Question:
 The cascade effect from environmental changes might propel our planet into an irreversible 'hot-house' condition due to escalating greenhouse gas emissions.

This maintains the original's sense that there is a potential for significant change in earth's climate system because of human activities leading potentially catastrophic outcomes if not addressed promptly enough; however it shifts focus slightly onto specific causes (greenhouse gases) rather than just general "climate events". Additionally this version uses more complex vocabulary ("irreversible", "cascade") while still being roughly same number words long as what was provided originally so readability isn't impacted too much either way here! Hope you find my answer helpful :) Let me know If I can assist further with anything at all? Have great day ahead!!!

 Tipping Points in the Climate System: A Pathway to Irreversible Changes?
Climate tipping points refer to critical thresholds where small changes can lead to significant shifts in the Earth’s system, potentially triggering irreversible transformations. Scientists warn that crossing certain boundaries—such as permafrost thawing, Arctic sea-ice disappearance, and Amazon rainforest dieback—could set off domino effects cascading through various ecosystems. These interconnected impacts might push the planet onto a path known as "Hothouse Earth," characterized by higher temperatures than any experienced during human history. Such scenarios emphasize the urgency of addressing climate change comprehensively, beyond national borders, requiring coordinated international action akin to what was achieved under the Paris Agreement. However, despite progress made since its inception, ongoing challenges highlight the need for more robust policies aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and fostering resilience against inevitable alterations already underway.

In response to escalating concerns about planetary stability, experts advocate for enhanced cooperation among nations to tackle shared vulnerabilities effectively. They argue that only concerted effort will suffice when confronting issues whose scale transcends individual jurisdictions; hence reinforcing commitments outlined within frameworks like those established post COP21 becomes imperative moving forward. Recognizing how far we've come while acknowledging remaining obstacles serves dual purposes - celebrating milestones reached thus far whilst galvanizing renewed commitment towards achieving long-term sustainability goals essential for safeguarding future generations' well-being amidst mounting ecological pressures exacerbated by anthropogenic influences contributing disproportionately compared historical fluctuations attributed solely nature-driven variability without external forcings imposed upon existing conditions prior industrial revolution era onset circa late eighteenth century onwards leading up until present day circumstances unfolding before us now more acutely felt across diverse geographical locations globally speaking regardless developed versus developing country status classifications traditionally employed categorize economic disparities amongst sovereign entities comprising contemporary geopolitical landscape defined increasingly complex interdependencies spanning multiple dimensions simultaneously encompassed singularly overarching narrative encapsulating essence underlying rationale informing core tenets enshrined foundational treaties governing collective behavior norms expected signatories adhere closely thereto avoid breaching stipulated guidelines resulting severe penalties levied non-compliant parties accordingly ensuring compliance remains high priority agenda item going forth especially light recent developments underscoring heightened stakes involved navigating treacherous terrain ahead fraught peril awaiting unwary travelers lacking proper preparation embarking journey uncharted waters unknown territories lie wait beckoning brave souls venture forth armed knowledge gained past experiences coupled wisdom accrued ages gone by passed down successive cohorts elders guiding younger counterparts navigate way safely reaching destination intact ready assume mantle leadership bestowed upon shoulders carry torch lit ancestors blazing trail followed suit subsequent generations benefitting legacy left behind paving road success successors follow

Language migration may refer to various types of language change , including change associated with human migration and language contact .   Particular language migrations may have names ( for example Bantu expansion ) and particular languages may have notable migration histories ( for example Indo-Aryan ) .   Language contact describes changes that occur when languages come into contact , including sound change and external history .

Regenerative agriculture is an approach to food and farming systems that regenerates topsoil and enhances biodiversity now and long into the future . Regenerative Agriculture improves water cycles , enhances ecosystem services , increases resilience to climate fluctuation and strengthens the health and vitality of farming and ranching communities .   Regenerative Agriculture is guided by a set of principles and practices , and makes the land healthier year after year . In this way it is based on outcomes , not practices , distinguishing it from most sustainable and conservation agriculture efforts .   The etymology of the word `` regeneration '' from Latin `` regenerationem '' means `` to create again . ''

The reconstructive ladder is a term coined by reconstructive plastic surgeons to describe levels of increasingly complex management of wounds . The surgeon should start on the lowest rung and move up until a suitable technique is arrived at .

Reactive nitrogen ( `` Nr '' ) is a term used for a variety of nitrogen compounds that support growth directly or indirectly . Representative species include the gases nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , ammonia ( NH3 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , as well as the anion nitrate ( NO3 − ) . Most of these species are the result of intensive farming , especially the ( mis ) use of fertilizers . Although required for life , nitrogen is stored in the biosphere in an unreactive ( `` unfixed '' ) form N2 , which supports on a few life forms . Reactive nitrogen is however `` fixed '' and is readily converted into protein , which supports life , leading to depletion of oxygen in fresh waters by eutrophication .

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds ( or the same sound ) in two or more words , most often in the final syllables of lines in poems and songs . The word rhyme is also a pars pro toto ( `` a part ( taken ) for the whole '' ) that means a short poem , such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes .

Developmental toxicity is any structural or functional alteration , reversible or irreversible , which interferes with homeostasis , normal growth , differentiation , development or behavior , and which is caused by environmental insult ( including drugs , lifestyle factors such as alcohol , diet , and environmental toxic chemicals or physical factors ) . It is the study of adverse effects on the development of the organism resulting from exposure to toxic agents before conception ( either parent ) , during prenatal development , or post-natally until puberty . The substance that causes developmental toxicity from embryonic stage to birth is called teratogens . The effect of the developmental toxicants depends on the type of substance , dose and duration and time of exposure .   Certain Pathogens are also included since the toxins they secrete are known to cause adverse effects on the development of the organism when the mother or fetus is infected . Developmental toxicology is a science studying adverse developmental outcomes . This term has widely replaced the early term for the study of primarily structural congenital abnormalities , teratology , to enable inclusion of a more diverse spectrum of congenital disorders . Typical factors causing developmental toxicity are radiation , infections ( e.g. rubella ) , maternal metabolic imbalances ( e.g. alcoholism , diabetes , folic acid deficiency ) , drugs ( e.g. anticancer drugs , tetracyclines , many hormones , thalidomide ) , and environmental chemicals ( e.g. mercury , lead , dioxins , PBDEs , HBCD , tobacco smoke ) . The first-trimester exposure is considered the most potential for developmental toxicity .   Once fertilization has taken place , the toxicants in the environment can pass through the mother to the developing embryo or fetus across the placental barrier . The fetus is at greatest risk during the first 14th to 60th day of the pregnancy when the major organs are being formed . However , depending on the type of toxicant and amount of exposure , a fetus can be exposed toxicant at any time during pregnancy . For example , exposure to a particular toxicant at one time in the pregnancy may result in organ damage and at another time in the pregnancy could cause death of the fetus and miscarriage . There are a number of chemicals , biological agents ( such as bacteria and viruses ) , and physical agents ( such as radiation ) used in a variety of workplaces that are known to cause developmental disorders . Developmental disorders can include a wide range of physical abnormalities , such as bone or organ deformities , or behavioral and learning problems , such as a mental retardation . Exposures to some chemicals during pregnancy can lead to the development of cancer later in the life of the child and are called transgenerational carcinogens . Exposure to toxicants during the second and the third trimester of a pregnancy can lead to slow fetal grown and result in low birth weight .

The term regenerative city describes a concept of urban development built on an environmentally enhancing , restorative relationship with the natural systems from which the city draws resources for its sustenance . A regenerative city maintains a symbiotic , mutually beneficial relationship with its surrounding hinterland not only by minimizing its environmental impact but by actively improving and regenerating the productive capacity of the ecosystems from which it depends .   The concept of a Regenerative City was first developed by an International Expert Commission on Cities and Climate Change convened by the World Future Council jointly with Hamburg University for Architecture and Urban Development ( HCU ) between 2008 and 2011 . The Commission consisted of urban planning experts , climate scientists , representatives of the United Nations , politicians and the private sector . The concept was first presented through the report `` Regenerative Cities '' in 2010 and further expanded  in various subsequent reports as well as in the  book titled `` Creating Regenerative Cities '' by Herbert Girardet . Since 2011 the  concept was also recurrently discussed during the annual Future of Cities Forum .   The regenerative city  is also included in the principles for the New Urban Paradigm as outlined in The City We Need document compiled by  the UN-Habitat  advocacy and partnership platform the World Urban Campaign .  The City We Need , whose aim is to set key principles and establish essential paths for  building a New Urban Agenda towards the Habitat  III conference ,  states that `` the city we need is a  regenerative city '' .   Examples of cities  committing to the regenerative city concept include the city of Wittenberg in  Germany which declared its intention to become a regenerative city in 2013 . Similarly , Iowa  City in the U.S. launched the Regenerative City Initiative in 2014 , consisting of  various projects and strategies to transform the city into a regenerative city .

There are a variety of modern definitions of economics . Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject itself or different views among economists .   The earlier term for ` economics ' was political economy . It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of économie politique , which extended economy from the ancient Greek term for household management to the national realm as public administration of the affairs of state . Sir James Steuart ( 1767 ) wrote the first book in English with ` political economy ' in the title , explaining that just as :  Economy in general -LSB- is -RSB- the art of providing for all the wants of a family , -LSB- so the science of political economy -RSB- seeks to secure a certain fund of subsistence for all the inhabitants , to obviate every circumstance which may render it precarious ; to provide every thing necessary for supplying the wants of the society , and to employ the inhabitants ... in such manner as naturally to create reciprocal relations and dependencies between them , so as to supply one another with reciprocal wants .   The title page gave as its subject matter `` population , agriculture , trade , industry , money , coin , interest , circulation , banks , exchange , public credit and taxes '' .   The philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defines the subject as `` an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations , '' in particular as :  a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator -LSB- with the twofold objective of providing -RSB- a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... -LSB- and -RSB- to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services .  J.B. Say ( 1803 ) , distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses , defines it as the science of production , distribution , and consumption of wealth . On the satirical side , Thomas Carlyle ( 1849 ) coined ` the dismal science ' as an epithet for classical economics , in this context , commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus ( 1798 ) . John Stuart Mill ( 1844 ) defines the subject in a social context as :  The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth , in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object .   The shift from the social to the individual level appears within the main works of the Marginal Revolution . Carl Menger 's definition reflects the focus on the economizing man :  For economic theory is concerned , not with practical rules for economic activity , but with the conditions under which men engage in provident activity directed to the satisfaction of their needs .   William Stanley Jevons , another very influential author of the Marginal Revolution defines economics highlighting the hedonic and quantitative aspects of the science :  In this work I have attempted to treat Economy as a Calculus of Pleasure and Pain , and have sketched out , almost irrespective of previous opinions , the form which the science , as it seems to me , must ultimately take . I have long thought that as it deals throughout with quantities , it must be a mathematical science in matter if not in language .   Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics ( 1890 ) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level , creating a certain synthesis of the views of those still more sympathetic with the classical political economy ( with social wealth focus ) and those early adopters of the views expressed in the Marginal Revolution ( with individual needs focus ) . Marshall 's inclusion of the expression wellbeing was also very significant to the discussion on the nature of economics :  Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life ; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing . Thus it is on the one side a study of wealth ; and on the other , and more important side , a part of the study of man .   Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) developed implications of what has been termed '' -LSB- p -RSB- erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject '' :  Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses .   Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in `` pick -LSB- ing -RSB- out certain kinds of behaviour '' but rather analytical in `` focus -LSB- ing -RSB- attention on a particular aspect of behaviour , the form imposed by the influence of scarcity . ''   Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets . From the 1960s , however , such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behavior and rational-choice modeling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields . There are other criticisms as well , such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment .   Gary Becker , a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas , describes the approach he favors as `` combin -LSB- ing the -RSB- assumptions of maximizing behavior , stable preferences , and market equilibrium , used relentlessly and unﬂinchingly . '' One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the `` choice process and the type of social interaction that -LSB- such -RSB- analysis involves . ''   John Neville Keynes regarded the discussion leading up to the definition of economics more important than the definition itself . It would be a way to reveal the scope , direction and troubles the science faces .   A recent review of economics definitions includes a range of those in principles textbooks , such as descriptions of the subject as the study of :  the economy  the coordination process  the effects of scarcity  the science of choice  human behavior  human beings as to how they coordinate wants and desires , given the decision-making mechanisms , social customs , and political realities of society .  It concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter that the texts treat . Among economists more generally , it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving , or should evolve .

Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power is a book published in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot .   The 118-page book 's French title was Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance . It is a significant publication in the history of thermodynamics about a generalized theory of heat engines .   The book is considered the founding work of thermodynamics . It contains the preliminary outline of the second law of thermodynamics . Carnot stated that motive power is due to the fall of caloric ( heat ) from a hot to a cold body .   The work was unnoticed until 1834 when French mining engineer Émile Clapeyron put it on a graphical footing in his Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat . Through Clapeyron 's paper , German physicist Rudolf Clausius learned of Carnot 's theory of heat and through a modification of Carnot 's suppositions on heat , Clausius put the second law in mathematical form with his introduction of the concept of entropy .   By 1849 , thermo-dynamic , as a functional term , was used in William Thomson 's paper An Account of Carnot 's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat .   The Reflections contain a number of principles such as the Carnot cycle , the Carnot heat engine , Carnot 's theorem , thermodynamic efficiency . Similar to how the Reflections was the precursor to the second law , English physicist James Joule 's 1843 paper Mechanical equivalent of heat was the precursor to the first law of thermodynamics .   Despite the fact that the caloric theory of heat was incorrect , Carnot 's work brought together three insights that remain relevant and was used by his successors that lead to the concept of entropy :  The `` fall of heat '' from a high temperature to a lower temperature is where the work comes from .  Analyzing a cycle , rather than an open system , is the correct way to analyze a heat engine .  The concept of a reversible process .

Regeneration is the ability for a cell , tissue , or organism to recover from damage . It can also be used to describe the ability of an ecosystem -- specifically , the environment and its living population -- to recover from damage .   Resilience to minor disturbances is one characteristic feature of healthy ecosystems . Following major ( lethal ) disturbances , such as a fire or pest outbreak in a forest , an immediate return to the previous dynamic equilibrium will not be possible . Instead , pioneering species will occupy , compete for space , and establish themselves in the newly opened habitat . The new growth of seedlings and community assembly process is known as regeneration in ecology . As ecological succession sets in , a forest will slowly regenerate towards its former state within the succession ( climax or any intermediate stage ) , provided that all outer parameters ( climate , soil fertility availability of nutrients , animal migration paths , air pollution or the absence thereof , etc. ) remain unchanged .   In certain regions like Australia , natural wildfire is a necessary condition for a cyclically stable ecosystem with cyclic regeneration .


Question: The cascading impacts of environmental changes might propel our planet into an irreversible 'hot-house' condition, characterized by extreme temperature levels and disrupted ecosystems. This scenario foresees a future where natural feedback loops amplify global heating, potentially leading to significant alterations in sea level, weather patterns, and biodiversity distribution.

 Transition Toward Hothouse Conditions Due to Climate Feedback Loops
Climate feedback loops represent mechanisms through which small shifts in atmospheric conditions amplify themselves, potentially leading Earth into drastically altered climates known colloquially as 'hothouse' scenarios. Historical records show numerous instances where slight alterations triggered significant transformations within relatively short timescales—evidenced during glacial-interglacial cycles initiated often via subtle astronomical variations. Today’s concern centers around anthropogenic influences exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities within complex earth systems. Particularly worrisome are positive feedback dynamics involving increased CO2 concentrations enhancing greenhouse effects alongside diminishing albedo (reflective capacity) resulting from retreating Arctic ice coverage. Scientists warn that crossing certain thresholds might unleash unstoppable chain reactions culminating in widespread ecological disruption and dramatic rises in average temperatures globally. Key areas susceptible to triggering broader instability encompass vast ice reservoirs atop Greenland & Antarctica capable of unleashing catastrophic sea-level surges upon reaching critical melting stages. Notably, while complete disintegration remains decades away under current projections, early signs suggest we're perilously close to locking-in long-term outcomes beyond reversal even if immediate action were taken tomorrow. Moreover, collapsing biomes pose additional risks given their irreplaceable roles supporting countless life forms across terrestrial and marine environments alike. Understanding these interconnected phenomena becomes crucial for devising strategies aimed at averting worst-case futures characterized by uninhabitable landscapes devoid of familiar landmarks.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus alignment without directly repeating original content verbatim thus preserving intended message integrity whilst satisfying imposed constraints regarding stylistic similarity preservation amidst topic exploration continuity assurance throughout generated passage.

The Labrador Sea ( French : mer du Labrador ) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland . The sea is flanked by continental shelves to the southwest , northwest , and northeast . It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait . It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic .   The sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago and stopped about 40 million years ago . It contains one of the world 's largest turbidity current channel systems , the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel ( NAMOC ) , that runs for thousands of kilometers along the sea bottom toward the Atlantic Ocean .   The Labrador Sea is a major source of the North Atlantic Deep Water , a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic , spreading out to form the largest identifiable water mass in the World Ocean .

L'Homme et L'Environnement ( Man and the Environment ) is a small non-governmental organization based in Antananarivo , Madagascar , with the mission of developing economically and ecologically sustainable management of the natural resources in parts of Madagascar .   The organization works in five different areas outside of Antananarivo , with a common focus being ecotourism , medicinal plants , and experimental agriculture as alternatives to environmental degradation for local communities . One of the main areas it serves is the Vohimana Reserve , adjacent to Andasibe-Mantadia National Park .   Man and the Environment accepts foreign volunteers and researchers on long-term and short-term assignments , for a charge . Some facility in French is preferable but not required .

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

A residence is an establishment where it was originally or currently being used by a host as their main place of dwelling or home . Architecturally , a residence is typically a house , mansion , cottage or grand castles and palaces . A residence is offered to travelers as temporary lodgings where they can rent a room . The rooms are generally furnished in the style which complements the architecture type of the building . This boutique type of accommodation has a nice homely feel where the traveler is the ` house-guest ' . Hotels , especially the extended stay chains , commonly function as residences for many guests .   Residence may more specifically refer to :   Home , a place of residence or refuge  Group home , a private residence designed to serve children or adults with chronic disabilities . Typically there are no more than six residents and there is a trained caregiver there twenty-four hours a day  Nursing home , provides a type of residential care  Dwelling or accommodation  House , a home , building , or structure that functions as a habitat for humans or other creatures  Lodging , a type of residential accommodation . People who travel and stay away from home for more than a day need lodging for sleep , rest , safety , shelter from cold temperatures or rain , storage of luggage and access to common household functions  Habitual residence , a civil law term dealing with the status of refugees , and child abduction  Residence in English family law , pertaining to where children should live in the case of disputes  Tax residence , to determine the location of someone 's home for tax purposes  The Canadian term for what Americans call a dormitory  Residenz , the German term for residence which normally meant the city palace of a noble family

Recruitment ( hiring ) is a core function of human resource management . Recruitment refers to the overall process of attracting , selecting and appointing suitable candidates  for jobs ( either permanent or temporary ) within an organization . Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions , such as voluntary roles or unpaid trainee roles . Managers , human resource generalists and recruitment specialists may be tasked with carrying out recruitment , but in some cases public-sector employment agencies , commercial recruitment agencies , or specialist search consultancies are used to undertake parts of the process . Internet-based technologies to support all aspects of recruitment have become widespread .

Regenerative economics is an economic system that works to regenerate capital assets . A capital asset is an asset that provides goods and/or services that are required for , or contribute to , our well being . In standard economic theory , one can either `` regenerate '' one 's capital assets or consume them until the point where the asset can not produce a viable stream of goods and/or services . What sets regenerative economics apart from standard economic theory is that it takes into account and gives hard economic value to the principal or original capital assets -- the earth and the sun . We can not do much to affect the sun although we can value access to the sun in such areas where access can be influenced . Therefore , most of Regenerative Economics focuses on the earth and the goods and services it supplies .   Regenerative economics is completely comfortable within the capitalist economic framework . Recognizing the earth as the original capital asset places the true value on the human support system known as the environment . Not having this original value properly recognized has created the unsustainable economic condition referred to as uneconomic growth , a phrase coined by leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly , as stated in the book Reshaping the Built Environment . The authors of the regenerative economic theory believe that uneconomic growth is the opposite of regenerative economics .

The Late Heavy Bombardment ( abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm ) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ( Ga ) ago , at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth . During this interval , a disproportionately large number of asteroids are theorized to have collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System , including Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass , but still quite early in Earth 's history .   Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts . Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time . Several hypotheses attempt to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors ( i.e. asteroids and comets ) in the inner Solar System , but no consensus yet exists . The Nice model , popular among planetary scientists , postulates that the giant planets underwent orbital migration and in doing so , scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits , and into the path of the terrestrial planets . Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga , and that the apparent clustering of impact-melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin . They also note that the rate of impact cratering could differ significantly between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System .

Religious ecstasy is a type of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness , frequently accompanied by visions and emotional ( and sometimes physical ) euphoria .   Although the experience is usually brief in time , there are records of such experiences lasting several days or even more , and of recurring experiences of ecstasy during one 's lifetime .   A person 's sense of time and space disappear during a religious ecstasy forsaking any senses or physical cognizance in its duration . Among venerated Catholic saints who dabble in Christian mysticism , a person 's physical stature , human sensory , or perception is completely detached from time and space during an ecstatic experience .   In Sufism , the term is referred to as wajad and the experience is referred to as either jazbah or majzoobiyat .

Denaturation may refer to :  Denaturation ( biochemistry ) , a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions  Denaturation ( fissile materials ) , transforming fissile materials so that they can not be used in nuclear weapons  Denaturation ( food ) , intentional adulteration of food or drink rendering it unfit for consumption while remaining suitable for other uses

Repetition compulsion is a psychological phenomenon in which a person repeats a traumatic event or its circumstances over and over again . This includes reenacting the event or putting oneself in situations where the event is likely to happen again . This `` re-living '' can also take the form of dreams in which memories and feelings of what happened are repeated , and even hallucination .   The term can also be used to cover the repetition of behaviour or life patterns more broadly : a `` key component in Freud 's understanding of mental life , ` repetition compulsion ' ... describes the pattern whereby people endlessly repeat patterns of behaviour which were difficult or distressing in earlier life '' .


Question:
 The cascading impact of environmental changes might propel our planet into an irreversible 'hot-house' condition as a consequence of escalating greenhouse gas emissions.

This maintains the original's sense that there's a risk of triggering uncontrollable chain reactions leading us closer to catastrophic outcomes related with unchecked planetary heating - but shifts focus slightly from just "climate" (which can be vague) onto more specific drivers like GHGs while also introducing language about irreversibility which wasn't present before yet still fits well within overall context implied by first sentence!

 Hothouse Earth: Understanding the Risks of Irreversible Climatic Shifts

The concept of "Hothouse Earth" refers to a potentially irreversible transition where multiple tipping points within the earth’s climate system might lead us away from stable conditions experienced throughout history. Scientists warn that crossing certain thresholds can trigger feedback loops causing uncontrollable planetary heating beyond what we've seen so far under current climate models. Such scenarios envision higher temperatures, altered ecosystems, and drastic consequences for life as we know it.

Historical data reveals fluctuations in Earth's climate; however, recent trends indicate an accelerated pace largely attributed to human actions - particularly burning fossil fuels leading up to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases(GHG). Anthropogenic GHG emissions have significantly contributed to global mean air temperature increases since the Industrial Revolution era (~mid-nineteenth century), according to consensus reached through extensive research conducted across various disciplines encompassed within physical sciences domain.

Projections based upon contemporary understanding suggest that without substantial reductions in harmful pollutants, continued reliance on high-emission pathways could result in additional degrees Celsius worth of warming alongside severe repercussions manifesting themselves differently depending upon geographical location. For instance:

* Polar regions experiencing amplified warming phenomena resulting in rapid glacial melts;
* Increased frequency & intensity of extreme weather occurrences – hurricanes/floods/droughts/heatwaves etc.;
* Sea level rises threatening coastal communities' existence forcing mass migrations inland;
* Desertification expanding desert boundaries encroaching onto fertile lands diminishing agricultural productivity;
* Oceanic acidity alterations jeopardizing marine biodiversity impacting fisheries livelihood;

These outcomes pose considerable challenges requiring immediate attention aimed at mitigating adverse effects while simultaneously fostering adaptive strategies capable of sustaining societies amidst uncertain futures characterized by unpredictable climates. Potential solutions involve transitioning towards low-carbon energy sources coupled with reforestation initiatives designed to sequester excess carbon naturally. Additionally, technological interventions known collectively as geoengineering propose radical measures intended to counteract undesirable atmospheric compositions directly manipulating solar radiation absorption properties or enhancing cloud reflectivity artificially.

Despite growing awareness regarding impending dangers posed by unchecked environmental degradation, there remains notable disparities amongst different demographics concerning perceived urgency surrounding issues pertaining specifically to climate crisis discourse. Cultural backgrounds play pivotal roles shaping individual perspectives often influenced heavily by prevailing socioeconomic circumstances dictating priorities accordingly. Nevertheless, collaborative international frameworks established pursuant to overarching objectives outlined via United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change(UNFCCC) emphasize collective responsibility necessitating coordinated action transcending geopolitical barriers aiming towards achieving sustainable development goals(SDGs).

In conclusion, recognizing inherent vulnerabilities embedded within interconnected socioecological networks underscores imperative

Refining ( also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining ) is the process of purification of a ( 1 ) substance or a ( 2 ) form . The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form , but which is more useful in its pure form . For instance , most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground , but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products . The term is broad , and may include more drastic transformations , such as the reduction of ore to metal ( for which see Refining ( metallurgy ) ) .   The refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation ; this process is useful , for example , for isolating different fractions of petroleum . Gases can be refined in this way as well , by being cooled and/or compressed until they liquefy . Gases and liquids can also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of interest , or the unwanted impurities .   Many solids can be refined by growing crystals in a solution of the impure material ; the regular structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired material and exclude other kinds of particles .   Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of particular types .   The use of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics depends on precise control of impurities . The zone melting process developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium , and subsequently float-zone silicon became available when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs adapted Pfann 's method to silicon .   Types of materials that are usually refined :  metals - see Refining ( metallurgy )  petroleum  silicon  sugar  table salt  vegetable oil  air

Reverse image search is a content-based image retrieval ( CBIR ) query technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon ; in terms of information retrieval , the sample image is what formulates a search query . In particular , reverse image search is characterized by a lack of search terms . This effectively removes the need for a user to guess at keywords or terms that may or may not return a correct result . Reverse image search also allows users to discover content that is related to a specific sample image , popularity of an image , and discover manipulated versions and derivative works .

Restoration ecology emerged as a separate field in ecology in the 1980s . It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration , which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded , damaged , or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action . Restoration ecology is therefore commonly used for the academic study of the process , whereas ecological restoration is commonly used for the actual project or process by restoration practitioners .

There are a variety of modern definitions of economics . Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject itself or different views among economists .   The earlier term for ` economics ' was political economy . It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of économie politique , which extended economy from the ancient Greek term for household management to the national realm as public administration of the affairs of state . Sir James Steuart ( 1767 ) wrote the first book in English with ` political economy ' in the title , explaining that just as :  Economy in general -LSB- is -RSB- the art of providing for all the wants of a family , -LSB- so the science of political economy -RSB- seeks to secure a certain fund of subsistence for all the inhabitants , to obviate every circumstance which may render it precarious ; to provide every thing necessary for supplying the wants of the society , and to employ the inhabitants ... in such manner as naturally to create reciprocal relations and dependencies between them , so as to supply one another with reciprocal wants .   The title page gave as its subject matter `` population , agriculture , trade , industry , money , coin , interest , circulation , banks , exchange , public credit and taxes '' .   The philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defines the subject as `` an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations , '' in particular as :  a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator -LSB- with the twofold objective of providing -RSB- a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... -LSB- and -RSB- to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services .  J.B. Say ( 1803 ) , distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses , defines it as the science of production , distribution , and consumption of wealth . On the satirical side , Thomas Carlyle ( 1849 ) coined ` the dismal science ' as an epithet for classical economics , in this context , commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus ( 1798 ) . John Stuart Mill ( 1844 ) defines the subject in a social context as :  The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth , in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object .   The shift from the social to the individual level appears within the main works of the Marginal Revolution . Carl Menger 's definition reflects the focus on the economizing man :  For economic theory is concerned , not with practical rules for economic activity , but with the conditions under which men engage in provident activity directed to the satisfaction of their needs .   William Stanley Jevons , another very influential author of the Marginal Revolution defines economics highlighting the hedonic and quantitative aspects of the science :  In this work I have attempted to treat Economy as a Calculus of Pleasure and Pain , and have sketched out , almost irrespective of previous opinions , the form which the science , as it seems to me , must ultimately take . I have long thought that as it deals throughout with quantities , it must be a mathematical science in matter if not in language .   Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics ( 1890 ) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level , creating a certain synthesis of the views of those still more sympathetic with the classical political economy ( with social wealth focus ) and those early adopters of the views expressed in the Marginal Revolution ( with individual needs focus ) . Marshall 's inclusion of the expression wellbeing was also very significant to the discussion on the nature of economics :  Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life ; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing . Thus it is on the one side a study of wealth ; and on the other , and more important side , a part of the study of man .   Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) developed implications of what has been termed '' -LSB- p -RSB- erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject '' :  Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses .   Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in `` pick -LSB- ing -RSB- out certain kinds of behaviour '' but rather analytical in `` focus -LSB- ing -RSB- attention on a particular aspect of behaviour , the form imposed by the influence of scarcity . ''   Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets . From the 1960s , however , such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behavior and rational-choice modeling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields . There are other criticisms as well , such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment .   Gary Becker , a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas , describes the approach he favors as `` combin -LSB- ing the -RSB- assumptions of maximizing behavior , stable preferences , and market equilibrium , used relentlessly and unﬂinchingly . '' One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the `` choice process and the type of social interaction that -LSB- such -RSB- analysis involves . ''   John Neville Keynes regarded the discussion leading up to the definition of economics more important than the definition itself . It would be a way to reveal the scope , direction and troubles the science faces .   A recent review of economics definitions includes a range of those in principles textbooks , such as descriptions of the subject as the study of :  the economy  the coordination process  the effects of scarcity  the science of choice  human behavior  human beings as to how they coordinate wants and desires , given the decision-making mechanisms , social customs , and political realities of society .  It concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter that the texts treat . Among economists more generally , it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving , or should evolve .

Reverb is a non-profit environmental organization that aims to educate and engage musicians and their fans to promote environmental sustainability . It was founded by environmentalist Lauren Sullivan and her musician husband , Guster guitarist/vocalist Adam Gardner .   The organization 's services include carbon neutral concerts and venues , biodiesel for vehicles and generators , waste reduction , biodegradable catering products ; recycling , green bus supplies and cleaners , energy efficiency , green contract rider , environmentally sustainable merchandise , green sponsorship , and educational outreach .   Reverb provides learning experiences designed to engage volunteers with local non-profit groups . Customers can also donate money for environmental causes and receive a sticker .   The group has worked with artists including Jason Mraz , The Dead , Phish , Dave Matthews Band , and John Mayer .

Retroactive continuity , or retcon for short , is a literary device in which established facts in a fictional work are adjusted , ignored or contradicted by a subsequently published work otherwise intended to maintain continuity with the former .

Regeneration is renewal through the internal processes of a body or system . Something which embodies this action can be described as regenerative . It can also mean the process of something new . Many titles of cultural work and cultural and scientific concepts use the term , and may refer to :

Repulsive force may refer to :   A repulsive force of an Accelerating universe , which according to certain theories causes planets and matter to get farther and farther apart  Like charges repelling according to Coulomb 's law  Repulsive force ( magnetism ) between magnets of opposite orientation  A compressed material repelling bodies on both sides , e.g. according to Hooke 's law  Repulsive force ( biology ) , associated with involuntarily vomiting , as in response to ingestion of a toxin

In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier , causal condition has run its course . A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition , or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition . Some late effects can occur decades later . Historically , late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes , but as survivorship and life span has increased and `` follow up '' has become standard practice , these connections are becoming established . A period , often very long , of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequela or a complication .

Revision is the stage in the writing process where the author reviews , alters , and amends her or his message , according to what has been written in the draft . Revision follows drafting and precedes editing . Drafting and revising often form a loop as a work moves back and forth between the two stages . It is not uncommon for professional writers to go through many drafts and revisions before successfully creating an essay that is ready for the next stage -- editing .   In their seminal book , The Elements of Style , William Strunk , Jr. and E.B. White acknowledge the need for revision in the writing process : `` Few writers are so expert that they can produce what they are after on the first try . Quite often you will discover , on examining the completed work , that there are serious flaws in the arrangement of the material , calling for transpositions ... do not be afraid to experiment with your text . ''   Successful revision involves :  Identification of thesis . The purpose of the essay should be re-considered based on what has been written in the draft . If this purpose differs from the original thesis , the author must decide from which thesis to continue writing .  Consideration of structure . The author should identify the strengths of the draft , then re-consider the order of those strengths , adjusting their placement as necessary so the work can build with auxesis to a crescendo .  Uncovering weakness in argument or presentation . Once the strengths of the draft have been identified and placed in the strongest order , the author can re-examine the work for weaknesses in argument or presentation . Faulty logic , missing transitions , and unsupported or poorly supported assertions are common weaknesses . Identifying these weaknesses during revision will inform the next draft .   Successful revision is not improving grammar or diction . Those will be the focus of later editing .   Category : Writing  Category : Textual scholarship


Question: Prior research indicates that diminished carbon sequestration capabilities of forests could contribute an additional 0.25°C in temperature rise; loss of tree cover from droughts may lead to another 0.11°C increase; melting Arctic tundra has potential for adding up to 0.9°C more heat into our atmosphere while enhanced microbial activity resulting from warmer soils might account for yet another 0.02 °C incrementally over time .

 Carbon Cycle Feedback Mechanisms
Carbon cycle feedback mechanisms play crucial roles in amplifying global warming effects beyond those directly attributed to CO₂ alone. Here’s how they contribute:

- **Weakening Carbon Sinks:** Natural systems absorb about half of all anthropogenic CO₂ emissions; however, ongoing deforestation and degradation weaken terrestrial ecosystems' ability to act as effective carbon sinks. Consequently, less atmospheric CO₂ gets sequestered, leading to additional warming estimated around +0.25°C.

- **Forest Dieback:** Intensified drought conditions and extreme temperatures stress forests globally, causing widespread tree mortality known as "forest dieback." Dead trees release stored carbon back into the atmosphere rather than continuing to capture new CO₂, contributing roughly +0.11°C extra warming.

- **Permafrost Thaw:** Permafrost regions store vast amounts of organic matter frozen within soil layers. Rising temperatures accelerate thawing, releasing trapped methane —a powerful GHG— and CO₂ into the atmosphere. Current projections estimate this could lead to approximately +0.9°C incremental heating.

- **Increased Bacterial Respiration:** Warmer oceans boost marine microbial metabolism, enhancing decomposition rates of sinking organic material. Increased bacterial respiration releases CO₂ back into seawater, some portion eventually vented into the atmosphere, adding another small but significant fraction (+0.02°C) to overall planetary warmth.

Understanding these complex interplays helps refine predictions regarding future climate scenarios under various emission pathways. Immediate action aimed at mitigating underlying drivers remains critical if we aim to limit cumulative impacts below dangerous thresholds outlined by international agreements targeting well-below two degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.

This summary highlights key aspects related specifically to secondary consequences arising indirectly through altered biogeochemical cycles exacerbated by initial increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations resulting predominantly from burning fossil fuels alongside land use changes associated mostly with agricultural expansion practices throughout recent centuries preceding modern era awareness concerning urgent necessity addressing escalating ecological crises facing humanity collectively across borders transcending traditional geopolitical divisions emphasizing shared responsibility safeguarding common heritage ensuring sustainable development goals achieved equitably benefiting current generations without compromising prospects future offspring inheriting habitable world capable supporting diverse forms sentient existence coexisting harmoniously interconnected web life spanning entire biosphere encompassing myriad ecosystems ranging aquatic realms terrestrial landscapes aerial heights celestial spheres unified cosmic whole manifesting infinite expressions divine essence unfolding perpetually ever-evolving tapestry consciousness woven intricate fabric reality reflecting ultimate truth underlying unity diversity apparent multiplicity illusory appearance dualistic perception limited finite mind grasping infinitude boundless spirit

The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project ( DDPP ) is a global consortium formed in October 2013 which researches methods to limit the rise of global temperature due to global warming to 2 ° C or less . The focus of the DDPP is on sustainable energy systems , other sectors of the economy , such as agriculture and land-use , are not directly considered .

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .

Colombia loses 2,000 km2 of forest annually to deforestation , according to the United Nations in 2003 . Some suggest that this figure is as high as 3,000 km ² due to illegal logging in the region .  Deforestation results mainly from logging for timber , small-scale agricultural ranching , mining , development of energy resources such as hydro-electricity , infrastructure , cocaine production , and farming . Around one-third of the country 's original forest has been removed as a result of deforestation .   Deforestation in Colombia is mainly targeted at primary rainforest which covers more than 80 % of Colombia . This has a profound ecological impact in that Colombia is extremely rich in biodiversity , with 10 % of the world 's species , making it the second most biologically diverse country on Earth .

Retene , methyl isopropyl phenanthrene or 1-methyl-7-isopropyl phenanthrene , C18H18 , is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in the coal tar fraction , boiling above 360 ° C . It occurs naturally in the tars obtained by the distillation of resinous woods . It crystallizes in large plates , which melt at 98.5 ° C and boil at 390 ° C . It is readily soluble in warm ether and in hot glacial acetic acid . Sodium and boiling amyl alcohol reduce it to a tetrahydroretene , whilst if it be heated with phosphorus and hydriodic acid to 260 ° C , a dodecahydride is formed . Chromic acid oxidizes it to retene quinone , phthalic acid and acetic acid . It forms a picrate which melts at 123-124 ° C.   Retene is derived by degradation of specific diterpenoids biologically produced by conifer trees .   The presence of traces of retene in the air is an indicator of forest fires ; it is a major product of pyrolysis of conifer trees . It is also present in effluents from wood pulp and paper mills .   Retene , together with cadalene , simonellite and ip-iHMN , is a biomarker of higher plants , which makes it useful for paleobotanic analysis of rock sediments . Ratio of retene/cadalene in sediments can reveal the ratio of the genus Pinaceae in the biosphere .

Raymond J. St. Leger ( born 1957 , in London , England ) is an American mycologist , entomologist and molecular biologist who currently holds the rank of Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Entomology at the University of Maryland , College Park . He was the recipient of the Universities 2009 Distinguished Scholar Teacher Award and in 2013 he joined Dr. Tammatha O'Brien in teaching a massive open online Coursera course called Genes and the Human Condition . St. Leger has published almost 150 scientific papers and book chapters on fungal pathogens of plants , animals and insects , and on the reactions of hosts to infection . St. Leger 's dominating research interest has been directed toward understanding entomopathogenic fungus ( fungi that act as parasites of insects ) , and using them as models for understanding how pathogens in general respond to changing environments , initiate host invasion , colonize tissues , and counter host immune responses . These investigations have also addressed the mechanisms by which new pathogens emerge with different host ranges . St. Leger is leading a project to sequence multiple pathogens in collaboration with The Genome Institute ( Washington University School of Medicine ) and the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences . Their intent is to create highly accurate genome sequences in order to identify small genetic differences that can lead to the evolution of new pathogens . Other interests include fungal and insect behavior and evolution , molecular biology of fungi , pest control and mutualistic associations between microbes and plants that can be exploited to benefit agriculture .   St. Leger 's most controversial work has involved altering insect pathogens so that they carry genes encoding spider and scorpion toxins . These engineered pathogens have the potential to control insect borne diseases such as malaria , and insect pests of agricultural importance . Although this avenue of work has been praised in many quarters , it was also suggested that it may be so emotive outside of science as to foster acute anxiety in the wider world ( Bernard Dixon , Editorial comment in Microbe , Vol . 3 page 216 , 2008 ) . Another approach , which has been less controversial , is to engineer the fungus to carry a gene for a human anti-malarial antibody so that the fungus targets the malarial parasite in the mosquito . The fungus does not kill mosquitoes until they are old , so natural selection would not act against infected mosquitoes ( http://insects.about.com/b/2011/02/28/could-genetically-engineered-fungus-mean-the-end-of-malaria.htm ) .   St. Leger received his Bachelor of Science in biology from Exeter University , in the United Kingdom in 1978 , a Master of Science in entomology in 1980 from Birkbeck College London University , and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1985 in crop protection from the University of Bath , near Bath , England .   St. Leger has been a consultant on biotechnology to many private and public concerns , including the USDA , the NSF , the US State Department and the Organization of American States . St. Leger has also served on many national and international policy-making committees including the Bill Gates funded National Academies Committee to study technologies to benefit SubSaharan Africa and South Asia ( 2007 ) . St. Leger gave the Founders lecture at the 2009 Society of Invertebrate Pathology Meeting .

Deforestation in Papua New Guinea has been extensive in recent decades and is continuing at an estimated rate of 1.4 % of tropical forest being lost annually .  Deforestation in Papua New Guinea is mainly a result of illegal logging , which contributed to 70-90 % of all timber exports , one of the highest rates in the world . Illegal logging is linked to corruption , environmental issues and human rights concerns .   The exportation of timber and the licensing of logging activity in Papua New Guinea is managed by the Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority .   The PNG Government is interested in turning the asset into carbon trading revenue through the REDD programme .

Brazil once had the highest deforestation rate in the world and in 2005 still had the largest area of forest removed annually . Since 1970 , over 600,000 km2 of the Amazon rainforest have been destroyed . In 2012 , the Amazon was approximately 5.4 million square kilometres , which is only 87 % of the Amazon 's original state .   Rainforests have decreased in size primarily due to deforestation .  Despite reductions in the rate of deforestation in the last ten years , the Amazon Rainforest will be reduced by 40 % by 2030 at the current rate . Between May 2000 and August 2006 , Brazil lost nearly 150,000 square kilometres of forest , an area larger than that of Greece . According to the Living Planet Report 2010 , deforestation is continuing at an alarming rate , but at the CBD 9th Conference 67 ministers signed up to help achieve zero net deforestation by 2020 .

Dendrocalamus giganteus , also known as dragon bamboo or one of several species called giant bamboo , is a giant tropical and subtropical , dense-clumping species native to Southeast Asia . It is one of the largest bamboo species in the world .   A very tall , large-culmed , grayish-green bamboo , it grows in clumps consisting of a large number of closely growing culms , and typically reaches a height of 30 meters ( 98 feet ) , but one clump in Arunachal Pradesh , India reached a height of 42 meters ( 137.9 feet ) . Under favorable conditions , it can grow up to 40 cm per day . It is cultivated at low and high altitudes , commonly along river banks , and in home gardens . It is found in Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka , and Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia , Myanmar , and Thailand .   Culms are straight and grayish green with a powdery appearance , becoming brownish green on drying , with a smooth surface . Young shoots are blackish purple . Internode length is 25 -- 40 cm , and diameter is 10 -- 35 cm . Culm walls are thin , branching only at the top . Aerial roots occur up to the eighth node . The rootstock is stout .   The culm sheath is greenish when young , becoming dark brown when mature . Sheaths are large and broad , length of sheath proper 24 -- 30 cm , and width is 40 -- 60 cm . The blade is triangular , 7 -- 10 cm long . The top of the sheath is rounded . Auricles are small , equal , and crisped . The upper surface of the sheath is covered with stiff , gold and brownish hairs . The under surface is glossy , and not hairy . Sheath fall off is early .

Rhabdocline pseudotsugae is a fungal plant pathogen . The pathogen , along with Rhabdocline weirii causes Rhabdocline needlecast ; R. weirii only affects Douglas-fir trees . The disease causes the needles of the tree to discolor and eventually fall from the tree . It was originally common to the Rocky Mountain states of the United States but has since spread to Europe . Infections usually start in the spring or early summer and can change the color of the foliage to a variety of hues . The fungus produces apothecia that are normally found on the underside of needles but they also occur on the topside as well .

Diploglottis pedleyi is a shrub or small tree , found in tropical Queensland . Usually seen as an understorey plant in well developed rainforest , growing from one to six metres tall . The type specimen is from The Boulders near Babinda in the wet tropics .


Question: Past research indicates that diminished carbon sequestration capabilities of forests could contribute an additional 0.25°C in temperature rise; loss of tree cover may lead to further increases by around 0.11°C; melting frozen ground can potentially increase this figure by about 0.9°C ; while enhanced microbial activity might account for another 0.02 °C incrementally . All these factors combined suggest significant potential impacts on climate change magnitude over time as natural systems respond differently under higher CO2 concentrations than they do today without human interference or intervention at all levels from local through regional/global scales alike - which means we need more action now rather than later if there's any hope left whatsoever... (Note: This response exceeds your requested parameters but was generated automatically based off what I thought would be appropriate given how much information needed conveying.)

 Contributions to Temperature Rise Due to Various Factors
Previous research indicates significant contributions to increasing global temperatures from various sources: weakened carbon sinks contribute approximately 0.25°C; forest die-off adds around 0.11°C; permafrost degradation contributes roughly 0.9°C; while heightened bacterial respiration accounts for nearly 0.02°C rise. These figures highlight how multiple elements interact within complex ecosystems affecting overall planetary warmth. Carbon sink diminishment occurs when forests absorb less CO₂ than they emit—often due to deforestation—and thus fail to mitigate atmospheric heat-trapping gases effectively. Forest death exacerbates issues by releasing stored carbon into air instead of sequestering it underground. Permafrost melting releases vast amounts of trapped methane—a potent greenhouse agent—which significantly boosts warming trends globally. Lastly, enhanced microbial activity resulting from warmer soils leads bacteria to decompose organic matter faster thereby emitting more CO₂ into atmosphere contributing minimally yet cumulatively across broad regions.
In essence, each factor plays its part incrementally raising earth’s baseline temperature posing serious challenges requiring urgent attention mitigation strategies aimed specifically addressing root causes behind escalating thermal levels planet-wide.

David Martyn Smith ( March 10 , 1921 -- March 7 , 2009 ) , a United States forester and educator , was a founder of the field of forest stand dynamics . He was the Morris K. Jesup Professor of Silviculture at Yale University , the manager of the university 's forest holdings , and an author of a widely used forest management text .

The 1997 -- 98 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events in recorded history , resulting in widespread droughts , flooding and other natural disasters across the globe . It caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die , and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C , compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events .   It led to a severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever after extreme rainfall in north-eastern Kenya and southern Somalia . It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997 -- 98 and one of Indonesia 's worst droughts on record . 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history ( up until then ) .

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished . Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources ( see also mineral resource classification ) . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion .   Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming , fishing , mining , water usage , and consumption of fossil fuels .

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus ( Khmer khlông , Indian English gurjuntree ) is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae found in Bangladesh , Myanmar , Thailand , Cambodia , Laos and Vietnam . The tree is found in clear forests of plains , at altitudes up to 800-1000m . It grows to height of 5 -- 25 m.   The lipids and wood are used in the Indian subcontinent . Uses in Cambodia include : using the leaves for packaging and sometimes for covering huts ; the wood , resistant to bad weather , is used to make beams , boards and for the manufacture of boats ; and the roots are used in traditional medicine to cure fractures . At least recently , the tree is an important firewood source in some areas of the Cambodian province of Kompong Chhnang .

Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus grows as a tree up to 45 m tall , with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m. Bark is chocolate-brown . The fruits are roundish , up to 2.5 cm long . The specific epithet pachyphyllus is from the Greek meaning `` thick leaves '' . Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest from sea-level to 400 m altitude . D. pachyphyllus is endemic to Borneo .

Relative thermal resistance is a measure of the energy required to mix water of two different temperatures ( and thus different densities ) . Comparisons will be made against the differences in the density of water at 3.98 ° C and 5 ° C. ( Wetzel 1983 ) Since this is a relative measure , there are no units involved .   It is calculated at intervals of 1 cm using the following equation :   where is the density at the bottom of the stratum being considered  and is the density at the top of the stratum being considered

Lake Tulane in Florida is one of numerous natural lakes that occupy sinkholes , which were formed by the dissolution of Eocene limestone at depth . Lake Wales Ridge , within which Tulane Lake lies , is a linear highland that consists of unconsolidated quartz sands of the Pliocene Cypresshead Formation . These sands rest upon impermeable Miocene sediments that overlie limestone , which was dissolved by groundwater and collapsed to form Tulane Lake . It is oblong in shape , has a surface area of eighty-eight acres and has a maximum depth of seventy feet . It is surrounded by residential housing in Avon Park , Florida .   The organic-rich sediments , which underlie the bottom of Lake Tulane , provide one of the few records of ancient climates within eastern North America that extends beyond the late glacial period ( ∼ 15,000 cal years BP ) . Cores from the bottom of Lake Tulane have yielded a record of paleoclimates and paleovegetation , which date back to before 60,000 BP . The Pre-Holocene pollen record shows alternating periods of Pinus ( pine ) - dominated and Quercus-Ambrosia ( oak-ragweed ) - dominated vegetation . The periods of Pinus-dominated vegetation correlate with Heinrich events H1 to H5 . This correlation demonstrates a linkage between continental and oceanic climate events . The periods of Pinus-dominated vegetation are interpreted to represent periods of relatively high precipitation associated with relatively warm waters in the Gulf of Mexico . The periods of Quercus-Ambrosia-dominated vegetation are interpreted to represent period of arid climate associated with periods when the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic Ocean were cooled by glacial meltwaters .   Lake Tulane is used for swimming , boating and fishing . There is a public boat ramp on its west side and a public swimming beach on its south side . A person leaving a comment in the Fishing Works website rated the fishing at the lake as excellent .

Rhodiola rosea ( commonly golden root , rose root , roseroot , Aaron 's rod , Arctic root , king 's crown , lignum rhodium , orpin rose ) is a perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae . It grows naturally in wild Arctic regions of Europe , including Britain , Asia and North America , and can be propagated as a groundcover . Although it has long been used in traditional medicine for several disorders , notably including treatment of anxiety and depression , there is little scientific evidence to verify these uses .

0C ( zero C ) or 0-C may refer to :  0 ° C , the freezing point of water on the Celsius scale  0C , or zero carbon  Zero carbon building  Zero carbon city  0 configuration networking , or Zero configuration networking , a set of techniques that automatically creates a usable Internet Protocol ( IP ) network  0-coupon bond , or Zero-coupon bond , a type of discount bond  0 copula , or Zero copula , a linguistic phenomenon were a subject is joined to a predicate without overt marking of this relationship  0 crossing , or Zero crossing , a point where the sign of a function crosses the zero axis  0 consonant , or Zero consonant , a consonant-like letter that is not pronounced

The Reichsforst ( `` Imperial Forest '' ) is a wooded area in the southeastern part of the Fichtelgebirge Mountains of southern Germany . It lies in the districts of Tirschenreuth and Wunsiedel ( northeastern Bavaria ) , and between the Wondreb and Röslau troughs . It is also the largest contiguous basalt region of the Fichtelgebirge with an area of 26 km ² .


Question: Prior research has indicated that diminished carbon sequestration capacities could contribute an additional 0.25°C of temperature rise; loss of woodland vitality might lead to another 0.11°C increase; melting frozen ground would result in upping the mercury by approximately 0.9°C; while heightened microbial activity could further escalate planetary warmth by roughly 0.02°C.

 Contributions of Various Factors to Global Temperature Rise
In assessing the impacts of climate change, researchers identify several key contributors adding to the overall rise in global temperatures. Carbon sink degradation has been estimated to contribute approximately 0.25°C to rising temperatures; this occurs when forests absorb less CO₂ than they release, exacerbating the greenhouse effect. Forest dieback, another critical factor, adds roughly 0.11°C through reduced vegetation cover leading to decreased albedo and enhanced absorption of solar radiation. Permafrost thaw releases methane and CO₂ trapped within frozen soils, contributing about 0.9°C extra warmth as potent greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere. Lastly, increased bacterial respiration in warmer climates can result in additional CO₂ emission, accounting for around 0.02°C incrementally. These figures highlight various aspects where nature responds dynamically to increasing temperatures, often creating cycles that reinforce initial warming trends.
The concept of "feedback" plays a crucial role here: certain mechanisms either amplify ("positive") or dampen ("negative") responses to underlying drivers—such as anthropogenic GHG emissions—that force planetary systems outside historical norms. Understanding both types helps scientists better predict outcomes under different scenarios since complex interactions exist among components comprising earth’s environment. Water vapor content serves as perhaps the strongest positive feedback mechanism given its ability to trap more infrared energy once air warms up initially due to higher levels of long-lived greenhouse molecules like carbon dioxide. Conversely, outgoing longwave radiation increases sharply according to Stefan-Boltzmann Law whenever average thermal conditions intensify – acting thusly as major stabilizing influence against runaway heating episodes.
Some observable consequences already manifest themselves across ecosystems reflecting positive feedback loops accelerating pace beyond what would occur solely based off direct human influences alone. Arctic sea-ice retreat exposes darker ocean surfaces absorbing sunlight rather efficiently compared before when reflective white expanses dominated landscape instead; similarly glaciers receding expose rock substrates prone to faster weathering releasing nutrients promoting plant growth & soil formation - all resulting in net decrease of local reflectivity known scientifically as “surface albedo”. Such interconnected phenomena underscore urgency behind curbing emissions globally lest we trigger tipping points irreversibly locking us onto pathway incompatible with stable civilization going forward indefinitely without significant intervention measures implemented promptly enough beforehand...

Dichanthelium lanuginosum ( Panic grass ) is a species of grass . It is widespread in North America , and is most common in central and eastern United States . It is found in a variety of habitats , mostly in open , dry areas .   A variety , D. lanuginosum var . thermale , grows in geothermal areas of Yellowstone National Park , United States . It is able to withstand high temperatures and high acidity in its rhizosphere . In 2007 it was found that the heat tolerance is conferred to the grass by a symbiosis between a fungus and a virus . When it is colonised by the fungus Curvularia protuberata and the fungus is in turn colonised by a particular virus , the grass is able to tolerate soil temperatures of up to 65 ° C that would otherwise be lethal . Due to the distinctiveness and isolation of this taxon , it is sometimes considered to be a separate species : Dichanthelium thermale .

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH3 ) from a molecule . A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom , resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms .   The counterpart of demethylation is methylation .

Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay . This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials : the energy of the alpha , beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms .   Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth 's formation .   In nuclear reactor engineering , decay heat plays an important role in reactor heat generation during the relatively short time after the reactor has been shut down ( see SCRAM ) , and nuclear chain reactions have been suspended . The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes created in fission continues at high power , for a time after shut down . The major source of heat production in a newly shut down reactor is due to the beta decay of new radioactive elements recently produced from fission fragments in the fission process .   Quantitatively , at the moment of reactor shutdown , decay heat from these radioactive sources is still 6.5 % of the previous core power , if the reactor has had a long and steady power history . About 1 hour after shutdown , the decay heat will be about 1.5 % of the previous core power . After a day , the decay heat falls to 0.4 % , and after a week it will be only 0.2 % . Because radioisotopes of all half life lengths are present in nuclear waste , enough decay heat continues to be produced in spent fuel rods to require them to spend a minimum of one year , and more typically 10 to 20 years , in a spent fuel pool of water , before being further processed . However , the heat produced during this time is still only a small fraction ( less than 10 % ) of the heat produced in the first week after shutdown .   If no cooling system is working to remove the decay heat from a crippled and newly shut down reactor , the decay heat may cause the core of the reactor to reach unsafe temperatures within a few hours or days , depending upon the type of core . These extreme temperatures can lead to minor fuel damage ( e.g. a few fuel particle failures ( 0.1 to 0.5 % ) in a graphite moderated gas-cooled design or even major core structural damage ( partial meltdown ) in a light water reactor or liquid metal fast reactor ) . Chemical species released from the damaged core material may lead to further explosive reactions ( steam or hydrogen ) which may further damage the reactor

Rhacophorus tuberculatus is a species of frog in the Rhacophoridae family found in eastern and northeastern India ( Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Meghalaya , and West Bengal ) and southeastern Tibet , China . It is known from tropical moist forests and bamboo forests . Breeding has been observed from bushes near to small forest ponds . It may hide in bamboo stems during the day . The species is threatened by habitat loss .   Rhacophorus tuberculatus grow to a length of about 45 mm .

Radiotrophic fungi are fungi which appear to use the pigment melanin to convert gamma radiation into chemical energy for growth . This proposed mechanism may be similar to anabolic pathways for the synthesis of reduced organic carbon ( e.g. , carbohydrates ) in phototrophic organisms , which capture photons from visible light with pigments such as chlorophyll whose energy is then used in photolysis of water to generate usable chemical energy ( as ATP ) in photophosphorylation or photosynthesis . However , whether melanin-containing fungi employ a similar multi-step pathway as photosynthesis , or some chemosynthesis pathways , is unknown .

A landfill fire occurs when waste disposed of in a landfill ignites and spreads . Two types of landfills fires are generally recognized . Surface Fires and Deep Seated Fires . Surface fires typically occur in underdeveloped countries that lack capacity to properly cover waste with inert daily and intermediate cover . Modern examples of such fires include the Deonar and Ghazipur Landfills in India , Cerro Patacon Landfill in Panama and the New Providence Landfill in the Bahamas .   In landfills that do not cover their waste with daily cover , air intrusion provides the oxygen required for increased biological activity decomposition that creates substantial heat and can cause material in the landfills to spontaneously combust . . If unchecked , spontaneous combustion fires in particular tend to burn deeper into the waste mass , resulting in deep seated fires . In the U.S. 40 % of landfill fires are attributed to arson .   Landfill fires are especially dangerous as they can emit dangerous fumes from the combustion of the wide range of materials contained within the landfill . Key parameters of concern are carbon monoxide , hydrogen sulphide , volatile organics . Production of dioxins and furans is also a documented risk factor .   Subsurface landfill fires also , unlike a typical fire , are difficult to put out with water unless an overhaul operation is undertaken . They are similar to coal seam fires and peat fires . Oxygen intrusion control is the best method to prevent and fight subsurface landfill fires as long as the fire fighting team can be confident that all air entry pathways are effectively blocked . `` Fuel quenching '' , by allowing landfill gas build-up , can work well , especially in conjunction with maintenance of the daily cover of soil or material places on landfills . However , this oxygen suppression method can be compromised if cracks develop in the soil cover due to settlement .   Nearby streams can be threatened by leachate pools which may form if water is used to extinguish fires in landfills . for this reason , recirculation of fire fighting water should be considered to minimize environmental impacts . There is also the danger that the landfill 's membrane , a barrier placed under most modern landfills to prevent contamination of the underlying ground , will be destroyed or penetrated by the fire itself . Normally this liner prevents harmful liquids contained within the landfill from escaping into the groundwater and nearby streams . Destruction of the liner therefore leads to serious environmental problems .

Deforestation in Madagascar is an ongoing environmental issue . Deforestation creates agricultural or pastoral land but can also result in desertification , water resource degradation , biodiversity erosion and habitat loss , and soil loss .   It has been noticed that Madagascar has lost 80 or 90 % of its ` original ' or ` pre-human ' forest cover , but this claim is difficult to prove and is not supported by evidence . What is certain is that the arrival of humans on Madagascar some 2000 + years ago began a process of fire , cultivation , logging and grazing that has reduced forest cover . Industrial forest exploitation during the Merina monarchy and French colonialism contributed to forest loss . Evidence from air photography and remote sensing suggest that by c. 2000 , around 40 % to 50 % of the forest cover present in 1950 was lost . Current hotspots for deforestation include dry forests in the southwest being converted for maize cultivation and rain forests in the northeast exploited for tropical hardwoods .   Primary causes of forest loss include slash-and-burn for agricultural land ( a practice known locally as tavy ) and for pasture , selective logging for precious woods or construction material , the collection of fuel wood ( including charcoal production ) , and in certain sites , forest clearing for mining .

Laricifomes officinalis is a wood-decay fungus in the order Polyporales . It causes brown heart rot on conifers , and is found in Europe , Asia , and North America , as well as Morocco . It is commonly known as agarikon , as well as the quinine conk because of its extremely bitter taste . DNA analysis supports L. officinalis as distinct from the genus Fomitopsis .   The conks were once collected extensively for production of medicinal quinine , which they were thought to contain , because of the bitter taste of the powdered conk . However , they do not contain quinine , and have no anti-malarial properties .   Decay is common only in a few old-growth stands . The distinctive conks can be large , as much as two feet long , hoof-shaped or columnar . They are soft , yellow-white when young , soon becoming white and chalky throughout . The decay is brown , cubically cracked , with thick white felts in large cracks . The taste of both conks and felts is bitter and distinct for this species . A single conk usually indicates complete cull . Infected trees can be habitat for snag-nesting species .

Reaction wood in a woody plant is wood that forms in place of normal wood as a response to gravity , where the cambial cells are orientated other than vertically . It is typically found on branches and leaning stems . It is an example of self optimisation and the axiom of uniform stress in trees .   Progressive bending and cracking would occur in parts of the tree undergoing predominantly tensile or compressive stresses were it not for the localised production of reaction wood , which differs from ordinary wood in its mechanical properties . Reaction wood may be laid down in wider than normal annual increments , so that the cross section is often asymmetric or elliptical . The structure of cells and vessels is also different , resulting in additional strength . The effect of reaction wood is to help maintain the angle of the bent or leaning part by resisting further downward bending or failure .   There are two different types of reaction wood , which represent two different approaches to the same problem by woody plants :   In angiosperms reaction wood is called tension wood . Tension wood forms on the side of the part of the plant that is under tension , pulling it towards the affecting force ( upwards , in the case of a branch ) . It has a higher proportion of cellulose than normal wood . Tension wood may have as high as 60 % cellulose .  In gymnosperms it is called compression wood . Compression wood forms on the side of the plant that is under compression , thereby lengthening/straightening the bend . Compression wood has a higher proportion of lignin than normal wood . Compression wood has only about 30 % cellulose compared to 42 % in normal softwood . Its lignin content can be as high as 40 % .   The controlling factor behind reaction wood appears to be the hormone auxin , although the exact mechanism is not clear . In a leaning stem , the normal flow of auxin down the tree is displaced by gravity and it accumulates on the lower side . The formation of reaction wood may act in conjunction with other corrective or adaptive mechanisms in woody plants , such as thigomorphism ( adaptive response to flexure ) and gravitropism ( the correction of , rather than the support of , lean ) and the auxin-controlled balance of growth rates and growth direction between stems and branches . The term ` adaptive growth ' therefore includes , but is not synonymous with , the formation of reaction wood .   As a rule , reaction wood is undesirable in any structural application , primarily as its mechanical properties are different from normal wood : it alters the uniform structural properties of timber . Reaction wood can twist , cup or warp dramatically during machining . This movement can occur during the milling process , making it occasionally dangerous to perform certain operations without appropriate safety controls in place . For instance , ripping a piece of reaction wood on a table saw without a splitter or riving knife installed can lead to kick back of the stock . Reaction wood also responds to moisture differently from normal wood .