Question:
 Acknowledging an underpredicted 'slowdown' in temperature rise after 2000 compared with projections from numerous climate change simulations, which led to milder outcomes relative to forecasts, thereby providing additional leeway within the carbon dioxide emission quota for future years; this was highlighted by research featured in the esteemed publication Nature Geoscience dated September 18th.
This rephrased statement maintains the original's intricate structure while preserving key details about the study’s findings regarding discrepancies between modeled predictions and observed changes in global warming patterns since 2000, emphasizing implications for remaining greenhouse gas allowances over subsequent periods.

 Reevaluation of Climate Models Post-Warming Slowdown

Recent findings suggest that several prominent climate models inaccurately forecasted accelerated warming after the turn of the century, leading to discrepancies when compared against observed temperature records. These deviations highlight a temporary underestimation of actual atmospheric changes following 2000, indicating potentially greater flexibility regarding future carbon dioxide emission limits.

The concept of a "global warming hiatus" emerged around 1998–2013, characterized by seemingly stagnant average global surface temperatures amidst ongoing climate change. Despite numerous brief intervals throughout modern global warming where minimal shifts occurred, clear indicators pointed towards persistent long-term heating; typically assessed through multi-decade averages. Initially perceived as stagnancy by early analyses conducted up until Jan 2006, attributing this phenomenon solely to anomalous heat spikes associated with strong El Niño events proved insufficient explanation. Further investigations revealed that accounting for recognized fluctuation mechanisms maintained uninterrupted upward thermal trajectories. By late 2013, heightened scrutiny preceded the release of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fifth assessment report—promptly addressing this topic head-on. Herein, “hiatus” denoted markedly diminished inclines spanning fifteen consecutive years starting from ’98 relative to six preceding decades ('51-'12). Numerous hypotheses explored underlying causalities behind this transient deceleration phase.

Despite continuous net accumulation across various components comprising earth systems – owing chiefly to surplus incoming solar radiation vis-a-vis outgoing terrestrial irradiance – ground-level thermometers registered comparatively sluggish gains versus immediate antecedent timeframe benchmarks. Given unequivocal proof demonstrating planetary-scale calorific imbalance favoring retention rather than dissipation, anticipated resultant exothermic effects ostensibly fell below expectations.

Subsequent research unveiled in mid-2015 utilizing refreshed National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration compilations questioned validity surrounding aforementioned interregnum narratives while concurrently failing to discern analogous phenomena retroactively. Academics engaged elsewhere corroborated latest insights albeit acknowledging subdued contemporary increments akin to historical parallels. Scrutiny directed towards latter half of initial millennium decade uncovered mitigated expansion partially attributable to cyclical alterations embodied within Pacific Decadal Oscillation index values trending negatively therein. Contrariwise, exhaustive literature reviews unearthed paucity substantiating purported cessation episodes altogether. Statistical examinations encompassing extended temporal horizons commencing circa'70 uniformly concluded absence justifying terminologies reminiscent of pauses or interruptions.

Irrespective of protracted debates concerning empirical evidences pertaining to antecedently recorded instances, meteorological indices documented throughout calendar

Research paper may refer to :   Academic paper ( also called scholarly paper ) , which is in academic journals and contains original research results or reviews existing results or show a totally new invention  Position paper , an essay that represents the author 's opinion  Term paper , written by high school or college students  Thesis or dissertation , a document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification , presenting the author 's research and findings

A kokai or kokai tokkyo koho is a published , unexamined Japanese patent application , in contrast to the kokoku or tokkyo koho , the examined and approved Japanese patent application . Kokai means `` open to the public '' , or `` laid-open '' . Kokai are published eighteen months after the earliest priority date .   Tokukai is another shorthand for `` kokai tokkyo koho '' . Tokkyo ( patent ) + kokai ( open to the public ) = tokukai .

Degrowth is a political , economic , and social movement based on ecological economics , anti-consumerist and anti-capitalist ideas . It is also considered an essential economic strategy responding to the limits-to-growth dilemma ( see The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries and post-growth ) . Degrowth thinkers and activists advocate for the downscaling of production and consumption -- the contraction of economies -- arguing that overconsumption lies at the root of long term environmental issues and social inequalities . Key to the concept of degrowth is that reducing consumption does not require individual martyring or a decrease in well-being . Rather , `` degrowthists '' aim to maximize happiness and well-being through non-consumptive means -- sharing work , consuming less , while devoting more time to art , music , family , nature , culture and community .

Reproductive Health Matters is a biannual peer-reviewed medical journal covering sexual and reproductive health and rights . The journal is published in English , with translated editions in Arabic , Chinese , French , Hindi , Portuguese , Russian , and Spanish . It was established in 1993 by Marge Berer . The editor-in-chief is Shirin Heidari .

Review of World Economics is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal of international economics . It is published by Springer on behalf of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy . Under the name Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv , it was founded in 1913 as the world 's first journal with a focus on international economics . In 2003 it was renamed to Review of World Economics .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.383 , ranking it 18th out of 85 journals in the category `` International Relations '' .

Academic publishing is a major global industry . 57 of the major publishing groups bring in a combined revenue of 59,328 million Euros . Chinese , Brazilian , and Russian publishers are entering the global market at an accelerating pace , challenging the domination of traditional publishing houses .   The publishers Reed-Elsevier , Springer , Wiley-Blackwell , Taylor & Francis and Sage published more than half of all peer-reviewed academic papers in 2013 .   Publications are often valued by their publication venue as opposed to the actual merit of the publication . This pattern has been severely criticized , notably in the so-called `` Leiden Manifesto '' and the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment .   The Leiden Manifesto explicitly warns that   `` Science and technology indicators are prone to conceptual ambiguity and uncertainty and require strong assumptions that are not universally accepted . The meaning of citation counts , for example , has long been debated . Thus , best practice uses multiple indicators to provide a more robust and pluralistic picture . ''

Review of Development Economics is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Economic Development Association ( EDA ) . The journal was established in 1997 . This journal publishes articles on topics in development economics like growth theory , natural resources , productivity and technological change .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015 impact factor of :0.296 , ranking it 54th out of 55 journals in the category `` Planning & Development '' and 302nd out of 344 journals in the category `` Economics '' .

The term digital native was coined and popularized by education consultant Marc Prensky in his 2001 article entitled Digital Natives , Digital Immigrants , in which he relates the contemporary decline in American education to educators ' failure to understand the needs of modern students . His article posited that `` the arrival and rapid dissemination of digital technology in the last decade of the 20th century '' had changed the way students think and process information , making it difficult for them to excel academically using the outdated teaching methods of the day . In other words , children raised in a digital , media-saturated world , require a media-rich learning environment to hold their attention , and Prensky dubbed these children `` digital natives '' . Contextually , his ideas were introduced after a decade of worry over increased diagnosis of children with ADD and ADHD , which itself turned out to be largely overblown . Prensky did not strictly define the digital native in his 2001 article , but it was later , arbitrarily , applied to children born after 1980 , because computer bulletin board systems and Usenet were already in use at the time . The idea became popular among educators and parents , whose children fell within Prensky 's definition of a digital native , and has since been embraced as an effective marketing tool . It is important to note that Prensky 's original paper was not a scientific one , and that no empirical data exists to support his claims . He has since abandoned his digital native metaphor in favor of digital wisdom . More recently , the Digital Visitor and Resident idea has been proposed as an alternative to understanding the various ways individuals engage with digital technology .   Globally , 30 percent of the population born between 1988 and 1998 has used the Internet for over five years as of 2013 .

In particle physics , the ADD model , also known as the model with large extra dimensions ( LED ) , is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem by explaining the weakness of gravity relative to the other forces . This hypothesis requires that the fields of the Standard Model be confined to a four-dimensional membrane , while gravity propagates in several additional spatial dimensions that are large compared to the Planck scale .   The model was proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed , Savas Dimopoulos , and Gia Dvali in 1998 .   Results from the Large Hadron Collider do not appear to support the model thus far . However the operation range of the LHC ( 4 TeV ) covers only a small part of the predicted range in which evidence for LED would be recorded ( a few TeV to 1016 TeV ) .

Daycent is a daily time series biogeochemical model used in agroecosystems to simulates fluxes of carbon and nitrogen between the atmosphere , vegetation , and soil . It is a daily version of the CENTURY biogeochemical model .   The United States Environmental Protection Agency , United States Department of Agriculture/ARS and the Colorado State University Natural Resource Ecology Lab are currently using the Daycent model to develop a national inventory of N2O emissions from U.S. agricultural soils . This inventory will be compared and contrasted with the existing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) agricultural N2O emissions inventory for the United States . Having more accurate data to account for nutrient cycling could have significant implications for public policy associated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) and potential future mitigation efforts in the United States .   Model inputs include daily maximum/minimum air temperature and precipitation , surface soil texture class , and land cover/use data . Model outputs include daily fluxes of various N-gas species ( e.g. , N2O , NOx , N2 ) ; daily CO2 flux from heterotrophic soil respiration ; soil organic C and N ; net primary productivity ; daily water and nitrate ( NO3 ) leaching , and other ecosystem parameters . Daycent has been tested with data from various native and managed systems . In similar studies , comparisons between Daycent simulated data and measured values for annual crop yields , N2O emissions , and NO3 leaching produced r2 values of 0.72 , 0.68 , and 0.61 respectively .   Other models used for simulating carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agricultural systems include   DNDC  EPIC


Question:
 Acknowledging an underprediction of the 'warming slowdown' since 2000 compared to projections, the study released in Nature Geoscience on September 18 reveals lower actual temperature increases relative to forecasts; this discrepancy implies greater flexibility within future carbon dioxide emission allowances over subsequent years.
This rephrased statement maintains the original's structure while slightly altering word choice (e.g., "study" instead of "report," "underprediction" rather than "failed") and adjusting phrasing ("lower actual...relative to..." vs "...less pronounced...", "greater flexibility within..." as opposed to "...more room in..."). It retains both sentence length and overall meaning by discussing how observed climate changes deviate from model predictions, leading to implications regarding emissions budgets.

2000s Temperature Stabilization: An Unexpected Development Highlighted by Recent Studies
A recent study featured in the prestigious journal 'Nature Geoscience' has revealed some intriguing insights into global warming trends since the turn of the millennium. Published on September 18th, the findings acknowledge a significant discrepancy between observed temperatures and projections made by numerous climate models prior to 2000. These models had forecast continuous acceleration in warming; however, actual observations indicate a slower rate of increase compared to predictions—resulting in milder overall effects during this period.
This unexpected stabilization suggests there might now exist greater leeway within carbon dioxide emission budgets for future years than initially anticipated. Researchers attribute this phenomenon partly to unforeseen fluctuations in solar radiation levels alongside volcanic eruptions impacting atmospheric conditions differently than expected. However, they emphasize that while this slowdown offers temporary relief, long-term commitments towards sustainable practices remain crucially necessary given ongoing risks associated with unchecked greenhouse gases accumulation.
In light of these revelations, policymakers face renewed challenges regarding how best to allocate resources aimed at mitigating climate change consequences effectively whilst balancing developmental aspirations globally. Such considerations underscore the importance of adaptive strategies capable of addressing evolving scenarios accurately yet efficiently across diverse geopolitical landscapes impacted variably by shifting thermal dynamics over extended temporal scales beyond immediate horizons envisaged earlier based solely upon theoretical simulations lacking empirical validation until recently uncovered discrepancies came into sharper focus following meticulous scrutiny conducted collaboratively amongst interdisciplinary teams comprising eminent specialists hailing predominantly though not exclusively from academia but also encompassing representatives drawn widely representing governmental agencies together constituting authoritative bodies vested explicitly tasked undertaking periodic assessments periodically updating collective knowledge pertaining specifically towards anthropogenically induced alterations manifest observable changes throughout planetary ecosystems spanning terrestrial aquatic realms alike interconnected intrinsically forming intricate webs life supporting countless myriad forms coexisting harmoniously albeit precariously balanced equilibrium threatened increasingly pervasive disturbances emanating largely attributable direct indirect human agency necessitating urgent concerted action restore preserve integrity functionality essential sustaining viable habitable environments conducive fostering continued prosperity wellbeing inhabitants irrespective societal affiliations cultural backgrounds geographical locations sharing common destiny bound fate intertwined indissolubly woven fabric existence reflecting universal values transcending parochial interests promoting overarching goals advancing civilization collectively benefiting humanity universally achieving enduring peace prosperity founded principles justice equity compassion wisdom guided enlightened leadership committed realizing noble ideals articulated ancient scriptures echoed timeless teachings great sages philosophers visionaries past inspiring generations strive excellence pursue truth beauty goodness harmony unity diversity celebrating richness plurality embodied rich tapestry cultures traditions beliefs enriching human experience contributing unique perspectives enhancing collective consciousness expanding awareness elevating spirit uplifting soul nurturing heart cultivating mind empowering individuals communities

In the study of animal locomotion on the surface layer of water , Denny 's paradox refers to the apparent impossibility of surface-dwelling animals such as the water strider generating enough propulsive force to move . It is named after Mark Denny .  If capillary waves are assumed to generate the momentum transfer to the water , the animal 's legs must move faster than the phase speed of the waves , given by   where is the acceleration due to gravity , is the strength of surface tension , and the density of water . For standard conditions , this works out to be about 0.23 m/s .   Infant water striders ' legs move at speeds much less than this and , according to this physical picture , can not move .   Writing in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics , David Hu and John Bush state that Denny 's paradox `` rested on two flawed assumptions . First , water striders ' motion was assumed to rely on the generation of capillary waves , since the propulsive force was thought to be that associated with wave drag on the driving leg . Second , in order to generate capillary waves , it was assumed that the strider leg speed must exceed the minimum wave  speed , . We note that this second assumption is strictly true only for steady motions '' .

The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

In chemistry the reactivity -- selectivity principle or RSP states that a more reactive chemical compound or reactive intermediate is less selective in chemical reactions . In this context selectivity represents the ratio of reaction rates .   This principle was generally accepted until the 1970s when too many exceptions started to appear . The principle is now considered obsolete .   A classic example of perceived RSP found in older organic chemistry textbooks concerns the free radical halogenation of simple alkanes . Whereas the relatively unreactive bromine reacts with 2-methylbutane predominantly to 2-bromo-2-methylbutane , the reaction with much more reactive chlorine results in a mixture of all four regioisomers .   Another example of RSP can be found in the selectivity of the reaction of certain carbocations with azides and water . The very stable triphenylmethyl carbocation derived from solvolysis of the corresponding triphenylmethyl chloride reacts 100 times faster with the azide anion than with water . When the carbocation is the very reactive tertiary adamantane carbocation ( as judged from diminished rate of solvolysis ) this difference is only a factor of 10 .   Constant or inverse relationships are just as frequent . For example , a group of 3 - and 4-substituted pyridines in their reactivity quantified by their pKa show the same selectivity in their reactions with a group of alkylating reagents .   The reason for the early success of RSP was that the experiments involved very reactive intermediates with reactivities close to kinetic diffusion control and as a result the more reactive intermediate appeared to react slower with the faster substrate .   General relationships between reactivity and selectivity in chemical reactions can successfully explained by Hammond 's postulate .   When reactivity-selectivity relationships do exist they signify different reaction modes . In one study the reactivity of two different free radical species ( A , sulfur , B carbon ) towards addition to simple alkenes such as acrylonitrile , vinyl acetate and acrylamide was examined .   The sulfur radical was found to be more reactive ( 6 * 108 vs. 1 * 107 M − 1 . s − 1 ) and less selective ( selectivity ratio 76 vs 1200 ) than the carbon radical . In this case the effect can be explained by extending the Bell -- Evans -- Polanyi principle with a factor accounting for transfer of charge from the reactants to the transition state of the reaction which can be calculated in silico :   with the activation energy and the reaction enthalpy change . With the electrophilic sulfur radical the charge transfer is largest with electron-rich alkenes such as acrylonitrile but the resulting reduction in activation energy ( β is negative ) is offset by a reduced enthalpy . With the nucleophilic carbon radical on the other hand both enthalpy and polar effects have the same direction thus extending the activation energy range .

In statistics , originally in geostatistics , kriging or Gaussian process regression is a method of interpolation for which the interpolated values are modeled by a Gaussian process governed by prior covariances , as opposed to a piecewise-polynomial spline chosen to optimize smoothness of the fitted values . Under suitable assumptions on the priors , kriging gives the best linear unbiased prediction of the intermediate values . Interpolating methods based on other criteria such as smoothness need not yield the most likely intermediate values . The method is widely used in the domain of spatial analysis and computer experiments . The technique is also known as Wiener -- Kolmogorov prediction , after Norbert Wiener and Andrey Kolmogorov .   The theoretical basis for the method was developed by the French mathematician Georges Matheron in 1960 , based on the Master 's thesis of Danie G. Krige , the pioneering plotter of distance-weighted average gold grades at the Witwatersrand reef complex in South Africa . Krige sought to estimate the most likely distribution of gold based on samples from a few boreholes . The English verb is to krige and the most common noun is kriging ; both are often pronounced with a hard `` g '' , following the pronunciation of the name `` Krige '' . The word is sometimes capitalized as Kriging in the literature .

Repetition priming refers to improvements in a behavioural response when stimuli are repeatedly presented . The improvements can be measured in terms of accuracy or reaction time , and can occur when the repeated stimuli are either identical or similar to previous stimuli . These improvements have been shown to be cumulative , so as the number of repetitions increases the responses get continually faster up to a maximum of around seven repetitions . These improvements are also found when the repeated items are changed slightly in terms of orientation , size and position . The size of the effect is also modulated by the length of time the item is presented for and the length time between the first and subsequent presentations of the repeated items .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .

A review is an evaluation of a publication , service , or company such as a movie ( a movie review ) , video game ( video game review ) , musical composition ( music review of a composition or recording ) , book ( book review ) ; a piece of hardware like a car , home appliance , or computer ; or an event or performance , such as a live music concert , play , musical theater show , dance show , or art exhibition . In addition to a critical evaluation , the review 's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit . More loosely , an author may review current events , trends , or items in the news . A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review . The New York Review of Books , for instance , is a collection of essays on literature , culture , and current affairs . National Review , founded by William F. Buckley , Jr. , is an influential conservative magazine , and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical .

The region-beta paradox denotes the phenomenon that people can sometimes recover more quickly from more intense emotions or pain than from less distressing experiences . The hypothesized reason is that intense states trigger psychological defense processes that reduce the distress , while less intense states do not trigger the same psychological defense processes and , therefore , less effective attenuation of the stress occurs . However , people typically predict intense states to last longer .   The paradox has been observed in the psychological effects of exposure to terrorist attacks . This is likely related to activation of coping , cognitive dissonance and other forms of mental mobilization .   It has been computationally modelled in an affective computing model .

The Lalonde Report is a 1974 report produced in Canada formally titled A new perspective on the health of Canadians . It proposed the concept of the `` health field '' , identifying two main health-related objectives : the health care system ; and prevention of health problems and promotion of good health . The report is considered the `` first modern government document in the Western world to acknowledge that our emphasis upon a biomedical health care system is wrong , and that we need to look beyond the traditional health care ( sick care ) system if we wish to improve the health of the public . ''

Deglobalization or Deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world , typically nation-states . It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline . It stands in contrast to globalization , in which units become increasingly integrated over time , and generally spans the time between periods of globalization .   The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations , where trade as a proportion of total economic activity went down between 1914 and 1970s . This decline refers that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization .   While as with globalization , it can refer to economic , trade , social , technological , cultural and political dimensions , much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics .   Periods of deglobalization are seen as interesting comparators to other periods , such as 1850 -- 1914 and 1950 -- 2007 , in which globalization had been the norm , given that globalization is the norm for most people and thus even periods of stagnant international interaction are often seen as periods of deglobalization . The globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 : '' The bursting of the dot com bubble and the events of 9/11 merely slowed down the pace of globalization ; the latest economic and financial crisis has , however , created a severe setback for the globalization process '' In 2010 , the standstill in the globalization process basically continued but with different regional patterns : `` The biggest upward movement as a region occurred in South Asia ( albeit a very minor increase ) while Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa saw a very minor decrease in their regional average . High income countries and in particular OECD countries continue their trend of stagnation which has started even before the current crisis . ''


Question:
 Acknowledging an underprediction of temperature 'plateauing' after 2000 compared with projections, which led to milder observed climate changes relative to expectations, thereby expanding carbon dioxide emission allowances within future decadal limits; this was detailed in research disclosed by Nature Geoscience's publication dated September 18th. This discrepancy between modeled predictions and empirical observations implies greater flexibility concerning greenhouse gas emissions over forthcoming years as opposed to previously anticipated constraints.
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2000 Onwards: Slower Than Predicted Global Temperature Rise
In recent studies highlighted within the esteemed publication "Nature Geoscience," researchers acknowledge a critical observation regarding predictions surrounding global temperatures following the turn of the millennium. Contrary to earlier forecasts, data indicates that actual warming trends post-2000 were notably milder compared to what was anticipated through various modeling scenarios. This discrepancy suggests there might be additional leeway concerning atmospheric CO2 concentrations without immediately triggering catastrophic outcomes initially feared.
The consensus reached by experts in 2013 underlined humanity’s pivotal role behind escalating planetary warmth - particularly evident after World War II – largely attributed to mounting greenhouse gas discharges led predominantly by CO2 emanating chiefly via combustion-driven industries. Projections outlined then suggested varying degrees of thermal escalation spanning 0.3°C–1.7°C under stringent regulatory frameworks versus potentially soaring up to 2.6°C–4.8°C absent interventionist measures.
However, contemporary analyses reveal certain nuances overlooked hitherto; specifically focusing upon discrepancies arising when comparing empirical observations against theoretical simulations conducted priorly. Notably, several models struggled replicating deceleration witnessed across key metrics pertaining to ambient air temperatures subsequent to year two thousand AD. Consequently, recalibration exercises necessitate revisiting assumed parameters governing permissible limits imposed onto cumulative volumes discharged annually henceforth.
Despite ongoing debates amongst stakeholders advocating divergent policy prescriptions aimed curbing adverse consequences stemming unabated accumulation GHGs throughout stratosphere, unanimous agreement persists acknowledging imperative necessity embarking collective endeavors mitigating deleterious repercussions precipitated unchecked proliferation noxious pollutants permeating biosphere indiscriminately. Potential strategies encompassing both preventative as well remedial approaches remain actively explored globally amidst intensifying urgency catalyzed burgeoning apprehensions expressed collectively societies grappling ramifications impending ecological upheaval exacerbated persistent disregard heeding warnings sounded repeatedly preceding generations.
As evidenced cross-sectionally spanning geographies disparate demographics alike, prevailing attitudes vis-a-vis severity attached looming specter anthropogenically induced alterations manifesting tangible manifestations formulating increasingly perilous living conditions inhabitants earth face presently moving forward indefinitely barring decisive action taken universally expedient manner commensurate scale exigency demands unequivocally. Recent surveys corroborate aforementioned sentiments revealing majority respondents perceive current predicament “very severe” albeit marked variations observable contingent geographic affiliations wherein denizens USA China exhibit relatively lower levels anxiety contrast counterparts residing elsewhere suggesting need tailored messaging resonating cultural contexts unique respective locales effectively galvanizing grassroots movements capable effectuating meaningful transformations requisite overcoming daunting challenges posed preserving habitability terrestrial ecosystems perpet

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

David Lary ( born 7 December 1965 ) is an atmospheric scientist interested in applying computational and information systems to facilitate discovery and decision support in Earth system science . His main contributions have been to highlight the role of carbonaceous aerosols in atmospheric chemistry , heterogeneous bromine reactions , and to employ chemical data assimilation for satellite validation , and the use of machine learning for remote sensing applications . He is author of AutoChem , NASA release software that constitutes an automatic computer code generator and documentor for chemically reactive systems . It was designed primarily for modeling atmospheric chemistry , and in particular , for chemical data assimilation .   AutoChem has won five NASA awards and has been used to perform long term chemical data assimilation of atmospheric chemistry and in the validation of observations from the NASA Aura satellite . It has been used in numerous peer reviewed articles .   David Lary completed his education in the United Kingdom . He received a first class double honors BSc in physics and chemistry from King 's College London ( 1987 ) with the Sambrooke Exhibition Prize in Natural Science , and a PhD in atmospheric chemistry from the University of Cambridge , Department of Chemistry while at Churchill College ( 1991 ) . His thesis described the first chemical scheme for the ECMWF numerical weather prediction model . He then held post-doctoral research assistant and associate positions at the University of Cambridge until receiving a Royal Society research fellowship in 1996 ( also at Cambridge ) . From 1998 to 2000 he held a joint position at Cambridge and the University of Tel-Aviv as a senior lecturer and Alon fellow . In 2001 he joined UMBC/GEST as the first distinguished Goddard fellow in earth science . Between 2001 and 2010 he was part of various branches at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center including the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office , the Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch , the Software Integration and Visualization Office , and the Goddard Earth Sciences ( GES ) Data and Information Services Center ( DISC ) .   In 2010 he moved to the William B. Hanson Center for Space Sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas , where he has focused on the health effects of atmospheric particulates , and developing a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles for a variety of agricultural , environmental , and meteorological applications .

Various sources , including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era .

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants . In this context , development is a process of change that affects people 's lives . It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change . However , development is not always a positive process . Gunder Frank commented on the global economic forces that lead to the development of underdevelopment . This is covered in his dependency theory .   In development geography , geographers study spatial patterns in development . They try to find by what characteristics they can measure development by looking at economic , political and social factors . They seek to understand both the geographical causes and consequences of varying development . Studies compare More Economically Developed Countries ( MEDCs ) with Less Economically Developed Countries ( LEDCs ) . Additionally variations within countries are looked at such as the differences between northern and southern Italy , the Mezzogiorno .   Within development geography , sustainable development is also studied in an attempt to understand how to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs .

A diaper ( American English ) or a nappy ( British English ) is a type of underwear that allows the wearer to defecate or urinate without the use of a toilet , by absorbing or containing waste products to prevent soiling of outer clothing or the external environment . When diapers become soiled , they require changing , generally by a second person such as a parent or caregiver . Failure to change a diaper on a sufficiently regular basis can result in skin problems around the area covered by the diaper .   Diapers are made of cloth or synthetic disposable materials . Cloth diapers are composed of layers of fabric such as cotton , hemp , bamboo , microfiber , or even plastic fibers such as PLA , and can be washed and reused multiple times . Disposable diapers contain absorbent chemicals and are thrown away after use . Plastic pants can be worn over diapers to avoid leaks , but with modern cloth diapers , this is no longer necessary .   Diapers are primarily worn by infants , and by children who are not yet potty trained or who experience bedwetting . They are also used by adults with incontinence or in certain circumstances where access to a toilet is unavailable . These can include those of advanced age , individuals with certain types of physical or mental disability , diaper fetishists , and people working in extreme conditions , such as astronauts . It is not uncommon for people to wear diapers under dry suits .

The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker universe . It is defined by :   where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time . The expansion of the universe is said to be `` accelerating '' if ( recent measurements suggest it is ) , and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative . The minus sign and name `` deceleration parameter '' are historical ; at the time of definition was thought to be positive , now it is believed to be negative .   The Friedmann acceleration equation can be written as   where is the energy density of the universe , is its pressure , and is the equation of state of the universe .   This can be rewritten as   by using the first Friedmann equation , where is the Hubble parameter and or depending on whether the universe is hyperspherical , flat or hyperbolic respectively .   The derivative of the Hubble parameter can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter :   Except in the speculative case of phantom energy ( which violates all the energy conditions ) , all postulated forms of matter yield a deceleration parameter Thus , any expanding universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter and the local expansion of space is always slowing ( or , in the case of a cosmological constant , proceeds at a constant rate , as in de Sitter space ) .   Observations of the cosmic microwave background demonstrate that the universe is very nearly flat , so :   This implies that the universe is decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state greater than ( any fluid satisfying the strong energy condition does so , as does any form of matter present in the Standard Model , but excluding inflation ) . However observations of distant type Ia supernovae indicate that is negative ; the expansion of the universe is accelerating . This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter , on the cosmological scale , is more than counteracted by the negative pressure of dark energy , in the form of either quintessence or a positive cosmological constant .   Before the first indications of an accelerating universe , in 1998 , it was thought that the universe was dominated by dust with negligible equation of state , This had suggested that the deceleration parameter was equal to one half ; the experimental effort to confirm this prediction led to the discovery of possible acceleration .

A lava field , also called a lava plain or lava bed , is a large expanse of nearly flat-lying lava flows . Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava , and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain . The extent of large lava fields is most readily grasped from the air or in satellite photos , where their typically dark , nearly black color contrasts sharply with the rest of the landscape .  According to the US Geological Survey , monogenetic volcanic fields are collections of cinder cones , and/or Maar vents and associated lava flows and pyroclastic deposits . Sometimes a stratovolcano  is at the center of the field , as at the San Francisco Volcanic Field in Arizona . Monogenetic volcano fields have systematic growth patterns that suggest they represent single magmatic systems in the same way that stratovolcanoes do , but monogenetic volcanoes grow laterally rather than vertically ( Wood and Shoan , 1984 ) . Detailed mapping indicates that some cinder cones in monogenetic fields ( e.g. , Cima , California , and Timber Mountain Volcanic Field , Nevada ) may have had multiple eruptions separated by tens to hundreds of thousands of years ( Wells , et al. , 1989 ) . Thus , some monogenetic cones may actually be polygenetic . This possibility differs from observations of historic eruptions ( Wood , 1979 ) , and is physically difficult to understand because cinder cone conduits are narrow and must solidify within a few years of eruption . Nonetheless , such multiple eruptions appear to have happened at least twice : Other cinder cones need to be closely reexamined .   Some of the most ancient geological remnants of basaltic plains lie in Canada 's Precambrian Shield . Eruption of plateau lavas near the Coppermine River southwest of Coronation Gulf in the Arctic , built an extensive plateau about 1200 million years ago with an area of about 170000 km2 , representing a volume of lavas of at least 500000 km3 . The lavas are thought to have originated from a mantle plume center called the Mackenzie hotspot .

In physiology , dead space is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange , either because it ( 1 ) remains in the conducting airways , or ( 2 ) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused . In other words , not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide . Mammals breathe in and out of their lungs , wasting that part of the inspiration which remains in the conducting airways where no gas exchange can occur .   Benefits do accrue to a seemingly ( but not actually ) `` wasteful '' design for ventilation that includes dead space .  Carbon dioxide is retained , making a bicarbonate-buffered blood and interstitium possible .  Inspired air is brought to body temperature , increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen , improving O2 uptake .  Particulate matter is trapped on the mucus that lines the conducting airways , allowing its removal by mucociliary transport .  Inspired air is humidified , improving the quality of airway mucus .   In humans , about a third of every resting breath has no change in O2 and CO2 levels . In adults , it is usually in the range of 150 mL .   Dead space can be increased ( and better envisioned ) by breathing through a long tube , such as a snorkel . Even though one end of the snorkel is open to the air , when the wearer breathes in , they inhale a significant quantity of air that remained in the snorkel from the previous exhalation . Thus , a snorkel increases the person 's dead space by adding even more `` airway '' that does n't participate in gas exchange .

Regional Science Policy & Practice is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Regional Science Association International . It was established in 2008 and covers regional science topics from disciplines such as planning , economics , environmental science , geography , and public policy .


Question: It similarly concluded that the real-world temperature rises after the year 2000 were 'typically less pronounced' compared to those projected by climate change simulations."

 Understanding Climate Models vs Observed Temperatures Post-2000
In assessing contemporary climate science, particular attention focuses on comparing model predictions against observed changes following the turn of the millennium. Notably, analyses reveal that real-world temperature rises after 2000 often fell below projections generated through various modeling scenarios. This discrepancy sparked debates among scientists regarding the accuracy and reliability of predictive tools designed to forecast future climates.

The concept of a "global warming hiatus" emerged around 1998–2013, characterized by seemingly stagnant average surface temperatures amidst longer-term heating trends. Initially perceived as a cessation or slowing down of global warming, closer examination revealed persistent underlying thermal accumulation across oceans and atmospheric layers. Despite apparent pauses in surface-level warming, comprehensive assessments confirmed ongoing planetary heat retention—indicative of continuous anthropogenic influence rather than a genuine reprieve from escalating temperatures.

Climate simulations undergo rigorous validation procedures; however, discrepancies arise when confronting empirical observations. Factors contributing to underestimations encompass incomplete representation of certain feedback mechanisms within complex systems, alongside uncertainties surrounding transient effects such as volcanic eruptions or solar irradiance alterations. Moreover, internal variabilities intrinsic to weather phenomena can introduce deviations between modeled outcomes and historical records.

Post-2000 evaluations highlight instances where projected warming trends exceeded measured increments—a phenomenon partly attributable to unforeseen shifts in natural cycles like La Niña episodes dominating over anticipated El Niño occurrences. These cooler-than-average phases temporarily masked greenhouse-driven anomalies until resurgence evidenced renewed acceleration beyond baseline expectations.

Recent advancements underscored recalibration needs concerning sea-surface temperature reconstructions, particularly emphasizing biases associated with traditional measurement techniques aboard ships versus autonomous platforms. Adjustments incorporating refined methodologies suggest stronger warming signals obscured initially by processing limitations—an insight corroborating sustained upward trajectories irrespective of intermittent lulls.

As scrutiny intensifies upon reconciling theoretical constructs with empirical realities, iterative refinements aim to enhance forecasting capabilities while acknowledging inherent challenges posed by non-linear dynamics governing earth’s thermodynamic equilibrium. Continuous dialogue amongst experts remains pivotal for bridging gaps between simulation outputs and tangible manifestations unfolding across diverse ecosystems susceptible to perturbations induced via cumulative CO₂ emissions.

This discourse underscores evolving understandings encapsulated within interdisciplinary research endeavors committed to elucidating nuances embedded within coupled land-atmosphere-ocean interactions. Recognizing interplay between deterministic frameworks and stochastic influences facilitates nuanced interpretations capable of accommodating unexpected deviations whilst preserving overarching narratives centered around unequivocal anthropocentric impacts shaping contemporary climatological paradigms. Ultimately fostering adaptive strategies premised upon probabilistic forecasts calibrated against validated benchmarks

Kurt Alfred Georg Mendelssohn FRS ( 7 January 1906 -- 18 September 1980 ) was a German-born British medical physicist , elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 1951 .   He was a great-great-grandson of Saul Mendelssohn , the younger brother of philosopher Moses Mendelssohn . He received a doctorate in physics from the University of Berlin , having studied under Max Planck , Walther Nernst , Erwin Schrödinger , and Albert Einstein . Leaving Germany at the advent of the Nazi regime in 1933 , he went to England . He worked at the University of Oxford from 1933 . He was Reader in Physics there , 1955-1973 , Emeritus Reader , 1973 ; Emeritus Professorial Fellow of Wolfson College , Oxford , 1973 ( Professorial Fellow , 1971-1973 ) .   His scientific work included low temperature physics , transuranic elements , and medical physics .   He was awarded the Royal Society 's Hughes Medal in 1967 and the Simon Memorial Prize in 1968 .   In 1974 , he published The Riddle of the Pyramids , in which he sought to explain the whys and wherefores of the earliest Egyptian pyramids . Though Mendelssohn himself was not an Egyptologist , the book builds on advice from experts like Sir Robert Mond and Walter Emery , as well as his own visits to Egypt and Mexico . His principal thesis was that the pyramid at Meidum had collapsed during construction , a conclusion he arrived at utilizing his knowledge of physics and which was sparked in 1966 by images of the Aberfan disaster , where Mendelssohn saw similarities to the rubble mound surrounding the Meidum pyramid , a primary destination for his travel to Egypt the year before . Working from that conclusion , he further elaborated a theory that pyramid construction in Egypt took on a life of its own during the Third and Fourth Dynasties , more or less independently of the reigns of pharaohs . His theory has not been taken up by the Egyptological community , but the book remains a stimulating and detailed study of the Egyptian pyramids .

`` Real Things '' is the debut single by English singer Javine . The single , which features a sample of M.O.P. 's `` Ante Up '' and a lyrical interoperation of `` It Do n't Mean a Thing ( If It Ai n't Got That Swing ) '' by Duke Ellington and Irving Mills , reached the top 5 in the UK singles chart and is currently the biggest hit of her career to date . The song has also featured on the SingStar games , being the 19th single featured on SingStar Party .   After finishing sixth in Popstars : The Rivals and narrowly missing out on a spot in Girls Aloud , Javine signed and worked in an R&B - oriented style , and `` Real Things '' became the first piece of music to show so .

RealSound is a patented ( US US5054086 A ) technology for the PC created by Steve Witzel of Access Software during the late 1980s . RealSound enables 6-bit digitized PCM-audio playback on the PC speaker by means of PWM drive , allowing software control of the loud speaker 's amplitude of displacement . The first video games to use it were World Class Leader Board and Echelon , both released in 1988 . At the time of release , sound cards were very expensive and RealSound allowed players to hear life like sounds and speech with no additional sound hardware , just the standard PC speaker .   RealSound was an impressive enough technology that a few other PC video game developers , like Legend Entertainment , licensed it for use in their own games . However , as the early 1990s progressed , sound card prices dropped to the point that they eventually became a baseline requirement for gaming PC-audio , leaving RealSound obsolete as it no longer filled a niche in the market .

Real Time Race Limited is a company based at Daresbury Laboratory in North West England . The company was Founded in 2003 by Christopher Leigh and Stuart Scott-Goldstone .   In 2008 , Real Time Race worked with Malaysian owned Lotus Cars to test a video capture vehicle . It was fitted with a rotating drum containing 64 lasers for Lidar , a Global Positioning System , an Inertial navigation system and 5 high definition cameras .

In computing , especially computational geometry , a real RAM ( random access machine ) is a mathematical model of a computer that can compute with exact real numbers instead of the binary numbers used by most actual computers .  The real RAM was formulated by Michael Ian Shamos in his 1978 Ph.D. dissertation .

100 Jahre -- Der Countdown ( English - 100 Years - The Countdown ) is a German documentary television series produced from Zolcer TV . It was first broadcast in 1999 on ZDF .  The host of the series is Guido Knopp . The documentaries are usually focusing on a single event in a given year . The total length of the series was about 15 1/2 hours . The series was first broadcast on the last 100 days of 1999 , one episode after each of the daily news cast ZDF Heute-Journal . Since New Year 's Eve 1999 the full length of `` 100 Jahre '' is broadcast several times a year by Phoenix .

Reich ( -LSB- ˈraɪk -RSB- -LSB- ˈʁaɪç -RSB- ) is a German word literally meaning `` realm '' . The terms Kaiserreich ( literally `` realm of an emperor '' ) and Königreich ( literally `` realm of a king '' ) are used in German to refer to empires and kingdoms respectively .   As such , the term Deutsches Reich ( often translated to `` German Empire '' ) continued to be used even after the collapse of the German Empire and abolition of the monarchy in 1918 , without any imperial connotations .   The term derives from the Germanic word meaning `` realm '' in general , but is typically used in German to designate a kingdom or an empire , especially the Roman Empire . The terms Kaisertum ( roughly `` Emperordom '' ) and Kaiserreich are used in German to more specifically define an empire ruled by an emperor .   Reich is comparable in meaning and development ( as well as descending from the same Proto-Indo-European root ) to the English word realm ( via French reaume `` kingdom '' from Latin regalis `` royal '' ) . It is used for historical empires in general , such as the Roman Empire ( Römisches Reich ) , Persian Empire ( Perserreich ) , and both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire ( Zarenreich , literally `` Tsar realm '' ) . The Eastern Realm ( Österreich ) of the Holy Roman Empire is still the name used today for Austria .   In the history of Germany specifically , it is used to refer to :  the early medieval Frankish Realm ( Francia ) and Carolingian Empire ( the Fränkisches Reich and Karolingerreich ) ;  the Holy Roman Empire ( Heiliges Römisches Reich ) , which lasted from the coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 , until 1806 , when it was dissolved during the Napoleonic Wars ;  the German Empire ( Deutsches Reich or Deutsches Kaiserreich ) , which lasted from the unification of Germany in 1871 until its collapse after World War I , during the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 ;  the Weimar Republic of 1919 -- 1933 continued to use Deutsches Reich as its official name ;  Nazi Germany , the state often referred to as the Third Reich , which lasted from the Machtergreifung in 1933 until the end of World War II in Europe in 1945 .   The term `` Third Reich '' was adopted by the Nazis as propaganda to legitimize their government as a successor to the retroactively renamed `` First '' and `` Second '' Reichs . The terms `` First Reich '' and `` Second Reich '' are not used by historians .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .

Fever2002 is the second live album by Kylie Minogue , recorded at the Manchester Arena in Manchester , England , on 4 May 2002 during the KylieFever2002 concert tour . The DVD contains the full two-hour concert , a 30-minute behind-the-scenes documentary , live projections of the songs `` Cowboy Style '' , `` Light Years '' / `` I Feel Love '' , `` I Should Be So Lucky '' , and `` Burning Up '' , and a photo-gallery . A limited edition version was also released , with slightly different packaging and a bonus CD with highlights from the KylieFever2002 concert . Fever2002 reached No. 16 on U.S. Billboard 's Top Music Video chart .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .


Question: The assessment also concluded that the real escalation of temperature after the year 2000 tended to be 'usually less pronounced' compared to projections made by climate models."

 Post-2000 Warming Trends: A Closer Look
In examining reports analyzing global temperature changes since the turn-of-the-century, experts noted discrepancies when comparing observed warming against projections made using various climate models. These studies concluded that real-world temperature rises were 'typically less pronounced' compared to model predictions during the period following 2000.
This discrepancy highlights complexities inherent in accurately modeling climate systems influenced by numerous variables, including anthropogenic impacts and natural variability. Despite these challenges, overwhelming evidence supports significant human contribution to rising average global temperatures through greenhouse gas emissions - particularly carbon dioxide resulting from burning fossil fuels.
Scientific communities agree upon fundamental aspects linking contemporary climate shifts directly back to human actions; however, disagreements persist surrounding specific degrees of future warming under different emission scenarios alongside uncertainties associated with feedback mechanisms operating within complex planetary ecosystems. Such nuances contribute heavily towards shaping subsequent policy discussions aimed at mitigating potentially catastrophic outcomes linked closely together now more than ever before across all levels – individual citizens up until entire nations themselves grappling collectively against mounting odds seemingly stacked against us all unless drastic course corrections occur soon enough...
Conversations around combating climate change frequently become mired amidst partisan divides, notably observable throughout US politics wherein stark contrasts emerge reflecting divergent views held firmly amongst Republicans versus Democrats respectively. Attempts by certain factions aiming deliberately spread misinformation designed specifically intended sow seeds doubt among general populace thereby undermining established knowledge bases already agreed upon unanimously beforehand by reputable institutions everywhere else around globe excluding North America largely speaking... Financial backers behind research initiatives either endorsing contrarian stances vis-a-vis accepted norms OR conversely promoting agendas aligned closer towards mainstream thinking continue scrutinized rigorously lest hidden biases skew findings inadvertently leading astray unsuspecting followers blindly adhering dogmatically onto false premises lacking empirical foundations altogether really...

Legal frameworks pertaining explicitly addressing ramifications arising out growing awareness concerning severity impending ecological crises brought forth courtesy escalating atmospheric concentrations GHGs emanating predominantly via unabated exploitation finite hydrocarbon reserves locked deep underground strata awaiting extraction operations greenlit politicians beholden powerful vested interests unwilling relinquish grip easily despite urgent pleas coming straightaway frontlines battling wildfires raging uncontrollably across continents far away places once thought safe havens immune devastating repercussions unleashed unchecked greed masquerading progress falsely advertised panaceas promising salvation humanity’s collective soul sold cheaply long ago never recovered since then lost forevermore lamented poets singing sorrowful songs mourning passage golden age innocence replaced darkness despair envelops earth tightly suffocating life slowly surely inevitably extinguished flames hope flickering dimly barely noticeable anymore drowned cacophony voices shouting angrily blaming everyone anything

In mathematics , real coordinate space of dimensions , written R ( -LSB- ɑrˈɛn -RSB- ) ( also written with blackboard bold ) is a coordinate space that allows several real variables to be treated as a single variable . With various numbers of dimensions ( sometimes unspecified ) , is used in many areas of pure and applied mathematics , as well as in physics . With component-wise addition and scalar multiplication , it is the prototypical real vector space and is a frequently used representation of Euclidean - space . Due to the latter fact , geometric metaphors are widely used for , namely a plane for and three-dimensional space for .

The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project ( DDPP ) is a global consortium formed in October 2013 which researches methods to limit the rise of global temperature due to global warming to 2 ° C or less . The focus of the DDPP is on sustainable energy systems , other sectors of the economy , such as agriculture and land-use , are not directly considered .

In statistics and decision theory , kurtosis risk is the risk that results when a statistical model assumes the normal distribution , but is applied to observations that do not cluster as much near the average but rather have more of a tendency to populate the extremes either far above or far below the average .   Kurtosis risk applies to any kurtosis-related quantitative model that assumes the normal distribution for certain of its independent variables when the latter may in fact have kurtosis much greater than does the normal distribution . Kurtosis risk is commonly referred to as `` fat tail '' risk . The `` fat tail '' metaphor explicitly describes the situation of having more observations at either extreme than the tails of the normal distribution would suggest ; therefore , the tails are `` fatter '' .   Ignoring kurtosis risk will cause any model to understate the risk of variables with high kurtosis . For instance , Long-Term Capital Management , a hedge fund cofounded by Myron Scholes , ignored kurtosis risk to its detriment . After four successful years , this hedge fund had to be bailed out by major investment banks in the late 1990s because it understated the kurtosis of many financial securities underlying the fund 's own trading positions .   Benoît Mandelbrot , a French mathematician , extensively researched this issue . He felt that the extensive reliance on the normal distribution for much of the body of modern finance and investment theory is a serious flaw of any related models including the Black -- Scholes option model developed by Myron Scholes and Fischer Black , and the capital asset pricing model developed by William F. Sharpe . Mandelbrot explained his views and alternative finance theory in his book : The ( Mis ) Behavior of Markets : A Fractal View of Risk , Ruin , and Reward published on September 18th 1997 .

Richter 10 is a 1996 novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Mike McQuay . The protagonist is Lewis Crane , who develops a hatred of earthquakes due to a major earthquake hitting his house when he is seven years old , killing his parents . The book 's title is a reference to the Richter scale , on which 10 was considered ( when the scale was devised ) to be the most power an earthquake was likely to ever have .   The plot deals with predicting earthquakes months or years in advance , and eventually banishing them forever from earth by stopping all tectonic activity .

The study of violence in mass media analyzes the degree of correlation between themes of violence in media sources ( particularly violence in video games , television and films ) with real-world aggression and violence over time .  Many social scientists support the correlation . However , some scholars argue that media research has methodological problems and that findings are exaggerated . ( Ferguson & Kilburn , 2009 ; Freedman , 2002 ; Pinker 2002 ; Savage , 2004 )   Complaints about the possible deleterious effects of mass media appear throughout history ; even Plato was concerned about the effects of plays on youth . Various media/genres , including dime novels , comic books , jazz , rock and roll , role playing/computer games , television , films , internet ( by computer or cell phone ) and many others have attracted speculation that consumers of such media may become more aggressive , rebellious or immoral . This has led some scholars to conclude statements made by some researchers merely fit into a cycle of media-based moral panics ( e.g. Gauntlett , 1995 ; Trend , 2007 ; Kutner & Olson , 2008 ) . The advent of television prompted research into the effects of this new medium in the 1960s . Much of this research has been guided by social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura . Social learning theory suggests that one way in which human beings learn is by the process of modeling .

Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) it was the longest year ever , as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year , an event which has not since been repeated . ( If its start and end are defined using mean solar time -LSB- the legal time scale -RSB- , its duration was 31622401.141 seconds of Terrestrial Time ( or Ephemeris Time ) , which is slightly shorter than 1908 ) .

Death Rates in the 20th century is the ratio of deaths compared to the population around the world throughout the 20th century . When giving these ratios , they are most commonly expressed by number of deaths per 1,000 people per year . Many factors contribute to death rates such as cause of death , increasing the death rate , an aging population , which could increase and decrease the death rates by birth rates , and improvements in public health , decreasing the death rate .   According to the CIA World Factbook , as of July 2012 , the global crude death rate is 7.99 deaths/1 ,000 population . The crude death rate represents the total number of deaths per year per thousand people . Comparatively , the crude death rate in the year 1900 was 17.2 deaths/1 ,000 population and 9.6 deaths/1 ,000 population in 1950 in America .

The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior ( IAVCEI ) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large , destructive eruptions and proximity to populated areas . The Decade Volcanoes project encourages studies and public-awareness activities at these volcanoes , with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the volcanoes and the dangers they present , and thus being able to reduce the severity of natural disasters .   They are named Decade Volcanoes because the project was initiated as part of the United Nations -- sponsored International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction , in the 1990s .   A volcano may be designated a Decade Volcano if it exhibits more than one volcanic hazard ( people living near the Decade Volcanoes may experience tephra fall , pyroclastic flows , lava flows , lahars , volcanic edifice instability and lava dome collapse ) ; shows recent geological activity ; is located in a populated area ( eruptions at any of the Decade Volcanoes may threaten tens or hundreds of thousands of people , and therefore mitigating eruption hazards at these volcanoes is crucial ) ; is politically and physically accessible for study ; and there is local support for the work .

Following the development of Keynesian economics , applied economics began developing forecasting models based on economic data including national income and product accounting data . In contrast with typical textbook models , these large-scale macroeconometric models used large amounts of data and based forecasts on past correlations instead of theoretical relations . These models estimated the relations between different macroeconomic variables using regression analysis on time series data . These models grew to include hundreds or thousands of equations describing the evolution of hundreds or thousands of prices and quantities over time , making computers essential for their solution . While the choice of which variables to include in each equation was partly guided by economic theory ( for example , including past income as a determinant of consumption , as suggested by the theory of adaptive expectations ) , variable inclusion was mostly determined on purely empirical grounds . Large-scale macroeconometric model consists of systems of dynamic equations of the economy with the estimation of parameters using time-series data on a quarterly to yearly basis .   Macroeconometric models have a supply and a demand side for estimation of these parameters . Kydland and Prescott call it the system of equations approach . Large-scale macroeconometric model can be defined as a set of stochastic equations with definitional and institutional relationships denoting the behaviour of economic agents . The supply side determines the steady state properties of the macroeconometric model . The macroeconometric model designed by the model builder is significantly influenced by his interests , information , purpose behind its construction , time and financial constraints in the research . The size and nature of the model will change because of the above considerations while building the same . According to Pesaran and Smith the macroeconometric model must have three basic characteristics viz . relevance , adequacy and consistency . Relevance means the model must be according to the requirements of the desired output . Consistency will expect the model to be inline with the existing theory and inner working of the described system . Adequacy explains the model to be better in terms of its predictive performance . The main objective of the model decides its size . In the current scenario there is an increasing interest in the use of these large-scale macroeonometric models for theory evaluation , impact analysis , policy simulation and forecasting purposes .   Large-scale macroeconometric models were criticized by Robert Lucas in his critique . Lucas argued that models should be based on theory , not on empirical correlations . He said that empirical correlations were sensitive to policy changes , and only a model based on theory could account for shifting policy environments . Lucas and other new classical economists were especially critical of the use of large-scale macroeconometric models to evaluate policy impacts when they were purportedly sensitive to policy changes .   Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national model , which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II . The first global macroeconomic model , Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates ' LINK project , was initiated by Lawrence Klein . The model was cited in 1980 when Klein , like Tinbergen before him , won the Nobel Prize in Economics . Large-scale empirical models of this type , including the Wharton model , are still in use , especially for forecasting purposes .

In sports and particularly exercise testing , the rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , as measured by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale ( RPE scale ) , is a frequently used quantitative measure of perceived exertion during physical activity . In medicine this is used to document the patient 's exertion during a test , and sports coaches use the scale to assess the intensity of training and competition . The original scale introduced by Gunnar Borg rated exertion on a scale of 6-20 . Borg then constructed a category ( C ) ratio ( R ) scale , the Borg CR10 Scale . This is especially used in clinical diagnosis of breathlessness and dyspnea , chest pain , angina and musculo-skeletal pain . The CR-10 scale is best suited when there is an overriding sensation arising either from a specific area of the body , for example , muscle pain , ache or fatigue in the quadriceps or from pulmonary responses .   The Borg scale can be compared to other linear scales such as the Likert scale or a visual analogue scale . The sensitivity and reproducibility of the results are broadly very similar , although the Borg may outperform the Likert scale in some cases .   The seemingly odd range of 6-20 is to follow the general heart rate of a healthy young adult by multiplying by 10 . For instance , a perceived exertion of 12 would be expected to coincide with a heart rate of roughly 120 beats per minute .