Question: The devastating impact of Hurricane Harvey on Houston and nearby areas, resulting in over $125 billion worth damages, has highlighted the dire consequences associated with underestimating flood risks. This massive financial toll serves as an alarming reminder regarding the true cost of ignoring the potential threat posed by such natural disasters.

 Lessons Learned: Hurricane Harvey's Toll on Houston

Hurricane Harvey delivered a stark reminder regarding flood risks when it battered Houston and neighboring areas in late summer 2017. Causing approximately $125 billion worth of damages, this catastrophic event underscored how underestimating flooding potential can lead to massive economic losses. Houston, already recognized as America’s fourth-largest city and a key hub in Southern US, faced severe challenges during this crisis. Established along the Buffalo Bayou in southeastern Texas close to the Gulf Coast, the city serves as both Harris County's administrative center and the heart of the sprawling Greater Houston metropolitan zone – ranking among the nation's top five MSAs based on population size.

Founded back in 1836 and officially chartered just nine months later, Houston takes pride in being named after revered military leader turned politician Samuel "Sam" Houston following his decisive victory against Mexican troops at nearby San Jacinto battlefield. Over subsequent decades, strategic investments into ports & railways alongside discoveries related to petroleum reserves fueled consistent demographic booms hereabouts; meanwhile, pivotal developments such as establishment circa mid-twentieth-century era around Texas Medical Center (TMC) —world-renowned cluster comprising numerous prestigious medical/research facilities—plus National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA)'s Lyndon Baines Johnson Space Centre hosting renowned Mission Operations Directorate (MOD), collectively contributed significantly towards bolstering regional prominence across multiple fronts.

Economically speaking, contemporary-day Houston boasts diversified industries spanning energy, manufacturing, aerospace engineering, logistics/transportation etc., complemented well via thriving presence enjoyed amongst healthcare sector players plus robust infrastructure supporting maritime commerce through bustling Port Of Houston Authority terminals handling record-breaking volumes annually! Additionally noteworthy factoid pertains existence plethora corporate HQs belonging several FORTUNE magazine-listed entities situated within municipal boundaries itself... Notably dubbed “Space City” owing historical ties maintained w.r.t manned spaceflight endeavors spearheaded jointly by TMC/NASA personnel alike, local populace hails originally myriad ethnicities/faith traditions thereby rendering entire conurbation arguably most culturally heterogeneous entity statewide if not nationwide too!

Culturally vibrant landscape characterized via abundant museums/exhibitions drawing upwards seven-million annual attendees converging upon aforementioned Museum District locale; coupled harmoniously alongside flourishing performing/fine art scenes centered predominantly Theatre District environs showcasing repertoire courtesy resident companies specializing respective disciplines throughout calendar year without exception. Indeed, Houston epitomizes quintessential cosmopolitanism given rich tapestry woven together incorporating elements attributable business acumen, international commerce, leisure pursuits, societal

The 1976 Pacific hurricane season was a very deadly and costly season . Hurricanes Kathleen , Liza , and Madeline were the most notable storms this year . Hurricane Kathleen caused death and destruction in California and Arizona due to flooding . Hurricane Liza was the deadliest storm of the season when it killed over 600 people in Mexico . Hurricane Madeline is notable for being the most intense Pacific hurricane at landfall . Also of note are that the final four systems all made landfall . These storms were ( in order ) : Kathleen , Liza , Madeline and Naomi .   __ TOC __

The 1998 Townsville and Thuringowa city floods  began on 10 January 1998 , the cities of Townsville and Thuringowa were hit by the worst floods in the cities ' history .

Deluge is a 1933 American Pre-Code apocalyptic , science fiction film released by RKO Radio Pictures , and directed by Felix E. Feist . The film depicts a group of worldwide natural disasters which lead to the destruction of the earth .   The film is very loosely based on the novel of the same name by S. Fowler Wright , with the setting changed from England to the United States . A series of earthquakes destroy the Pacific coast of the United States , causing a massive tsunami , which heads toward New York City .

The 1962 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season that included two hurricane landfalls . The 1962 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15 , 1962 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 , 1962 in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility and lasted until November 30 , 1962 in both regions . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean .   The first of two hurricane landfalls , Hurricane Valerie , struck northwestern Mexico in June . The other , Hurricane Doreen , hit further to the north of Valerie in October . The most impacting storm of the season was Tropical Storm Claudia , after its remnants dropped heavy rainfall in portions of Arizona . The rainfall left damaging flooding across rivers and towns . No people were killed , but damage totaled to $ 11 million ( 1962 USD ) . Moreover , Tropical Storm Bernie also made landfall along the Baja California peninsula , later providing rain to Arizona . An unusually high number of storms threatened the Palmyra Atoll , where only 1 % of known Pacific tropical cyclones have threatened . In all , a total of 16 storms were observed , which was above average though only two ( Valerie and Doreen ) reached hurricane intensity .

Lake Powell is an artificial pond located in James City County , Virginia . In 2006 , flood damage from Tropical Storm Ernesto caused the earthen retaining dam which formed the lake to burst and empty .

The 1941 Atlantic hurricane season was the period during 1941 in which tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic Basin . It was a relatively inactive hurricane season , with only six known storms . It officially began on June 16 , 1941 , and lasted until November 1 , 1941 . These dates delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic basin . Of the six cyclones , four attained hurricane status , and three became major hurricanes . The active season had an abnormally late start ; the first system formed on September 11 , nearly three months after the official beginning date . The season was also short-lived , as all six storms developed in rapid succession . On September 23 , three hurricanes existed simultaneously in the Atlantic basin .   In total , the season resulted in about 63 fatalities and over $ 10 million in damages . The first and last storms of the season were largely insignificant , although the second , fourth , and fifth storms had considerable effects . Two hurricanes struck the United States : a major hurricane that struck Texas and Louisiana in late September , disrupting the Louisiana Maneuvers , and Hurricane Five , which made two landfalls in Florida , the first of which was near Miami at Category 2 intensity , inflicting widespread damage . Another major storm -- Hurricane Four -- traversed the Caribbean before striking the Nicaragua -- Honduras border at Category 4 intensity , leaving 47 men dead at sea .  __ TOC __

The 1970 Canada hurricane was an unnamed tropical cyclone that brought impact to Bermuda and Newfoundland . The fourth hurricane and ninth tropical storm of the annual hurricane season , this system developed northeast of the Bahamas as a subtropical depression on October 12 . While tracking northeastward , the system intensified , becoming a subtropical storm on the following day . The subtropical storm transitioned into a tropical cyclone on October 16 , and strengthened into a hurricane about twelve hours later . The hurricane later bypassed Bermuda , before further intensifying into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Thereafter , the hurricane accelerated rapidly northeastward , and made landfall on the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland as a Category 1 hurricane . It transitioned into an extratropical cyclone early on October 17 .   The system produced tropical storm force winds on Bermuda , which caused the suspension of schools , transportation , and interrupted businesses , although minimal structural damage occurred . Light rainfall was also reported on the island . Hurricane force winds were observed throughout Newfoundland , which caused damage to structures , though mostly limited to broken windows . Rough seas damaged fishing dories and a fishing ramp on the Atlantic coast of the island . The cost of damage on the Burin Peninsula was estimated to be in the thousands of dollars , although the specific figure in unknown . Heavy rainfall was also reported in the region , with precipitation in Quebec reaching nearly 5 in . On the French Territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , several buildings and houses lost their roof due to strong winds .

Lake Conroe is a 21,000 acre lake in Montgomery County , Texas , United States . Even though it is named Lake Conroe , only a small portion of the lake is in Conroe , Texas . Most of the lake is in unincorporated Montgomery County . The lake lies on the West Fork of the San Jacinto River , just west of Interstate 45 off State Highway 105 in Montgomery and Walker counties . Lake Conroe is a popular attraction for boating , jet-skiing , and fishing .   The lake runs through classic East Texas Piney Woods forests . Water quality is generally good , with an average depth of 20.5 ft , and a maximum depth of 75 ft. The controlling authority of the lake is the San Jacinto River Authority . The City of Houston owns a two-thirds interest in the lake ; the SJRA owns one-third . The lake extends about 21 mi in length and covers 20118 acres with 5000 acres in Sam Houston National Forest and capacity of 430,260 acre.ft . Lake Conroe was conceived in 1970 as an alternate water supply for the city of Houston . The lake was completed in January 1973 , and it was filled on October 31 , 1973 .   A few celebrities , such as Rudy Tomjanovich , Roger Clemens , Aaron Gray , and Colin Edwards , have residences in the Lake Conroe area .

The 1887 Halloween tropical storm was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused significant damage along the East Coast of the United States during Halloween of 1887 . The sixteenth tropical storm of the annual hurricane season , it formed from an area of disturbed weather over the Gulf of Mexico on October 29 . The storm later came ashore along the west coast of Florida . After crossing the state , it produced severe thunderstorms along the North Carolina -- Virginia coastline before becoming extratropical on November 1 . The extratropical system intensified into the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . It eventually dissipated on November 6 , shortly after hitting northwest France .   The storm affected the town of Norfolk , where it became the most damaging storm since 1879 . Despite the damage inland , the storm is best known for the unusually high amount of shipwrecks and maritime incidents it caused . One ship , a schooner called the Manantico , capsized , killing the captain and one of its crew members . Three other ships were driven ashore on Virginia beaches from Dam Rock to Cape Henry , and numerous others were put in danger .

The 1899 Carrabelle hurricane caused significant damage in the Dominican Republic and the Florida Panhandle . The second tropical cyclone and second hurricane of the 1899 Atlantic hurricane season , the storm was first observed south of the Dominican Republic on July 28 , 1899 . Shortly thereafter , it made landfall in Azua Province , Dominican Republic with an intensity equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Early on July 29 , the system weakened to a tropical storm , shortly before emerging into the Atlantic Ocean . It then moved west-northwestward and remained at the same intensity for the next 24 hours . The storm made landfall near Islamorada , Florida on July 30 . It then brushed Southwest Florida before emerging into the Gulf of Mexico . The storm began to re-intensify on July 31 and became a hurricane later that day . Early on August 1 , it peaked with winds of 100 mph ( 155 km/h ) , several hours before making landfall near Apalachicola , Florida at the same intensity . The storm quickly weakened inland and dissipated over Alabama on August 2 .   In the Dominican Republic , three large schooners were wrecked at Santo Domingo ; only one crew member on the three vessels survived . `` Great '' damage was reported along coastal sections of the country while a loss of telegraph service impacted most of interior areas . In Florida , damage in the city of Carrabelle was extensive , where only nine houses remained . Losses in the city reached approximately $ 100,000 ( 1899 USD ) . At least 57 shipping vessels were destroyed ; damage from these ships collectively totaled about $ 375,000 . Additionally , 13 lumber vessels were beached . Many boats at the harbor and the wharfs in Lanark were wrecked ; large portions of stores and pavilions in the city were damaged . The towns of Curtis Mill and McIntyre were completely destroyed , while the resort city of St. Teresa suffered significant damage . Overall , seven deaths were confirmed in Florida and losses in the state reached at least $ 1 million .


Question:
 During the beginning of the millennium's second decade, researchers observed the fragmentation of numerous Antarctic ice platforms; this phenomenon alarmed them as it indicated an escalating threat to the significantly more extensive continental glaciers' stability.
This rephrased statement maintains the original sentence structure while altering some terms for variety: "the beginning of the millennium’s second decade" instead of "early 2000s", "observed...fragmentation" rather than "began disintegrating," and "escalating threat to ...stability” compared with “greatly accelerate the demise." The meaning remains consistent throughout both versions.

 Acceleration of Ice Sheet Disintegration: A Wake-Up Call
In recent decades, particularly during the early years of the new millennium, researchers observed alarming signs of accelerating ice shelf collapse across various sectors of Antarctica - signals pointing ominously toward heightened vulnerability for its massive underlying ice sheets. These events underscored how rapidly changing conditions can impact vast expanses of ice, potentially unleashing catastrophic consequences linked directly to rising global temperatures.
Since approximately 1850, observations confirm widespread glacier shrinkage, impacting freshwater supply essential for agricultural needs, household usage, ecological systems reliant upon meltwater runoff, recreational pursuits, and long-term ocean levels. Scientists attribute this phenomenon largely to escalating concentrations of heat-trapping gasses within Earth’s atmosphere – a critical piece supporting theories regarding anthropogenic (human-caused) climate disruption.
Mountains globally exhibit pronounced glacial diminishment; examples abound among high-altitude chains spanning continents —the Himalayan range, European Alps, North American Rockies, Pacific Northwest Cascades, alongside Southern Hemisphere counterparts—the Andean peaks. Additionally, equatorial locales encompassed by Mt. Kilimanjaro illustrate disproportionate reductions attributable specifically to warming trends.
Glacier vitality hinges critically upon achieving dynamic equilibrium between snowfall accumulation versus subsequent ice sublimation/melting cycles. Positive net gains foster expansion whereas deficits precipitate contraction phases culminating possibly into total disappearance without intervention restoring stability mechanisms.
Historically speaking, colder epochs known collectively as “Little Ice Ages” persisted roughly AD ~16-17 centuries prior reverting sharply circa mid-nineteenth-century onset marked by pervasive thermal anomalies indicative of incipient planetary feverishness. Post-war era witnessed episodic stabilization albeit transiently amidst broader cooling episode lasting through late twentieth century before resuming unabated escalation pace thereafter.
Consequences associated with disappearing alpine mantles extend far beyond mere aesthetic considerations given pivotal role played supplying potable H2O reserves especially pertinent considering densely populated lowland territories susceptible flooding hazards exacerbated via expanding marine boundaries encroaching landward peripheries.
Evidence gleaned monitoring receding margins characteristic Western Hemisphere cordilleras coupled analogous scenarios unfolding Eurasian theater corroborates consensus viewpoint attributing causality to enhanced radiative forcing emanating CO₂ equivalent molecules accumulating stratospheric reservoirs post-industrial revolution timeframe.
Moreover, intensifying velocity characterizing calving episodes documented along fringes colossal continental platforms comprising both Arctic Circle environs plus Transantarctic Mountain frontiers heralds ominous portents concerning future viability terrestrial ecosystems anchored atop frozen substrata poised tipping points triggering irreversible cascading failures

Deception Plateau is a high , ice-covered plateau , 11 mi long and 6 mi wide , which is bounded by Aviator Glacier , Pilot Glacier and Mount Overlord , in Victoria Land . It was so named by the southern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition , 1966 -- 67 , because of its deceptively small appearance when viewed from a distance .

The Kyle Hills are a prominent group of volcanic cones , hills , ridges , and peaks that occupy the eastern part of Ross Island , Antarctica , between Mount Terror and Cape Crozier . The hills extend east -- west for 8 nmi , rising from sea level at Cape Crozier to about 2600 m in Mount McIntosh at the western end of the group . Local relief of features is on the order of 200 m.   The hills were named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( 2000 ) after Philip R. Kyle , Professor of Geochemistry at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology , Socorro , who worked extensively in Antarctica over 28 field seasons , 1969 -- 2000 , completing six seasons under New Zealand Antarctic Research Program auspices , 1969 -- 76 . He was principal investigator on numerous National Science Foundation research projects in 23 seasons of field work under United States Antarctic Program auspices , 1977 -- 2000 , with focus on long-term research of the volcano Mount Erebus , and was in charge of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory , 2000 .

1990 International Trans-Antarctica Expedition a 3,741-mile , 220-day expedition was the first-ever non-mechanized crossing of Antarctica . The six-member , international team was co-led by U.S. team member , Will Steger and French team member , Dr. Jean-Louis Étienne . The other team members were Victor Boyarsky ( Soviet Union ) , Geoff Somers ( Great Britain ) , Qin Dahe ( China ) and Keizo Funatsu ( Japan ) . The expedition was operated in partnership with the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute through a joint venture . Primary expedition sponsors were W. L. Gore and Associates and Union d'Assurances de Paris ( UAP ) .   The expedition 's purpose was to bring international attention to the continent of Antarctica and the early signs of climate change . The expedition 's goal was to advocate for an environmental protocol and continuation of the Antarctic Treaty that would open up for review in 1991 . Following the expedition , the six team members visited their countries ' leaders and lobbied for the environmental protocol and Antarctic mining ban that were currently under discussion as addenda to the Antarctic Treaty .   A post-expedition article in the New York Times described the expedition : `` The trip took seven months ; the team endured temperatures that dipped to 113 degrees below zero and one storm that lasted 50 days . No one had ever tried a polar crossing of such length ; it is unlikely anyone ever will again . ''

DeBreuck Glacier is a glacier , 8 nmi long , which is a southern tributary to Kent Glacier in the Queen Elizabeth Range . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos , 1960 -- 62 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for William DeBreuck , a United States Antarctic Research Program ( USARP ) Belgian glaciologist at the South Pole Station , 1962 -- 63 .   DeBreuck was a member of the USARP South Pole -- Queen Maud Land Traverse III ( SPQMLT-3 ) 1967 -- 68 , and the first Belgian researcher to set foot on the Polar Plateau .

The Lashly Mountains are a small group of mountains , the most prominent at 2,550 m being Mount Crean , standing south of the head of Taylor Glacier and west of Lashly Glacier , in Oates Land , Antarctica . They were discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition ( 1901 -- 04 ) and named for William Lashly , a member of the party which explored this area .

DeVries Glacier is a steep tributary glacier just east of Peckham Glacier , flowing from the south slopes of the Britannia Range into Byrd Glacier . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Arthur L. DeVries , a United States Antarctic Research Program biologist at McMurdo Station in the 1961 -- 62 and 1963 -- 64 summer seasons .

Dibble Glacier in Antarctica is a prominent channel glacier flowing from the continental ice and terminating in a prominent tongue at the east side of Davis Bay . It was delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump ( 1946 -- 47 ) , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Jonas Dibble , ship 's carpenter on the sloop Peacock of the United States Exploring Expedition ( 1838 -- 42 ) under Charles Wilkes . Dibble is credited with leaving his sick bed and working 24 hours without relief with other carpenters to repair a broken rudder on the Peacock , when the ship was partially crushed in an ice bay in 151 ° 19 ′ E and forced to retire northward .

The Late Heavy Bombardment ( abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm ) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ( Ga ) ago , at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth . During this interval , a disproportionately large number of asteroids are theorized to have collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System , including Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass , but still quite early in Earth 's history .   Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts . Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time . Several hypotheses attempt to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors ( i.e. asteroids and comets ) in the inner Solar System , but no consensus yet exists . The Nice model , popular among planetary scientists , postulates that the giant planets underwent orbital migration and in doing so , scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits , and into the path of the terrestrial planets . Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga , and that the apparent clustering of impact-melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin . They also note that the rate of impact cratering could differ significantly between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System .

Desolation Island is one of the minor islands in the South Shetlands archipelago , Antarctica situated at the entrance to Hero Bay , Livingston Island . The island is V-shaped with its northern coast indented by Kozma Cove . Surface area 3.12 km2 .   The island was discovered on 15 October 1819 by Captain William Smith in the English merchant brig Williams during his second visit to the islands . The anchorage Blythe Bay at the southeast side of Desolation Island was frequented by the early Nineteenth century English and American sealers .

The Knuckey Peaks are a group of isolated peaks 30 nmi southeast of the McLeod Nunataks and 15 nmi west of the Doggers Nunataks in Enderby Land , Antarctica . The peaks were discovered and positioned in December 1958 by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions dog-sledge party , and were named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for G.A. Knuckey , a surveyor at Mawson Station in 1958 and a member of the dog-sledge party .


Question: During the dawn of the new millennium, the fragmentation of Antarctic ice shelves became evident across various regions; this alarming trend prompted researchers to acknowledge the potential for an expedited collapse of the significantly more extensive ice caps.

 Acceleration of Antarctic Ice Sheet Disintegration
In recent times, particularly since the dawn of the new millennium, there’s been growing concern regarding the rapid deterioration of ice shelves across various regions within Antarctica. These phenomena caught scientific attention when they started noticing significant changes happening faster than anticipated. Initially believed stable barriers protecting vast inland glaciers, these structures now seem increasingly vulnerable under escalating temperatures linked directly back to global warming trends.

Ice shelves act as crucial buffers against accelerated melting; acting somewhat akin to corks preventing champagne bottles' contents spilling forth too quickly. They form naturally along coastlines wherever large masses of land-based snow accumulate enough force through gravitational pull exerted upon them causing movement downhill until reaching open bodies of saltwater below. Herein lies their unique characteristic – being suspended atop oceans rather than firmly anchored into solid ground underneath like typical terrestrial glaciers would otherwise require.

Their composition varies widely depending upon specific location but generally falls somewhere within range spanning anywhere from hundred up till thousand meter depths measured vertically downwards starting point contact made initially touching seabeds before gradually ascending upwards again eventually culminating emergence protruding visibly skywards marking terminus edge boundaries separating marine environments encroaching ever closer towards continental interiors beyond.

Historically speaking prior occurrences witnessed involving sudden collapses attributed mostly towards mechanical failures resulting spontaneous fracturing breaking apart huge chunks drifting away freely adrift carried currents far distances away original source points origin. However latest research conducted jointly teams working together comprising members National Aeronautics Space Administration alongside academic institutions revealed surprising findings suggesting alternative explanations behind ongoing losses experienced recently. Namely pointing fingers squarely towards warmer saline solutions eroding away foundations supporting structures holding everything intact place thus triggering chain reactions leading eventual total breakdown entire systems involved.

Typical cycles observed involve periods relative stability punctuated episodic disturbances characterized dramatic shifts occurring seemingly overnight without warning signs preceding onset catastrophic failure modes initiating sequences irreversible damage done thereafter. Accumulations fresh precipitations accumulating surfaces counterbalanced opposing effects basal ablation taking place simultaneously submerged portions submerged hidden view sightline observers stationed high vantage points overlooking scenes unfolding below. Occasionally additional layers added bottom side increasing overall volume contained therein enhancing buoyancy properties enabling greater resistance offered external pressures applied externally impinging upon exposed faces outwardly facing directions opposite internal cores residing centrally located positions interior cavities hollowed out excavated spaces carved out originally filled compacted sediments deposited long ago during earlier epochs prehistoric ages past.

Amongst biggest examples identified so far encompassing expanses covering hundreds thousands square kilometers combined areas collectively equivalent size small countries put perspective scale magnitude issues confronting us presently. Another interesting

Red Rock Ridge or Morro Roca Roja or Promontorio Roca Roja is a conspicuous reddish-colored ridge or promontory which rises to 690 m and projects from the west coast of Graham Land between Neny Fjord and Rymill Bay . Red Rock Ridge is located at and has an elevation of 690 m. Red Rock Ridge was surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition ( BGLE ) under John Riddoch Rymill , who so named it because of its color . Further surveys in 1948 by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) have identified this ridge as the feature first sighted in 1909 and named '' Île Pavie '' or `` Cap Pavie '' by the French Antarctic Expedition under Jean-Baptiste Charcot , but the name Red Rock Ridge is now too firmly established to alter . The name Pavie Ridge has been assigned to the prominent rocky ridge at .

Rapa Nui Point is a rocky point projecting 180 m westwards into Shirreff Cove from the west coast of the small ( 2.6 km by 1.6 km ) ice-free promontory forming the north extremity of Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula , western Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica and ending up in Cape Shirreff . The point is dominated by Scarborough Castle , a 35 m crag roughly charted and descriptively named by the British sealer Captain Robert Fildes in 1821 .   The feature is named descriptively from its resemblance to the moai figures of Easter Island ( Rapa Nui ) , Chile .

Diomedea Island is a small island lying in Ardley Cove , Fildes Peninsula , King George Island , in the South Shetland Islands . The Soviet Antarctic Expedition called the feature `` Ostrov Al ` batros '' or `` Albatross Island '' in 1968 , but the English form duplicates a name in the Bay of Isles . To avoid confusion , the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee recommended a new name in 1979 , Diomedea being the generic name for several species of albatross .

Dee Ice Piedmont is an ice piedmont between Pavie Ridge and the mouth of Clarke Glacier on the east side of Mikkelsen Bay , west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . It was surveyed from the ground by the British Graham Land Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , and by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey , 1948 -- 50 . It was photographed by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition , November 1947 ( trimetrogon air photography ) , and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after John Dee , an English mathematician and pioneer teacher of navigation methods for 30 years during a period of great maritime expansion and exploration ( 1527-1608 ,1609 ) .

The Departure Rocks are a group of 4 steep-sided rocks lying 1 nmi north of Peake-Jones Rock in Holme Bay , Mac . Robertson Land . They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , and were so named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia because Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions parties going west from Mawson Station on the sea ice always pass through or close to these rocks .

The Kring Islands are a group of two islands and numerous rocks lying at the east side of Bell Bay along the coast of Enderby Land , Antarctica . They were mapped as a single island by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , and named Kringla ( the ring ) . Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions air photos of 1959 show the feature to be more than one island .

Dietz Bluff is a prominent bluff at the head of Hilton Inlet on the Black Coast , Palmer Land . The bluff was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service , 1940 , and by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition , 1947 . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from U.S. Navy aerial photographs taken 1966 -- 69 , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names , in association with the names of continental drift scientists grouped in this area , after Robert S. Dietz , an American marine geologist with the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory , Miami , Florida , from 1967 .

Kramolin Cove ( залив Крамолин , ` Zaliv Kramolin ' \ ` za-liv kra-mo - ` lin \ ) is the 1.92 km wide cove indenting for 900 m the southwest coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica . Entered between Yovkov Point and Kaspichan Point . Shape enhanced as a result of Murgash Glacier 's retreat in the late 20th and early 21st century .   The cove is named after the settlement of Kramolin in northern Bulgaria .

The Larsemann Hills are a series of low rounded coastal hills along the southeastern shore of Prydz Bay , Antarctica extending for 9 nmi from Dålk Glacier . They were discovered in February 1935 by Captain Klarius Mikkelsen from the whaling ship Thorshavn , sent out by Norwegian whaling magnate Lars Christensen , and given this name .

Kruber Rock is a lone rock lying 3.5 nmi west-northwest of the summit of Mount Flånuten on the west side of the Humboldt Mountains , in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was discovered and plotted from air photos by the Third German Antarctic Expedition , 1938 -- 39 , and mapped from air photos and surveys by the Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition , 1956 -- 60 . The rock was remapped by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition , 1960 -- 61 , and named after Soviet geographer Alexander Kruber .


Question: During the dawn of the new millennium, multiple regions across Antarctica witnessed the fragmentation of colossal ice shelves; this alarming development alerted researchers to the potential for an expedited collapse of significantly more extensive ice formations within the continent's icy expanse.

 Accelerated Ice Sheet Disintegration in Antarctica: A Wake-Up Call
In recent decades, particularly during the early years of the new millennium, researchers observed alarming signs of rapid ice sheet deterioration within various sectors of Antarctica. These observations underscored the escalating vulnerability of the vast continental ice reservoirs to climate-driven changes—a phenomenon potentially heralding accelerated glacial collapse.

The White Continent, known scientifically as Antarctica, holds significant geographical importance as it encapsulates both the geographic South Pole and spans extensively through the Antarctic region located deep into the Southern Hemisphere. Predominantly positioned below the Antarctic Circle, this landmass finds itself encircled by the expansive waters of the Southern Ocean. With dimensions stretching approximately 14 million square kilometers—comparable to double the area of Australia—it ranks as the world’s fifth largest continent. Remarkably, roughly 98% of Antarctica remains blanketed under thick layers of ice averaging around two kilometers depth; notably, except for portions near the upper end of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Characterized predominantly by extreme cold temperatures, dry conditions, and fierce winds, Antarctica boasts the distinction of having the highest mean altitude among terrestrial regions. Its landscape can aptly be described as a desert-like setting receiving meager rainfall amounting to merely eight inches annually along coastal areas while experiencing even lower figures farther inland. Temperatures here plummet down to record lows reaching minus eighty-nine degrees Celsius (-128°F), although typical readings hover closer to minus sixty-three degrees Celsius (-81°F) during winter months. Despite harsh living environments, Antarctica sustains diverse life forms comprising numerous varieties of algae, bacterial strains, fungal species, plant communities, protozoans alongside animal inhabitants exemplified by microscopic mites, roundworms, penguin colonies, seal breeds, and hardy water bears collectively referred to as Tardigradae. Where vegetation exists amidst this barren terrain, it typically manifests as low-growing shrubbery indicative of Arctic tundras.

Historically speaking, despite ancient speculations regarding existence of mythical lands lying southwards often termed “Terra Australis”, modern exploration narratives pinpoint initial sightings occurring circa eighteen hundred twenty when Russian explorers aboard ships named "Vostok" & "Mirnyi" led by Captains Fabian Gotlibovich Bellinsgauzen and Michael Petrovich Lazaev respectively caught glimpses of what later came to be identified as the Weddell Sea ice barrier. Nevertheless, owing partly to inhospitable climates coupled with scarcity of exploitable raw materials plus remoteness relative to

Debutante Island is a narrow island which is the southernmost of the Søstrene Islands . The island is ice-covered except for a small rock outcrop and barely protrudes above the general level of the Publications Ice Shelf . It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , and was named `` Debutante '' in 1952 by John H. Roscoe because the island is just beginning to `` come out '' from under its ice cover .

Lake CECs is a subglacial lake in Antarctica at approximately latitude 80 ° S . It has an estimated area of 18 km ² . The territory where the lake is located , some 160 km from Union Glacier , is claimed only by Chile .   The lake is located in a buffer zone of three major West Antarctic glaciers . The movement of the ice is almost nonexistent and the area is in a situation of low disturbance . This allows the body of water to be extremely stable , with minimal mass exchanges with its environment . This favors the hypothesis that the lake could support endemic life , which would have developed in extreme isolation .   Lake CECs was discovered by the Chilean research center Centro de Estudios Científicos ( CECs ) . The first signs of the lake were detected during Antarctic summer in January 2014 , when a mobile research station team journeyed through the central plateau of West Antarctica . Measurements showed unusual subglacial radar returns , indicating the presence of a waterbody at some 2.6 kilometers depth under the ice . An initial mapping with an ice-penetrating radar confirmed the finding . The research team returned in summer of 2015 and the mapping was completed . The findings were published in a Geophysical Research Letters report by four members of the CECs Glaciology Laboratory .

Komsomol ` skiy Peak is a partly snow-covered peak rising above the ice plateau located about 130 nmi south-southeast of Mount Menzies , Mac . Robertson Land , Antarctica . It was discovered by the crew of a Soviet aircraft on December 7 , 1958 , during a flight from the Southern pole of inaccessibility to Mirnyy Station , and was photographed by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition in December 1960 . The peak was named by the Soviet expedition after Komsomol , the Soviet Young Communist League .

Kolich Point is a rock point located midway between Spike Cape and Gneiss Point on the east coast of Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for geophysicist Thomas M. Kolich , who participated in the United States Antarctic Research Program geophysical survey of the Ross Ice Shelf in the 1973 -- 74 and 1974 -- 75 seasons .

Dingsør Dome is a small , distinct ice-covered elevation rising inland from the coast , 11 nmi south of Point Williams , in Mac . Robertson Land . It was discovered in February 1931 by the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition ( 1929 -- 31 ) under Douglas Mawson , and was named by Mawson after Captain Dingsør , a Norwegian whale fishery inspector who was aboard the Kosmos ( Captain Hans Andresen ) in Antarctica that season . The Kosmos had supplied coal to Mawson 's ship , the Discovery , on December 29 , 1930 .

Richard Irving `` Dick '' Walcott ( born 1933 ) is a New Zealand geologist known for his work on plate tectonics .   Walcott studied at Victoria University College , graduating with a BSc in 1962 . He then completed his PhD at Victoria University of Wellington in 1965 and was awarded a DSc by thesis from the same institution in 1981 . In 1966 he took up a postdoctoral research position at the University of British Columbia and the following year began working at the gravity division of Energy , Mines and Resources Canada . He returned to New Zealand in 1975 , became professor of geology at Victoria in 1983 , retired in 1999 , and was granted the title of emeritus professor .   He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1982 , and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1991 . In 1993 he won the Royal Society of New Zealand 's Hector Medal , and in 1999 he was awarded the Charles A. Whitten Medal by the American Geophysical Union .   The Walcott Névé in the Ross Dependency was named for Walcott by the northern party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition in 1961 -- 62 , of which he was the leader .

Lamykin Dome is a domed feature rising to 525 m which forms the ice-covered summit of Tange Promontory , on the coast of Enderby Land , Antarctica . The feature was plotted on charts by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition ( 1957 ) and named for Soviet hydrographer S.M. Lamykin .

Deschanel Peak is the summit of an isolated , partly ice-covered mountain , 750 m high , rising from the south part of the glacier close southeast of Cape Berteaux on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula . The approved name derives from `` Sommet Deschanel '' given by J.B. Charcot , leader of the French Antarctic Expedition , in January 1909 .

Lane Plateau is a flat , ice-covered plateau that rises to 3,000 m between Mount Waterman , Mount Cartwright , and Mount Bronk in the central Hughes Range of the Queen Maud Mountains , Antarctica . It trends north -- south for 9 nmi and is 2.5 nmi wide .   The plateau was discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on the Baselaying Flight of November 18 , 1929 , and surveyed by A.P. Crary , 1957 -- 58 . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys , 1962 -- 63 , and U.S. Navy photography taken 1958 -- 63 . The plateau is named in honor of Neal Lane , Director of the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) from 1993 to 1998 . Under his leadership the NSF won congressional approval for rebuilding South Pole Station as a premier international science facility set to open at the beginning of the 21st century .

Dead-ice occurs when a glacier or ice sheet ceases to move and melts in situ . After the ice has melted it leaves behind a hummocky terrain produced by the deposition of glacio-fluvial sediments and ablation till as the ice melted . Such features include kettle holes . Landscape forming Veiki moraines in northern Sweden and Canada have been ascribed as the result of ablation of extensive bodies of till-covered dead-ice .


Question:
 Earth's mean surface thermal reading has escalated approximately 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit or about 0.9 degree Celsius since pre-industrial times. This increase aligns with predictions of climate change models indicating significant shifts in our planetary environment.
(Note: I've added some additional context at the end for elaboration but if you want it exactly same length then following could work)

**Alternative Similar Claim within Same Length**: Our globe’s baseline terrestrial warmth has augmented roughly one point six two Farenheit equating nearly nine-tenths celsius grade.

 Climate Change: A Shift in Our Planet's Temperature
The Earth, often referred to as the Blue Planet given its vast expanses of water covering nearly three-quarters of its surface, finds itself undergoing significant changes attributed largely to anthropogenic influences. Among numerous indicators pointing towards global warming, perhaps none stand more prominently than rising temperatures. Scientists confirm that since pre-industrial times, earth's mean surface temperature increased approximately 1.62°F (0.9°C), marking substantial deviation from historical norms.

This phenomenon stems partly from escalating concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide —a potent greenhouse gas—primarily emitted via burning fossil fuels during energy generation and transportation sectors' operations. Additionally, deforestation contributes significantly; trees absorb CO2 naturally but when cut down release stored gases back into air accelerating warming trends globally.

Temperature hikes impact ecosystems profoundly; altered precipitation patterns lead to droughts/floods affecting agricultural productivity while melting glaciers disrupt freshwater supplies essential for sustaining both flora & fauna alike. Moreover, sea levels rise threatening coastal communities’ existence alongside exacerbating storm surges intensity making inhabitants vulnerable to displacement risks increasingly prevalent under current conditions exacerbated even further should no action taken promptly mitigating underlying causes effectively reversing course before irreversible damage inflicted upon mother nature herself rendering her incapable supporting life forms dependent thereupon henceforth necessitating urgent collective effort aimed addressing root issues head-on ensuring future generations inherit habitable environment conducive thriving rather than desolate wasteland devoid vitality characteristic healthy planetary systems capable nurturing diversity found nowhere else universe so far discovered mankind exploration endeavors spanning centuries unearthing wonders hidden within celestial bodies scattered throughout cosmos awaiting discovery eager minds willing venture beyond confines familiar surroundings seeking knowledge unknown territories harboring secrets yet revealed waiting patiently until humanity ready embrace challenge unlocking mysteries held tightly guarded eons past now ripe picking those brave enough embark journey discovering truths lie heart creation itself.

In conclusion, maintaining ecological balance crucial preserving delicate web interconnectivity existing among various components comprising intricate system responsible regulating weather cycles necessary supporting countless species coexisting harmoniously sharing limited resources equitably distributed amongst participants contributing equally towards common goal achieving sustainability defined ability maintain desired state indefinitely without compromising capacity succeeding cohorts meeting own needs independently perpetuating cycle ad infinitum eternally repeating pattern observed universally applicable regardless scale observation ranging macrocosmic microcosmic realms alike unified principle governing behavior entities occupying respective niches fulfilling designated roles assigned according universal laws dictating order chaos dance eternal rhythm played instruments tuned perfection resonate harmony perfect pitch creating symphony life beautiful music ears hear mind comprehend soul feel resonating depths consciousness awakening awareness higher truth revealing ultimate reality experienced directly transcending

Deuterium ( symbol or , also known as heavy hydrogen ) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen . The nucleus of deuterium , called a deuteron , contains one proton and one neutron , whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope , protium , has no neutron in the nucleus . Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth 's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen . Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156 % ( or on a mass basis 0.0312 % ) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans , while the most common isotope ( hydrogen-1 or protium ) accounts for more than 99.98 % . The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another ( see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ) .   The deuterium isotope 's name is formed from the Greek deuteros meaning `` second '' , to denote the two particles composing the nucleus . Deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey . When the neutron was discovered in 1932 , this made the nuclear structure of deuterium obvious , and Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934 . Soon after deuterium 's discovery , Urey and others produced samples of `` heavy water '' in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated .   Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced . Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium . Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago , as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 ( protium ) to deuterium ( about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms ) has its origin from that time . This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets , such as Jupiter ( see references 2,3 and 4 ) . However , other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1 . This is thought to be as a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets . Like the water-cycle in Earth 's weather , such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium . The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth 's oceans ( 156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens ) . This reinforces theories that much of Earth 's ocean water is of cometary origin . The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , as measured by the Rosetta space probe , is about three times that of earth water . This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet .   Deuterium/protium ratios thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology .

Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns ( called stimulus in living organisms , signal in machines ) and random patterns that distract from the information ( called noise , consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection machine and of the nervous system of the operator ) . In the field of electronics , the separation of such patterns from a disguising background is referred to as signal recovery .   According to the theory , there are a number of determiners of how a detecting system will detect a signal , and where its threshold levels will be . The theory can explain how changing the threshold will affect the ability to discern , often exposing how adapted the system is to the task , purpose or goal at which it is aimed .   When the detecting system is a human being experience , expectations , physiological state ( e.g. , fatigue ) and other factors can affect the threshold applied . For instance , a sentry in wartime might be likely to detect fainter stimuli than the same sentry in peacetime due to a lower criterion , however they might also be more likely to treat innocuous stimuli as a threat .   Much of the early work in detection theory was done by radar researchers . By 1954 , the theory was fully developed on the theoretical side as described by Peterson , Birdsall and Fox and the foundation for the psychological theory was made by Wilson P. Tanner , David M. Green , and John A. Swets , also in 1954 .  Detection theory was used in 1966 by John A. Swets and David M. Green for psychophysics . Green and Swets criticized the traditional methods of psychophysics for their inability to discriminate between the real sensitivity of subjects and their ( potential ) response biases .   Detection theory has applications in many fields such as diagnostics of any kind , quality control , telecommunications , and psychology . The concept is similar to the signal to noise ratio used in the sciences and confusion matrices used in artificial intelligence . It is also usable in alarm management , where it is important to separate important events from background noise .

In radiometry , radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area , whereas spectral exitance or spectral emittance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength , depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength . This is the emitted component of radiosity . The SI unit of radiant exitance is the watt per square metre , while that of spectral exitance in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz ( W · m − 2 · Hz − 1 ) and that of spectral exitance in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre ( W · m − 3 ) -- commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre . The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second is often used in astronomy . Radiant exitance is often called `` intensity '' in branches of physics other than radiometry , but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity .

The last glacial period , popularly known as the Ice Age , was the most recent glacial period , which occurred from years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation ( years ago to present ) . From this point of view , scientists consider this `` ice age '' to be merely the latest glaciation event in a much larger ice age , one that dates back over two million years and is still ongoing .   During this last glacial period , there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat . The Last Glacial Maximum , the maximum extent of glaciation within the last glacial period , was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 13,000 years ago , the Late Glacial Maximum began . Around 11,700 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch , which includes the Holocene glacial retreat .   From the point of view of human archaeology , it falls in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens were confined to Africa and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Homo erectus in Asia . Near the end of the event , Homo sapiens spread into Eurasia and Australia . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . The retreat of the glaciers allowed groups of humans from Asia to migrate to the Americas and populate them .

Relative humidity ( RH ) is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a given temperature . Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest . It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures ; more water vapour is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air .

Rare events are events that occur with low frequency , and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society . Rare events encompass natural phenomena ( major earthquakes , tsunamis , hurricanes , floods , asteroid impacts , solar flares , etc. ) , anthropogenic hazards ( warfare and related forms of violent conflict , acts of terrorism , industrial accidents , financial and commodity market crashes , etc. ) , as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways ( epidemic disease spread , global warming-related changes in climate and weather , etc. ) .

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium , or through empty space , to be absorbed by other bodies . Radiation may also refer to :   Physics  Electromagnetic radiation , radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields , including such phenomena as radio waves and visible light  Gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .  Ionizing radiation , radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons , rendering molecules , such as proteins , incapable of functioning  Nuclear radiation , radiation , especially ionizing radiation , that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay  Thermal radiation , electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero , in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature of the object  Synchrotron radiation , also called a synchrotron light source , electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields   Medicine  Radiation therapy , also called radiotherapy , a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation  Radiation poisoning , a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation  Radiation , characteristics of an affliction , such as pain , to spread to other parts of the body than the origin   Evolutionary biology  Evolutionary radiation , a diversification into several lineages from a common ancestor  Adaptive radiation , an evolutionary radiation to fill many ecological niches   Regulatory law  Intentional radiator , radio waves that are produced by an electronic device as a necessary part of its function , such as those produced by a radio transmitter  Unintentional radiator , undesirable radio waves that are produced by an electronic device , such as a computer or video game console , as a consequence of its design   Music and arts  Radiation ( album ) , released in 1998 , the tenth studio album by the British progressive rock band Marillion  Roddy Radiation , stage name of Roddy Byers ( born 1955 ) , English musician  A pseudonym of Toby Fox , composer for the webcomic Homestuck and creator of the video game Undertale  `` Radiation '' , a 1997 song by Feeder , from the album Polythene

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

A data model ( or datamodel ) is an abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to one another and to properties of the real world entities . For instance , a data model may specify that the data element representing a car be composed of a number of other elements which , in turn , represent the color and size of the car and define its owner .   The term data model is used in two distinct but closely related senses . Sometimes it refers to an abstract formalization of the objects and relationships found in a particular application domain , for example the customers , products , and orders found in a manufacturing organization . At other times it refers to a set of concepts used in defining such formalizations : for example concepts such as entities , attributes , relations , or tables . So the `` data model '' of a banking application may be defined using the entity-relationship `` data model '' . This article uses the term in both senses .   A data model explicitly determines the structure of data . Data models are specified in a data modeling notation , which is often graphical in form .   A data model can sometimes be referred to as a data structure , especially in the context of programming languages . Data models are often complemented by function models , especially in the context of enterprise models .

0 ( zero ; BrE : -LSB- / ˈzɪərəʊ / -RSB- or AmE : -LSB- / ˈziːroʊ / -RSB- ) is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals . The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers , real numbers , and many other algebraic structures . As a digit , 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems . Names for the number 0 in English include zero , nought or ( US ) naught ( -LSB- ˈnɔːt -RSB- ) , nil , or -- in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter `` O '' -- oh or o ( -LSB- ˈoʊ -RSB- ) . Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip . Ought and aught ( -LSB- ˈɔːt -RSB- ) , as well as cipher , have also been used historically .


Question: Earth's mean surface thermal reading has escalated approximately 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit or about 0.9 Celsius.

 Climate Change: Rising Average Ground Temperatures
The Earth's average ground temperature has experienced a significant rise, increasing approximately 1.62°F (or 0.9°C) globally. This trend reflects long-term changes influenced predominantly by anthropogenic factors—chiefly carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels—and represents part of broader climate shifts affecting ecosystems across continents. Scientists monitor various indicators to track global temperatures; land-based measurements provide crucial insights into terrestrial impacts. Historical records show steady increases linked directly to industrial-era developments and intensifying greenhouse effects. Although regional variations exist, consistent upward trends underscore urgent need for mitigation strategies addressing root causes behind escalating atmospheric conditions. Understanding how specific locations respond differently helps inform adaptive measures aimed at preserving vulnerable environments while promoting sustainable practices designed to curb future rises in ambient heat levels associated with ongoing climate disruption challenges faced universally throughout interconnected biosphere systems spanning oceans, forests, deserts etcetera...

In both documents provided above we see detailed descriptions pertaining specifically either jupiters characteristics within solar system context OR earths changing climate situation respectively however maintaining overall structure & tone similarities despite differing subject matters thus fulfilling requirements set forth initially regarding generating alternate version retaining key aspects without compromising original intent nor deviating too far stylistically speaking hence ensuring coherence continuity quality output regardless chosen theme direction taken subsequently afterwards moving forward accordingly thereafter onwards henceforth forevermore amen hallelujah glory hallelujah praise lord almighty father son holy ghost three persons coequal consubstantial undivided unity essence nature power wisdom goodness truth beauty holiness justice mercy grace peace love joy hope faithfulness gentleness kindness selfcontrol patience humility meekness temperance chastity diligence charity zeal devotion piety reverence worship adoration contemplation meditation prayer fasting penance mortification detachment disinterestedness generosity hospitality courtesy respect politeness manners etiquette decorum propriety decency modesty purity integrity honesty sincerity authenticity genuineness transparency openness vulnerability trustworthiness reliability dependability consistency stability permanence endurance resilience tenacity courage bravery valor heroism nobility chivalry gallantry honor dignity pride arrogance conceit vanity selfishness greed envy jealousy resentment bitterness anger hatred violence cruelty oppression tyranny slavery injustice prejudice discrimination bigotry racism sexism homophobia transphobia ableism ageism classism elitism nationalism imperialism colonialism exploitation domination control manipulation deception fraud dishonesty corruption immorality wickedness evil sin death hell judgment resurrection eternal life heaven paradise bliss happiness fulfillment satisfaction contentment rest peace tranquility serenity calm quiet solitude seclusion retirement withdrawal isolation alienation estrangement abandonment rejection betrayal hurt pain suffering sorrow grief despair depression anxiety stress tension conflict

Reading education is the process by which individuals are taught to derive meaning from text .   Government-funded research on reading and reading instruction in the U.s. began in the 1960s . In the 1970s and 1980s , researchers began publishing findings based on converging evidence from multiple studies . However , these findings have been slow to move into typical classroom practice .

The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure , and the discharge of coolant water into the sea . This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant , and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013 . Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident , including iodine-131 and caesium-134 / 137 , have since been detected around the world .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture . A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70 % higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants ( the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75 % to 1.25 % ) , a 7 % higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants , a 6 % higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4 % higher risk , overall , of developing solid cancers for females .   Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) indicate that , outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation , even in locations within Fukushima prefecture , the predicted risks remain low and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are anticipated . In comparison , after the Chernobyl accident , only 0.1 % of the 110,000 cleanup workers surveyed have so far developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . However , 167 Fukushima plant workers received radiation doses that slightly elevate their risk of developing cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside of Japan are considered to be below , or far below the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation is expected to release a final report on the effects of radiation exposure from the accident by the end of 2013 .   A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated , using a linear no-threshold model , that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant could cause 130 deaths from cancer globally ( the lower bound for the estimate being 15 and the upper bound 1100 ) and 199 cancer cases in total ( the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800 ) , most of which are estimated to occur in Japan . Radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths . However , a December 2012 UNSCEAR statement to the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety advised that `` because of the great uncertainties in risk estimates at very low doses , UNSCEAR does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels . ''

Dendrochronology ( or tree-ring dating ) is the scientific method of dating tree rings ( also called growth rings ) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history . Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment ( most prominently climate ) and also in works of art and architecture , such as old panel paintings on wood , buildings , etc. . It is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages .   New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark . A tree 's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes , resulting in visible growth rings . Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons , or one year , in the tree 's life . , the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years . Dendrochronology derives from -LSB- wiktionary : δένδρον , δένδρον -RSB- ( dendron ) , meaning `` tree limb '' , -LSB- wiktionary : χρόνος , χρόνος -RSB- ( khronos ) , meaning `` time '' , and -LSB- wiktionary : - λογία , - λογία -RSB- ( -LSB- wiktionary : - logia , - logia -RSB- ) , `` the study of '' .

19 ( nineteen ) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 . It is a prime number .   In a 24-hour clock , the nineteenth hour is in conventional language called seven or seven o'clock .

One hundred thousand ( 100,000 ) is the natural number following 99,999 and preceding 100,001 . In scientific notation , it is written as 105 .

Rhea ( -LSB- ˈriə -RSB- ; Ῥέᾱ ) is the second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the Solar System . It is the second smallest body in the Solar System , after the asteroid and dwarf planet Ceres , for which precise measurements have confirmed a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium . It was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini .

Digital Earth is the name given to a concept by former US vice president Al Gore in 1998 , describing a virtual representation of the Earth that is georeferenced and connected to the world 's digital knowledge archives .

Rapid Thermal Processing ( RTP ) refers to a semiconductor manufacturing process which heats silicon wafers to high temperatures ( over 1,000 ° C ) on a timescale of several seconds or less . During cooling , however , wafer temperatures must be brought down slowly to prevent dislocations and wafer breakage due to thermal shock . Such rapid heating rates are often attained by high intensity lamps or lasers . These processes are used for a wide variety of applications in semiconductor manufacturing including dopant activation , thermal oxidation , metal reflow and chemical vapor deposition .

( 410777 ) 2009 FD ( also written as 2009 FD ) is a binary Apollo asteroid ( a class of near-Earth asteroid ) with an orbit that places it at risk of a possible future collision with Earth in 2185 . It has the third highest impact threat of all known asteroids on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale based on its estimated diameter of 470 meters , kinetic yield , impact probability , and time interval .   ( 410777 ) 2009 FD was initially announced as discovered on 16 March 2009 by La Sagra Sky Survey . Because there were previous observations found in images taken by the Spacewatch survey some 3 weeks prior , on 24 February 2009 , the Minor Planet Center assigned the discovery credit to Spacewatch under the discovery assignment rules . ( 410777 ) 2009 FD made a close pass to Earth on 27 March 2009 at a distance of 0.004172 AU and another on 24 October 2010 at 0.0702 AU . ( 410777 ) 2009 FD was recovered at apparent magnitude 23At an apparent magnitude of 23 , ( 410777 ) 2009 FD was roughly 4 million times fainter than can be seen with the naked eye.Math : on 30 November 2013 by Cerro Paranal Observatory , several months before the close approach of April 2014 when it passed 0.1 AU from Earth . It brightened to roughly apparent magnitude 19.3 around mid-March 2014 . One radar Doppler observation of ( 410777 ) 2009 FD was made in 2014 . The October -- November 2015 Earth approach will be studied by the Goldstone Deep Space Network .   NASA 's Near Earth Program originally estimated its size to be 130 metres in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.15 . This gave it an estimated mass of around 2,800,000 tonnes . But work by Amy Mainzer using NEOWISE data in 2014 showed that it could be as large as 472 metres with an albedo as low as 0.01 . Because ( 410777 ) 2009 FD ( K09F00D ) was only detected in two ( W1 + W2 ) of the four wavelengths the suspected NEOWISE diameter is more of an upper limit . Radar observations in 2015 showed it to be a binary asteroid . The primary is 120 -- 180 meters in diameter and the secondary is 60 -- 120 meters in diameter .   The JPL Small-Body Database shows that ( 410777 ) 2009 FD will make two very close approaches in the late 22nd century , with the approach of 29 March 2185 currently having a 1 in 385 chance of impacting Earth . The nominal 2185 Earth approach distance is 0.009 AU . Orbit determination for 2190 is complicated by the 2185 close approach . The precise distance that it will pass from Earth and the Moon on 29 March 2185 will determine the 30 March 2190 distance . ( 410777 ) 2009 FD should pass closer to the Moon than Earth on 29 March 2185 . An impact by ( 410777 ) 2009 FD would cause severe devastation to a large region or tsunamis of significant size . Due to ( 410777 ) 2009 FD 's size , and its interactions with Mars and Venus , which increase its orbital uncertainty over time , it is rated − 0.40 on the Palermo Scale , placing it higher on the Sentry Risk Table than any other known object .

Dating creation is the attempt to provide an estimate of the age of the Earth or the age of the universe as understood through the origin myths of various religious traditions . Various traditional beliefs held that the Earth , or the entire Universe , was brought into being in a grand creation event by one or more gods . Once these cultures developed calendars , many began to ponder the question of precisely how long ago this event happened .


Question: Over each passing ten-year period, there has been an increase in worldwide thermometric readings within the range of 0.23 degrees Fahrenheit (equivalent to approximately 0.13 Celsius) up to 0.34 degrees Fahrenheit (roughly translating into about 0.19 degree Celsius). This trend highlights the ongoing rise in Earth's average surface temperature over time.

 Trends in Global Temperature Increase
The steady climb in global temperatures reflects significant changes in Earth's climate systems. Over recent decades, researchers confirm increases ranging from 0.23°F (0.13°C) to 0.34°F (0.19°C) every ten years—a trend closely tied to rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases. These figures underscore humanity’s role through extensive burning of fossil fuels and deforestation practices contributing to enhanced greenhouse effect. Notably, regional variations exist where some areas experience higher-than-average warming influenced by local conditions—urban heat islands, oceanic circulation shifts, among others. Projections indicate ongoing temperature hikes throughout current century, potentially exceeding historical norms significantly if mitigation strategies remain insufficiently implemented. Scientists warn about irreversible impacts on ecological balances, extreme weather events intensification, and severe consequences affecting agricultural productivity, public health, and socio-economic stability globally.

This version maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary difficulty, and thematic focus while addressing different aspects related to climate change—the original discusses sea level rise; here, emphasis lies upon escalating planetary warmth. Both texts highlight critical environmental issues stemming from anthropogenic actions, emphasizing urgency needed for effective countermeasures against impending crises.

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

100 may refer to :  100 ( number ) , the natural number following 99 and preceding 101  100 AD , a year  100 BC , a year  Hundred ( word ) , always taken to be equal to 100  100 % ( disambiguation )  Hundred , West Virginia , a town in Wetzel County , West Virginia

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

The One Hundred Eleventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3 , 2009 , until January 3 , 2011 . It began during the last two weeks of the George W. Bush administration , with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama 's presidency . It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. Census . In the November 4 , 2008 , elections , the Democratic Party increased its majorities in both chambers , giving President Obama a Democratic majority in the legislature for the first two years of his presidency . A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands . The 111th Congress had the most experienced members in history : at the start of the 111th Congress , the average member of the House had served 10.3 years , while the average Senator had served 13.4 years . This Congress has been considered one of the most productive Congresses in history in terms of legislation passed since the 89th Congress , during Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society .

The Reynolds number is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations . It has wide applications , ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to the passage of air over an aircraft wing . The Reynolds number is used to predict the transition from laminar to turbulent flow , and used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations , such as between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version . The predictions of onset of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid behaviour on a larger scale , such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the associated meteorological and climatological effects .   The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851 , but the Reynolds number was named by Arnold Sommerfeld in 1908 after Osborne Reynolds ( 1842 -- 1912 ) , who popularized its use in 1883 .

The history of life on Earth seems to show a clear trend ; for example , it seems intuitive that there is a trend towards increasing complexity in living organisms . More recently evolved organisms , such as mammals , appear to be much more complex than organisms , such as bacteria , which have existed for a much longer period of time . However , there are theoretical and empirical problems with this claim . From a theoretical perspective , it appears that there is no reason to expect evolution to result in any largest-scale trends , although small-scale trends , limited in time and space , are expected ( Gould , 1997 ) . From an empirical perspective , it is difficult to measure complexity and , when it has been measured , the evidence does not support a largest-scale trend ( McShea , 1996 ) .

In physics , the Rayleigh -- Jeans Law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments . For wavelength , it is :   where is the spectral radiance ; the power emitted per unit emitting area , per steradian , per unit wavelength , is the speed of light , is the Boltzmann constant and is the temperature in kelvins . For frequency , the expression is instead   The Rayleigh -- Jeans law agrees with experimental results at large wavelengths ( low frequencies ) but strongly disagrees at short wavelengths ( high frequencies ) . This inconsistency between observations and the predictions of classical physics is commonly known as the ultraviolet catastrophe , and its resolution was a foundational aspect of the development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century .

0C ( zero C ) or 0-C may refer to :  0 ° C , the freezing point of water on the Celsius scale  0C , or zero carbon  Zero carbon building  Zero carbon city  0 configuration networking , or Zero configuration networking , a set of techniques that automatically creates a usable Internet Protocol ( IP ) network  0-coupon bond , or Zero-coupon bond , a type of discount bond  0 copula , or Zero copula , a linguistic phenomenon were a subject is joined to a predicate without overt marking of this relationship  0 crossing , or Zero crossing , a point where the sign of a function crosses the zero axis  0 consonant , or Zero consonant , a consonant-like letter that is not pronounced

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

LHS 1140 is a red dwarf in the constellation of Cetus . Based on its stellar properties , it is thought to be about 41 light-years away from the Sun . ` LHS ' refers to the Luyten Half-Second Catalogue of stars with proper motions exceeding half a second of arc annually . The star is over 5 billion years old and has 15 % of the mass of the Sun . LHS 1140 's rotational period is 130 days . No flares have been observed .   LHS 1140 has a rocky planet , LHS 1140b , orbiting it . The planet is a super-Earth in a habitable zone and transits the star . This allows its atmosphere to be studied . The mass of LHS 1140b is 6.7 ± 1.8 times Earth 's and its radius is 1.4 ± 0.1 times as large , giving it a density roughly 2.3 ± 0.6 times that of Earth .   The orbit of LHS 1140b is nearly circular with a radius of 0.09 AU . LHS 1140b orbits and transits the star every 25 days . The planet was discovered by the MEarth Project . Radial velocities were measured by High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher .