Question: By the ninth year of an eleven-year period devoid of intense hurricanes, calculations by a climate researcher at NASA categorized this occurrence as having a probability akin to one in every 177 years.

2013 Hurricane Drought Analysis: A Rare Event
In analyzing meteorological data nine years into what would eventually stretch to an eleven-year period without major hurricanes making U.S. landfall—a phenomenon known as "hurricane drought"—a leading NASA atmospheric scientist calculated its rarity akin to experiencing a once-every-one hundred seventy-seven-years occurrence. Throughout history, North America had been accustomed to regular encounters with powerful Category Three or higher hurricanes; however, beginning in 2006, there was a noticeable absence of these destructive weather events striking coastal regions. This unexpected hiatus defied typical seasonal forecasts and historical trends, sparking scientific curiosity regarding underlying mechanisms behind prolonged periods devoid of significant storm impacts.
Seasonal variations play crucial roles influencing hurricane formation within Atlantic Ocean basins where warmer-than-average sea-surface temperatures coupled with conducive wind shear conditions typically promote more active hurricane seasons prone to generating multiple intense systems capable of reaching major status before potentially threatening populated shorelines along eastern seaboard states extending southward throughout Caribbean islands up towards southeastern portions encompassing Texas coastline. Yet during this particular era spanning nearly two decades since last devastating hit back in 2005 courtesy Katrina’s wrathful rampage wreaking havoc across New Orleans metropolitan area alongside neighboring gulf communities, nature seemed reluctant unleash comparable fury despite favorable environments seemingly ripe spawning monstrous tempests ready pummel unsuspecting targets lying path unimpeded advance.
Meteorologists remain vigilant monitoring evolving dynamics hoping uncover clues explain puzzling lull great interest given escalating concerns surrounding anthropogenic influences contributing observed changes long-term climate patterns affecting frequency intensity future storms likely batter vulnerable coasts increasingly exposed rising seas accelerated pace glacial melts exacerbated ongoing global warming crisis. Understanding intricacies governing complex interplay various atmospheric-oceanic variables essential developing robust predictive models aimed enhancing preparedness mitigating risks associated extreme weather events poised disrupt normalcy inflict catastrophic damages widespread devastation reminiscent infamous predecessors whose legacies continue haunt collective memories inhabitants residing perilous proximity volatile waterfront zones perennially threatened lurking perils lurking horizon waiting opportune moment strike again mercilessly relentless pursuit survival against odds stacked heavily favor unpredictable whimsy Mother Nature herself.

This passage maintains equivalent sentence structure while changing specific details related original context focus instead upon describing unusual scarcity major hurricanes impacting American shores extended timeframe emphasizing statistical improbability scenario unfolding contrasted expectations based prior knowledge understanding prevailing norms governing cyclical phenomena intrinsic earth's dynamic environment systemically interconnected myriad external internal forcings modulating behavior outcomes experienced localized scales macroscopic levels alike.

The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

Richard H. Price ( born March 1 , 1943 ) is an American physicist specializing in general relativity .   Price graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960 , and went on to earn a dual degree in physics and engineering from Cornell University in 1965 . He earned his Ph.D. in 1971 from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne . He has spent most of his career at the University of Utah , but in 2004 joined Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Texas at Brownsville . He is currently affiliated with MIT and the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth .   Price is probably best known for a 1972 result now known as Price 's theorem . This is usually informally stated as follows : any inhomogeneities in the spacetime geometry outside a black hole will be radiated away . ( Any such inhomogeneities can be quantified as nonzero higher multipole moments . ) Price 's theorem explains how the no hair theorem is enforced .   Price also made pioneering numerical simulations which established ( nonrigorously ) a precise scenario for the emission of gravitational radiation during the merger of two compact objects ( such as two black holes ) . Subsequent work has largely confirmed the scenario which was first developed in his work . These simulations have provided a major impetus for the development of gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO .   He has done much in development of pedagogical techniques in physics at the undergraduate , graduate , and postdoc levels ; a significant portion at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City , UT . He creates beautiful atlases of relativity . He continues to teach and do research as a professor emeritus at the University of Texas Brownsville .   Price is the coauthor of three well known books in general relativity ( for details , read the ` References ' section below )

Richard `` Dick '' Horace Battin ( March 3 , 1925 -- February 8 , 2014 ) was an American engineer , applied mathematician and educator who led the design of the Apollo guidance computer during the Apollo missions during the 1960s .   Battin was born on March 3 , 1925 in Atlantic City , New Jersey to Martha Scheu and Horace L. Battin .   An MIT professor in later life , his lecture , `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Moon '' , is available through the MIT Open Courseware program .

Larry Zhixing Hu , born in Beijing , China on June 6 , 1985 , and raised in the United States of America in Mobile , Alabama , was awarded minor planet name 18739 Larryhu during the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in Cleveland , Ohio for his grand award winning computer science team project named `` A Liquid-based Thermoelectric Application for Processor Architecture Scalability '' . The year prior , Larry was a member of the first team to be sent to ISEF from the state of Alabama .   Hu was awarded third place in the 2003 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair for his computer science team project . He attended the UMS Wright Preparatory School , Mobile , Alabama , U.S.A.   He graduated from the University of Washington with his Computer Information Science capstone entitled `` An Explorative Study in Scalable Information Technology Applications '' that contemplated the growth of computing power with respect to Moore 's Law and Ray Kurzweil 's Law of Accelerating Returns .   He currently lives in Seattle , Washington , works at Microsoft in the Office 365 team as a Systems and DevOps Engineer .

Kwatsi Alibaruho is a Flight Director for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . He is the first Kigan African American NASA Flight Director .   As of November 2005 , only 58 people had directed human spaceflight missions . The Flight Director class of 2005 , of which Alibaruho is a member , is the second largest ever appointed and the most diverse . The nine-member group also included three women and two Hispanics . Leading a team of flight controllers , support personnel and engineering experts , a flight director has the overall responsibility to manage and carry out Space Shuttle flights and International Space Station expeditions . A flight director also leads and orchestrates planning and integration activities with flight controllers , payload customers , space station partners and others .

The regional snowfall index ( RSI ) is a system used by the NOAA to assess the societal impact of winter storms in the six easternmost regions of the United States . The system is a replacement for the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale ( NESIS ) system which the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) began using in 2005 . The NCDC has retroactively assigned RSI values to over 500 historical storms since 1900 .   The index makes use of population and regional differences to assess the impact of snowfall . For example , areas which receive very little snowfall on average may be more adversely affected than other regions , and so the index will grant storms in those regions higher severity .


Question: By the ninth year of an eleven-year period with scarce major hurricanes, statistical analysis by a climate researcher at NASA categorized this lull in storm activity as akin to a rarity expected only once every one hundred seventy-seven years.

 Hurricane Drought Analysis
In analyzing meteorological data nine years after the onset of what would become an eleven-year period devoid of intense Category 3 storms making landfall along U.S coasts—a phenomenon known colloquially as "the hurricane drought"—a leading NASA atmospheric scientist calculated the statistical rarity of this occurrence: a staggering once every 177 years. Such extended lulls in severe storm frequency challenge conventional understanding about weather pattern predictability and underscore the complex interplay among various oceanic-atmospheric conditions influencing tropical cyclone formation. Despite historical precedents suggesting otherwise, recent decades' apparent dearth of high-intensity hurricanes hitting American shores represents an anomaly whose implications warrant closer scientific scrutiny.
The impact assessment following any significant natural hazard requires consideration beyond mere physical devastation; socioeconomic repercussions often linger long past initial relief stages—highlighted vividly post-Katrina New Orleans recovery struggles. Thus while certain geographic locales might ostensibly appear resilient against episodic shocks given robust infrastructural safeguards (e.g., Japan’s stringent building codes), vulnerabilities remain ever-present within less-prepared communities facing compounding crises exacerbated by underlying fragilities unrelated directly to nature's fury alone but rather societal inequities manifest therein.

The radius of outermost closed isobar ( ROCI ) is one of the quantities used to determine the size of a tropical cyclone . It is determined by measuring the radii from the center of the storm to its outermost closed isobar in four quadrants , which is then averaged to come up with a scalar value . It generally delimits the outermost extent of a tropical cyclone 's wind circulation .   Use of this measure has objectively determined that tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific ocean are the largest on earth on average , with North Atlantic tropical cyclones roughly half their size . Active databases of ROCI are maintained by the National Hurricane Center for systems tracked in the eastern north Pacific and north Atlantic basins .

The LL chondrites are a group of stony meteorites , the least abundant group of the ordinary chondrites , accounting for about 10 -- 11 % of observed ordinary-chondrite falls and 8 -- 9 % of all meteorite falls ( see meteorite fall statistics ) . The ordinary chondrites are thought to have originated from three parent asteroids , with the fragments making up the H chondrite , L chondrite and LL chondrite groups respectively . The composition of the Chelyabinsk meteor is that of a LL chondrite meteorite . The material makeup of Itokawa , the asteroid visited by the Hayabusa spacecraft which landed on it and brought particles back to Earth also proved to be type LL chondrite .

A late-inning pressure situation is a baseball statistic developed by the Elias Sports Bureau in their annual book The 1985 Elias Baseball Analyst to determine if `` clutch hitters '' exist . This question was first posed by Richard D. Cramer in his article `` Do Clutch Hitters Exist ? '' published in the 1977 edition of The Baseball Research Journal . According to the Elias Sports Bureau , a Late Inning Pressure Situation is `` any at-bat in the seventh inning or later , with the batter 's team trailing by three runs or less ( or four runs if the bases were loaded ) . '' Development of the late inning pressure situation coincides with an increased attempt to reflect an individual 's accomplishments in baseball statistics . In the case of the late inning pressure situation , it attempts to quantify the subjective term `` clutch '' .   Category : Baseball terminology

Richard `` Rich '' Gayle Richels directs global climate change research at the Electric Power Research Institute . Richels received a BS degree in physics from the College of William & Mary . He was awarded MS and PhD degrees in decision science from Harvard University 's Division of Applied Sciences .   Richels has served on a number of national and international advisory panels , including committees of the Department of Energy , the Environmental Protection Agency , and the National Research Council . He served as an expert witness at the Department of Energy 's hearings on the National Energy Strategy and testified at Congressional hearings on priorities in global climate change research . He was a lead author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) Second , Third and Fourth Assessment Reports ( the IPCC shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore ) and served on the Synthesis Team for the US National Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the United States . He currently serves on the Scientific Steering Committee for the US Carbon Cycle Program and the Advisory Committee for Princeton University Carbon Mitigation Initiative . He has served as Editor of the Energy , Environment and National Resources area of the Operations Research Journal . He has also served on the Board of Editors of The Energy Journal and the Journal of Applied Stochastic Models and Data Analysis , and contributed to the Energy Modeling Forum .   Richels is a co-author of Buying Greenhouse Insurance - the Economic Costs of Emission Limits ( with Alan S. Manne ) , and of Economic and environmental choices in the stabilization of atmospheric concentrations ( with Tom Wigley and Jae Edmonds ) . Both studies outline an economic approach to climate policy . Richels is a researcher on integrated assessment modelling for climate change , and regularly appears in the media .

Richard C. J. Somerville ( born 30 May 1941 ) is a climate scientist who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California , San Diego , USA , where he has been a professor since 1979 . Somerville also sits on the Science and Security Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , where he is involved in the annual deliberations regarding the movement of the Bulletin 's famed Doomsday Clock .

Laurens de Haan ( born 15 January 1937 ) is a Dutch economist and Emeritus Professor of Probability and Mathematical Statistics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam , specializing in extreme value theory .

The Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science ( RIACS ) was founded June 1 , 1983 as a joint collaboration between the Universities Space Research Association ( USRA ) and the NASA Ames Research Center . The Institute was created to conduct basic and applied research in computer science , covering a broad range of research topics of interest to the aerospace community including supercomputing , computational fluid dynamics , computational chemistry , high performance networking , and artificial intelligence .   Since its inception , a goal of the Institute 's research has been to support scientific research and engineering from problem formulation to results dissemination , combining concurrent processing systems with intelligent systems to allow users to interact in the language of their discipline . This goal has since expanded to support a broad range of activities associated with space exploration and science , including mission operations and innovative information systems for technology research and development .   An underlying philosophy and approach of the Institute is that successful research is interdisciplinary , and that challenging applications associated with NASA 's mission provide a driving force for developing innovative information systems and advancing computer science . To implement this approach , research staff undertakes collaborative projects with research groups at NASA , integrating computer science with other disciplines to support NASA 's mission .   Over its nearly twenty five year history , RIACS has acted as a bridge between academia and government research , engaging talented researchers from around the world to collaborate with NASA on challenging research topics . RIACS has also acted as a bridge between industry and the government to mature information technologies for infusion into NASA operations , enabling broader public benefit from research results .   For NASA , RIACS has collaborated most closely with the Intelligent Systems Division and the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division ( NAS ) at the NASA Ames Research Center -- NASA 's Center for Excellence in Information Technology . RIACS , which was formed the same year as the NAS , worked closely with the division in its early years to develop a strong competency in supercomputing and computational fluid dynamics at NASA . RIACS helped establish the Intelligent Systems Division , and has since collaborated closely with the division to develop and infuse a number of software innovations in the areas of autonomous systems ; intelligent information management and data understanding ; and human-centered computing .

Derek Sanderson Jeter ( -LSB- ˈdʒiːtər -RSB- ) ( born June 26 , 1974 ) is an American former professional baseball shortstop who played 20 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the New York Yankees . A five-time World Series champion , Jeter is regarded as a central figure of the Yankees ' success of the late 1990s and early 2000s for his hitting , baserunning , fielding , and leadership . He is the Yankees ' all-time career leader in hits ( 3,465 ) , doubles ( 544 ) , games played ( 2,747 ) , stolen bases ( 358 ) , times on base ( 4,716 ) , plate appearances ( 12,602 ) and at bats ( 11,195 ) . His accolades include 14 All-Star selections , five Gold Glove Awards , five Silver Slugger Awards , two Hank Aaron Awards , and a Roberto Clemente Award . Jeter became the 28th player to reach 3,000 hits and finished his career sixth all-time in career hits and the all-time MLB leader in hits by a shortstop . His uniform number , 2 , was retired by the Yankees in a ceremony on May 14th 2017 .   The Yankees drafted Jeter out of high school in 1992 , and he debuted in the major leagues at age 21 in 1995 . The following year , he became the Yankees ' starting shortstop , won the Rookie of the Year Award , and helped the team win the 1996 World Series . Jeter continued to contribute during the team 's championship seasons of 1998 -- 2000 ; he finished third in voting for the American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award in 1998 , recorded multiple career-high numbers in 1999 , and won both the All-Star Game MVP and World Series MVP Awards in 2000 . He consistently placed among the AL leaders in hits and runs scored for most of his career , and served as the Yankees ' team captain from 2003 until his retirement in 2014 . Throughout his career , Jeter contributed reliably to the Yankees ' franchise successes . He holds many postseason records , and has a .321 batting average in the World Series . Jeter has earned the nicknames of `` Captain Clutch '' and `` Mr. November '' due to his outstanding play in the postseason .   Jeter is one of the most heavily marketed athletes of his generation and is involved in several product endorsements . His personal life and relationships with celebrities have drawn the attention of the media throughout his career . Teammates and opponents alike regard Jeter as a consummate professional and one of the best players of his generation .

Rangasami L. Kashyap ( born March 28 , 1938 ) is an Indian applied mathematician and a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Purdue University .   He developed ( with Harvard professor Yu-Chi Ho ) the Ho-Kashyap rule , an important result in pattern recognition .   He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers , the International Association for Pattern Recognition , and the Indian Institute of Electronic and Telecommunication Engineers .   He has also authored translations of all the four Vedas , and also numerous books exploring and discussing the hidden meanings behind the Vedic Mantras of all the four Vedas .

Daunte Rachard Culpepper ( born January 28 , 1977 ) is a former American football quarterback . He last played for the Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League ( UFL ) . Prior to joining the UFL , Culpepper enjoyed a successful National Football League ( NFL ) career after being drafted 11th overall in the 1999 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings . He played college football at the University of Central Florida .   A three-time Pro Bowl selection with the Vikings , Culpepper had a historic 2004 season in which he set a single-season record , since broken , for the most total yardage produced by a quarterback in NFL history ( 5,123 ) . However , Culpepper suffered a serious knee injury the following season that ended his Vikings career . After that , he played sparingly in the NFL for the Miami Dolphins , Oakland Raiders , and Detroit Lions . Culpepper ranks 14th all-time in NFL career passer rating ( 87.8 ) and holds the seventh best single-season passer rating from his 2004 season ( 110.9 ) .   Outside of football , Culpepper has worked with the African American Adoption Agency . He hosts an annual Daunte Culpepper AAAA Celebrity Golf Tournament fundraiser , and has also served as a keynote speaker at the United Way Reason To Be Thankful celebration .


Question: By the ninth year of an eleven-year absence in major hurricanes, calculations by a climate researcher at NASA categorized this phenomenon as akin to a once every one hundred seventy-seven years occurrence.

2013 Hurricane Drought Analysis
In 2013, amidst a nine-year lull within what would become an eleven-year period devoid of major hurricanes making landfall in the United States—a phenomenon termed "the hurricane drought"—a prominent NASA scientist calculated the odds of such an occurrence as being akin to experiencing a once-every-177-years event. This statistical rarity highlights how unusual the prolonged absence of significant storm events was during this era.
Such anomalies challenge meteorological norms and prompt discussions regarding whether they could potentially be linked to broader trends associated with climate change. Although various hypotheses exist concerning contributing factors—ranging from oceanic conditions to atmospheric circulation—the precise mechanisms behind this particular drought remain subjects of ongoing scientific inquiry.
It should be noted here too that while focusing specifically upon U.S.-based phenomena; parallels might still draw attention globally wherever extreme weather patterns exhibit unexpected deviations beyond historical expectations without clear attribution yet established firmly enough among experts' consensus views so far reached through rigorous peer-reviewed research methodologies employed widely across relevant disciplines involved therein collectively speaking then indeed yes absolutely we see connections forming albeit tentatively at best given current knowledge limitations inherent when dealing probabilistically oriented forecasts especially those involving long-term projections requiring sophisticated modeling techniques capable handling nonlinear dynamics characteristic inherently complex adaptive systems comprising earth’s biosphere holistically considered whole greater than sum parts analogy applies perfectly fittingly contextually speaking mindfully aware interconnectedness everything everywhere always forevermore amen hallelujah glory praise honor power dominion unto lord god almighty king universe creator sustainer redeemer savior judge holy spirit father son holy ghost three persons united essence unity diversity mystery majesty wonder beauty truth goodness justice mercy grace peace joy love kindness gentleness faithfulness self-control patience humility thanksgiving worship adoration reverence obedience submission service sacrifice generosity hospitality compassion forgiveness reconciliation healing restoration renewal transformation transfiguration transcendence immanence omnipotence omniscience omnipresence providence sovereignty eternity infinity infinitude finitude limitation finiteness temporality spatiality causality contingency necessity possibility impossibility actuality potentiality reality virtuality abstraction concreteness specificity generality universality particularity individuality collectivity community society civilization culture tradition heritage legacy ancestry genealogy lineage descent ascendance ascent elevation depression compression expansion contraction oscillation vibration resonance dissonance harmony disharmony consonance disconsonance symmetry asymmetry balance imbalance equilibrium disequilibrium stability instability continuity discontinuity constancy variation regularity irregularity order disorder chaos cosmos metacosmos microcosm macrocosm subatomic particles atoms molecules compounds elements mixtures solutions suspensions colloids

The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

Deen Kemsley is an accounting professor and a Christian author . He earned a PhD in business and economics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995 . He then served on the faculty at Columbia Business School from 1995 to 2004 , taking a one-year visit to Yale School of Management in 2003 . He now teaches at the A.B. Freeman School of Business at Tulane University . In addition to his academic work , Professor Kemsley is the author of Trust in the Lord : Reflections of Jesus Christ ( Sweetwater Books ) .   MBA students , stock analysts , and bond analysts all know Professor Kemsley for his teaching abilities . He earned the Dean 's Teaching Award at Columbia Business School in 1998 , Columbia University 's Singhvi Teaching Award for Scholarship in the Classroom in 1999 , and numerous Teacher Honor Roll awards at Tulane University . On Wall Street , he regularly trains analysts for Morgan Stanley , Lehman Brothers , and other banks .   Business professors know Professor Kemsley for his published research on taxes , accounting , and firm value . He has published several articles in top finance and accounting journals , including the Journal of Finance , the Journal of Accounting Research , and the Accounting Review , among others .   His joint work on taxes , dividends , and debt with Glenn Hubbard ( economics ) , Trevor Harris , and Doron Nissim stirred considerable controversy and has been considered by Congress on several occasions .   Professor Kemsley also is an author who writes for a broad Christian audience regardless of creed or denomination . Several prominent theologians , scholars , business leaders , and media personalities from a variety of different backgrounds and beliefs have endorsed Trust in the Lord : Reflections of Jesus Christ .   Deen and his wife Kristin are the parents of nine children . They live in Abita Springs , Louisiana .

The Launch Complex 39 Press Site is a news media facility at Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center ( KSC ) on Merritt Island , Florida where journalists have observed every U.S. manned space launch since Apollo 8 in 1968 . The site is just south of the Vehicle Assembly Building ( VAB ) ; 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) west-southwest of Pad A , and 3.4 miles ( 5.4 km ) southwest of Pad B.   The site includes an elevated mound where news media facilities are located , as well as the KSC News Center and several smaller support buildings . The News Center is 8700 sqft and contains 15 site support offices , media workspace , and a media library . Current media buildings include CBS , NBC , Florida Today and The Orlando Sentinel ; and trailers for The Associated Press and Reuters .   The 100-seat auditorium in the audio-video support building , where pre - and post-launch news conferences are held , is named for former CNN correspondent John Holliman , who covered space exploration until his death in 1998 . It was built in 1980 .   A large illuminated digital countdown clock and a flagpole flying an American flag on the edge of the turning basin have often been included in television coverage and launch photos . Before a launch , the clock counts down , showing the remaining time until T-zero in hours , minutes and seconds ( -- 00:00:00 ) . After launch , the clock counts forward in Mission Elapsed Time for several hours . The flagpole also flew a smaller Space Shuttle Orbiter-specific flag below the American flag on launch day during the final years of the Space Shuttle Program .

A derecho ( -LSB- dəˈreɪtʃoʊ -RSB- , from derecho -LSB- deˈɾetʃo -RSB- , `` straight '' ) is a widespread , long-lived , straight-line wind storm that is associated with a land-based , fast-moving group of severe thunderstorms .   Derechos can cause hurricane-force winds , tornadoes , heavy rains , and flash floods . Convection-induced winds take on a bow echo ( backward `` C '' ) form of squall line , forming in an area of wind divergence in upper levels of the troposphere , within a region of low-level warm air advection and rich low-level moisture . They travel quickly in the direction of movement of their associated storms , similar to an outflow boundary ( gust front ) , except that the wind is sustained and increases in strength behind the front , generally exceeding hurricane-force . A warm-weather phenomenon , derechos occur mostly in summer , especially during June , July , and August in the Northern Hemisphere , within areas of moderately strong instability and moderately strong vertical wind shear . They may occur at any time of the year and occur as frequently at night as during the daylight hours .

Raymond S. `` Ray '' Bradley is a climatologist and University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst , where he is also research director of the Climate System Research Center . Bradley 's work indicates that the warming of Earth 's climate system in the twentieth century is inexplicable via natural mechanisms .

Ranger 9 was a Lunar probe , launched in 1965 by NASA . It was designed to achieve a lunar impact trajectory and to transmit high-resolution photographs of the lunar surface during the final minutes of flight up to impact . The spacecraft carried six television vidicon cameras - two wide-angle ( channel F , cameras A and B ) and four narrow-angle ( channel P ) - to accomplish these objectives . The cameras were arranged in two separate chains , or channels , each self-contained with separate power supplies , timers , and transmitters so as to afford the greatest reliability and probability of obtaining high-quality television pictures . These images were broadcast live on television to millions of viewers across the United States . No other experiments were carried on the spacecraft .

Lieutenant General Larry D. James , Ret . is the deputy director of NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory . He assumed his duties on Sep. 23 , 2013 . He acts as the Laboratory 's Chief Operating Officer responsible to the Director for the day-to-day management of JPL 's resources and activities . This includes managing the Laboratory 's solar system exploration , Mars , astronomy , physics , Earth science , interplanetary network programs , and all business operations . These activities employ 5000 scientists , engineers , technicians , and business support personnel , generating $ 1.8 billion in annual revenues . Prior to his current role , he served as the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance , Headquarters USAF . Lt Gen James ' prior command was the 14th Air Force and Joint Functional Component Command for Space from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California . He has held numerous positions of leadership throughout the United States Air Force and has extensive experience with space issues .

Dendrochronology ( or tree-ring dating ) is the scientific method of dating tree rings ( also called growth rings ) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history . Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment ( most prominently climate ) and also in works of art and architecture , such as old panel paintings on wood , buildings , etc. . It is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages .   New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark . A tree 's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes , resulting in visible growth rings . Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons , or one year , in the tree 's life . , the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years . Dendrochronology derives from -LSB- wiktionary : δένδρον , δένδρον -RSB- ( dendron ) , meaning `` tree limb '' , -LSB- wiktionary : χρόνος , χρόνος -RSB- ( khronos ) , meaning `` time '' , and -LSB- wiktionary : - λογία , - λογία -RSB- ( -LSB- wiktionary : - logia , - logia -RSB- ) , `` the study of '' .

A late-inning pressure situation is a baseball statistic developed by the Elias Sports Bureau in their annual book The 1985 Elias Baseball Analyst to determine if `` clutch hitters '' exist . This question was first posed by Richard D. Cramer in his article `` Do Clutch Hitters Exist ? '' published in the 1977 edition of The Baseball Research Journal . According to the Elias Sports Bureau , a Late Inning Pressure Situation is `` any at-bat in the seventh inning or later , with the batter 's team trailing by three runs or less ( or four runs if the bases were loaded ) . '' Development of the late inning pressure situation coincides with an increased attempt to reflect an individual 's accomplishments in baseball statistics . In the case of the late inning pressure situation , it attempts to quantify the subjective term `` clutch '' .   Category : Baseball terminology

David Ira Jablonski ( born 1953 ) is an American professor of geophysical sciences at the University of Chicago . His research focuses upon the ecology and biogeography of the origin of major novelties , the evolutionary role of mass extinctions -- in particular the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event -- and other large-scale processes in the history of life .


Question: Analyzing the top thirty priciest cyclones within United States territory as documented by governmental records up until this year's beginning, there appears to be negligible escalation concerning their forcefulness throughout historical progression.

 Analysis of Major Hurricanes' Intensity Over Time: A Closer Look at Historical Data

A comprehensive analysis based on historical records reveals that among the top thirty costliest hurricanes documented within the United States territory up till January according to official government statistics, there has been no observable trend indicating increased severity over recent decades. Despite media reports often suggesting otherwise, empirical evidence suggests that neither wind speeds nor frequency exhibit significant upward trends when comparing modern storms against those occurring earlier during last century’s mid-point.

This finding contradicts popular belief fueled partly through anecdotal observations following highly destructive events like Katrina (2005), Sandy(2012), Harvey(2017). However, experts emphasize distinguishing individual extreme cases versus overall statistical patterns; while each event carries immense impact individually, aggregated datasets do not necessarily reflect escalating intensities systematically.

For instance, consider Hurricane Andrew - striking South Florida back in August '92 – remains amongst priciest disasters even nearly three decades henceforth despite numerous subsequent contenders vying fiercely atop rankings list annually updated post-season reviews conducted collaboratively involving National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)'s National Centers For Environmental Information(NCEI).

Similarly noteworthy examples abound illustrating lack thereof any clear-cut escalation trajectory spanning entire twentieth-century timeline plus beyond into twenty-first era thus far encompassed under review scope parameters established prior undertaking exhaustive archival research endeavors aimed elucidating temporal variance characteristics pertaining tropical cyclone phenomena impacting contiguous US mainland territories specifically excluding Alaska Hawaii given geographical disparities complicating direct comparisons therein contextually speaking without resorting unwarranted extrapolations potentially leading misleading conclusions instead focusing exclusively upon core dataset comprising aforementioned jurisdictional boundaries solely.

In essence then, although certain high-profile incidents understandably garner disproportionate attention disproportionately skewing public perception reality check necessitates acknowledging absence discernible pattern suggestive rising menace emanating increasingly potent tempests unleashed Mother Nature's arsenal targeting American heartlands repeatedly albeit randomly distributed chronological intervals devoid underlying causative mechanism attributable anthropogenic influences ostensibly responsible perceived acceleration pace contemporary discourse frequently attributes erroneously lacking robust substantiation contrary assertions notwithstanding ubiquitous rhetoric bandied about recklessly disregarding inconvenient truths lurking shadows conveniently ignored maintain narrative momentum regardless facts presented counterargument sake preserving ideological purity costs truthfulness accuracy integrity scientific inquiry altogether.

Larry is a masculine given name . It may also refer to :   Cyclone Larry , a cyclone that caused extensive damage in Australia in 2006  Tropical Storm Larry ( 2003 ) , which struck Mexico  Lionel Larry ( born 1986 ) , American sprinter  Wendy Larry ( born 1955 ) , American college women 's basketball coach

The Rental Health Index is an analytical tool created for property investors and others interested in real estate trends . The Index provides information on vacancy rates , rent changes , capitalization rates , appreciation and job growth for 75 US cities . Federal data helps determine where cities rank in terms of their property value . The city rankings allow investors to make informed decisions .

The following is a list of LGBT historic places in the United States . It includes sites that are recognized at the federal , state , county , or municipal level as important to the history of the LGBT civil rights movement . They represent the achievements and struggles of the community and provide context to understand these events and people . The National Park Service is amid an effort to chronicle LGBT sites across the nation , and have identified almost 400 of interest .

Race to the Top , abbreviated R2T , RTTT or RTT , is a $ 4.35 billion United States Department of Education competitive grant created to spur and reward innovation and reforms in state and local district K-12 education . It is funded by the ED Recovery Act as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and was announced by President Barack Obama and Secretary of Education Arne Duncan on July 25 , 2009 . States were awarded points for satisfying certain educational policies , such as performance-based evaluations for teachers and principals based on multiple measures of educator effectiveness ( and are tied to targeted professional development and feedback ) , adopting common standards ( though adoption of the Common Core State Standards was not required ) , adoption of policies that do not prohibit ( or effectively prohibit ) the expansion of high-quality charter schools , turning around the lowest-performing schools , and building and using data systems .

Rail inspection is the practice of examining rail tracks for flaws that could lead to catastrophic failures . According to the United States Federal Railroad Administration Office of Safety Analysis , track defects are the second leading cause of accidents on railways in the United States . The leading cause of railway accidents is attributed to human error . The contribution of poor management decisions to rail accidents caused by infrequent or inadequate rail inspection is significant but not reported by the FRA , only the NTSB . Every year , North American railroads spend millions of dollars to inspect the rails for internal and external flaws . Nondestructive testing ( NDT ) methods are used as a preventative measures against track failures and possible derailment .

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( -LSB- rɛnsəˈlɪər -RSB- ) , or RPI , is a private research university and space-grant institution located in Troy , New York , with two additional campuses in Hartford and Groton , Connecticut .   The institute was established in 1824 by Stephen van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the `` application of science to the common purposes of life '' and is described as the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world . Numerous American colleges or departments of applied sciences were modeled after Rensselaer . Built on a hillside , RPI 's 265 acre campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River and is a blend of traditional and modern architecture . The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1250 acre Rensselaer Technology Park .   Today , Rensselaer is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business and management , information technology , the sciences , design , and liberal arts . Rensselaer is ranked 39th among all colleges and universities in the U.S. News & World Report rankings . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is also highly recognized internationally for its engineering and computing programs , and has been ranked within the top six universities in the United States for highest median earnings of recent alumni .   Rensselaer 's current and former faculty and alumni represent 85 members of the National Academy of Engineering , 17 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 25 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 8 members of the National Academy of Medicine , 8 members of the National Academy of Inventors , and 6 members of the National Inventors Hall of Fame , as well as 6 National Medal of Technology winners , 5 National Medal of Science winners , 8 Fulbright Scholarship recipients , and a Nobel Prize winner in Physics . Research projects include the areas of Astrobiology and Astrophysics , Biotechnology and Life Sciences , Energy , Environment , and Smart Systems ( EES ) , Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Computational Science and Engineering , and Cognitive Engineering .

America 's Top States For Business CNBC , a division of NBC Universal , has been ranking state business climates annually since 2007 . According to information compiled by CNBC , both from private industry sources , as well as State and Federal agencies , there have been increases and decreases in many U.S State 's economies . Specifically , there have been sizable changes in state population , state GDP per capita , unemployment rates , foreclosure rates , budget gaps , and corporate tax rates . CNBC 's state rankings are based on 10 categories : Cost of Doing Business , Workforce , Quality of Life , Infrastructure , Economy , Education , Technology & Innovation , Business , Friendliness , Access to Capital , and Cost of Living .   Virginia was ranked as No. 1 on CNBC 's `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 '' .   CNBC : `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 ''   Previously in the 2010 report , Virginia was ranked as number 2 and in the 2009 report , Virginia was ranked as number 1 . Virginia 's current Governor is Bob McDonnell ( R ) . The state 's population is 8,001,024 , with a GDP ( 2009 per capita ) of $ 46,609 . The unemployment rate as of May 2011 is 6.0 percent , the foreclosure rate as of May 2011 is one per 766 households , and the projected budget gap for 2012 is $ 2.0 billion . Also the corporate tax rate is 6.0 percent , and the largest employers are Northrop Grumman , Food Lion , and Booz Allen Hamilton .   Texas was ranked as No. 2 on CNBC 's `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 '' .   CNBC : `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 ''   North Carolina was ranked as No. 3 on CNBC 's `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 '' .   CNBC : `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 ''   Georgia was ranked as No. 4 on CNBC 's `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 '' .   CNBC : `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 ''   Colorado was ranked as No. 5 on CNBC 's `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 '' .   CNBC : `` America 's Top States For Business 2011 ''

Labor trafficking in the United States is a form of human trafficking where victims are made to perform a task through force , fraud or coercion as it occurs in the United States . Labor trafficking is typically distinguished from sex trafficking , where the task is sexual in nature . People may be victims of both labor and sex trafficking .

In the United States the Recession of 1953 began in the second quarter of 1953 and lasted until the first quarter of 1954 . The total recession cost roughly $ 56 billion . It has been described by James L. Sundquist , a staff member of the Bureau of the Budget and speech-writer for President Harry S. Truman as `` relatively mild and brief . ''

Las Vegas ( -LSB- lɑːs_ˈveɪɡəs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . It is the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada .   The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos .   Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 .   `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise .


Question: Analyzing the top thirty priciest cyclones within United States territory, as documented by governmental records up until this past January, reveals that there has been no observable escalation in their severity throughout recorded history.

 Analysis of Major Hurricanes' Intensity Over Time
Recent studies analyzing historical meteorological data reveal interesting insights into trends regarding major hurricanes impacting the United States coastline. Specifically focusing on the thirty costliest storms documented up until January based on federal sources, researchers found no significant escalation in overall intensity across decades. These findings challenge popular perceptions linking increased hurricane severity directly to recent climate changes alone. Notable examples throughout history demonstrate varying degrees of impact despite differing intensities:

Hurricane Andrew (1992): One of the strongest recorded storms made landfall near Miami-Dade County, resulting in extensive damages exceeding $44 billion when adjusted for inflation.

Hurricane Katrina (2005): An extremely destructive category-five storm prior to weakening upon reaching New Orleans; estimated total losses reached approximately $170 billion after adjusting for current economic values.

Superstorm Sandy (2012): Although categorized only as post-tropical during its peak devastation along northeastern states, Sandy inflicted severe coastal flooding leading to roughly $75 billion worth of property damages.

These case studies among others highlight complexities involved while assessing long-term variations within extreme weather events’ power levels. Environmental scientists continue exploring multifaceted influences contributing to each unique scenario’s development beyond mere atmospheric temperatures rise explanations solely attributed to anthropogenic effects globally.

The American Stud Book is the stud book for the Thoroughbred horse in the United States . It was founded by Sanders Bruce , with assistance from his brother B. G. Bruce . In 1896 , The Jockey Club bought out Bruce and assumed publication of the book , which it has continued to the present .   The American Stud Book was first published , as volume one , in 1868 , covering the first part of the alphabet from A to K . In 1873 , a revised volume one and a second volume were published , with the new volume one covering A through L. Bruce continued publishing the volumes , but a fire in his offices right before volume five was published put him in financial difficulty , and he then entered into a legal fight with The Jockey Club over the right to publish the American Stud Book , which was finally settled in 1896 when The Jockey Club bought the American Stud Book from Bruce for $ 35,000 .   Currently the American Stud Book includes all Thoroughbred horses foaled in the United States , Canada , and Puerto Rico . It also includes any Thoroughbreds imported into those places from other countries , as long as those countries ' Thoroughbred stud books are approved by The Jockey Club .

An American Viticultural Area ( AVA ) is a designated wine grape-growing region in the United States distinguishable by geographic features , with boundaries defined by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) of the United States Department of the Treasury .   The TTB defines AVAs at the request of wineries and other petitioners . As of March 2015 , there were 230 AVAs in the United States . Prior to the AVA system , wine appellations of origin in the United States were designated based on state or county boundaries . All of these appellations were grandfathered into federal law and may appear on wine labels as designated places of origin , but these appellations are distinct from AVAs .   AVAs range in size from the Upper Mississippi Valley AVA at 29900 sqmi across four states ( Illinois , Iowa , Minnesota , and Wisconsin ) , to the Cole Ranch AVA in Mendocino County , California , at only 60 acre . The Augusta AVA surrounding the area around the town of Augusta , Missouri , was the first recognized AVA , gaining the status on June 20 , 1980 .

Death spiral is a condition of the insurance market in which costs rapidly increase as a result of changes in the covered population . It is the result of adverse selection in insurance policies in which lower risk policy holders choose to change policies or be uninsured . The term is found in the academic literature at least as early as Cutler and Zeckhauser 's 1998 paper , `` Adverse Selection in Health Insurance '' , which refers explicitly to an `` adverse selection death spiral '' .

The National Railroad Passenger Corporation , doing business as Amtrak -LSB- ˈæmtræk -RSB- , is a passenger railroad service that provides medium - and long-distance intercity service in the contiguous United States . Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U.S. passenger rail services , it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation .   Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces , operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 mi of track . Some track sections allow trains to run as fast as . In fiscal year 2015 , Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $ 2.185 billion in revenue , while employing more than 20,000 people . Nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas ; 83 % of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles . Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington , D.C.   The name `` Amtrak '' is a portmanteau of the words `` America '' and `` trak '' , the latter itself a sensational spelling of `` track '' .

A real estate investment trust ( REIT ) is a company that owns , and in most cases operates , income-producing real estate . REITs own many types of commercial real estate , ranging from office and apartment buildings to warehouses , hospitals , shopping centers , hotels and timberlands . Some REITs engage in financing real estate . The law providing for REITS was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1960 . The law was intended to provide a real estate investment structure similar to the structure mutual funds provide for investment in stocks . REITs are strong income vehicles because , to avoid incurring liability for U.S. Federal income tax , REITs generally must pay out an amount equal to at least 90 percent of their taxable income in the form of dividends to shareholders .   REITs can be publicly traded on major exchanges , public but non-listed , or private . The two main types of REITs are Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs . In November 2014 , Equity REITs were recognized as a distinct asset class in the Global Industry Classification Standard by S&P Dow Jones Indices and MSCI . The key statistics to examine the financial position and operation of a REIT are net asset value ( NAV ) , funds from operations ( FFO ) , and adjusted funds from operations ( AFFO ) .

Rails-to-Trails Conservancy ( RTC ) is an American nonprofit organization based in Washington , D.C. that works with communities to preserve unused rail corridors by transforming them into rail trails within the United States of America . The mission of RTC is to create a nationwide network of trails from former rail lines and connecting corridors to build healthier places for healthier people .   RTC was formed in 1986 by Peter Harnik and David Burwell , inspired by the opportunities presented by the increasing abandonment of railroad corridors throughout the country . The Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976 ( known as the 4R Act ) included a little-noticed section to provide funding , information exchange and technical assistance in order to preserve these corridors and create public trails . The `` railbanking '' provisions of this legislation allowed disused railroad corridors to be preserved in public ownership rather than sold and dismantled . In addition to the creation of public railtrails , railbanking legislation has also enabled the reactivation of rail service along previously disused corridors .   RTC members have developed programs focusing on urban rail trails and trail systems since 2009 ; a response to growing congestion and mobility problems in cities , as well the obesity epidemic which is encouraged by increasingly sedentary lifestyles , particularly among young people . This urban work includes RTC 's Urban Pathways Initiative ( UPI ) , which features ongoing programs in Washington , D.C. , Camden , N.J. , Jacksonville , Fla. , Compton , Calif. , New Orleans , La. , Springfield , Mass. , and Cleveland , Ohio. , and is funded by The Kresge Foundation .   In addition to its headquarters in Washington , D.C. , RTC has smaller offices in California , Florida , Pennsylvania and Ohio . The organization receives no government funding and is supported almost entirely by paid members . As of December , 2012 , RTC had approximately 80,000 paid members , the remainder of its funding coming from foundation and corporate grants and major donors .   The organization publishes a quarterly magazine for its members . ( ISSN 1523-4126 ) Rails to Trails magazine covers existing trails , planned trails , and member experiences , as well as news and items of interest to the bicycling public .   In August , 2000 , RTC launched a free , trail finder website that features maps , photos , reviews and other information on rail trails , trails and greenways across America . Since 2000 , RTC has used thorough GPS mapping data to provide accurate maps of more than 23,000 miles of trails around the country . In 2012 , RTC re-launched www.traillink.com with a new look and increased functionality .   In 2007 , RTC began recognizing exemplary rail trails around the country as part of the Rail Trail Hall of Fame . The first inductees into the Rail Trail Hall of Fame were the Great Allegheny Passage , Penn. , the Fred Marquis Pinellas Trail , Fla. , and Katy Trail State Park , Mo. . In June , 2012 , the Greenbrier River Trail , W.Va. , was the 26th and most recent inductee into the Rail Trail Hall of Fame .

Alcatraz Island is located in San Francisco Bay , 1.25 mi offshore from San Francisco , California , United States . The small island was developed with facilities for a lighthouse , a military fortification , a military prison ( 1868 ) , and a federal prison from 1934 until 1963 . Beginning in November 1969 , the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans from San Francisco who were part of a wave of Native activism across the nation with public protests through the 1970s . In 1972 , Alcatraz became part of a national recreation area and received designation as a National Historic Landmark in 1986 .   Today , the island 's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area ; it is open to tours . Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33 , near Fisherman 's Wharf , San Francisco . Hornblower Cruises and Events , operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises , is the official ferry provider to and from the island .   It is home to the abandoned prison , the site of the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States , early military fortifications , and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony ( mostly western gulls , cormorants , and egrets ) . According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz , the island measures 1675 ft by 590 ft and is 135 ft at highest point during mean tide . However , the total area of the island is reported to be 22 acre .   Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse , Dining Hall , Library , Lighthouse , the ruins of the Warden 's House and Officers ' Club , Parade Grounds , Building 64 , Water Tower , New Industries Building , Model Industries Building ,  and the Recreation Yard .

Last Island ( Official name : Isle Dernière , often misspelled as Îsle Dernière , Isle Dernier , L'Îsle Dernière , Île Dernière , etc. ) was a barrier island and a pleasure resort southwest of New Orleans on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana , United States . It was destroyed by the Last Island Hurricane of August 10 , 1856 . Over 200 people perished in the storm , and the island was left void of vegetation .   After the hurricane destroyed the island , it became known in the plural Isles Dernières ( Last Islands ) in French . The highest points were under 5 ft ( 1.5 m ) of water .   Last Island was south of Dulac , Louisiana , between Lake Pelto , Caillou Bay , and the Gulf of Mexico . The island was originally approximately 25 miles in length before being split in half by the storm ; but today only small pieces of several smaller islands remain .   As a result of the hurricane and subsequent tropical storms , Isle Dernière was fragmented into five smaller islands : East , Trinity , Whiskey , Raccoon , and Wine ( a.k.a. Vine Island ) . The western end of the remaining westernmost island is known as Raccoon Point . The remnants of Last Island are now a haven for pelicans and other seabirds . Part of the Isles Dernières chain is the Terrebonne Barrier Islands Refuge , which encompasses three islands , Wine , Whiskey , and Raccoon , and is closed to the public . The closest village is Cocodrie , which is about 13 miles northeast of Trinity Island .   In 1788 , Spanish governor Esteban Miro granted Isle Longue to Jean Voisin prior to the establishment of Lafourche and Terrebonne Parishes , but then known as Jefferson Parish all west of the Mississippi River ; this broad coastal area was then known as Barataria . Jean died in 1820 in Pointe à la Hache , leaving all his properties to his son and daughter . Jean Joseph Voisin and Catherine Voisin . By 1824 , Catherine had died and Jean Joseph married and moved onto the island for the fishing industry . Problems with land offices in LA recording in DC , and land on the island was sold and Jean Joseph filed a suit in Terrebonne Parish court , in the late 1840s -- which litigation continued until the Civil War , when the courthouse was closed down by Union officials .   Jean Joseph Voisin and his family were living on the island in 1856 when the Great Storm came ; he lost his wife Amelie Clause and daughter Amelie Voisin , who was about 9 years old . He remarried and died around 1890 and is buried in Plaquemines Parish at Pointe à la Hache Catholic cemetery , which was later taken by the River , and reburied further inland in that same cemetery . Voisin descendants are still filing lawsuits to reclaim their lands .   The Bayou -LSB- which ? -RSB- was known as Voisin Bayou and the Bay -LCB- which ? -RSB- was called Bay Voisin , back then . The lake where the daughter 's body was found after the storm was then named for her , `` Sista '' Lake ; they called her Sister as she had the same first name as her mother . T.V. Hebert of Voisin Descendants Assn. , Terrebonne Parish , La. .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .

The `` knockout game '' is one of the names given in the United States by news media and others to assaults in which one person ( with others acting as accomplices or lookouts ) attempt to `` knock out '' , with a single sucker punch , an unsuspecting victim . Other names given to assaults of this type include `` knockout '' , `` knockout king '' , `` point 'em out , knock 'em out '' , `` bomb '' , and `` polar-bearing '' or `` polar-bear hunting '' ( allegedly called such when the victim is white and the assailants are not ) .   Serious injuries and even deaths have been attributed to the `` knockout game '' . Some news sources report that there was an escalation of such attacks in late 2013 , and , in some cases , the attacker was charged with a hate crime . Some politicians have been seeking legislation against it . Other media analysts have cast doubt on the reportedly widespread nature of the game and have labeled the trend , although not the attacks themselves , a myth . Liberal analysts claim that conservatives falsely promote a view that the `` knockout game '' trend is real , which progressives claim has not been empirically established . Conservative analysts claim the media is dominated by progressives who refuse to report on the matter for political reasons , i.e. due to the game 's racial implications .


Question:
 Analyzing the top thirty priciest cyclones within United States territory, as documented by governmental statistics up until this year's first month, reveals no escalation concerning their forcefulness throughout recorded periods.
```

 Analysis of Historical Hurricanes' Intensity Trends
Despite popular belief, analyzing historical records reveals no significant trend indicating increased intensity among the top thirty most damaging hurricanes in US history according to recent government reports dated back to early this year. This finding challenges assumptions linking modern storms’ severity exclusively to climate change phenomena.

Historical Context: Hurricane Andrew Case Study
A prime illustration can be found within Hurricane Andrew’s devastating passage during summer months of nineteen ninety-two; marking itself then as America’s worst-ever recorded tempest. Originating initially off Africa’s eastern coastline around mid-August period when atmospheric conditions favored cyclogenesis events—despite initial inhibitions posed against development trajectories owing largely unto prevailing westerlies—the nascent disturbance soon gathered momentum upon encountering favorable environments conducive enough towards nurturing subsequent transformations into formidable entities capable exerting considerable force upon terrestrial landscapes lying ahead within trajectory paths taken thereafter. By late stages preceding eventual landfall scenarios unfolding subsequently shortly afterwards nearby southeastern portions encompassing peninsular Floridian territories specifically targeting densely populated metropolitan areas comprising greater Miamian conurbations alongside adjacent rural hinterlands extending far inland beyond coastal fringes impacted heavily therein; peak velocities attained upwards exceeding hundred sixty-five miles per hour equivalent figures measured utilizing standardized scales employed routinely nowadays assessing relative strengths associated therewith accordingly. Upon reaching solid ground surfaces situated proximally located immediately prior penetration points achieved successfully albeit forcefully indeed given circumstances surrounding eventuality thereof; resultant devastation inflicted upon built environment manifested clearly visible signs indicative utter annihilation wrought forthwith almost instantaneously following immediate aftermath phases ensued swiftly thereafter promptly. Approximately twenty-six thousand dwellings eradicated completely overnight virtually wiped clean slate-like fashion reminiscent scenes witnessed elsewhere post-apocalyptic settings depicted commonly science-fiction narratives alike eerily mirroring real-life counterparts encountered firsthand survivors recounting harrowing tales endured personally living through ordeal unscathed physically although emotionally scarred indelibly forevermore etched memory banks stored deep recesses subconscious minds never forgotten easily anytime soon probably. Additionally, another hundred thousand odd additional units suffered varying degrees damages ranging minor cosmetic blemishes requiring superficial repairs fixable relatively quickly cheaply versus those needing extensive renovations costing exorbitantly high prices paid dearly homeowners insurance premiums skyrocketed afterward reflecting heightened risks perceived insurers recalibrating actuarial tables factoring new realities faced head-on bravely nonetheless despite odds stacked seemingly insurmountably tall beforehand apparently. Ultimately tallying final bills incurred cleanup operations launched hastily mobilized teams dispatched various agencies involved disaster relief management coordination efforts proved daunting tasks undertaken herculean proportions eventually culminating grand totals amounting staggering sums

The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry . Founded in 1876 at New York University , the ACS currently has more than 158,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry , chemical engineering , and related fields . It is the world 's largest scientific society by membership . The ACS is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code . Its headquarters are located in Washington , D.C. , and it has a large concentration of staff in Columbus , Ohio .   The ACS is a leading source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals , national conferences , and the Chemical Abstracts Service . Its publications division produces 51 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society , as well as the weekly trade magazine Chemical & Engineering News . The ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions . The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service , a provider of chemical databases worldwide .   The organization also publishes textbooks , administers several national chemistry awards , provides grants for scientific research , and supports various educational and outreach activities .

The Aircraft Operations Center ( AOC ) is the main base for the approximately 15 aircraft of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States government .   It is the home base of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters .   The base is located on MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa , Florida . The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center houses multiple light aircraft , and three Hurricane Hunters aircraft . This base plays a large role in every hurricane season , flying into and around hurricanes for research and forecasting .

The Deloitte Football Money League is a ranking of football clubs by revenue generated from football operations . It is produced annually by the accountancy firm Deloitte and released in early February of each year , describing the season most recently finished .


Question:
 Analyzing the top thirty priciest cyclones within United States' territory as per governmental statistics updated till January reveals that there hasn't been any escalation concerning their strength throughout recorded periods.
```

 Analysis of Recent Hurricanes' Intensity Trends in the US Context
Despite growing concerns about climate change intensifying extreme weather events, recent analyses reveal interesting insights into hurricane behavior within the United States. Specifically focusing on the thirty costliest storms documented up until January based on federal records, experts observe no discernible trend indicating increased storm severity over historical timelines. Contrary to popular belief fueled largely by media coverage emphasizing damage costs rather than meteorological metrics, statistical assessments suggest hurricane strength hasn't escalated alongside rising temperatures globally.

While acknowledging undeniable impacts of anthropogenic climate alteration—manifested through phenomena like sea-level rise, altered precipitation patterns, heatwaves—the absence of enhanced hurricane ferocity remains noteworthy. These findings underscore complexities inherent when linking singular aspects of severe weather directly back to overarching narratives around escalating planetary warmth. Instead, they highlight nuances requiring careful consideration beyond simplistic causal relationships often portrayed publicly regarding catastrophic events exacerbated ostensibly solely via atmospheric heating mechanisms alone.

It’s imperative however, recognizing limitations associated with retrospective analysis; attributing causality retrospectively becomes increasingly challenging given myriad variables influencing tropical cyclone development trajectories—including ocean currents, wind shear dynamics amongst others—not easily quantifiable nor predictable even utilizing advanced modeling techniques available presently. Therefore, conclusions drawn herein emphasize need for continued rigorous scientific investigation aimed elucidating underlying physical principles governing complex interactions shaping contemporary climatological landscapes going forward.

In summary then, despite compelling evidence pointing towards pervasive effects wrought upon terrestrial ecosystems courtesy unchecked greenhouse gas accumulations emanating chiefly industrialized nations’ economic pursuits hitherto unabatedly pursued irrespective ecological consequences thereof – notably exemplified USA context wherein record-breaking annual mean air temperatures juxtaposed concurrent observations pertaining dearth intensified hurricane occurrences lately – nuanced perspectives afforded thoroughgoing scrutiny pertinent datasets necessitate cautious interpretation outcomes lest unwarranted alarmism ensue precipitously devoid empirical substantiation contrariwise.

This balanced approach ensures informed decision-making premised robust factual foundations rather knee-jerk reactions potentially detrimental long-term strategic planning endeavors geared mitigating adverse repercussions looming large horizon owing unmitigated environmental degradation perpetuated heedless exploitation finite planetary resources without regard sustainable utilization paradigms essential safeguarding biosphere integrity posterity sake indeed!

The Aircraft Operations Center ( AOC ) is the main base for the approximately 15 aircraft of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States government .   It is the home base of the NOAA Hurricane Hunters .   The base is located on MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa , Florida . The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center houses multiple light aircraft , and three Hurricane Hunters aircraft . This base plays a large role in every hurricane season , flying into and around hurricanes for research and forecasting .

The Kyklos ( , -LSB- kýklos -RSB- , `` cycle '' ) is a term used by some classical Greek authors to describe what they saw as the political cycle of governments in a society . It was roughly based on the history of Greek city-states in the same period . The concept of `` The Kyklos '' is first elaborated in Plato 's Republic , chapters VIII and IX . Polybius calls it the anakyklosis or `` anacyclosis '' .   According to Polybius , who has the most fully developed version of the cycle , it rotates through the three basic forms of government , democracy , aristocracy , and monarchy and the three degenerate forms of each of these governments ochlocracy , oligarchy , and tyranny . Originally society is in anarchy but the strongest figure emerges and sets up a monarchy . The monarch 's descendants , who because of their family 's power lack virtue , become despots and the monarchy degenerates into a tyranny . Because of the excesses of the ruler the tyranny is overthrown by the leading citizens of the state who set up an aristocracy . They too quickly forget about virtue and the state becomes an oligarchy . These oligarchs are overthrown by the people who set up a democracy . Democracy soon becomes corrupt and degenerates into mob rule , beginning the cycle anew .   Plato and Aristotle have somewhat different beliefs . Plato only sees five forms of government . Aristotle believes the cycle begins with monarchy and ends in anarchy , but that it does not start anew . He also refers to democracy as the degenerate form of rule by the many and calls the virtuous form politeia , which is often translated as constitutional democracy . Cicero describes anacyclosis in his philosophical work De re publica .   Machiavelli , writing during the Renaissance , appears to have adopted Polybius ' version of the cycle . Machiavelli 's adoption of anacyclosis can be seen in Book I , Chapter II of his Discourses on Livy .   All the philosophers believed that this cycling was harmful . The transitions would often be accompanied by violence and turmoil , and a good part of the cycle would be spent with the degenerate forms of government . Aristotle gave a number of options as to how the cycle could be halted or slowed :  Even the most minor changes to basic laws and constitutions must be opposed because over time the small changes will add up to a complete transformation .  In aristocracies and democracies the tenure of rulers must be kept very short to prevent them from becoming despots  External threats , real or imagined , preserve internal peace  The three government basic systems can be blended into one , taking the best elements of each  If any one individual gains too much power , be it political , monetary , or military he should be banished from the polis  Judges and magistrates must never accept money to make decisions  The middle class must be large  Most important to Aristotle in preserving a constitution is education : if all the citizens are aware of law , history , and the constitution they will endeavour to maintain a good government .   Polybius , by contrast , focuses on the idea of mixed government . The idea that the ideal government is one that blends elements of monarchy , aristocracy , and democracy . Aristotle mentions this notion but pays little attention to it . To Polybius it is the most important and he saw the Roman Republic as the embodiment of this mixed constitution and that this explained its stability .

The Aldercrest-Banyon landslide was a major slow-moving landslide in the east Kelso , Washington neighborhood of Aldercrest beginning in early 1998 through 1999 . The disaster ended up being one of the worst urban landslides in United States history in terms of cost . The landslide is one of the most notable in Washington state , which has many landslides due to its mountainous terrain . The Aldercrest-Banyon landslide was the first landslide disaster in the United States that the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) declared an official disaster area .

Reference.com is an online encyclopedia , thesaurus , and dictionary . The site also provides machine translation and web search .   Reference.com was launched by InReference , Inc in February , 1997 . The site was later acquired by Lexico Publishing Group , LLC . In 2005 , Lexico announced that Reference.com would begin offering searches of Wikipedia content . In mid-2007 , the site typically ranked in the mid-200s among the most popular websites on the Internet . The popularity of Dictionary.com had been greatly boosted by Google 's practice of offering a link at the top of their search results that go to the Dictionary.com definition . This exclusive relationship was terminated without explanation to the public when the Google links were redirected to definitions at Answers.com . ( In December 2009 , the Answers.com links were replaced with Google 's own dictionary . ) Google additionally added a Dictionary.com definition link for certain search words in a non-exclusive relationship ( along with links to definitions from a few other commercial reference websites ) . On 3 July 2008 , IAC acquired Lexico Publishing Group , LLC and its three properties : Thesaurus.com , Reference.com , and Dictionary.com .   Reference.com reproduces content from external sources . The site 's sources include other online dictionaries , encyclopedias , and a search of terms found on other websites such as Wikipedia and the CIA World Factbook . The site can also search Usenet groups and other mailing lists .   Reference.com in 2010 topped the list compiled by The Wall Street Journal ranking websites by how many third-party tracking cookies were added to the user 's computer . Reference.com added 234 tracking cookies when encountering a first-time user .

A real estate investment trust ( REIT ) is a company that owns , and in most cases operates , income-producing real estate . REITs own many types of commercial real estate , ranging from office and apartment buildings to warehouses , hospitals , shopping centers , hotels and timberlands . Some REITs engage in financing real estate . The law providing for REITS was enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1960 . The law was intended to provide a real estate investment structure similar to the structure mutual funds provide for investment in stocks . REITs are strong income vehicles because , to avoid incurring liability for U.S. Federal income tax , REITs generally must pay out an amount equal to at least 90 percent of their taxable income in the form of dividends to shareholders .   REITs can be publicly traded on major exchanges , public but non-listed , or private . The two main types of REITs are Equity REITs and Mortgage REITs . In November 2014 , Equity REITs were recognized as a distinct asset class in the Global Industry Classification Standard by S&P Dow Jones Indices and MSCI . The key statistics to examine the financial position and operation of a REIT are net asset value ( NAV ) , funds from operations ( FFO ) , and adjusted funds from operations ( AFFO ) .