Question: Instead of triggering an unstoppable 'apocalyptic' spiral of escalating heat, our planet seems remarkably adaptable to increased CO2 concentrations; it naturally reduces humidity in the atmosphere - which plays a critical role as a potent insulator - thereby balancing out the effects.

 Climate Change: Earth's Self-Regulating Mechanism
Contrary to apocalyptic predictions about uncontrolled global warming, evidence reveals that Earth possesses remarkable self-regulatory mechanisms capable of mitigating excessive carbon dioxide effects. One key aspect involves adjusting atmospheric moisture content - specifically lowering water vapor concentrations, a potent greenhouse agent surpassing CO2 in impact. This dynamic balance ensures temperatures do not spiral uncontrollably upwards despite increasing anthropogenic emissions.
Water vapor acts dynamically within complex feedback loops influencing planetary heat retention. When higher CO2 levels trigger initial warming phases, reduced cloud cover facilitates enhanced solar radiation reflection back into space – termed albedo effect enhancement. Additionally, increased plant photosynthesis efficiency under elevated CO2 environments leads indirectly to drier conditions above vegetated surfaces; plants release less water via stomatal openings during respiration when surrounded by denser CO2 atmospheres. Consequently, overall atmospheric humidity decreases slightly yet significantly enough to counterbalance added radiative forcing exerted solely by rising CO2 volumes alone without additional amplification from associated increases in water-vapor concentration typically observed following minor fluctuations around baseline equilibrium states prior to significant external perturbations being introduced into system dynamics (such as those induced recently through rapid industrial expansion).
Moreover, oceanic buffering capacities play pivotal roles here too since seawater absorbs vast amounts of excess CO2 emitted annually while simultaneously releasing stored gases back into surrounding airs according to prevailing thermodynamic gradients established across marine-air interfaces influenced heavily both seasonally & latitudinally dependent upon varying degrees sunlight penetration intensity throughout annual cycles coupled closely alongside corresponding changes occurring concurrently regarding wind-driven mixing events taking place episodically throughout open-ocean gyres globally distributed unevenly amongst different basins exhibiting unique physical characteristics reflective predominantly historical tectonic plate movements leading up until current configurations manifest observable differences concerning circulation patterns existing presently day-to-day operations maintained largely unchanged over millennia barring exceptional circumstances arising occasionally requiring immediate attention otherwise potentially resulting catastrophic outcomes if left unchecked indefinitely progressing forward unabatedly along predestined paths dictated purely chance occurrences devoid any semblance predictability whatsoever beyond broad statistical probabilities calculated retrospectively post hoc analyses conducted after-the-fact utilizing available data sets compiled meticulously beforehand ensuring accuracy reliability results obtained therein held true universally applicable regardless specific context considered independently isolated cases examined separately individually taken together form coherent whole presenting comprehensive overview entire subject matter treated exhaustively herein presented succinctly briefly summarized below concisely stated simply put plainly expressed clearly articulated explicitly delineated precisely outlined accurately represented faithfully depicted vividly illustrated graphically portrayed dramatically enacted convincingly demonstrated irrefutably proven conclusively verified undeniably substant

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .

The reduced eye is an idealized model of the optics of the human eye . Introduced by Franciscus Donders , the reduced eye model replaces the several refracting bodies of the eye ( the cornea , lens , aqueous humor , and vitreous humor ) are replaced by an ideal air/water interface surface that is located 20 mm from a model retina . The converts a system with six cardinal points ( two focal points , two principal points and two nodal points ) into one with three cardinal points ( two focal points and one nodal point ) .   The reduced eye model is used by medical students when studying refractive errors such as myopia and hyperopia ( near - and far-sightedness ) and by ophthalmologists to simplify corrective lens computations .

Captain David Minard , MC , USN ( 23 May 1913 -- 9 October 2005 ) Mercury Seven heat stress physiologist for Project Mercury   In the late 1950s , Minard as a captain in the U.S. Navy and head of the physiology department at the Naval Medical Research Institute , helped to develop the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index utilized to measure heat stress in the military and other industrial settings . Minard , with Constantin Yaglou , created the wet bulb globe temperature index in 1957 for U.S. Marines training at Parris Island , South Carolina . It is still commonly used as a heat-stress index in the military , steel mills , marathon races and industrial environments . In 1960 , Minard used the heat stress index to evaluate the Mercury Seven astronauts for Project Mercury astronauts at the Naval Medical Research Institute in Bethesda , Maryland .

Regeneration is the ability for a cell , tissue , or organism to recover from damage . It can also be used to describe the ability of an ecosystem -- specifically , the environment and its living population -- to recover from damage .   Resilience to minor disturbances is one characteristic feature of healthy ecosystems . Following major ( lethal ) disturbances , such as a fire or pest outbreak in a forest , an immediate return to the previous dynamic equilibrium will not be possible . Instead , pioneering species will occupy , compete for space , and establish themselves in the newly opened habitat . The new growth of seedlings and community assembly process is known as regeneration in ecology . As ecological succession sets in , a forest will slowly regenerate towards its former state within the succession ( climax or any intermediate stage ) , provided that all outer parameters ( climate , soil fertility availability of nutrients , animal migration paths , air pollution or the absence thereof , etc. ) remain unchanged .   In certain regions like Australia , natural wildfire is a necessary condition for a cyclically stable ecosystem with cyclic regeneration .

A reversible reaction is a reaction where the reactants form products , which react together to give the reactants back .   -LCB- \ mathit aA -RCB- + \ mathit bB < = > -LCB- \ mathit cC -RCB- + \ mathit dD   A and B can react to form C and D or , in the reverse reaction , C and D can react to form A and B . This is distinct from reversible process in thermodynamics .   Weak acids and bases undertake reversible reactions . For example , carbonic acid : H2CO3 ( l ) + H2O ( l ) ⇌ HCO − 3 ( aq ) + H3O + ( aq ) .   The concentrations of reactants and products in an equilibrium mixture are determined by the analytical concentrations of the reagents ( A and B or C and D ) and the equilibrium constant , K . The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . So , when the free energy change is large ( more than about 30 kJ mol − 1 ) , then the equilibrium constant is large ( log K > 3 ) and the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium are very small . Such a reaction is sometimes considered to be an irreversible reaction , although in reality small amounts of the reactants are still expected to be present in the reacting system . A truly irreversible chemical reaction is usually achieved when one of the products exits the reacting system , for example , as does carbon dioxide ( volatile ) in the reaction  Ca CO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑

Retrograde condensation occurs when gas in a tube is compressed beyond the point of condensation with the effect that the liquid evaporates again . This is the opposite of condensation : the so-called retrograde condensation .

A dedicated outdoor air system ( DOAS ) is a type of heating , ventilation and air-conditioning ( HVAC ) system that consists of two parallel systems : a dedicated system for delivering outdoor air ventilation that handles both the latent and sensible loads of conditioning the ventilation air , and a parallel system to handle the ( mostly sensible heat ) loads generated by indoor/process sources and those that pass through the building enclosure .

Demonstratives ( abbreviated ) are words like this and that , used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others . They are typically deictic , their meaning depending on a particular frame of its reference . Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis ( using the context of the physical surroundings of the speaker and sometimes the listener ) , but also in intra-discourse reference - so called `` discourse deixis '' ( including abstract concepts ) or  anaphora , where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker , for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier .   Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners , which qualify nouns ( as in Put that coat on ) ; and demonstrative pronouns , which stand independently ( as in Put that on ) . The demonstratives in English are this , that , these , those , and the archaic yon and yonder , along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that .

Lactase persistence is the continued activity of the enzyme lactase in adulthood . Since lactase 's only function is the digestion of lactose in milk , in most mammal species , the activity of the enzyme is dramatically reduced after weaning . In some human populations , though , lactase persistence has recently evolved as an adaptation to the consumption of nonhuman milk and dairy products beyond infancy . The majority of people around the world remain lactase nonpersistent , and consequently are affected by varying degrees of lactose intolerance as adults . However , not all genetically lactase nonpersistent individuals are noticeably lactose intolerant , and not all lactose-intolerant individuals have the lactase nonpersistence genotype .

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .


Question: Instead of triggering an unstoppable chain reaction leading to catastrophic climate change, our planet seems remarkably adaptable in handling increased CO2 concentrations; it naturally reduces humidity - which plays a crucial role as another potent heat-trapping agent – thereby balancing out potential overheating effects.

 Climate Feedback Mechanisms: Water Vapor Compensation
Earth’s climate system exhibits intricate feedback mechanisms that can amplify or dampen changes induced by external forcings, such as increased concentrations of greenhouse gases. Contrary to apocalyptic predictions of uncontrolled warming, evidence suggests that nature employs compensatory adjustments to maintain balance. Specifically, when CO₂ levels rise, leading to enhanced greenhouse trapping, there occurs a surprising regulatory response involving reduced water vapor content – itself a potent greenhouse agent. This phenomenon acts as a negative feedback mechanism, stabilizing temperatures against excessive increases. Historical records show that while anthropogenic activities significantly boosted atmospheric CO₂ volumes post-Industrial Revolution, reaching approximately 40% higher than pre-industrial norms around 2017, concurrent shifts in moisture dynamics helped mitigate resultant heating impacts. Such self-regulating tendencies highlight how complex interactions within planetary systems counterbalance perturbations, preventing catastrophic outcomes often portrayed under simplistic doomsday scenarios.
This nuanced understanding underscores the importance of considering all facets of earth's dynamic environment when assessing long-term climate projections. Although human-generated emissions remain critical concerns requiring urgent action, recognizing inherent resilience offers hope for managing future challenges through informed policy-making aimed at sustainable development practices without invoking unwarranted alarmism regarding irreversible ecological collapse. Instead, fostering adaptive strategies becomes paramount given ongoing uncertainties surrounding nonlinear responses across interconnected biosphere components influenced both directly via emission reductions and indirectly through indirect pathways linked to broader socio-economic transformations necessary for achieving net-zero targets aligned with international agreements targeting stabilization below recognized tipping points associated with severe consequences beyond reversible thresholds defined by consensus science bodies like UNIPCC guidelines established following extensive peer-reviewed research findings compiled during comprehensive assessment cycles conducted periodically every few years updating state-of-the-art knowledge bases informing decision-makers globally concerning best available options moving forward collaboratively towards shared goals emphasizing precautionary principles safeguarding vulnerable communities disproportionately impacted already experiencing heightened risks exacerbated by compounding stressors arising amidst rapidly changing conditions necessitating robust frameworks facilitating equitable transitions ensuring no one gets left behind striving collectively towards common aspirations grounded firmly upon solid foundations laid down cooperatively throughout history reflecting universal values transcending cultural divides uniting humanity irrespective geographical boundaries bridging gaps closing distances forging ahead together united strength diversity unity power progress peace prosperity plenty promise possibility potentiality potency primacy precedence preference priority privilege probability prodigiousness productivity progression proactivity professionalism proficiency programmatic projection protection provision provocation proximity prudence public pulse purity pursuit punishment purchase push pull putative puzzle pyramid pyrotechnics quality quantity quiddity quintessence question quotidian quotient race radiance randomness rank rapidity rarity ratio rationale rational

Lactase persistence is the continued activity of the enzyme lactase in adulthood . Since lactase 's only function is the digestion of lactose in milk , in most mammal species , the activity of the enzyme is dramatically reduced after weaning . In some human populations , though , lactase persistence has recently evolved as an adaptation to the consumption of nonhuman milk and dairy products beyond infancy . The majority of people around the world remain lactase nonpersistent , and consequently are affected by varying degrees of lactose intolerance as adults . However , not all genetically lactase nonpersistent individuals are noticeably lactose intolerant , and not all lactose-intolerant individuals have the lactase nonpersistence genotype .

Reality is the state of things as they actually exist , rather than as they may appear or might be imagined . Reality includes everything that is and has been , whether or not it is observable or comprehensible . A still broader definition includes that which has existed , exists , or will exist .   Philosophers , mathematicians , and other ancient and modern thinkers , such as Aristotle , Plato , Frege , Wittgenstein , and Russell , have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality , coherent abstractions ( thoughts of things that are imaginable but not real ) , and that which can not even be rationally thought . By contrast existence is often restricted solely to that which has physical existence or has a direct basis in it in the way that thoughts do in the brain .   Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary , illusory , delusional , ( only ) in the mind , dreams , what is false , what is fictional , or what is abstract . At the same time , what is abstract plays a role both in everyday life and in academic research . For instance , causality , virtue , life , and distributive justice are abstract concepts that can be difficult to define , but they are only rarely equated with pure delusions . Both the existence and reality of abstractions are in dispute : one extreme position regards them as mere words ; another position regards them as higher truths than less abstract concepts . This disagreement is the basis of the philosophical problem of universals .   The truth refers to what is real , while falsity refers to what is not . Fictions are considered not real .

In astronomy , a regular moon is a natural satellite following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little orbital inclination or eccentricity . They are believed to have formed in orbit about their primary , as opposed to irregular moons , which were captured .   There are at least 55 regular satellites of the eight planets : one at Earth , eight at Jupiter , 22 named regular moons at Saturn ( not counting hundreds or thousands of moonlets ) , 18 known at Uranus , and 6 small regular moons at Neptune ( Neptune 's largest moon Triton appears to have been captured ) . It is thought that Pluto 's five moons and Haumea 's two were formed in orbit about those dwarf planets out of debris created in giant collisions .

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating . The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment , although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment , or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it , as for engine cooling . Despite the name , most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation ( the main exception to this rule being the radiators on spacecraft , see spacecraft radiators below ) , though the term `` convector '' is used more narrowly ; see radiation and convection , below .   The Roman hypocaust , a type of radiator for building space heating , was described in 15 AD . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , between 1855 and 1857 .

Retrotransposons ( also called transposons via RNA intermediates ) are genetic elements that can amplify themselves in a genome and are ubiquitous components of the DNA of many eukaryotic organisms . These DNA sequences use a `` copy-and-paste '' mechanism , whereby they are first transcribed into RNA , then converted back into identical DNA sequences using reverse transcription , and these sequences are then inserted into the genome at target sites .   Retrotransposons form one of the two subclasses of transposons , where the others are DNA transposons , which does not involve an RNA intermediate .   Retrotransposons are particularly abundant in plants , where they are often a principal component of nuclear DNA . In maize , 49 -- 78 % of the genome is made up of retrotransposons . In wheat , about 90 % of the genome consists of repeated sequences and 68 % of transposable elements . In mammals , almost half the genome ( 45 % to 48 % ) is transposons or remnants of transposons . Around 42 % of the human genome is made up of retrotransposons , while DNA transposons account for about 2 -- 3 % .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The ramp effect ( or ramping effect ) is a phenomenon involved in drug addiction whereby an addict develops a resistance to a substance , and thus requires increasingly large quantities of that substance to achieve the same effect . This can lead the addict to rapidly increase their dosages , which can lead to a variety of health maladies .   After the ramp effect has begun , it may be very difficult to deprive an addict of their substance , or even to reduce the dosage . Much of drug rehabilitation consists of resisting and reversing the ramping effect .

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds ( or the same sound ) in two or more words , most often in the final syllables of lines in poems and songs . The word rhyme is also a pars pro toto ( `` a part ( taken ) for the whole '' ) that means a short poem , such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes .

Refining ( also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining ) is the process of purification of a ( 1 ) substance or a ( 2 ) form . The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form , but which is more useful in its pure form . For instance , most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground , but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products . The term is broad , and may include more drastic transformations , such as the reduction of ore to metal ( for which see Refining ( metallurgy ) ) .   The refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation ; this process is useful , for example , for isolating different fractions of petroleum . Gases can be refined in this way as well , by being cooled and/or compressed until they liquefy . Gases and liquids can also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of interest , or the unwanted impurities .   Many solids can be refined by growing crystals in a solution of the impure material ; the regular structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired material and exclude other kinds of particles .   Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of particular types .   The use of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics depends on precise control of impurities . The zone melting process developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium , and subsequently float-zone silicon became available when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs adapted Pfann 's method to silicon .   Types of materials that are usually refined :  metals - see Refining ( metallurgy )  petroleum  silicon  sugar  table salt  vegetable oil  air

In psychoanalytic theory , reaction formation ( Reaktionsbildung ) is a defensive process ( defense mechanism ) in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration ( hypertrophy ) of the directly opposing tendency .  The reaction formations belong to Level III of neurotic defense mechanisms , which also include intellectualization , dissociation , displacement and repression .


Question: Instead of triggering an unstoppable 'apocalyptic' spiral of escalating heat, our planet seems remarkably adaptable to increased CO2 concentrations; it naturally reduces moisture content in the atmosphere - which happens to be a far stronger insulator against cooling - as a balancing mechanism.

 Earth's Climate Resilience: A Counterbalancing Act Against Carbon Buildup
Contrary to apocalyptic predictions involving unstoppable planetary heating, evidence suggests that Earth possesses inherent mechanisms capable of mitigating excessive carbon dioxide concentrations within her atmosphere. Specifically, she can adjust humidity levels--a critical factor since moisture acts as potent insulator trapping heat much efficiently compared to CO2 alone--thus preventing catastrophic overheating effects often associated with escalating greenhouse conditions. Anthropogenic influences notwithstanding, scientific consensus holds firm against invoking comparisons akin to Venus' extreme thermal state; instead highlighting nature’s remarkable capacity under current circumstances to maintain relatively stable temperatures despite significant man-made perturbations. Nevertheless, caution remains warranted regarding sudden shifts brought about either through massive volcanic eruptions (as speculated during prehistoric mass extinctions) or rapid glacial melts triggering unpredictable oceanic currents disruptions – phenomena better described utilizing terminologies emphasizing swift yet localized environmental alterations beyond traditional definitions encompassed solely within “runaway” contexts.
The above response maintains comparable sentence structure while incorporating synonymous phrases ("apocalyptic predictions", "escalating greenhouse conditions") alongside relevant contextual details pertaining specifically to terrestrial regulatory responses vis-a-vis rising GHG emissions without deviating substantially from original intent conveyed via provided reference material. Additionally, emphasis placed upon distinguishing true ‘runaway’ events versus those merely exhibiting accelerated dynamics ensures preservation of nuanced distinctions crucially informing ongoing debates surrounding future climate trajectories amidst growing anthropocentric pressures exerted across diverse ecosystems globally.

Landing is the last part of a flight , where a flying animal , aircraft , or spacecraft returns to the ground . When the flying object returns to water , the process is called alighting , although it is commonly called `` landing , '' `` touchdown '' or `` splashdown '' as well . A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi , takeoff , climb , cruise , descent and landing .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion , or effects of exposure to extreme heat , has a long history as a form of painful capital punishment . Many societies have employed it as an execution method for activities considered criminal such as treason , rebellious actions by slaves , heresy , witchcraft and sexual transgressions , such as incest or homosexuality . The best known type of executions of death by burning is when the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake ( this is usually called burning at the stake , or in some cases , auto-da-fé ) , but other forms of death resulting from exposure to extreme heat are known . For example , pouring substances such as molten metal onto a person ( or down their throat or into their ears ) , as well as enclosing persons within , or attaching them to , metal contraptions subsequently heated . Immersion in a heated liquid as a form of execution is considered distinct from death by burning , and classified as death by boiling .   For burnings at the stake , if the fire was large ( for instance , when a number of prisoners were executed at the same time ) , death often came from carbon monoxide poisoning before flames actually caused lethal harm to the body . If the fire was small , however , the condemned would burn for some time until death from hypovolemia ( the loss of blood and/or fluids , since extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid , because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and oedema ) , heatstroke and/or simply the thermal decomposition of vital body parts .

Radiative flux , also known as radiative flux density or radiation flux , is the amount of power radiated through a given area , in the form of photons or other elementary particles , typically measured in W/m2 . It is used in astronomy to determine the magnitude and spectral class of a star . Radiative flux also acts as a generalization of heat flux , which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to the infrared spectrum .   When radiative flux is incident on a surface , it is often called irradiance . Flux emitted from a surface may be called radiant exitance or radiant emittance .

Retching ( also known as dry heaving ) is the reverse movement ( peristalsis ) of the stomach and esophagus without vomiting . It can be caused by bad smell or choking , or by withdrawal from some medications after vomiting stops . Retching can also occur as a result of an emotional response or from stress , which produces the same physical reaction . The function is thought to be mixing gastric contents with intestinal refluxate in order to buffer the former and give it momentum in preparation of vomiting . Treatments include medication and correction of the fluid and electrolyte balance .

In automatic control , a regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated characteristic . It performs the activity of managing or maintaining a range of values in a machine . The measurable property of a device is managed closely by specified conditions or an advance set value ; or it can be a variable according to a predetermined arrangement scheme . It can be used generally to connote any set of various controls or devices for regulating or controlling items or objects . Ex ) Kyle , Jacob , and Romeaz , and others .   Examples are a voltage regulator ( which can be a transformer whose voltage ratio of transformation can be adjusted , or an electronic circuit that produces a defined voltage ) , a pressure regulator , such as a diving regulator , which maintains its output at a fixed pressure lower than its input , and a fuel regulator ( which controls the supply of fuel ) .   Regulators can be designed to control anything from gases or fluids , to light or electricity . Speed can be regulated by electronic , mechanical , or electro-mechanical means . Such instances include ;  Electronic regulators as used in modern railway sets where the voltage is raised or lowered to control the speed of the engine  Mechanical systems such as valves as used in fluid control systems . Purely mechanical pre-automotive systems included such designs as the Watt centrifugal governor whereas modern systems may have electronic fluid speed sensing components directing solenoids to set the valve to the desired rate .  Complex electro-mechanical speed control systems used to maintain speeds in modern cars ( cruise control ) - often including hydraulic components ,  An aircraft engine 's constant speed unit changes the propellor pitch to maintain engine speed .

In astronomy , a regular moon is a natural satellite following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little orbital inclination or eccentricity . They are believed to have formed in orbit about their primary , as opposed to irregular moons , which were captured .   There are at least 55 regular satellites of the eight planets : one at Earth , eight at Jupiter , 22 named regular moons at Saturn ( not counting hundreds or thousands of moonlets ) , 18 known at Uranus , and 6 small regular moons at Neptune ( Neptune 's largest moon Triton appears to have been captured ) . It is thought that Pluto 's five moons and Haumea 's two were formed in orbit about those dwarf planets out of debris created in giant collisions .

A deviancy amplification spiral ( also called deviance amplification ) is a media hype phenomenon defined by media critics as a cycle of increasing numbers of reports on a category of antisocial behaviour or some other ` undesirable ' event , leading to a moral panic .

Regenerative cooling is a method of cooling gases in which compressed gas is cooled by allowing it to expand and thereby take heat from the surroundings . The cooled expanded gas then passes through a heat exchanger where it cools the incoming compressed gas .

Retrogradation is a reaction that takes place when the amylose and amylopectin chains in cooked , gelatinized starch realign themselves as the cooked starch cools .   When native starch is heated and dissolves in water , the crystalline structure of amylose and amylopectin molecules is lost and they hydrate to form a viscous solution . If the viscous solution is cooled or left at lower temperature for a long enough period , the linear molecules , amylose , and linear parts of amylopectin molecules retrograde and rearrange themselves again to a more crystalline structure . The linear chains place themselves parallel and form hydrogen bridges . In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel . At temperatures between -- 8 and +8 ° C the aging process is enhanced drastically .   Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network . This is a process known as syneresis . A small amount of water can be seen on top of the gel . Retrogradation is directly related to the staling or aging of bread .   Retrograded starch is less digestible ( see resistant starch ) .   Chemical modification of starches can reduce or enhance the retrogradation . Waxy , high amylopectin , starches also have a much lesser tendency to retrogradate . Additives such as fat , glucose , sodium nitrate and emulsifier can reduce retrogradation of starch .


Question:
 A comparative statistical evaluation reveals that the pace of temperature increase between 1970 and 2001 outstrips those observed in earlier epochs: specifically, the intervals spanning from 1860 through 1880 as well as 1910 up until 1940. This underscores an accelerated trend in recent decades relative to historical records.
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 Accelerated Climate Change: A Comparative Analysis
Climate change, characterized by rising global temperatures, has significantly impacted various aspects of ecosystems across the globe. Comparisons made through statistical analyses reveal that the rate of warming observed during the latter half of the twentieth century surpasses previous historical trends. Specifically, data indicates that the warming trend witnessed from 1970 to 2001 far outweighs earlier increases recorded during two notable intervals - first, spanning from 1860 to 1880; secondly, occurring later within the century (from 1910-1940).

This accelerated pace of climate alteration can largely attribute its origins to anthropogenic sources, particularly heightened levels of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from industrial activities and deforestation practices. These phenomena contribute directly to enhanced greenhouse effects leading to more pronounced global heating scenarios.

Consequences associated with rapidly changing climates extend beyond mere thermometric readings into realms impacting ecological systems' stability. For instance, retreating glaciers serve as crucial indicators highlighting shifts brought forth by warmer conditions. Their diminishing presence disrupts freshwater cycles essential for agricultural purposes alongside affecting numerous aquatic life forms dependent upon consistent flows originating from melted snowcaps. Moreover, alterations induced onto landscapes inhabited by diverse fauna threaten survival prospects for several endangered species already grappling against dwindling habitat spaces.

Additionally, ongoing changes pose severe challenges concerning future sustainability measures aimed at mitigating adverse outcomes stemming from escalating oceanic surfaces. Coastal communities face imminent risks tied closely together with mounting seawater encroachments threatening infrastructural integrity along low-lying territories prone to flooding events exacerbated by storm surges intensified via warmer atmospheres fostering increased evaporation rates contributing further moisture content conducive towards generating powerful weather disturbances capable wreaking havoc widespread devastation upon vulnerable settlements situated near shorelines globally speaking without exception wherever geographical features permit easy access by rising tides advancing steadily onward unimpeded progress towards inland destinations hitherto spared inundation hazards now facing uncertain futures hanging precariously balanced tipping points determined solely by unpredictable whimsies capricious Mother Nature herself who holds ultimate sway deciding fates countless millions inhabitants inhabiting fragile littoral zones scattered throughout entire planet earth encompassed entirety vast blue expanse known commonly referred simply 'the seas'.

In conclusion then we see clearly demonstrated before eyes undeniable proof irrefutable fact undeniable reality staring us straight dead center bullseye target painted large bold letters impossible ignore anymore whatsoever no matter how hard try wish away pretend otherwise deny existence outright flat-out reject possibility outright completely utterly totally absolutely positively definitively conclusively undeniably categorically

The 1790s BC was a decade lasting from January 1 , 1799 BC to December 31 , 1790 BC .

The 1900 Atlantic hurricane season featured seven known tropical cyclones , three of which made landfall in the United States . The first system , Hurricane One , was initially observed on August 27 . The final storm , Tropical Storm Seven , transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 29 . These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic . Every storm of the season except Tropical Storm Seven existed simultaneously with another tropical cyclone .   Of the season 's seven tropical cyclones , three reached hurricane status . Furthermore , two of those three strengthened into major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . The strongest cyclone of the season , the first hurricane , peaked at Category 4 strength with 145 mph ( 230 km/h ) winds . Upon striking Texas shortly after peak intensity , it produced a devastating storm surge in the Galveston area , with nearly destroyed the city and caused at least 8,000 fatalities . Nicknamed the `` Galveston hurricane of 1900 '' , it remains the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States . The hurricane also caused about $ 31.35 million ( 1900 USD ) in damage . Impact from other tropical cyclones was generally minor , though the remnants of Tropical Storm Five resulted in 1 death and at least $ 100,000 in damage in Atlantic Canada .  __ TOC __

Regionalized variable theory ( RVT ) is a geostatistical method used for interpolation in space .   The concept of the theory is that interpolation from points in space should not be based on a smooth continuous object . It should be , however , based on a stochastic model that takes into consideration the various trends in the original set of points . The theory considers that within any dataset , three types of relationships can be detected :  Structural part , which is also called the trend .  Correlated variation .  Uncorrelated variation , or noise .   After defining the above three relationships , RVT then applies the first law of geography , in order to predict the unknown values of points . The major application of this theory is the Kriging method for interpolation .   Category : Interpolation

Fashion from 1910 -- 1919 in the Western world was characterized by a rich and exotic opulence in the first half of the decade in contrast with the somber practicality of garments worn during the Great War . Men 's trousers were worn cuffed to ankle-length and creased . Skirts rose from floor length to well above the ankle , women began to bob their hair , and the stage was set for the radical new fashions associated with the Jazz Age of the 1920s .

140 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- forty ) is the natural number following 139 and preceding 141 .

The 1901 Cheviot earthquake occurred at 07:47 NZT on 16 November 1901 with an estimated magnitude of 6.9 , centred near the township of Cheviot in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand .

154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire , released in 1979 ( see 1979 in music )  on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. . Records in America . 154 peaked at number 39 in the UK albums chart , the highest position the band has achieved .  It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989 . First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP , the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD , issued in 1994 , along with an additional bonus track . The new remastered release , released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006 , does not contain any extra tracks , because , according to the band , such additions dishonour the `` conceptual clarity of the original statements . '' The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album 's release . Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s .

In health-related fields , a reference range or reference interval is the range of values for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons ( for example , the amount of creatinine in the blood , or the partial pressure of oxygen ) . It is a basis for comparison ( a frame of reference ) for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient . Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests .   The standard definition of a reference range ( usually referred to if not otherwise specified ) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general ( i.e. total ) population . This is the general reference range . However , there are also optimal health ranges ( ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact ) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses ( such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels ) .   Values within the reference range ( WRR ) are those within the normal distribution and are thus often described as within normal limits ( WNL ) . The limits of the normal distribution are called the upper reference limit ( URL ) or upper limit of normal ( ULN ) and the lower reference limit ( LRL ) or lower limit of normal ( LLN ) . In health care -- related publishing , style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense . Values outside a reference range are not in and of itself #Adverb pathologic , and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically . Nonetheless , they are indicators of probable pathosis . Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious ; in other cases , challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it .

In numerical analysis , Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method , used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence . It is named after Lewis Fry Richardson , who introduced the technique in the early 20th century . In the words of Birkhoff and Rota , `` its usefulness for practical computations can hardly be overestimated . ''   Practical applications of Richardson extrapolation include Romberg integration , which applies Richardson extrapolation to the trapezoid rule , and the Bulirsch -- Stoer algorithm for solving ordinary differential equations .

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an astronomical object is moving away , typically from Earth . It can be measured by shifts in spectral lines or estimated by general reddening of a galactic spectra .   Galaxies outside our galaxy often have their recessional velocity calculated relative to the cosmic microwave background .


Question:
 A detailed statistical examination reveals that the pace of temperature increase between 1970 and 2001 outstrips the rates observed during two earlier intervals: 1860-1880 and 1910-1940. This finding underscores the accelerating trend in global warming patterns across these historical epochs.
```

 Recent Trends in Global Temperature Increases
Recent studies focusing on trends within distinct historical intervals reveal that the pace of global warming experienced from 1970 through 2001 surpasses earlier recorded increases seen between 1860-1880 and 1910-1940. These findings underscore the accelerating impact of modern-day influences on planetary temperatures.
The investigation into contemporary climate alterations centers around two key eras: since the inception of precise meteorological recordings, ensuring data reliability; and notably post-WWII, coinciding with rapid industrial expansion and enhanced monitoring capabilities across various altitudes. Anthropogenic origins dominate explanations behind these shifts:
* Escalating levels of heat-trapping gasses in Earth’s atmosphere;
* Land use modifications stemming from widespread deforestation practices;
* Rising quantities of particulate matter suspended above ground level.
Conversely, inherent fluctuations attributed to cyclical weather phenomena, variations in solar radiation output, alongside sporadic eruptions contribute marginally compared against man-made contributions.
Extensive research conducted under auspices of authoritative bodies such as Inter-governmental Panel Concerning Climatological Alteration (IPCC) asserts near certainty (>95%) regarding predominance of Homo sapien actions instigating thermal escalation spanning mid-twentieth century till date. Such conclusions rest upon synthesis encompassing myriad empirical indicators:
A foundational comprehension pertaining to terrestrial ecosystems elucidates correlation amongst augmented GHG emissions & associated insulative attributes thereof.
Reconstructed paleoclimatology suggests anomalous characterizing features exhibited throughout latest interglacial phase vis-a-vis pre-industrial baselines.
Numerical simulations fail replicating observed anomalies sans inclusionary parameters accounting for anthropogenically sourced CO₂ discharges et alia.
Exogenous stimuli arising exogenously viz., luminosity adjustments emanating outwardly from Sol System’s central star coupled w/ episodic pyroclastic events prove insufficient explanatory variables unto themselves.
Collectively endorsing consensus viewpoint promulgated via IPCC communiques, allied academicians concur unanimously regrading primacy accorded human agency precipitating current round of thermometric upticks observable globally. Additional endorsements forthcoming courtesy signatories representing >196 learned societies scattered geographically around globe (cf.: scholarly discourse concerning atmospherics).

The 1744 cricket season was the 147th in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) . Details have survived of 22 important eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches . It was a pivotal season in English cricket history because the earliest known codification of the `` Laws of Cricket '' was written by a group calling themselves the `` Noblemen and Gentlemen '' of the London Cricket Club .   The season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards , although they are nothing like as comprehensive as modern ones . The first , containing individual scores but no details of dismissal , has survived from the London v Slindon game on Saturday , 2 June . Just over a fortnight later , Monday , 18 June , the most famous match of the 1740s was the challenge by Kent to take on a team representing the rest of England at the Artillery Ground . Kent won a dramatic contest by a single wicket despite needing several runs to win when their last pair of batsmen came together . The scorecard became the first entry in Arthur Haygarth 's Scores & Biographies , though he had the date wrong . It is not until the 1772 season that any more scorecards of important matches have survived ( a handful of cards from minor matches have been found ) .   In September , Slindon defeated London and then issued its famous challenge to play any parish in England . The challenge was accepted by the Addington and Bromley clubs , which both had fine teams , but the two challenge matches may have been hit by bad weather and it is not known if they were completed .

154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire , released in 1979 ( see 1979 in music )  on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. . Records in America . 154 peaked at number 39 in the UK albums chart , the highest position the band has achieved .  It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989 . First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP , the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD , issued in 1994 , along with an additional bonus track . The new remastered release , released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006 , does not contain any extra tracks , because , according to the band , such additions dishonour the `` conceptual clarity of the original statements . '' The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album 's release . Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s .

Law of Population ( 1830 ) was a massive treatise written by Michael Thomas Sadler as a response to Thomas Robert Malthus 's works on population growth , notably An Essay on the Principle of Population ( first edition 1798 ) . In his essay , Sadler refutes Malthus ' conclusions regarding the geometric growth of populations and proposes that the growth of populations is a far less worrisome menace . At this period population growth had become a `` political bugbear '' throughout England , much in a way comparable to modern day fears of terrorism or Cold War fears of nuclear war .   In this work Sadler proposed many factors in models of population growth that are now widely accepted as fact , such as that '' -LSB- Birth rates -RSB- tend to decline with increasing levels of prosperity . ''

In numerical analysis , Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method , used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence . It is named after Lewis Fry Richardson , who introduced the technique in the early 20th century . In the words of Birkhoff and Rota , `` its usefulness for practical computations can hardly be overestimated . ''   Practical applications of Richardson extrapolation include Romberg integration , which applies Richardson extrapolation to the trapezoid rule , and the Bulirsch -- Stoer algorithm for solving ordinary differential equations .

The demographic characteristics of the population of Fiji are known through censuses , usually conducted in ten-year intervals , and has been analysed by statistical bureaus since the 1880s . The Fijian Bureau of Statistics ( FBOS ) has performed this task since 1996 , the first enumerated Fiji census when an independent country . The 2007 census found that the permanent population of Fiji was 837,000 . The population density at the time was 45.8 inhabitants per square kilometre , and the overall life expectancy in Fiji was 72.1 years . Since the 1930s the population of Fiji has increased at a rate of 1.1 % per year . Since the 1950s , Fiji 's birth rate has continuously exceeded its death rate . The population is dominated by the 15 -- 64 age segment . The median age of the population was 27.9 , and the gender ratio of the total population was 1.03 males per 1 female .   Indigenous Fijians , the native inhabitants of Fiji , are a mixture of Polynesian and Melanesian , resulting from the original migrations to the South Pacific over time . The Indo-Fijian population increased rapidly from the 61,000 people brought from India between 1879 and 1916 to work in the sugarcane fields , many who later would lease/own the sugar cane plantations . Thousands more Indians migrated voluntarily in the 1920s and 1930s and formed the core of Fiji 's business class .   In 1977 The Economist reported that ethnic Fijians were a minority of 255,000 , in a total population of 600,000 of which fully half were of Indian descent , with the remainder Chinese , European and of mixed ancestry . Fiji shares with Kazakhstan the distinction of its indigenous ethnic group having been a minority in its own country in recent history but having since regained its majority , in both cases due to large-scale emigration and lower birth rates of the non-indigenous ethnic population .   The native Fijians live throughout the country , while the Indo-Fijians reside primarily near the urban centres and in the cane-producing areas of the two main islands . Nearly all of the indigenous Fijians are Christian , with some two-thirds being Methodist . The Indo-Fijians , by contrast , have a similar religious mix as their homeland : some 77 percent of the Indo-Fijians are Hindu , with a further 16 percent being Muslim and 6 percent Christian . There are also a few Sikhs .   A national census is supposed to be conducted every ten years , but the census intended for 2006 was postponed until 2007 . Finance Minister Ratu Jone Kubuabola announced on 27 October 2005 that the Cabinet had decided that it would not be in the country 's interest to have a census and a general election in the same year . `` Peoples ' focus on the elections could have an impact on their cooperation with census officials '' , he said . The Statistics Office supported Kubuabola 's announcement , saying that public interest in the general election would likely distract people 's attention from the census , making it problematic to conduct .

The 1760 cricket season was the 163rd in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) . Details have survived of no important eleven-a-side and no single wicket matches . A number of minor matches have been recorded with additional news items , some in a military context , which is a sign of the times .   The drain of manpower and economic resource to the Seven Years ' War might explain the paucity of matches but another cause could have been the sort of rows that accompanied the implementation of both roundarm and overarm . It must have been in the decade or so before 1770 that bowlers stopped trundling the ball along the ground and started pitching it . It is feasible to suggest that some patrons may have withdrawn their support in disgust at such a radical change and even that whole teams may have refused to play each other . Strangely , in contrast to the bitterness and fury generated by the later roundarm and overarm controversies , the sources are very quiet about the pitching issue .

The 1904 Atlantic hurricane season featured no tropical cyclones in the months of July and August . The first tropical cyclone was initially observed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on June 10 . After the first storm dissipated on June 14 , the next tropical cyclone was not detected until September 8 . The sixth and final system transitioned into an extratropical cyclone offshore South Carolina on November 4 . Two of the six tropical cyclones existed simultaneously .   Of the season 's six tropical storms , four of those strengthened into a hurricane . None of them deepened further into a major hurricane , which is a tropical cyclone that reaches at least Category 3 on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . The Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project also indicated but could not confirm the presence of four additional tropical depressions throughout the season . However , the reanalysis added a previously undetected hurricane in late September and early October to the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) . The first and second systems left the most significant impacts during this season . The first storm brought heavy rainfall to eastern Cuba , causing flooding that left widespread damage and at least 87 deaths . In September , the season 's second tropical cyclone produced strong winds along the East Coast of the United States from South Carolina northward and into Atlantic Canada . There were at least 18 deaths and $ 2.5 million ( 1904 USD ) in damage .   The season 's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 30 , the third lowest value at the time and the lowest since 1864 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . It is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 39 mph ( 63 km/h ) , which is tropical storm strength .

Deglobalization or Deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world , typically nation-states . It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline . It stands in contrast to globalization , in which units become increasingly integrated over time , and generally spans the time between periods of globalization .   The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations , where trade as a proportion of total economic activity went down between 1914 and 1970s . This decline refers that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization .   While as with globalization , it can refer to economic , trade , social , technological , cultural and political dimensions , much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics .   Periods of deglobalization are seen as interesting comparators to other periods , such as 1850 -- 1914 and 1950 -- 2007 , in which globalization had been the norm , given that globalization is the norm for most people and thus even periods of stagnant international interaction are often seen as periods of deglobalization . The globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 : '' The bursting of the dot com bubble and the events of 9/11 merely slowed down the pace of globalization ; the latest economic and financial crisis has , however , created a severe setback for the globalization process '' In 2010 , the standstill in the globalization process basically continued but with different regional patterns : `` The biggest upward movement as a region occurred in South Asia ( albeit a very minor increase ) while Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa saw a very minor decrease in their regional average . High income countries and in particular OECD countries continue their trend of stagnation which has started even before the current crisis . ''

A rate ratio ( sometimes called an incidence density ratio ) in epidemiology , is a relative difference measure used to compare the incidence rates of events occurring at any given point in time . A common application for this measure in analytic epidemiologic studies is in the search for a causal association between a certain risk factor and an outcome .     Where incidence rate is the occurrence of an event over person-time , for example person-years .   Note : the same time intervals must be used for both incidence rates .

David Herlihy ( May 8 , 1930 -- February 15 , 1991 ) was an American historian who wrote on medieval and renaissance life . He was married to historian Patricia Herlihy . Particular topics of his included domestic life , especially the roles of women , and the changing structure of the family . He studied for his bachelors at the University of San Francisco , received a doctoral degree from Yale University and taught at Bryn Mawr College , Wisconsin , Harvard and Brown .   His study of the Florentine and Pistoiese Catasto of 1427 is one of the first statistical surveys to use computers to analyze large amounts of data . The resulting book examines statistical patterns in tax-collecting surveys to find indications of social trends .   The University of San Francisco history department named their annual award for the best student-written history paper the David Herlihy Prize , and Brown University has established a David Herlihy University Professorship .


Question:
 Comparative statistical assessments reveal that the pace of temperature increase between 1970 and 2001 outstrips those observed in earlier epochs: specifically, during intervals spanning from 1860 through 1880 as well as from 1910 up until 1940. This indicates an accelerated trend in recent decades when juxtaposed against historical records.
```

 Recent Trends in Global Temperature Increase
Recent statistical analyses highlight significant disparities in the pace of global warming across various historical intervals. Specifically, data reveals that temperatures rose more rapidly from 1970 to 2001 compared to earlier periods: 1860-1880 and 1910-1940. These findings underscore the accelerating impact of anthropogenic activities on earth’s climate system since mid-twentieth century.

Industrial expansion and increased reliance on fossil fuels contributed substantially to higher atmospheric CO₂ concentrations post World War II era; thereby amplifying radiative forcing mechanisms leading up until recent decades. Although fluctuations occurred naturally throughout history prior centuries ago - attributed largely seasonal variations alongside volcanic eruptions – current evidence suggests man-made influences now dominate long-term climate trajectories globally speaking.

Moreover, researchers observed enhanced warming phenomena particularly evident near densely populated regions characterized by extensive concrete infrastructure development known colloquially “urban heat islands”. Such microclimates exacerbate local thermal conditions beyond baseline expectations thus necessitating urgent adaptation strategies aimed mitigating adverse health outcomes amongst vulnerable communities residing therein.

In summary then, while past epochs witnessed modest degrees of variability attributable mostly stochastic forcings external planetary boundaries; contemporary datasets clearly demonstrate amplified signals emanating directly society itself via unchecked exploitation finite hydrocarbon reserves coupled inefficient utilization renewable alternatives. Consequently, concerted international cooperation remains imperative safeguarding future generations inheriting habitable biosphere capable sustaining diverse life forms coexisting harmoniously balance nature dictates.

The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue ( DOST ) is a 12-volume dictionary that documents the history of the Scots language covering Older Scots from the earliest written evidence in the 12th century until the year 1700 . DOST was compiled over a period of some eighty years , from 1931 -- 2002 .

The 1000s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1 , 1000 , and ended on December 31 , 1009 .

Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia : A Compilation of Biographical Sketches of Prominent Men and Women in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( abbreviated LDS Biographical Encyclopedia ) is a four-volume biographical dictionary by Andrew Jenson that includes a church chronology and biographical information about leaders and other prominent members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) from its founding in 1830 until 1930 .   The Encyclopedia was not an official publication of the LDS Church , but Jenson completed the work during his time as an Assistant Church Historian , it was printed by the church-owned Deseret News Press , and every stake and ward of the church was provided with free copies for use in meetinghouse libraries .   Volume 1 was published in 1901 . It was Jenson 's original intention that the project would consist of only one volume and that it would contain information on the church and its people from 1830 to the end of the 19th century . However , he later decided to complete the work for the first 100 years of church history , which resulted in the publication of Volume 2 in 1914 , Volume 3 in 1920 , and Volume 4 in 1936 . In total , the four volumes contain over 5000 biographical articles and 2000 photographs .   In 1941 , the four volumes were updated and re-published in a second edition . In 2003 , Greg Kofford Books began reprinting the volumes .

In 1901 , 21 tropical cyclones were observed in the western Pacific Ocean , north of the equator . In that region of the world , cyclones that attain maximum sustained winds of at least 118 km/h ( 74 mph ) are known as typhoons . Out of the 21 storms , the Hong Kong Observatory tracked nine of them . The strongest storm , known as the De Witte typhoon , reached a minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar , before striking eastern China .   On May 22 , 1901 , the Manila Observatory in the Philippines ( then a territory of the United States ) was renamed the Philippine Weather Bureau , whose successor eventually became the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration .

The 1769 cricket season was the 172nd in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) . Details have survived of eleven important matches . 1769 was the last season in which the original London Cricket Club and the Artillery Ground feature prominently in the records .   The increasing stature of the Hambledon Club was encouraging a shift in focus from the Artillery Ground towards Broadhalfpenny Down , which became a significant venue through the 1770s . The process may have been accelerated by Hambledon 's innings victory over Surrey in September . The highlight of this match was one of the earliest known century opening partnerships , between Tom Sueter and George Leer of Hambledon , described by a contemporary reporter as `` remarkable '' .

Dèng Guăngmíng ( 16 March 1907 -- 10 January 1998 ) was a Chinese historian who specialized in the 10th to 13th century Song , Jin and Liao dynasties .   Born in Linyi County , Shandong and known by the courtesy name Gongsan , Deng 's principal works include :  Outline of Chinese History • The Song , Liao and Jin Dynasties  Wang Anshi 's Political Reforms During the Northern Song Dynasty  Biography of Yue Fei  Biography of Xin Qiji  Biography of Chen Longchuan  Chronicle of Xin Qiji 's Life  Annotated Works of Xin Qiji  Amended Institutional Function Records from the History of Song  Amended Criminal Law Records from the History of Song

The 1138 Aleppo earthquake was among the deadliest earthquakes in history . Its name was taken from the city of Aleppo , in northern Syria , where the most casualties were sustained . The quake occurred on 11 October 1138 and was preceded by a smaller quake on the 10th . It is frequently listed as the third deadliest earthquake in history , following on from the Shensi and Tangshan earthquakes in China . However , the figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the large seismic event of 30 September 1139 in the Transcaucasian city of Ganja . The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century .

RX J0852.0-4622 ( also known as G266 .2 − 1.2 ) is a supernova remnant . The remnant is located in the southern sky in the constellation Vela ( `` sail '' ) , and sits ( in projection ) inside the much larger and older Vela Supernova Remnant . For this reason , RX J0852.0-4622 is often referred to as Vela Junior .   It was found in 1998 when gamma ray emissions from the decay of 44Ti nuclei were discovered using the Imaging Compton Telescope ( COMPTEL ) .   The distance to this object is controversial , but some scientists argue that the supernova remnant is only 650-700 light-years away , and exploded comparatively recently ( as seen from Earth ) , perhaps within the last 800 years . If this distance is accurate , a possible stellar remnant could be PSR J0855-4644 .   If the remnant is indeed young and nearby , its corresponding supernova should have been visible from the Earth in about the year 1250 . One difficulty with this interpretation is that there are no contemporary written reports of any supernova at that time or in that part of the sky .   Analysis of Antarctic ice cores suggest a supernova around the year 1070 which was not recorded by any contemporary astronomers . This supernova , at 46 degrees south , may have been too far south for observers in the northern hemisphere to have noticed it , especially if it obtained peak brightness during the northern summer . At this declination , the supernova would be invisible above about 45 degrees north , making it invisible to the majority of Europe .   The central compact object ( CCO ) was discovered in 2001 . In the initial Chandra X-ray image and deeper images thereafter , no pulsations were detected from the compact remnant which is believed to be a neutron star .

0 ( zero ; BrE : -LSB- / ˈzɪərəʊ / -RSB- or AmE : -LSB- / ˈziːroʊ / -RSB- ) is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals . The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers , real numbers , and many other algebraic structures . As a digit , 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems . Names for the number 0 in English include zero , nought or ( US ) naught ( -LSB- ˈnɔːt -RSB- ) , nil , or -- in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter `` O '' -- oh or o ( -LSB- ˈoʊ -RSB- ) . Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip . Ought and aught ( -LSB- ˈɔːt -RSB- ) , as well as cipher , have also been used historically .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''


Question: A comparative statistical evaluation reveals that the pace of temperature increase between 1970 and 2001 outstrips those observed in two earlier phases: 1860-1880 and 1910-1940. This suggests an accelerated trend in recent decades compared to historical records.

 Comparative Analysis of Recent and Historical Warming Periods

The phenomenon known as global warming - characterized by escalating temperatures across terrestrial ecosystems - has garnered considerable attention within contemporary discourse. Scientific consensus attributes much of recent warming trends predominantly to human activities, particularly those involving substantial greenhouse gas discharges into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, alongside methane and nitrous oxide, represent chief contributors to this effect.

Comparative studies reveal that the pace of warming experienced from 1970 through 2001 surpasses previous historical intervals marked by notable temperature increases; specifically, the epochs spanning 1860–1880 and 1910–1940. Such observations underscore the accelerating impact of modern industrial practices upon atmospheric conditions.

Instrumental data extending back nearly two centuries corroborate these findings, while paleoclimatological proxies offer insights stretching millennia backwards. Notably, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) comprehensive assessments highlight "extreme likelihood" regarding humanity's pivotal role in post-mid-twentieth-century thermal shifts.

Climate models project diverse outcomes contingent upon varying degrees of emissions control measures implemented throughout the twenty-first century. Projections range widely: under lower-emission scenarios, additional planetary heating could reach approximately +0.3°C to +1.7°C; higher-end estimates suggest increments up to +2.6°C to +4.8°C might ensue absent intervention.

Implications vary geographically yet portend widespread disruption. Increased frequency of severe meteorological phenomena – encompassing heatwaves, drought spells, torrential rains leading to flooding episodes, and intense snowfalls – looms ominously. Desert expanses in sub-tropical latitudes stand poised for augmentation amidst retreating glacial fronts, thawed permafrost zones, and diminished sea ice coverage concentrated near polar regions.

Agricultural productivity risks diminution jeopardizing sustenance supplies globally. Coastal communities confront relocation challenges precipitated by encroaching seawaters. Oceanic pH alterations threaten marine life integrity. Terrestrial flora and fauna face displacement pressures amid fluctuating ambient parameters conducive solely to select survivalist candidates.

Mitigation strategies targeting reduced emissions output coupled with adaptive resilience-building initiatives emerge paramount against looming adversities. International cooperation frameworks exemplified via United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), advocate stringent curtailment policies aiming for maximum permissible deviation thresholds set forth at <2.0 °C above baseline figures predating Industrial Revolution milestones (<1.5 °C aspirational target).

Public awareness concerning ramifications linked intr

The 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic ( October 1889 -- December 1890 , with recurrences March -- June 1891 , November 1891 -- June 1892 , spring 1893 and winter 1893 -- 1894 ) was a deadly influenza pandemic that killed about 1 million people worldwide . The outbreak was dubbed `` Asiatic flu '' or `` Russian flu '' ( not to be confused with the 1977 -- 1978 epidemic caused by Influenza A/USSR/90 / 77 H1N1 , which was also called Russian flu ) . For some time the virus strain responsible was conjectured ( but not proven ) to be Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 . More recently , the strain was asserted to be Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 .

The decomposition of time series is a statistical method that deconstructs a time series into several components , each representing one of the underlying categories of patterns . There are two principal types of decomposition which are outlined below .

The 1971 Pacific hurricane season began on May 15 , 1971 , in the east Pacific , and on June 1 , 1971 , in the central Pacific . It ended on November 30 , 1971 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the east Pacific Ocean .   The 1971 season was above average with 18 named storms . Twelve hurricanes formed , of which six became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale . At the time , this was a record number of storms . This season had six landfalls ( Agatha , Bridget , Katrina , Lily , Olivia and Priscilla ) , the highest number of landfalling Pacific tropical cyclones in one season .   __ TOC __

Record Of Yoga is Sri Aurobindo 's personal record of his yogic practice during the period from 1909 to 1927 . A difficult and often cryptic text , it has only recently been published . In 1977 , the editors of the project published a revised and corrected edition of Sri Aurobindo 's Complete Works and started the journal Sri Aurobindo : Archives and Research in which over the next 18 years they published more than 2,000 pages of newly discovered writings , including most of the Record of Yoga . This was published in two volumes in 2002 . Because of Aurobindo 's extensive use of Sanskrit terminology , a glossary was also compiled and made available free online .   Record of Yoga was recommended by Michael Murphy for those interested in understanding Sri Aurobindo .

De Mensurabili Musica ( concerning measured music ) is a musical treatise from the early 13th century ( medieval period , c. 1240 ) and is the first of two treatises traditionally attributed to French music theorist Johannes de Garlandia ; The second of which was de plana musica ( Concerning Plainchant ) . The treatise was the first to explain a modal rhythmic system that was already in use at the time : the rhythmic modes . The six rhythmic modes set out by the treatise were all in triple time and were made from combinations of the note values longa ( long ) and brevis ( short ) and are given the names trochee , iamb , dactyl , anapest , spondaic and tribrach , although trochee , dactyl and spondaic were much more common . It is evident how influential Garlandia 's treatise was , due to the amount of theorists that used its ideas ; Much of the surviving music of the Notre Dame School from the 13th century bases itself on the rhythmic modes set out in De Mensurabili Musica .

1800s may refer to :   the period from 1800 to 1899 , almost synonymous with the 19th century ( 1801 -- 1900 )  the period from 1800 to 1809 , known as the 1800s decade

The 1906 -- 07 season was Manchester City F.C. 's sixteenth season of league football and fourth consecutive season in the top flight of English football .   Following City 's punishment for the awarding of players bonuses , then a misdemeanour in the FA regulations , the club was forced to start half from scratch for the 06 -- 07 season , and in the first four games alone ten players made their club debut , with another six players donning the shirt for the first time over the course of the season . Consequently , the club 's previously strong league form suffered a huge hit and the club struggled to a 17th-place finish , a full 12 places lower than their previous finish and five points off relegation .   Of note was that the first game of this season is believed to have been played under the highest temperature recorded in English football - 90 degrees Fahrenheit ( 32.2 ° C ) . By the end of the game , City had only six players left on the pitch - five others had had to leave the field of play suffering from heat exhaustion .

December ( from Latin decem , `` ten '' ) or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar , following November ( novem , `` nine '' ) and preceding Ianuarius . It had 29 days . When the calendar was reformed to create a 12-month year starting in Ianuarius , December became the twelfth month , but retained its name , as did the other numbered months from Quintilis ( July ) through December . Its length was increased to 31 days under the Julian calendar reform .

Decolonization ( US ) or decolonisation ( UK ) is the undoing of colonialism , where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories . The Oxford English Dictionary defines decolonization as `` the withdrawal from its colonies of a colonial power ; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies . '' The term refers particularly to the dismantlement , in the years after World War II , of the colonial empires established prior to World War I throughout the world . However , decolonization not only refers to the complete `` removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces '' within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized , but it also refers to the `` decolonizing of the mind '' from the colonizers ' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior .   The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the colonizer allowing a process of self-determination , but in practice decolonization may involve either nonviolent revolution or national liberation wars by pro-independence groups . It may be intramural or involve the intervention of foreign powers acting individually or through international bodies such as the United Nations . Although examples of decolonization can be found as early as the writings of Thucydides , there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times . These include the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century ; of the German , Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires following World War I ; of the British , French , Dutch , Japanese , Portuguese , Belgian and Italian colonial empires following World War II ; and of the Soviet Union ( successor to the Russian Empire ) following the October Revolution .

The 19th century ( 1 January 1801 -- 31 December 1900 ) was the century marked by the collapse of the Spanish , Napoleonic , Holy Roman and Mughal empires . This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire , the Russian Empire , the United States , the German Empire , the French colonial empire and Meiji Japan , with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815 . After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars , the British and Russian empires expanded greatly , becoming the world 's leading powers . The Russian Empire expanded in central and far eastern Asia . The British Empire grew rapidly in the first half of the century , especially with the expansion of vast territories in Canada , Australia , South Africa and heavily populated India , and in the last two decades of the century in Africa . By the end of the century , the British Empire controlled a fifth of the world 's land and one quarter of the world 's population . During the post-Napoleonic era , it enforced what became known as the Pax Britannica , which had ushered into unprecedented globalisation , industrialisation , and economic integration on a massive scale .


Question:
 A comparative statistical evaluation reveals that the pace of temperature increase between 1970 and 2001 outstrips those observed in earlier phases: specifically, during the spans from 1860 through 1880 as well as from 1910 up until 1940. This highlights an accelerating trend in recent decades relative to historical records.
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 Comparative Analysis of Recent Warming Trends
Comparative studies reveal significant differences in the pace of global warming across various historical intervals, highlighting the accelerating impact of recent decades' heat increases. From 1970 to 2001, temperatures rose markedly higher compared to previous notable warm-up phases: 1860-1880 and 1910-1940. These findings underscore how contemporary anthropogenic activities—chiefly carbon dioxide emissions—are intensifying planetary heating beyond past trends linked to volcanic eruptions or solar variability. Modern-day industrial expansion has become the dominant force behind escalating atmospheric warmth, posing new challenges for ecosystems and societies alike. Mitigation strategies targeting emission reductions remain critical; without intervention, current trajectories suggest end-of-century warming exceeding four degrees Celsius above preindustrial norms—a scenario fraught with severe ecological disruptions and socio-economic strain.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone while addressing the original claim about comparative warming rates through distinct content.

The 1911-1912 United States cold wave ( also called 1912 cold air outbreak ) remains one of the coldest winters recorded to occur over the northern United States since meteorological data has been kept by the United States Weather Bureau , which was established in 1870 . The cold wave started in November 1911 and continued into March 1912 .

140 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- forty ) is the natural number following 139 and preceding 141 .

La cuisine en dix minutes , ou l'Adaptation au rhythme moderne ( English title : French Cooking in Ten Minutes , or , Adapting to the Rhythm of Modern Life , also Cooking in Ten Minutes , or , Adapting to the Rhythm of Modern Life ) by Édouard de Pomiane , published in 1930 , was an early and influential title on the subject of convenience cooking . It attempted to render many of the basic techniques of classic French cooking into a quick form for people who did not have time to cook .   Compared to modern convenience cookbooks , almost everything is from scratch , though a good number of recipes call for canned vegetables ( a modern cook might use frozen vegetables instead ) as well as commercially available charcuterie products such as sausages and pâté . De Pomiane also adopts a rather tongue-in-cheek approach to writing and admonishes the reader to limit complexity and plan carefully .   The book has been translated into several languages . The first German translation appeared in 1935 , the first English translation in 1948 . The book is still popular , particularly in the English speaking part of the world . The latest English edition appeared in 2008 , in 2010 the British Newspaper The Observer put it on rank 41 on its list of the 50 best cookbooks of all time .

The 1872 Census of India was the first comprehensive census of India , then a component of the British Empire . The census has been held every ten years following , with the fifteenth national census held in 2011 . This census was preceded by the British decennial census of 1801 and decades of regional surveys in India .

The 1870 Atlantic hurricane season lasted from mid-summer to late-fall and comprised one tropical storm and ten hurricanes , two of which became major hurricanes , ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated .   __ TOC __

101 ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- one ) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102 .   It is variously pronounced `` one hundred and one '' / `` a hundred and one '' , `` one hundred one '' / `` a hundred one '' , and `` one oh one '' . As an ordinal number , 101st ( one hundred -LSB- and -RSB- first ) , rather than 101th , is the correct form .

The 1992 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was unofficially the most active year on record for the basin with 10 tropical storms developing , according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent -- and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the JTWC releases unofficial advisories . An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .   Overall , there was a total of 12 depressions , of which 7 became cyclonic storms , and 1 further strengthened to a very severe cyclonic storm . These totals were slightly above the long-term average of 5.4 cyclonic storms for the basin . In contrast to this , the JTWC reported record-breaking activity with 13 tropical cyclones , 11 of which became tropical storms . This included record activity in the months of October and November , each having three storms , while July saw its first system on record . The first storm of the year was Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 which formed on May 16 while the last was Deep Depression ARB 04 which dissipated over Somalia on December 24 . The most intense was Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Forrest , which attained peak three-minute sustained winds of 185 km/h ( 115 mph ) . Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 07 proved to be the deadliest and most destructive of the year , claiming 263 -- 423 lives across southern India and leaving $ 69 million in damage . Collectively , the season 's storms killed at least 400 people and left a further 549 missing .   __ TOC __

10 Years or Ten Years may refer to :  Decade , a period of ten years

The 14th century in North American history provides a timeline of events occurring within the North American continent from 1301 CE to 1400 CE in the Gregorian calendar . This time period ( from 1000 BCE -- present ) is known as the Post-archaic period ( Post-archaic stage ) . Although this timeline segment may include some European or other world events that profoundly influenced later American life , it focuses on developments within Native American communities . The archaeological records supplements indigenous recorded and oral history .   Because of the inaccuracies inherent in radiocarbon dating and in interpreting other elements of the archaeological record , most dates in this timeline represent approximations that may vary a century or more from source to source . The assumptions implicit in archaeological dating methods may also yield a general bias in the dating in this timeline .

Demographic transition ( DT ) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system . The theory was proposed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson , who observed changes , or transitions , in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years . Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates ; most developing countries are in the process of this transition . The major ( relative ) exceptions are some poor countries , mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries , which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife , notably , Pakistan , Palestinian territories , Yemen , and Afghanistan .   The demographic transition model , in isolation , can be taken to predict that birth rates will continue to go down as societies grow increasingly wealthy ; however , recent data contradicts this , suggesting that beyond a certain level of development birth rates increase again . In addition , in the very long term , the demographic transition should be reversed via evolutionary pressure for higher fertility and higher mortality .   The existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development . Scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population , or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes . Scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per-capita income , higher female income , lower mortality , old-age security , and rise of demand for human capital are involved .