Question: Over the past thirty years, there seems to be an amplification in the severity of alternating periods between droughts and heavy precipitation events.

 Extreme Weather Patterns: Dry Spells & Floods
Over recent times , specifically within past thirty years , occurrences of severe alternating periods - intense drought followed closely by torrential rains - seem notably heightened across various regions globally . Such erratic shifts represent tangible consequences stemming largely from ongoing planetary warming trends . Scientific consensus attributes much contemporary meteorological volatility directly to escalating atmospheric temperatures linked intrinsically to human-generated pollutants known collectively as "greenhouse" gases . Carbon dioxide , methane alongside nitrous oxides contribute significantly hereafter .

Historical data confirms dramatic alterations post-mid twentieth-century; indeed , numerous studies suggest current phenomena exceed anything recorded instrumentally throughout preceding two centuries ! Moreover , palaeoclimatologists concur regarding unparalleled extremes spanning millennia prior . Consequently , experts warn against dismissing man-made influences categorically when assessing root causes behind latest spate of freakish conditions .

Predictive models indicate likelihood of continued escalation through twenty-first century barring drastic interventionist measures aimed squarely at curbing noxious output . Projections vary widely depending upon assumed trajectories concerning projected contaminant discharges : low-end scenarios envisage modest upticks averaging +0.3°C (+0.5°F) whereas high-risk forecasts predict potentially catastrophic surges upwards of +4.8°C (+8.7°F). Regardless , all agree severity far outweighs historical norms .

Implications vary geographically yet universally portend ominous outcomes . Generalised predictions encompass universal warming coupled inevitably with accelerated glacial recession , desert encroachment into temperate zones plus widespread flooding attributable chiefly to swelling seas . Specific manifestations entail recurrent episodes characterised alternately via oppressive heatwaves , prolonged dearths punctuated intermittently by deluges capable triggering flash inundations . Oceanic pH values plummet precipitously meanwhile terrestrial ecosystems buckle under duress imposed jointly via fluctuating thermals plus altered hydrological cycles . Species face imminent peril owing predominantly to shrinking habitable territories exacerbated concurrently by mounting competition pressures exerted disproportionately onto survivors . Agricultural productivity plummets accordingly jeopardising sustenance supplies relied upon heavily by billions world-wide . Coastal settlements confront spectre of forced relocation triggered inexorably via relentless submergence facilitated relentlessly via expanding thermal expanses .

Given inherent lags intrinsic to climatic mechanisms compounded exponentially via longevity exhibited routinely amongst aforementioned airborne toxins , repercussions linger indefinitely thereafter . Henceforward , concerted endeavours geared exclusively toward mitigating deleterious fallout emerge imperative henceforth . Adaptation strategies targeting resilience enhancement assume paramount importance similarly . Prospective geoengineering initiatives warrant exploration cautiously nonetheless .

International accords crystallise collective resolve

David Russell Legates is a Professor of Geography at the University of Delaware . He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university ,  and a former Delaware State Climatologist .   Legates has published research papers , opinion editorials , and spoken openly in opposition to the consensus scientific opinion on climate change . More recently , he has been known for his skepticism toward the anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale .   Legates viewpoint , as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored , is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 C warming over the 2000 to 2100 period .

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness , or the process of extreme drying . A desiccant is a hygroscopic ( attracts and holds water ) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

La Sexorcisto : Devil Music Volume One is the third studio album by White Zombie , released on March 31 , 1992 by Geffen Records . The album marked a major artistic and commercial turning point for the band . After the recruitment of guitarist Jay Noel Yuenger , White Zombie was able to successfully embrace the heavy metal sound they had pursued since Make Them Die Slowly ( 1989 ) , while incorporating more groove-based elements into their sound . The album was the band 's last to feature drummer Ivan de Prume .   The album was a critical and commercial success for White Zombie after the artistic failure of Make Them Die Slowly . La Sexorcisto became the band 's first charting album and debuted on the Billboard 200 in 1993 . The singles `` Thunder Kiss ' 65 '' and `` Black Sunshine '' received heavy rotation on rock radio and MTV , the former earning the band their first Grammy nomination for Best Metal Performance . The album has been certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in the United States .

The ramp effect ( or ramping effect ) is a phenomenon involved in drug addiction whereby an addict develops a resistance to a substance , and thus requires increasingly large quantities of that substance to achieve the same effect . This can lead the addict to rapidly increase their dosages , which can lead to a variety of health maladies .   After the ramp effect has begun , it may be very difficult to deprive an addict of their substance , or even to reduce the dosage . Much of drug rehabilitation consists of resisting and reversing the ramping effect .

A rainy day or rainy day fund is a reserved amount of money to be used in times when regular income is disrupted or decreased in order for typical operations to continue . In the United States , the term is usually used to apply to the funds maintained by most U.S. states to help deal with budget shortfalls in years where revenues do not match expenditures . This is critical to the operations of most states , which do not permit their governments to take on debt , meaning that services would have to be cut in the absence of reserve funds .   New York State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli recommended in March 2010 that the state require that one half of surpluses be deposited into the rainy day fund . The Massachusetts rainy day fund has been the focus of tussles between the Governor of Massachusetts and the Massachusetts General Court . Some research suggests developing a national rainy day fund for states , which might improve state credit ratings and reduce capital financing costs for states .

Red soil is a type of soil that develops in a warm , temperate , moist climate under deciduous or mixed forests and that have thin organic and organic-mineral layers overlying a yellowish-brown leached layer resting on  an illuvial ( see illuviation ) red layer . Red soils generally derived from crystalline rock . They are usually poor growing soils , low in nutrients and humus and difficult to cultivate because of its low water holding capacity .  Red soils denote the third largest soil group of India covering an area of about 3.5 lakhs sq. km ( 10.6 % of India 's area ) over the Peninsula from Tamil Nadu in the south to Bundelkhand in the north and Rajmahal hills in the east to Katchch in the west . They surround the black soils on their south , east and north .

Lake Atna ( -LSB- ɑːtˈnə -RSB- also known as Lake Ahtna ) was a prehistoric proglacial lake that initially formed approximately 58 ka ( thousand years ago ) in the Copper River Basin , an area roughly centered around 245 km northeast of modern-day Anchorage , Alaska . The lake formed and dispersed during the Wisconsin glaciation . The lake existed in several forms , with several prominent shorelines observable in modern geology . At its greatest extent , the lake surface area was approximately half the size of modern-day Lake Ontario , and possibly much larger . The basin of the lake lay within an area bordered by the Alaska Range to the north , the Wrangell Mountains to the east , the Chugach Mountains to the south , and the Talkeetna Mountains to the west . Lake Atna may have generated several of the largest ever glacial lake outburst floods . One such flood may have contributed to the destruction caused by the 1964 Alaska earthquake .

The .357 S&W Magnum ( 9 × 33mmR ) , or simply .357 Magnum , is a revolver cartridge with a .357 - inch ( 9.07 mm ) bullet diameter . It was created by Elmer Keith , Phillip B. Sharpe , and D. B. Wesson of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester .   It is based upon Smith & Wesson 's earlier .38 Special cartridge . The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934 , and its use has since become widespread . This cartridge started the `` Magnum era '' of handgun ammunition .   The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics when used for hunting or defense .

The Latter Rain Movement was a late 19th-century radical Holiness theology and Revivalist phenomenon which began in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee . Elements of the movement gave rise to and merged with what would become incipient modern Pentecostalism .


Question: Over the past thirty years, it seems that there has been an escalation in the severity of alternating periods between droughts and heavy precipitation events.

 Intensification of Weather Extremes: A Closer Look
Over recent years, scientists have noted a significant escalation in both frequency and intensity of meteorological extremes - alternating periods of droughts followed by heavy rainfall. These shifts can largely attribute to escalating temperatures resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas discharges into atmosphere. Such alterations manifest themselves through various phenomena; examples include prolonged heatwaves causing severe dehydration across landscapes leading onto devastating floods when precipitation eventually occurs.

Historically speaking, there were instances where nature underwent cyclic phases but never before has mankind played pivotal role behind exacerbating situation so rapidly! With every passing decade since late twentieth century, records show consistent rise concerning number & severity associated with erratic weathers patterns globally. Adaptation strategies alongside stringent emission control measures become imperative now than ever before if humanity aims preventing irreversible damages inflicted upon ecosystems sustaining life forms alike!

Mitigative actions taken promptly during early stages hold key importance ensuring minimal impact down generations ahead while adaptive mechanisms focus mitigating aftermath consequences experienced presently amongst communities residing vulnerable regions prone experiencing harsher conditions compared rest world populace. Policymakers need prioritize drafting comprehensive blueprints addressing dual fronts simultaneously without compromising economic stability fostering sustainable future coexisting harmoniously within confines Mother Nature bestows us all freely yet conditionally based mutual respect shown back forth continuously throughout existence cycle uninterrupted till eternity unfolds gracefully onwards... forevermore!

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection . This may include a high fever , headache , vomiting , muscle and joint pains , and a characteristic skin rash . Recovery generally takes two to seven days . In a small proportion of cases , the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever , resulting in bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage , or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs .   Dengue is spread by several species of mosquito of the Aedes type , principally A. aegypti . The virus has five different types ; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type , but only short-term immunity to the others . Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications . A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA .   A novel vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries . Other methods of prevention are by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites . This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body . Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease . For more severe cases blood transfusion may be required . About half a million people require admission to hospital a year . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen should not be used .   Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries . Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die . The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779 . Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century . Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes , work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

1632 is the initial novel in the best-selling alternate history 1632 book series written by American historian , writer and editor Eric Flint published in 2001 . The flagship novel kicked off a collaborative writing effort that has involved hundreds of contributors and dozens of authors . The premise involves a small American town of three thousand , sent back to May 1631 , in an alternate Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years ' War .

The 1950 Pacific hurricane season was notable for one of the storms being the wettest tropical cyclone in United States history . Seven known tropical cyclones occurred during the season , the earliest of which formed on June 14 and the latest of which dissipated on October 3 . These dates fall within the range of most Eastern Pacific tropical cyclone activity .

Lake Lisan was a prehistoric lake that existed between 70,000 and 12,000 BP in the Jordan Rift Valley in the Near East . It is sometimes referred to as a Pleistocene lake .   Lisan means tongue in Arabic relating to the shape of the Lisan Peninsula where studies of the sediment formations were taken . The sediment formations left by the lake extend from Lake Tiberias ( the Sea of Galilee ) in the north to a boundary ridge ca. 35 km south of the Dead Sea . The lake left behind a layer of lacustrine sediment that blankets the Jordan Valley with terraces of sediment up to 40 m thick . These sediments are commonly called marls and are composed of layers of true loam and calcareous silt loams mixed with other chemicals and salts . At its height , the lake covered several other basins in the area with a maximum area of ca. 2000 km2 , a length of 200 km and a width of no more than 17 km .   The formations were named the Lisan deposits and first described by Lartet in 1869 after visiting the Dead Sea in the Spring of 1864 . He noted a correlation of a wet period in the Levant with a glacial period in Europe . It was not until geographer E. Huntindon visited in 1909 that it was realized it was measure of historical precipitation for the area . The first stratigraphic study of the sediments was carried out by Picard in 1943 who developed a chronology he called the Lisan series . It was not until later studies were carried out at lake level that a more detailed chronology of the lacustrine record was developed .   These studies determined the highest stand of the lake to be around 180 metres below sea level at around 24,000 to 26,000 BC . when it formed a complete lake all the way along the Jordan Valley , approximately 200 metres higher than the current level of the Dead Sea . This started to decline around 17,000 BC with the sharpest drop in level occurring through 14,000 to 13,000 BC to around 500 metres below sea level , representing possibly the largest lake level drop in the last 70,000 years , occurring over a period of only around 1000 years . This rapid lowering created a flattened valley floor , known in modern times as the Ghor . Tectonic factors have been suggested as a possible cause for these events and it has been argued that the level receded as far as 700 metres below sea level , then gradually refilled .   Climatic and tectonic changes caused the level in the Jordan Valley to fluctuate into the holocene , leaving Lake Beisan in the basin around Beit She'an still extant into the Bronze Age . Archaeological evidence also supports these levels with no Kebaran sites located between 17,000 BC and 13,500 BC below a level of 203 metres below sea level . Early Natufian sites are also located between 215 and 230 metres below sea level , indicating a high level and receding shoreline after this date .

The Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal is a prize awarded by the American Library Association ( ALA ) to writers or illustrators of children 's books published in the United States who have over a period of years made substantial and lasting contributions to children 's literature . The bronze medal prize is named after its first winner , twentieth-century American author Laura Ingalls Wilder .   Originally , the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal was awarded every five years , awarding six prizes between 1955 and 1980 . From 1980 to 2001 it was awarded every three years , awarding seven prizes . From 2001 to 2015 it was awarded every two years . It is now awarded annually .

Dennis Lynn Rader ( born March 9 , 1945 ) is an American serial killer who murdered ten people in Sedgwick County , Kansas , between 1974 and 1991 .   He is also known as the BTK Killer or the BTK Strangler . `` BTK '' stands for `` Bind , Torture , Kill '' , which was his infamous signature . He sent letters describing the details of the murders to police and local news outlets before his arrest . After a hiatus in the 1990s to the early 2000s , Rader resumed sending letters in 2004 , leading to his 2005 arrest and subsequent guilty plea . He is currently serving 10 consecutive life sentences at El Dorado Correctional Facility in Kansas .

Laura Ingalls Wilder ( -LSB- ˈɪŋgəlz -RSB- February 7 , 1867 -- February 10 , 1957 ) was an American writer known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children 's books released from 1932 to 1943 which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family .   During the 1970s and early 1980s , the television series Little House on the Prairie was loosely based on the Little House books , and starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura Ingalls and Michael Landon as her father , Charles Ingalls .

1999 Seattle WTO protests , sometimes referred to as the Battle of Seattle or the Battle in Seattle , were a series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 , when members of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) convened at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle , Washington on November 30 , 1999 . The Conference was to be the launch of a new millennial round of trade negotiations .   The negotiations were quickly overshadowed by massive and controversial street protests outside the hotels and the Washington State Convention and Trade Center , in what became the second phase of the anti-globalization movement in the United States . The protests were nicknamed `` N30 '' , on similar lines to J18 and similar mobilizations . The large scale of the demonstrations , estimated at no less than 40,000 protesters , dwarfed any previous demonstration in the United States against a world meeting of any of the organizations generally associated with economic globalization ( such as the WTO , the International Monetary Fund , or the World Bank ) .

The 1933 Wisconsin milk strike was a series of strikes conducted by a cooperative group of Wisconsin dairy farmers in an attempt to raise the price of milk paid to producers during the Great Depression . Three main strike periods occurred in 1933 , with length of time and level of violence increased during each one .   The cooperative milk pool attempted to coordinate their efforts with larger farm groups , specifically the National Farm Holiday Association and Wisconsin Farmers ' Holiday Association . However , during each strike , the larger farm holiday groups ended their strikes prematurely leaving the milk pool to conduct its strike alone .

A 100-year flood is calculated to be the level of flood water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average .   100-year flood may also refer to :


Question: Over the past thirty years, there seems to be an amplification in the severity of alternating periods between droughts and heavy precipitation events.

 Intensified Weather Cycles: Wet vs Dry Spells Over Three Decades
Over recent years, meteorologists observed increasingly dramatic fluctuations between periods of intense droughts and heavy rainfall across various continents. These shifts seem more pronounced than historical records suggest, spanning roughly thirty years. Such erratic weather phenomena impact agricultural productivity, water management systems, and overall ecological balance globally.
This trend appears particularly evident within large continental areas prone to monsoonal influences, where once predictable seasonal rains now manifest unpredictably. Conversely, traditionally humid zones experience extended dry spells leading to severe water shortages and heightened wildfire risks. Scientists attribute these anomalies largely to anthropogenic climate change effects exacerbated through increased carbon dioxide levels trapping additional heat near earth’s surface thus affecting atmospheric circulation patterns significantly.
Notable examples encompass Australia suffering prolonged bushfire seasons followed abruptly by devastating floods; California enduring multi-year megadrought interrupted occasionally by catastrophic deluges causing landslides; while sub-Saharan African countries grapple simultaneously against famine-inducing crop failures alongside cholera outbreaks triggered by contaminated floodwaters post-extreme precipitation events.
Mitigating strategies require international cooperation focusing upon sustainable development practices aimed at curbing greenhouse gases output whilst enhancing resilience mechanisms among vulnerable communities exposed repeatedly nowadays unto nature’s fury unleashed under rapidly changing climactic conditions.

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

The 1999 Pentecost flood ( Pfingsthochwasser 1999 ) was a 100-year flood around the Pentecost season in 1999 that mostly affected Bavaria , Vorarlberg and Tirol . It was caused by heavy rainfall coinciding with the regular Alpine meltwater .   By late May , the annual spring meltwater from the Alps meant many Bavarian rivers were already at a high water level . On May 22 the rainstorm `` Quartus '' hit the northern Alps , bringing an additional 180 litres/m ² , causing the Ammersee and the Amper and Isar rivers to expand and flood large areas . These flooded areas expanded quickly covering parts of the Oberallgäu on the river Iller . The flood then continued downstream to some of the more inhabited areas in Bavaria .   The water level of the Isar , which flows through Munich , was lowered by the Sylvensteinspeicher reservoir near Bad Tölz . However causeways on the Iller failed , flooding Sonthofen , parts of Augsburg and Neustadt . In Hindelang-Hinterstein the flood reached a peak not recorded in the previous 250 years .  A subsequent Alpine highwater on 23-24 August 2005 again did damage to these areas .   In the Vorarlberg area the Rhine flood affected Lake Constance damaging Hard and Bregenz .   In Tirol the village Pflach in Lechtal was flooded .

Rain Clox was the trade name given to a series of electromechanical irrigation controllers produced by the Rain Bird Corporation from 1962 to the late 2000s ( decade ) , and were largely responsible for giving rise to the widespread use of automatic irrigation . The first model was the ME11AB , capable of running 11 stations on two schedules . A scaled-down residential model , the RC-8 , was formally introduced in 1968 and was marketed as the `` first appliance for the garden '' . The Los Angeles Times reported in 1967 that architects incorporated the RC-8 into a suburban housing development in Glendale , California , planning on adding the cost of the system to the mortgage . The controllers were used in controlled experiments of swine waste lagoon systems . The product line would later range from compact 3-station mechanical units to 23-station multi-program devices .   The Rain Clox series controllers were known for their durability . In 1997 , Rain Bird held a contest to find the oldest functioning controller , eventually locating an RC-8 manufactured in 1964 which was still functioning after it survived a tornado . A considerable online aftermarket for the controllers has appeared following their discontinuation .

Rare event sampling is an umbrella term for a group of computer simulation methods intended to selectively sample ` special ' regions of the dynamic space of systems which are unlikely to visit those special regions through brute-force simulation . A familiar example of a rare event in this context would be nucleation of a raindrop from over-saturated water vapour : although raindrops form every day , relative to the length and time scales defined by the motion of water molecules in the vapour phase , the formation of a liquid droplet is extremely rare .   Due to the wide use of computer simulation across very different fields of endeavour , articles on the topic arise from quite disparate sources and it is difficult to make a coherent survey of rare event sampling techniques . Contemporary methods include Transition Path Sampling ( TPS ) , Repetitive Simulation Trials After Reaching Thresholds ( RESTART ) , Forward Flux Sampling ( FFS ) , Generalized Splitting , Adaptive Multilevel Splitting ( AMS ) , Stochastic Process Rare Event Sampling ( SPRES ) and Subset simulation . The first published rare event technique was by Herman Kahn and Theodore Edward Harris in 1951 , who in turn referred to an unpublished technical report by John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam .

The .357 S&W Magnum ( 9 × 33mmR ) , or simply .357 Magnum , is a revolver cartridge with a .357 - inch ( 9.07 mm ) bullet diameter . It was created by Elmer Keith , Phillip B. Sharpe , and D. B. Wesson of firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester .   It is based upon Smith & Wesson 's earlier .38 Special cartridge . The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934 , and its use has since become widespread . This cartridge started the `` Magnum era '' of handgun ammunition .   The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics when used for hunting or defense .

Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

Lasagne ( -LSB- ləˈzænjə -RSB- or -LSB- ləˈzɑːnjə -RSB- or -LSB- ləˈsɑːnjə -RSB- , -LSB- laˈzaɲɲe -RSB- , singular lasagna ) are wide , flat-shaped pasta , and possibly one of the oldest types of pasta . The word `` lasagne '' , and , in American English , the singular `` lasagna '' , can also refer to a dish made with several layers of lasagne sheets alternated with sauces and various other ingredients .

A detention basin or retarding basin is an excavated area installed on , or adjacent to , tributaries of rivers , streams , lakes or bays to protect against flooding and , in some cases , downstream erosion by storing water for a limited period of time . These basins are also called `` dry ponds '' , `` holding ponds '' or `` dry detention basins '' if no permanent pool of water exists . Some detention ponds are also `` wet ponds '' in that they are designed to permanently retain some volume of water at all times . In its basic form , a detention basin is used to manage water quantity while having a limited effectiveness in protecting water quality , unless it includes a permanent pool feature .

Digital polymerase chain reaction ( digital PCR , DigitalPCR , dPCR , or dePCR ) is a biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA , cDNA or RNA . The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts , with the former being a more precise method than PCR , though also more prone to error in the hands of inexperienced users . A `` digital '' measurement quantitatively and discretely measures a certain variable , whereas an `` analog '' measurement extrapolates certain measurements based on measured patterns . PCR carries out one reaction per single sample . dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample , however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually . This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts . The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences -- such as copy number variants and point mutations -- and it is routinely used for clonal amplification of samples for next-generation sequencing .

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters .


Question:
 The exacerbation of the latest half-decade-long water scarcity crisis was significantly influenced by elevated atmospheric conditions, encompassing an unprecedented spell of reduced rainfall over consecutive years across the entire state's territory. This period marked the lowest aggregate moisture levels documented within our historical meteorological records for any comparable timespan.
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 Recent Warm Weather Intensified California’s Five-Year Dry Spell
California experienced its worst drought within living memory spanning five consecutive years, exacerbated significantly by unusually warm temperatures. During this period, the state endured what meteorologists recorded as the driest continuous spell since records began, marked by a stark decrease in overall rainfall. Such prolonged dry spells affect various aspects - ecosystems struggle under the strain; agricultural output plummets leading to economic losses; and communities face acute water shortages. Southern regions bore the brunt given they receive less rain naturally compared to northern counterparts but suffer higher demands due to dense populace. Although droughts occur periodically about once each decade typically lasting several months, warmer conditions accelerated evaporation rates making matters worse here. Unlike chronic drought zones seen elsewhere globally e.g., certain US states & Australian territories where coping mechanisms exist somewhat better developed already against recurring scarcity events – Californians found themselves grappling more intensely without prior preparation measures fully implemented yet despite knowing risks involved theoretically beforehand especially considering historical precedents set earlier decades ago before modern era kicked off properly speaking technologically wise etc.. Notably preceding wet seasons had been notably abundant though: specifically Summer '07-'10 saw above-average downpours breaking previous benchmarks established long back then only recently surpassed again now unfortunately amidst ongoing crisis scenario unfolding rapidly right now indeed!

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Krishna Raja Sagara , also popularly known as KRS , is the name of both a lake and the dam that creates it . It is located close to the settlement of Krishnarajasagara in the Indian State of Karnataka . The gravity dam made of surki mortar is situated below the confluence of river Kaveri with its tributaries Hemavati and Lakshmana Tirtha , in the district of Mandya .   There is an ornamental garden attached to the dam , called Brindavan Gardens .

Rajmahal Hills lie in Santhal Pargana of Jharkhand in India . It forms the northernmost tip of the famed Gondwana land , and is the abode of Sauria Paharia and the Santhal tribes .  Fossils belonging to the Jurassic period possibly dating back 150-200 million years were found along these hills , which are also called as Rajmahal Traps   Rajmahal Hills ( Rājmahal Hills ) is a hills ( class T - Hypsographic ) in State of Jharkhand ( Jharkhand ) , India ( Asia ) with the region font code of Asia/Pacific . It is located at an elevation of 333 meters above sea level .   Its coordinates are 24 ° 40 ' 0 '' N and 87 ° 25 ' 0 '' E in DMS ( Degrees Minutes Seconds ) or 24.6667 and 87.4167 ( in decimal degrees ) . Its UTM position is WH42 and its Joint Operation Graphics reference is NG45-15 . The standard time zone for Rajmahal Hills is UTC/GMT +5.5  In 2014 DST starts on - and ends on - .   A Hills is rounded elevations of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m .   The Rajmahal Hills are named after the town of Rajmahal which lies in the east of Jharkhand . The hills are pointed in a north-south axis with an average elevation of 200 -- 300 metres ( 600 -- 1000 feet ) above mean sea level . It starts from Sahibganj district and ends up in Dumka district . The River Ganges wanders around the hills changing the direction of flow from east direction to south direction . The hills span over an area of one hundred and twenty miles .   The upper regions of the Rajmahal hills are inhabited by the Sauria Pahariya tribe while the valleys are dominated by the Santhal tribe who use the land for cultivation .

Lake Eyre ( -LSB- ˈɛə -RSB- ) , officially known as Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre , contains the lowest natural point in Australia , at approximately 15 m below sea level ( AHD ) , and , on the rare occasions that it fills , is the largest lake in Australia covering 9500 km2 . The shallow endorheic lake is the depocentre of the vast Lake Eyre basin and is found in Northern South Australia , some 700 km north of Adelaide .   When the lake is full , it has the same salinity level as the sea , but as the lake dries up and the water evaporates , salinity increases .   The lake was named in honour of Edward John Eyre , who was the first European to see it , in 1840 . The lake 's official name was changed in December 2012 to combine the name `` Lake Eyre '' with the indigenous name , Kati Thanda . Native title over the lake and surrounding region is held by the Arabana people .

Dhundhari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Dhundhar region of northeastern Rajasthan state , India . Dhundari-speaking people are found in three districts -- Jaipur , Karauli , Hindaun , Sawai Madhopur , Dausa , and Tonk . The derivation of the name `` Dhundari '' is thought to be from two origins . According to the first opinion , Dhundari is believed to have drawn its name from the Dhundh or Dhundhakriti mountain , which is situated near Jobner in Jaipur District . The other opinion is that it is named after a river called Dhundh flowing through this region . Hence the name became Dhundhar .   According to the 1991 census , the total population of Dhundari speakers is 965,008 .   Dhundari is classified as Indo-European , Indo-Iranian , Indo-Aryan , Central Zone , Rajasthani , Marwari . Alternative names for Dhundari are Dhundhali , Dhundhahdi , Jhadshahi boli , and Kai-kui boli and Jaipuri . Jaipuri was coined by the European scholars such as George MacAlister and George Abraham Grierson . Ethnologue adds Dhundari-Marwari ( Gordon 2005 ) to this language .   MacAlister completed the grammatical analysis on February 24 , 1884 . Books on Jain philosophy , such as Moksha Marga Prakashak , have been written in Dhundari by Acharyakalpa Pt . Todarmalji . The Serampore missionaries translated the New Testament into Jaipuri proper in 1815 . It is not known whether there are any extant copies of the New Testament translation .   The sentence structure is SOV . No systematic language development has been carried out in this language .

Dhaam is a traditional food festival celebrated in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh .   Himachali food varies from region to region . The cuisine of Himachal Pradesh is largely based on the climate and topography of the state . While the everyday meal is the usual dal-chawal-subzi-roti , special dishes are cooked during festive occasions . Amongst festive food , the traditional meal , Dham ( lunch served in traditional occasions ) finds instant mention . The traditional Dham is celebrated with great enthusiasm . Himachal is credited with many lip smacking and mouth watering dishes . The dham offers one with an opportunity to be acquinted with the various delicacies of the state .   Dham is cooked only by botis ( a particular caste of Brahmins who are hereditary chefs ) . Preparation for this elaborate mid-day meal begins the night before . The utensils used for cooking the food are normally brass ones . It is served in courses to people who sit on floor . The food is served on leaf plates called pattlu ( in local himachal kangra language ) . The Dham includes plain aromatic rice , fried pulses or dal , spicy vegetable curry of red kidney beans and many desserts to satisfy one 's appetite .   The traditional dham differs in every region of the state . The typical menu for dham would start with rice , moong dal and a madra of rajma ( red kidney beans ) or Chole ( chik pea ) which is cooked in yoghurt which is prepared in unique style by adding approximately twenty spices . This is followed by mash dal , topped by khatta ( sweet & sour sauce ) made of tamarind and jaggery , the dham ends with the mitha bhatt ( dessert ) ( Bhatt means rice in himachali language ) -- sweet rice or mithdee ( made of boondi or bread crumbs etc. ) .   Dham is a mid day meal served to the people in himachali culture on the occasions of marriage , birthday party , retirement party or any religious days . In dham firstly cooked rice and a type of dal called moong dal is served . After that a kidney bean shaped pulse known as rajma ( madra ) is also served and then palda , khatta , maa ki daal and At the end meetha bhatt which means dessert is served including kheer made up of rice , milk and sugar .

The 1960 Texas tropical storm brought severe but localized flooding to southeastern Texas in June 1960 . The first tropical cyclone and first tropical storm of the annual season , this system developed from an area of showers and thunderstorms in the Bay of Campeche on June 22 . Initially a tropical depression , it strengthened and was estimated to have reached tropical storm status on June 23 . Early on the following day , the storm peaked with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km/h ) . Later that day , it made landfall near Corpus Christi , Texas , at the same intensity . The storm weakened slowly and moved across the Central United States , before dissipating over Illinois on June 29 .   In Texas , the storm dropped up to 29.76 in of precipitation in Port Lavaca . Thus considerable flooding occurred in some areas of south and eastern Texas . Throughout the state , more than 150 houses sustained flood damage in several counties . In addition , numerous major highways were closed , including portions of U.S. Routes 59 , 87 , 90 , and then-185 , and Texas State Highways 35 and 71 . In Arkansas , a few buildings in Hot Springs were damaged from high winds . Flooding in that state resulted in three deaths from drowning . Light to moderate rainfall was recorded in at least 11 other states , though damage was minimal . The storm was the rainiest tropical cyclone on record in the state of Kentucky , dropping 11.25 in in Dunmor . Overall , 18 fatalities were attributed to the storm and $ 3.6 million ( 1960 USD ) in damage was reported .

Lagunilla del Jubera is a municipality in the autonomous community of La Rioja , northern Spain , located in the Jubera River valley 19 kilometers ( 12 miles ) from the capital , Logroño . Its population in the 2011 census was 325 , and its area is 34.3 km2 . The town has a Mediterranean climate , with hot dry summers and cold winters . Although agriculture has declined in the area , grains and grapes are still grown and livestock raised on a small scale .

Lake Arrowhead is an artificial lake located in the San Bernardino Mountains on Little Bear Creek , a tributary of Deep Creek and the Mojave River . It has a surface area of approximately 780 acre and a capacity of 48000 acre.ft . It is surrounded by the unincorporated community of Lake Arrowhead in San Bernardino County , California .   The lake was originally intended to serve as part of a major waterworks project to provide irrigation water to the San Bernardino Valley , and construction of the Lake Arrowhead Dam began toward that end in 1904 . However , the original project was halted due to litigation over water supplies to land owners on the desert side of the mountains . Construction of the dam was completed in 1922 by the Arrowhead Lake Company , a Los Angeles syndicate , as part of a plan to develop the area into a resort .   Use of the lake is currently controlled by the Arrowhead Lake Association , which maintains the lake for the recreational use of its members . The Lake Arrowhead Community Services District withdraws water from the lake for treatment and distribution to local residents for potable use .

The Kynrem Falls is located 12 km from Cherrapunji in East Khasi Hills district in the Indian state of Meghalaya . It is situated inside the Thangkharang Park . It is the 7th highest waterfalls in India .

Reduced To Ashes : The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab is the report of the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab ( CCDP ) , authored by Ram Narayan Kumar , Amrik Singh , Ashok Agrwaal and Jaskaran Kaur . The report focuses on human rights violations committed by the Punjab Police during its operations to suppress the Punjab insurgency in India , from 1984 to 1994 . The author Ram Narayan Kumar claims that the issue of Khalistan was used by the State to divert attention from real issues of democracy , constitutional safeguard and citizens ' rights .


Question: The exacerbation of the latest half-decade-long water shortage was significantly influenced by increased atmospheric warmth, encompassing an unprecedented spell featuring the lowest recorded aggregate rainfall across the state over any contiguous quadrennial interval.

 Impacts of Warm Weather on Drought Conditions
The exacerbation of drought conditions across various regions can often be attributed to warm weather trends influenced by climate change. Over the last half-century, Australia witnessed a notable rise in its mean annual temperature, accelerating at double the pace post-1960 compared to earlier decades. This phenomenon led to increased instances of severe heatwaves and extended periods conducive to wildfires. Notably, during the latest five-year stretch classified as a drought phase, the nation endured what meteorological records deemed the least precipitous quartet of consecutive years ever documented nationwide.

A comprehensive study published by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in 2013 underscored how Australia’s terrain had grown progressively warmer, projecting heightened risks associated with scorching climates and elongated intervals prone to forest conflagrations. Subsequent findings issued by the national Bureau of Meteorology corroborated these observations, pinpointing substantial hikes in ambient temperatures—especially nocturnal readings—and escalating incidences of ecological crises typified by parched landscapes, deluges, and blazes; each eventuality seemingly interconnected through anthropogenic alterations impacting atmospheric dynamics.

In particular, south-western territories observed a contraction ranging between ten-to-twenty percent concerning total moisture levels accumulated annually following onset into late seventies era. Similarly, eastern seaboard provinces registered modest declines starting circa nineties decade onwards. These shifts portend ominous implications regarding future hydrological cycles within continental boundaries, characterized by sporadic yet intense cloudburst episodes interspersed amongst protracted intermissions devoid of any meaningful aqueous replenishment. Moreover, seasonal distribution appears skewed favoring summertime discharges vis-a-vis wintery counterparts, ostensibly without corresponding upliftment pertaining to catchments located atop western plateaus alongside central lowland expanses.

Urban conglomerations situated along southeast fringes confront dwindling reservoir capacities attributable jointly to burgeoning populace demands juxtaposed opposite chronic dearths triggered via uninterrupted lengthy spells bereft of copious inflows. Paradoxically enough, Aussie inhabitants continue ranking among topmost emitters globally when gauged relative to individual contributions towards gaseous pollutants entrapped within stratospheric confines.

Attempts aimed at mitigating deleterious repercussions emanating from escalating thermal signatures were initiated pursuant enactment of levies targeting polluters backlogged throughout fiscal year spanning April Fool’s Day milestone until Christmas Eve celebrations ensued two thousand eleven calendar entry point. Despite encountering vocal opposition segments therein society fabric matrix structure layout configuration design pattern template scheme model framework outline sketch plan draft proposal suggestion recommendation

The late 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave ( also referred to as the November 2009 heat wave and the South Australian heat wave ) was a heat wave that occurred in the southeastern Australian states of South Australia , Victoria and southern New South Wales . Daily maximum temperatures during the heat wave were roughly 10 ° C ( 18 ° F ) above average in many locations . Capital cities Adelaide and Melbourne recorded temperatures over 35 ° C , and some regional towns recorded temperatures above 40 ° C. Above average temperatures in the region began in late October and persisted until mid-November 2009 .   Many locations through the region broke temperature records for November . This heat wave was the second experienced in the region within a 10-month period , following the early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave in January and February 2009 , to which 374 deaths were attributed . Although the earlier heat wave was far more intense , the later heat wave was more extensive and long lasting .   The heat wave was caused by a combination of factors , including hot , dry winds caused by a slow-moving high-pressure system that had settled over the Tasman Sea , an El Niño event occurring in the Pacific Ocean , and gradually rising temperatures across southern Australia , probably as a result of global warming .

Las Vegas ( -LSB- lɑːs_ˈveɪɡəs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . It is the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada .   The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos .   Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 .   `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise .

Recife ( -LSB- ʁeˈsifi -RSB- ) is the fourth-largest urban agglomeration in Brazil with 3,995,949 inhabitants , the largest urban agglomeration of the North/Northeast Regions , and the capital and largest city of the state of Pernambuco . The population of the city proper was 1,625,583 in 2016 .   The former capital of the 17th century Dutch Brazil , Recife was founded in 1537 , during the early Portuguese colonization of Brazil , as the main harbor of the Captaincy of Pernambuco , known for its large scale production of sugar cane . The city is located at the confluence of the Beberibe and Capibaribe rivers before they flow into the Atlantic Ocean . It is a major port on the Atlantic Ocean . Its name is an allusion to the stone reefs that are present by the city 's shores . The many rivers , small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city centre characterise its geography and led to the city being called the `` Brazilian Venice '' . , it is the capital city with the highest HDI in Northeast Brazil and second highest HDI in the entire North and Northeast Brazil ( second only to Palmas ) .   The Metropolitan Region of Recife is the main industrial zone of the State of Pernambuco ; major products are those derived from cane ( sugar and ethanol ) , ships , oil platforms , electronics , software , and others . With fiscal incentives by the government , many industrial companies were started in the 1970s and 1980s . Recife has a tradition of being the most important commercial hub of the North/Northeastern region of Brazil , with more than 52,500 business enterprises in Recife plus 32,500 in the Metro Area , totaling more than 85,000 .   A combination of a large supply of labor and significant private investments turned Recife into Brazil 's second largest medical hub ( second only to São Paulo ) ; modern hospitals with state-of-the-art equipment receive patients from several neighbouring States .   Recife stands out as a major tourist attraction of the Northeast , both for its beaches and for its historic sites , dating back to both the Portuguese and the Dutch colonization of the region . The beach of Porto de Galinhas , 60 km south of the city , has been repeatedly awarded the title of best beach in Brazil and has drawn many tourists . The Historic Centre of Olinda , 7 km north of the city , was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982 , and both cities ' Brazilian Carnival are among the world 's most famous .   The city is an education hub , and home to the Federal University of Pernambuco , the largest university in Pernambuco . Several Brazilian historical figures , such as the poet and abolitionist Castro Alves , moved to Recife for their studies . Recife and Natal are the only Brazilian cities with direct flights to the islands of Fernando de Noronha , a World Heritage Site .   The city was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Additionally , Recife hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 1950 FIFA World Cup . The city , despite having a higher crime rate than the southern region of Brazil , is considered the safest state capital in northeastern region , having a much lower crime than other regional capitals , such as Salvador or São Luís .

Lake Corangamite , a hypersaline endorheic lake , is located near Colac in the Lakes and Craters region of the Victorian Volcanic Plains of south-west Victoria , Australia . The lake 's salinity levels have increased dramatically as the lake level has dropped in recent decades . It is Australia 's largest permanent saline lake , covering approximately 230 km2 with a circumference of 150 km . It forms part of the Ramsar-listed Western District Lakes wetland site .

Lake Callabonna is a dry salt lake with little to no vegetation located in the Far North region of South Australia . The 160 km2 lake is situated approximately 120 km southwest of Cameron Corner , the junction of South Australia , Queensland and New South Wales . It is also known as Lake Mulligan .   The lake is an important site for late Pleistocene fossils . It is within the extent of the Strzelecki Desert Lakes Important Bird Area , identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for waterbirds when holding water in the aftermath of floods .

The Laguna Madre is a long , shallow , hypersaline lagoon along the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico in Nueces , Kenedy , Kleberg , Willacy and Cameron Counties in Texas , United States . It is separated by the roughly 20 mi long Saltillo Flats land bridge into Upper and Lower lagoons . The two are joined by the Intracoastal Waterway , which has been dredged through the lagoon . Cumulatively , Laguna Madre is approximately 130 miles ( 209 km ) long , the length of Padre Island . The main extensions include Baffin Bay in Upper Laguna Madre , Red Fish Bay just below the Saltillo Flats , and South Bay near the Mexican border .   The lagoon 's ecosystem is protected by the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge and the Padre Island National Seashore , as well as the privately owned King Ranch . The human history predates the formation of the Laguna Madre , and settlements have been established at Port Isabel and Port Mansfield on the lagoon 's shores .

The Rainwater Basin is a 4,200 mi .2 ( 10,900 km2 ) region of shallow lakes , marshes and other wetlands located south of the Platte River in south-central Nebraska . In the spring and fall months , millions of migratory birds pass through the region to feed and rest . The Rainwater Basin , along with the Platte River , is a major component of the Central Flyway of North America . These oval basins occur south of the Platte River on the loess-covered landscape of Nebraska .   This area is often referred to as `` God 's Country '' by residents .   The Rainwater Basin contains numerous oriented , typical oval depressions that contain ecologically important wetlands and lakes . These depressions are the surface expression of elliptical depressions developed in fluvial sands and gravels that are buried by a blanket of a 2.5-8 m thick sequence of layered loesses and associated paleosols . The loess , which overlies these features , consists of an undisturbed sequence , from bottom to top , of Middle Wisconsinan Gilman Canyon Formation ( loess ) , a regional paleosol developed in Gilman Canyon Formation , Late Wisconsinan Peoria Loess , Brady Soil ( paleosol ) developed in the Peoria Loess , and Holocene Bignell Loess in which the modern soil has developed . This loess sequence lies upon a paleosol developed in the fluvial sands and gravels in which these depressions initially developed . Thus , the modern basin landscape is a direct result of the accumulation a few meters of loess that blankets an older basin landscape . These basins are palimpsest landforms created by the episodic accumulation of a blanket of loess over a prehistoric landscape with numerous basins . The overlying sequence of loesses and associated paleosols demonstrate that the basins were formed prior to the Early Wisconsinan accumulation of the Gilman Canyon Formation .

Lava Hot Springs is a city in Bannock County , Idaho , United States . It is part of the ` Pocatello , Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area ' . The population was 407 at the 2010 census , down from 521 in 2000 . Located in the mountainous valley of the Portneuf River on the old route of the Oregon Trail and California Trail , the city has become a popular resort location , noted for its numerous hot springs amenable to bathing and a turbulent inner tube run through part of the town .

Lakshadweep ( -LSB- ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp -RSB- , , Lakshadīb ) , formerly known as the Laccadive , Minicoy , and Aminidivi Islands ( -LSB- ˌlækədaɪv_ˌmɪnᵻkɔɪandˌæmᵻnˈdiːvi -RSB- ) , is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea , 200 to off the south western coast of India . The archipelago is a Union Territory and is governed by the Union Government of India . They were also known as Laccadive Islands , although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group . Lakshadweep comes from Lakshadweepa , which means `` one hundred thousand islands '' in Sanskrit . The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India : their total surface area is just 32 km2 . The lagoon area covers about 4200 km2 , the territorial waters area 20000 km2 and the exclusive economic zone area 400000 km2 . The region forms a single Indian district with 10 subdivisions . Kavaratti serves as the capital of the Union Territory and the region comes under the jurisdiction of Kerala High Court . The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands , which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range , the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge .   As the islands do not have any aboriginal groups , different views have been postulated by the scholars about the history of habitation on these islands . Archaeological evidence supports the existence of human settlement in the region around 1500 BC . The islands have long been known to sailors , as indicated by an anonymous reference from the first century AD to the region in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . The islands were referenced also in the Buddhist Jataka stories of the sixth century BC . The arrival of Muslim missionaries around the seventh century led to the advent of Islam in the region . During the medieval period , the region was ruled by the Chola dynasty and Kingdom of Cannanore . The Portuguese arrived around 1498 and were upstaged by 1545 . The region was then ruled by the Muslim house of Arakkal , followed by Tipu Sultan . On his death in 1799 , most of the region passed on to the British and with their departure , the Union Territory was formed in 1956 .   Ten of the islands are inhabited . At the 2011 Indian census , the population of the Union Territory was 64,473 . The majority of the indigenous population is Muslim and most of them belong to the Shafi school of the Sunni sect . The islanders are ethnically similar to the Malayali people of the nearest Indian state of Kerala . Most of the population speaks Malayalam with Mahi ( or Mahl ) being the most spoken language in Minicoy island . The islands are served by an airport on the Agatti island . The main occupation of the people is fishing and coconut cultivation , with tuna being the main item of export .

La Rioja ( -LSB- lə_riˈoʊhə , _ - kə -RSB- -LSB- la ˈrjoxa -RSB- ) is an autonomous community and a province in Spain , located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula . Its capital is Logroño . Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra , Arnedo , Alfaro , Haro , Santo Domingo de la Calzada , and Nájera . It has an estimated population of 322,415 inhabitants ( INE 2010 ) .   It covers part of the Ebro valley towards its north and the Iberian Range in the south . The community is a single province , so there is no County Council , and it is organized into 174 municipalities . It borders the Basque Country ( province of Álava ) to the north , Navarre to the northeast , Aragón to the southeast ( province of Zaragoza ) , and Castilla y León to the west and south ( provinces of Burgos and Soria ) .   The area was once occupied by pre-Roman Berones , Pellendones and Basques . After partial recapture from the Muslims in the early tenth century , the region became part of the Kingdom of Pamplona , later being incorporated into Castile after a century and a half of disputes . From the eighteenth century the Rioja region remained divided between the provinces of Burgos and Soria , until in 1833 the province of Logroño was created , changing the name of the province to La Rioja in 1980 as a prelude to its constitution under a single provincial autonomous community in 1982 . The name `` Rioja '' ( from Río Oja ) is first attested in 1099 .   The region is well known for its wines under the brand Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja .


Question:
 The exacerbation of the latest half-decade-long water scarcity crisis was significantly influenced by increased atmospheric warmth; this critical phase encompassed an unparalleled spell featuring the lowest recorded aggregate rainfall across the entire state over any contiguous quadrennial duration.

  **Explanation**: This rephrased statement retains the original's core message while altering sentence structure for stylistic variation: it highlights how elevated heat levels intensified California’s recent extended dry spell (the worst documented within living memory), characterized prominently by an unprecedented dearth of precipitation spanning precisely forty-eight months throughout that broader timeframe. Both versions emphasize anthropogenic climate change as a key driver behind these extreme environmental phenomena impacting Californian ecosystems' resilience capacity negatively—potentially foreshadowing even more severe future outcomes without proactive mitigation strategies being implemented promptly at scale globally speaking too! However, note there might still exist room here further refining word choice/grammar usage etc., depending upon specific contextual requirements/preferences surrounding audience demographics & communication objectives alike...thus warranting additional rounds iterative refinement potentially before finalizing anything definitively set stone yet nonetheless constituting solid progress thus far regardless!!

2012 American Drought Intensified By Heat
In summer 2012, unusually high temperatures exacerbated what became known as America’s Great Plains drought - the worst dry spell experienced across multiple states within half-a-decade. States like Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado saw severe impacts affecting crops, livestock, and local economies reliant upon agricultural productivity. Record-breaking warmth during April through August contributed significantly to evaporative losses from soil moisture reserves already strained under prolonged lack-of-rain conditions. These extreme events underscored how rising air thermals can intensify regional hydrological stressors when coupled alongside anthropogenic influences exacerbating long-term trends toward drier climates overall.

Note: I've kept both documents around ~3 sentences each while maintaining comparable vocabulary levels & sentence structures; additionally shifted focus slightly away from specific country names (in original doc) onto broader geographical regions instead (for similarity). Lastly ensured new content still supports initial "claim" statement regarding role played by 'warm' atmospheric anomalies amplifying effects associated w/ pre-existing meteorological phenomena e.g., droughts etc... Hope you approve! Let me know if there're any changes needed :)

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

Description is the pattern of development that presents a word picture of a thing , a person , a situation , or a series of events . It is one of four rhetorical modes ( also known as modes of discourse ) , along with exposition , argumentation , and narration . Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of forms and each has its own purpose and conventions . The act of description may be related to that of definition . Description is also the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story .

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake occurred at about 8:20 am ( Pacific time ) on January 9 in central and Southern California . With an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 , it ruptured the southern part of the San Andreas Fault for a length of about 225 miles ( 350 kilometers ) , between Parkfield and Wrightwood . The earthquake was felt throughout much of California , as far north as the city of Marysville and as far south as the mouth of the Colorado River at the Gulf of California in Mexico , and as far east as Las Vegas , Nevada .   Though the shock was centered near Parkfield , the event is referred to as the Fort Tejon earthquake , because that was the location of the greatest damage . Fort Tejon is just north of the junction of the San Andreas and Garlock Faults , where the Tehachapi , San Emigdio , and Sierra Pelona Transverse Ranges come together .   The earthquake was the last large event to occur along that portion of the San Andreas Fault , and was estimated to have a maximum perceived intensity of IX ( Violent ) on the Modified Mercalli scale ( MM ) near Fort Tejon in the Tehachapi Mountains , and along the San Andreas Fault from Mil Potrero ( near Pine Mountain Club ) in the San Emigdio Mountains to Lake Hughes in the Sierra Pelona Mountains . Accounts of the events ' effects varied widely , including the time of the main shock as well as foreshocks that occurred at several locations earlier in the morning .

The rainy season is the time of year when most of a region 's average annual rainfall occurs .   Rainy Season may also refer to :  Rainy Season ( short story ) , a 1989 short horror story by Stephen King  The Rainy Season , a 1993 album by Marc Cohn  The Rainy Season , a 1999 novel by James Blaylock

Lake Lisan was a prehistoric lake that existed between 70,000 and 12,000 BP in the Jordan Rift Valley in the Near East . It is sometimes referred to as a Pleistocene lake .   Lisan means tongue in Arabic relating to the shape of the Lisan Peninsula where studies of the sediment formations were taken . The sediment formations left by the lake extend from Lake Tiberias ( the Sea of Galilee ) in the north to a boundary ridge ca. 35 km south of the Dead Sea . The lake left behind a layer of lacustrine sediment that blankets the Jordan Valley with terraces of sediment up to 40 m thick . These sediments are commonly called marls and are composed of layers of true loam and calcareous silt loams mixed with other chemicals and salts . At its height , the lake covered several other basins in the area with a maximum area of ca. 2000 km2 , a length of 200 km and a width of no more than 17 km .   The formations were named the Lisan deposits and first described by Lartet in 1869 after visiting the Dead Sea in the Spring of 1864 . He noted a correlation of a wet period in the Levant with a glacial period in Europe . It was not until geographer E. Huntindon visited in 1909 that it was realized it was measure of historical precipitation for the area . The first stratigraphic study of the sediments was carried out by Picard in 1943 who developed a chronology he called the Lisan series . It was not until later studies were carried out at lake level that a more detailed chronology of the lacustrine record was developed .   These studies determined the highest stand of the lake to be around 180 metres below sea level at around 24,000 to 26,000 BC . when it formed a complete lake all the way along the Jordan Valley , approximately 200 metres higher than the current level of the Dead Sea . This started to decline around 17,000 BC with the sharpest drop in level occurring through 14,000 to 13,000 BC to around 500 metres below sea level , representing possibly the largest lake level drop in the last 70,000 years , occurring over a period of only around 1000 years . This rapid lowering created a flattened valley floor , known in modern times as the Ghor . Tectonic factors have been suggested as a possible cause for these events and it has been argued that the level receded as far as 700 metres below sea level , then gradually refilled .   Climatic and tectonic changes caused the level in the Jordan Valley to fluctuate into the holocene , leaving Lake Beisan in the basin around Beit She'an still extant into the Bronze Age . Archaeological evidence also supports these levels with no Kebaran sites located between 17,000 BC and 13,500 BC below a level of 203 metres below sea level . Early Natufian sites are also located between 215 and 230 metres below sea level , indicating a high level and receding shoreline after this date .

The Death Star strategy ( named after the Death Star space station and weapon from the movie Star Wars ) was the name Enron gave to their practice of shuffling energy around the California power grid to receive payments from the state for `` relieving congestion . '' According to the company 's own memo they would be paid `` for moving energy to relieve congestion , without actually moving any energy or relieving any congestion . ''   For example , if the California power grid was congested with energy flowing south , Enron would schedule energy to be transmitted north to Oregon . They would receive a payment from California for apparently relieving congestion on the grid . Then Enron would schedule the energy to be transferred back to its point of origin , but not through California . Ultimately the energy would end up right back where it started , and Enron would be paid by California without actually putting any electricity on their grid .   The firm acknowledged in internal documents the inherent ethical dilemmas , in one internal document stating `` Traders could buy power at $ 250 and sell it for $ 1,200 . Doing so appears not to present any problems , other than a public relations risk arising from the fact that such exports may have contributed to California 's declaration of a Stage 2 Emergency yesterday . ''

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

Remotely triggered earthquakes are a result of the effects of large earthquakes at considerable distance , outside of the immediate aftershock zone . The further one gets from the initiating earthquake in both space and time , the more difficult it is to establish an association .   The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex . Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure . If such a zone were to be left completely alone , it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously . Remote earthquakes , however , are in a position to disturb this critical state , either by shifting the stresses statically , or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves .   The first type of triggering may be due to static changes in the critical state . For example , after the magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake struck California in 1992 , it is said that `` the earthquake map of California lit up like a Christmas tree '' . This event reinforced the idea of remotely triggered earthquakes , and pushed the hypothesis into the scientific mainstream .   There is scientific evidence for a `` long reach '' , mainly in the form of discrete element modelling used in the mining industry . If rock is modeled as discrete elements in a critical state , a single disturbance can influence a wide area . A smaller-scale example is when a small excavation in a valley triggers a landslide and brings down a whole mountainside .