over time but raises questions about interpretation consistency across these segments.

 Analysis of the IPCC's Use of Temperature Anomaly Data

In the context of assessing global climate trends, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) plays a pivotal role in synthesizing data across various disciplines. Their comprehensive assessments often incorporate visual representations to illustrate complex findings clearly. One notable instance appears within the Fourth Assessment Report released in 2007, where a specific graphical representation garners attention. This illustration features the Hadley Centre's historical record of global average temperatures spanning from 1850 to 2005. Superimposed onto this timeline are four distinct linear trends, seemingly chosen without explicit justification regarding selection criteria. These lines aim to highlight perceived patterns amidst fluctuating annual averages but lack accompanying explanations about why particular slopes were favored over others. Despite originating from reputable institutions involved in meteorology and environmental science, this choice raises questions among critical observers concerning transparency and methodological rigor behind such graphical interpretations presented globally.

Established originally via collaboration between entities like the World Meteorological Organisation &UNEP, subsequent endorsement came forth universally acknowledging necessity surrounding unbiased evaluation pertaining specifically towards atmospheric alterations attributable largely yet not exclusively unto mankind's endeavors since Industrial Revolution era onwards until contemporary times encompassing myriad aspects ranging widely beyond mere thermometric readings alone; incorporating socioeconomic dimensions alongside technological advancements capable influencing outcomes either positively/negatively depending entirely upon implementation strategies employed henceforth going forward into future decades ahead us now awaiting decisive action plans capable addressing root causes effectively once identified conclusively following thorough investigation conducted diligently throughout preceding years prior publication final draft documents outlining key recommendations aimed guiding policymakers accordingly based available evidence gathered systematically adhering stringent quality control measures ensuring reliability validity results obtained therein before dissemination public domain scrutiny inevitably follows thereafter naturally enough given high stakes involved hereafter considering implications far-reaching consequences potentially resulting therefrom should worst-case scenarios materialize unmitigated circumstances prevailing unchecked indefinitely long term perspective taken account planning purposes moving forwards collaboratively together united front combating common enemy threatening very existence life earth as know presently constituted thus far history books tell tale survival against odds stacked heavily against initially stages development civilization still evolving rapidly changing times we live today tomorrow awaits patiently unseen unknowns lurking shadows waiting pounce unsuspecting prey unaware dangers posed lurking darkness corners mindless oblivion beckons softly singing siren songs luring lost souls wandering wilderness seeking solace sanctuary safety security stability certainty predictability orderliness regularity routine normalcy familiarity comfort warmth light hope love peace joy happiness fulfillment meaning purpose direction guidance wisdom knowledge truth justice fairness equality compassion empathy kindness generosity gratitude humility patience perseverance resilience courage bravery strength power energy vitality

David Lawrence Lipsey , Baron Lipsey ( born 21 April 1948 ) is a British journalist and Labour Party politician .   Lipsey was created a Life peer as Baron Lipsey , of Tooting Bec in the London Borough of Wandsworth , on 30 July 1999 . He sits on the Labour benches in the House of Lords . He was a political adviser to Anthony Crosland in Opposition and an adviser to 10 Downing Street . He has worked as a journalist for a variety of different publications including the Sunday Times , Sunday Correspondent , The Times , The Guardian and The Economist . From 1982 to 1983 he was Chairman of the Fabian Society and from 1970 to 1972 Secretary of the Streatham Labour Party .   David Lipsey was awarded a Special Orwell Prize in 1997 for his work as ` Bagehot ' in The Economist .   Lipsey has held numerous senior posts in public life . As well as his economic and social interests , he chairs the All Party Parliamentary group on Classical Music ( from 2011 ) , is a patron of the Glasbury Arts Festival , a trustee of the Cambrian Orchestra Trust and chairman of the Sidney Nolan Trust ( from 2011 ) , as well as being a trustee of other arts organisations .   His sporting interests have included harness racing and presidency of the British Harness Racing Club ( 2008 to 2016 ) as well as chairmanship of the British Greyhound Racing Board ( now the greyhound Board of Great Britain ) from 2004 to 2009 .

The 127th Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union ( IPU ) was hosted in Quebec City , Canada from October 21 to 26 , 2012 . Approximately 1,500 delegates from 162 member parliaments , 10 associate members and observing organizations were invited to attend the event .   The Assembly 's overall theme was : Citizenship , identity , and linguistic and cultural diversity in a globalized world . It included different discussion panels on issues such as : multilateralism and parliamentary diplomacy , peak oil and the prospects for energy security , peace consolidation after conflict , youth participation in today 's global economy , and gender sensitive parliaments .   The 127th Assembly was the fourth IPU Assembly hosted by the Parliament of Canada since it was formally affiliated with the IPU in 1912 .

Reportage sometimes refers to the total media coverage of a particular topic or event , including news reporting and analysis .   Reportage may also refer to :   Reportage ( album ) , an unfinished and unreleased album by the British band Duran Duran  Reportage ( TV show ) , a youth-oriented current affairs show in the BBC 's late-80s / early-90s DEF II slot  Neutral reportage , a common law defense against libel and defamation lawsuits usually involving media republishing unproven accusations about public figures  Reportage Press , a publishing house  Reportage 57 , a 1959 East German film

Reincarnation and Biology : A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects is a 1997 two-part monograph ( 2268 pages ) written by psychiatrist Ian Stevenson and published by Praeger . Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect is a condensation of the two books written for the general reader .   Reincarnation and Biology has been reviewed in Omega 36 ( 3 ) :273 -274 , 1997 -- 98 , and in the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 92:286 -291 , 1999 . Joint reviews of Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect and Reincarnation and Biology have also appeared in several journals .

`` Repent , Harlequin ! ' Said the Ticktockman '' is a science fiction short story by American writer Harlan Ellison . It is nonlinear in that the narrative begins in the middle , then moves to the beginning , then the end , without the use of flashbacks . First appearing in the science fiction magazine Galaxy in December 1965 , it won the 1966 Hugo Award , the 1965 Nebula Award and the 2015 Prometheus Hall of Fame Award . The story has been translated into numerous foreign languages and is one of the most reprinted stories in the English language . '' ` Repent , Harlequin ! ' Said the Ticktockman '' was written in 1965 in a single six-hour session as a submission to a Milford Writer 's Workshop the following day . A version of the story , read by Harlan Ellison , was recorded and issued on vinyl , but has long been out of print . The audio recording has since been reissued with other stories , by Blackstone Audio , under the title `` The Voice From the Edge , Vol . 1 '' . It was first collected in Ellison 's Paingod and Other Delusions and has also appeared in several retrospective volumes of Ellison 's work , including Alone Against Tomorrow , The Fantasies of Harlan Ellison , The Essential Ellison , Troublemakers and The Top of the Volcano .   Stylistically , the story purposely ignores many `` rules of good writing '' , including a paragraph about jelly beans which is almost entirely one run-on sentence .

is a historical record of the Inbe clan of Japan written in the early Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) . It was composed by Inbe no Hironari in 807 using material transmitted orally over several generations of the Inbe clan .

The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission ( KLWCT ) , also known as the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal , is a Malaysian organisation established in 2007 by Mahathir Mohamad to investigate war crimes . The KLWCC was instigated as an alternative to the International Criminal Court in The Hague , which Mahathir accused of bias in its selection of cases to cover .

Latin hypercube sampling ( LHS ) is a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values from a multidimensional distribution . The sampling method is often used to construct computer experiments or for Monte-Carlo integration .   The LHS was described by McKay in 1979 . An independently equivalent technique was proposed by Eglājs in 1977 . It was further elaborated by Ronald L. Iman and coauthors in 1981 . Detailed computer codes and manuals were later published .   In the context of statistical sampling , a square grid containing sample positions is a Latin square if ( and only if ) there is only one sample in each row and each column . A Latin hypercube is the generalisation of this concept to an arbitrary number of dimensions , whereby each sample is the only one in each axis-aligned hyperplane containing it .   When sampling a function of variables , the range of each variable is divided into equally probable intervals . sample points are then placed to satisfy the Latin hypercube requirements ; note that this forces the number of divisions , , to be equal for each variable . Also note that this sampling scheme does not require more samples for more dimensions ( variables ) ; this independence is one of the main advantages of this sampling scheme . Another advantage is that random samples can be taken one at a time , remembering which samples were taken so far .   In two dimensions the difference between random sampling , Latin Hypercube sampling and orthogonal sampling can be explained as follows :  In random sampling new sample points are generated without taking into account the previously generated sample points . One does not necessarily need to know beforehand how many sample points are needed .  In Latin Hypercube sampling one must first decide how many sample points to use and for each sample point remember in which row and column the sample point was taken . Note that such configuration is similar to having N rooks on a chess board without threatening each other .  In Orthogonal sampling , the sample space is divided into equally probable subspaces . All sample points are then chosen simultaneously making sure that the total ensemble of sample points is a Latin Hypercube sample and that each subspace is sampled with the same density .   Thus , orthogonal sampling ensures that the ensemble of random numbers is a very good representative of the real variability , LHS ensures that the ensemble of random numbers is representative of the real variability whereas traditional random sampling ( sometimes called brute force ) is just an ensemble of random numbers without any guarantees .

The Imperial Conference of 1907 was convened in London on 15 April 1907 as the Colonial Conference of 1907 and concluded on 14 May 1907 . During the sessions a resolution was passed renaming this and future meetings Imperial Conferences . The chairman of the conference was British prime minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman .   The conference decided to cease referring to self-governing British colonies as colonies and conferred upon them dominion status . Canada and Australia were referred to as dominions in the conferences statements while Newfoundland Colony and the Colony of New Zealand were granted dominion status by Royal Proclamation on 26 September . Natal and Cape Colony would unite with the two Boer colonies of Orange River Colony and Transvaal Colony , which had been given self-government in 1907 , to form the Union of South Africa as a dominion in 1910 .   The possibilities of Irish Home Rule and self-governance for India were also discussed . Imperial preference was raised but rejected by the British prime minister due to British support for free trade .

In statistics , L-moments are a sequence of statistics used to summarize the shape of a probability distribution . They are linear combinations of order statistics ( L-statistics ) analogous to conventional moments , and can be used to calculate quantities analogous to standard deviation , skewness and kurtosis , termed the L-scale , L-skewness and L-kurtosis respectively ( the L-mean is identical to the conventional mean ) . Standardised L-moments are called L-moment ratios and are  analogous to standardized moments . Just as for conventional moments , a theoretical distribution has a set of population L-moments . Sample L-moments can be defined for a sample from the population , and can be used as estimators of the population L-moments .


Question: There exists both eyewitness accounts and additional data pointing to comparable ice retreats between the years of 1938-43 as well as during various periods in history.

 Historical Ice Melt Events
Historical records and eyewitness accounts suggest significant glacial retreat during specific periods throughout history, notably from 1938-43 and sporadically across various epochs. These events mirror contemporary ice melt phenomena, indicating cyclical patterns influenced by both natural variability and anthropogenic impacts. Just as ancient civilizations adapted to changing climates, modern societies grapple with accelerating ice loss attributed largely to greenhouse gases. Yet, historical precedence offers valuable insights into how ecosystems respond under fluctuating conditions. Documentation reveals earlier instances where glaciers receded dramatically before stabilizing or advancing again; understanding these dynamics becomes crucial for predicting future outcomes amidst ongoing global warming debates.

Year 1346 ( MCCCXLVI ) was a common year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar . It was a year in the 14th century , in the midst of a period known in European history as the Late Middle Ages . In Asia that year , the Black Plague came to the troops of the Golden Horde Khanate ; the disease also affected the Genoese Europeans they were attacking , before spreading to the rest of Europe . In Central and East Asia , there was a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising , and the Chagatai Khanate began to splinter and fall ; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan dynasty . The Indian kingdom of Vijayanagara won several victories over Muslim conquerors in the north in this year as well .   In Eastern Europe , Stefan Dušan was proclaimed Tsar of Serbia on April 16 ( Easter Sunday ) at Skopje . In the nearby Byzantine Empire , the Ottoman emir Orhan married Byzantine princess Theodora as part of an alliance between her father John VI Kantakouzenos and the Ottomans . Ongoing civil wars in both Bulgaria and Byzantium continued . Denmark sold its portion of Northern Estonia to the Livonian Order of the Teutonic Knights after finally quelling the St. George 's Night Uprising . In Central Europe , Charles IV of Luxembourg was elected Roman King on July 11 . A number of banking families in Italy , including the Bardi family , faced bankruptcy in this year , and much of Italy suffered a famine . The Hundred Years ' War between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of England continued in Western Europe , as Edward III of England led an invasion onto the continent and won a number of victories .

Lake Vermont , also called Glacial Lake Vermont , was a temporary lake created by the retreating glaciers during the close of the last ice age . The lake once included land in the Canadian province of Quebec and the American states Vermont and New York . It was a geographical predecessor of Lake Champlain . Once the glacier retreated far enough north , it drained into Glacial Lake Candona , the geologic predecessor of the St. Lawrence River .   At one time , Lake Vermont may have reached nearly as far south as to what is now Albany , New York . The surface of the lake was about 500 ft above present day Lake Champlain , and was up to 900 ft deep . The lake contained muddy water , and the sediment of Lake Vermont contains silt/clay varves , with silt being deposited during summer and clay during the less-energetic flow of winter .   The Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated north of what is now Burlington , Vermont , about 13,500 years ago , marking the beginning of Lake Vermont . The ice damming the water at the north end , at what is now Warwick , Quebec , failed catastrophically about 12,000 years ago . The lake dropped 300 ft within hours or days . Eventually , when the glacier retreated far enough north , salt water swept in , replacing the larger , freshwater Lake Vermont with the smaller , saltwater Champlain Sea .

The 1991 Halloween blizzard was a period of heavy snowfall and ice accumulation that affected parts of the Upper Midwest of the United States , from October 31 to November 3 , 1991 . Over the last week of October 1991 a large storm system over the Atlantic Ocean ( 1991 Perfect Storm ) blocked most of the weather patterns over the eastern half of the United States , and in turn moisture from the Gulf of Mexico was funneled straight northward over the affected region . By the time the precipitation stopped falling many cities in the eastern half of Minnesota and northwestern Wisconsin had witnessed record early-season snowfall accumulations , while parts of southern Minnesota and northern Iowa were crippled by a large ice storm . Arctic air that was pulled southward behind the storm had combined with the heavy snow pack to produce many record low temperatures . Between the blizzard and the ice storm 22 people were killed and over 100 were injured .

The Blons avalanches in Austria was one of the worst mass burials by avalanche in recorded history .   The small village of Blons near Bludenz , Vorarlberg in the Austrian Alps was hit by an avalanche at 9:36 a.m. on 12 January 1954 . A second avalanche hit the village at 7 p.m. as rescue workers attempted to dig out the persons buried by the first avalanche . The village had a population of 365 people , of whom 57 were killed and 22 never found . Twenty-nine of the 90 buildings in the village were destroyed . Over 200 died on that day in the two avalanches .   A novel and film , Der Atem des Himmels , portray the avalanches and the build-up to them realistically .

David Beers Quinn ( 24 April 1909 -- 19 March 2002 ) was an Irish historian who wrote extensively on the voyages of discovery and colonisation of America . Many of his publications appeared as volumes of the Hakluyt Society . He played a major role in assisting the presentation of the historical aspects during the quadricentennial celebrations ( 1984 -- 1987 ) of the first establishment a colony at Roanoke Island .   Quinn was born in Dublin , Ireland and was the single pupil at his first school . He graduated from Queen 's University , Belfast in 1931 . He then completed a PhD on the early Tudor administration in Ireland at King 's College London . He subsequently spent five years as lecturer at University College , Southampton ( now Southampton University ) . Returning Belfast in 1939 he taught Irish history .   He became interested in the voyages of discovery made by Humphrey Gilbert . At that time historians relied uncritically on the works of Richard Hakluyt published around 1600 . Quinn 's work and the new sources he discovered resulted in his first volume for the Hakluyt Society , and marked the beginning of his seminal work on voyages of exploration , which he developed from 1944 at University College , Swansea . In 1957 he moved to Liverpool University .   At the instigation of America 's Four Hundredth Anniversary Committee his Set Fair for Roanoke : Voyages and Colonies , 1584 -- 1590 was published by University of North Carolina Press in 1985 .   He died in Liverpool , England on 19 March 2002 .

Lavrentiy Pavlovich Beria ( -LSB- langˈbɛriə -RSB- ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია , Lavrenti Pavles dze Beria ; -- 23 December 1953 ) was a Soviet politician of Georgian ethnicity , Marshal of the Soviet Union and state security administrator , chief of the Soviet security and secret police apparatus ( NKVD ) under Joseph Stalin during World War II , and Deputy Premier in the postwar years ( 1946 -- 1953 ) .   Beria was the longest-lived and most influential of Stalin 's secret police chiefs , wielding his most substantial influence during and after World War II . He simultaneously administered vast sections of the Soviet state and served as de facto Marshal of the Soviet Union in command of the NKVD field units responsible for anti-Nazi partisan operations on the Eastern Front during World War II , as well as for acting as barrier troops and the apprehension of thousands of `` turncoats , deserters , cowards and suspected malingerers . '' Beria administered the vast expansion of the Gulag labor camps and was primarily responsible for overseeing the secret defense institutions known as sharashkas , critical to the war effort . He also played the decisive role in coordinating the Soviet partisans , developing an impressive intelligence and sabotage network behind German lines . He attended the Yalta Conference with Stalin , who introduced him to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as `` our Himmler '' . After the war , he organized the communist takeover of the state institutions of Central and Eastern Europe . Beria 's uncompromising ruthlessness in his duties and skill at producing results culminated in his success in overseeing the Soviet atomic bomb project . Stalin gave it absolute priority and the project was completed in under five years in no small part due to Soviet espionage against the West organized by Beria 's NKVD .   Upon Stalin 's death in March 1953 , Beria was promoted to First Deputy Premier , where he carried out a campaign of liberalization . He was briefly a part of the ruling `` troika '' with Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . Beria 's overconfidence in his position after Stalin 's death led him to misjudge other Politburo members . During the coup d'état led by Nikita Khrushchev and assisted by the military forces of Marshal Georgy Zhukov , Beria was arrested on charges of treason during a meeting in which the full Politburo condemned him . The compliance of the NKVD was ensured by Zhukov 's troops , and after interrogation Beria was taken to the basement of the HQ of the Moscow Military District and shot by General Pavel Batitsky .

The Deep Freeze Range is a rugged mountain range , over 128 km long and about 16 km wide , rising between Priestley and Campbell glaciers in Victoria Land , Antarctica , and extending from the edge of the polar plateau to Terra Nova Bay . Peaks in the low and mid portions of the range were observed by early British expeditions to the Ross Sea .   The range was mapped in detail by the USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1955-63 . Named by US-ACAN in recognition of the splendid support to research provided by the U.S. Navy 's Operation Deep Freeze expeditions to Antarctica for many years beginning in 1954 .  __ NOTOC __

Relación breve de la conquista de la Nueva España ( Short Account of the Conquest of New Spain ) is the account of friar Francisco de Aguilar , who in his youth took part in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire as a conquistador under the command of Hernán Cortés .   According to the introduction by the author , the account was written after Aguilar had joined the Dominican Order , at a time in which he would have been more than 80 years old , between 1559 and 1571 . Following the death of Francisco de Aguilar , the manuscript came into the possession of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico Pedro Moya de Contreras , who then gave it to Philip II of Spain . Since then , the Relación breve de la conquista de la Nueva España has been held along with other 16th century manuscripts in the library of the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial . The manuscript survived a fire in the library that occurred on 7 June 1671 .

Recluse Nunatak is an isolated rock exposure lying on the Handel Ice Piedmont , midway between Haydn Inlet and the Colbert Mountains in the west-central portion ( facing towards the Wilkins Ice Shelf ) of Alexander Island , Antarctica . The nunatak was first mapped from air photos taken by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition ( RARE ) , 1947 -- 48 , by Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) in 1960 . The name given by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) suggests the isolated position of the nunatak , considering this landform is situated far away from other landforms of Alexander Island .

Kolahoi Glacier is a valley glacier in the northwestern Himalayan Range situated 26 kilometers north from Pahalgam and 16 kilometers south from Sonamarg , in the state of Jammu and Kashmir .   Kolahoi glacier lies at an average elevation of 4700 m . The highest peak named after the glacier is Kolahoi Peak has an elevation of 5425 meters . The origin of the glacier is below the cirques on the north flank of Kolahoi Peak . It is the source of Lidder River and some melt waters become the tributaries of the Sind River . Its water serves the population of Anantnag district , where it is mainly being used for drinking and agricultural purposes . The water finally discharges itself into Jhelum River near Khanabal .   Kolahoi Glacier is among the victims of global warming , and has shrunk in area from 13.57 km2 in 1963 to 10.69 km2 in 2005 or a loss of 2.88 km2 in three decades . In 1974 the glacier was about 5 km long and is known to have extended for at least 35 km during the Pleistocene . According to another report , Kolahoi is a hanging glacier and hollowed inside . It is a matter of great concern for Kashmir Valley . Many expeditions have failed here . A local club is trying much to summit it in 2014 .