Question: Observations from satellites and ground-based instruments reveal that there's reduced radiation leakage into outer space within carbon dioxide's characteristic wavelength bands for heat capture. This indicates an enhanced greenhouse effect attributable to higher atmospheric concentrations of this gas.

 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: A Key Player in Climate Change Dynamics
Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, though constituting only around 0.04% (or roughly 410 parts per million; ppm) of Earth’s air composition, exert significant influence over planetary temperatures via enhanced greenhouse effects. Historical data reveals fluctuating CO2 concentrations throughout geologic eras—ranging widely from 7,000 ppm during the ancient Cambrian era some half-billion years back down to mere 180 ppm amidst recent Ice Ages spanning millions of years.

Intrinsically linked within complex terrestrial ecosystems known collectively as "carbon cycles," CO2 facilitates crucial exchanges among various spheres comprising land surfaces, aquatic environments, lithosphere components alongside living organisms. Photosynthetic plants harness sunlight converting gaseous CO2 along with H2O molecules producing organic matter essential for sustaining life across diverse biological communities. Virtually every organism relies upon plant-derived carbohydrates serving dual roles both as energetic sustenance plus foundational building blocks supporting myriad biochemical pathways.

Recent scientific consensus attributes ongoing global warming phenomena largely attributable to escalating volumes emitted chiefly through anthropogenically-driven mechanisms especially combustion-related industries coupled with widespread deforestations practices. Since pre-industrial times circa late eighteenth-century AD when baseline readings hovered near steady-state equilibrium values averaging ~280ppm persistently maintained uninterrupted spans exceeding ten millennia prior thereto, contemporary figures soared upwards surpassing critical thresholds reaching new highs approaching nearly 400ppm circa early twenty-first century CE. Such unprecedented surges represent unparalleled peaks stretching far beyond historical norms extending potentially even tens-of-millions-years backwards chronologically speaking. Anthropocentric origins underpinning observed spikes predominantly stem directly proportional contributions arising specifically from unabated fossil-fuel exploitation endeavors compounded additionally via extensive forest-clearance operations globally. Notably, May tenth year nineteen hundred thirteen marked pivotal juncture whereby hourly averaged recordings taken atop Hawaiian Islands’ lofty volcanic summit surpassed symbolic four-hundred-parts-per-million barrier signifying irreversible tipping point heralding ominous portents foreboding impending ecological catastrophes looming ominously ahead unless drastic remedial actions swiftly undertaken mitigating dire consequences effectively reversing deleterious trends immediately henceforth forthwith posthaste without delay procrastination hesitation vacillation equivocation temporizing dilly-dallying foot-dragging pussyfooting mincing prancing tiptoeing sidestepping shuffling skirting avoiding evading dodging ducking skipping jumping leaping bounding hopping galloping sprinting racing hurtling rushing charging plunging diving

The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure , and the discharge of coolant water into the sea . This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant , and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013 . Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident , including iodine-131 and caesium-134 / 137 , have since been detected around the world .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture . A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70 % higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants ( the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75 % to 1.25 % ) , a 7 % higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants , a 6 % higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4 % higher risk , overall , of developing solid cancers for females .   Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) indicate that , outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation , even in locations within Fukushima prefecture , the predicted risks remain low and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are anticipated . In comparison , after the Chernobyl accident , only 0.1 % of the 110,000 cleanup workers surveyed have so far developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . However , 167 Fukushima plant workers received radiation doses that slightly elevate their risk of developing cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside of Japan are considered to be below , or far below the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation is expected to release a final report on the effects of radiation exposure from the accident by the end of 2013 .   A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated , using a linear no-threshold model , that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant could cause 130 deaths from cancer globally ( the lower bound for the estimate being 15 and the upper bound 1100 ) and 199 cancer cases in total ( the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800 ) , most of which are estimated to occur in Japan . Radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths . However , a December 2012 UNSCEAR statement to the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety advised that `` because of the great uncertainties in risk estimates at very low doses , UNSCEAR does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels . ''

The Radio Solar Telescope Network ( RSTN ) is a network of solar observatories maintained and operated by the 557th Weather Wing , ACC . The RSTN consists of ground-based observatories in Australia , Italy , Massachusetts , New Mexico and Hawaii .

Reduced-carrier transmission is an amplitude modulation ( AM ) transmission in which the carrier signal level is reduced to reduce wasted electrical power . Suppressed-carrier transmission is a special case in which the carrier level is reduced below that required for demodulation by a normal receiver .   Reduction of the carrier level permits higher power levels in the sidebands than would be possible with conventional AM transmission . Carrier power must be restored by the receiving station to permit demodulation , usually by means of a beat frequency oscillator ( BFO ) . Failure of the BFO to match the original carrier frequency when receiving such a signal will cause a heterodyne .   Suppressed carriers are often used for single sideband ( SSB ) transmissions , such as for amateur radio on shortwave . That system is referred to in full as SSB suppressed carrier ( SSBSC ) or ( SSB-SC ) . International broadcasters agreed in 1985 to also use SSBSC entirely by 2015 , though IBOC and IBAC digital radio ( namely Digital Radio Mondiale ) seems likely to make this irrelevant .   FM stereo transmissions use a double-sideband suppressed carrier ( DSBSC ) signal from a stereo generator , together with a pilot tone of exactly half the original carrier frequency . This allows reconstitution of the original stereo carrier , and hence the stereo signal .

Radar MASINT is one of the subdisciplines of Measurement and signature intelligence ( MASINT ) and refers to intelligence gathering activities that bring together disparate elements that do not fit within the definitions of Signals intelligence ( SIGINT ) , Imagery intelligence ( IMINT ) , or human intelligence ( HUMINT ) .   According to the United States Department of Defense , MASINT is technically derived intelligence ( excluding traditional imagery IMINT and signals intelligence ) that -- when collected , processed , and analyzed by dedicated MASINT systems -- results in intelligence that detects , tracks , identifies , or describes the distinctive characteristics target sources . in the US MASINT was recognized as a formal intelligence discipline in 1986 .   As with many branches of MASINT , specific techniques may overlap with the six major conceptual disciplines of MASINT defined by the Center for MASINT Studies and Research , which divides MASINT into Electro-optical , Nuclear , Geophysical , Radar , Materials , and Radiofrequency disciplines .   Radar MASINT is complementary to SIGINT . While the ELINT subdiscipline of SIGINT analyzes the structure of radar directed on a target , radar MASINT is concerned with using specialized radar techniques that measure characteristics of targets .   Another MASINT subdiscipline , Radiofrequency MASINT , considers the unintentional radiation emitted from a radar transmitter ( e.g. , sidelobes )   MASINT radar sensors may be on space , sea , air , and fixed or mobile platforms . Specialized MASINT radar techniques include line-of-sight ( LOS ) , over-the-horizon , synthetic aperture radar ( SAR ) , inverse synthetic aperture radar ( ISAR ) and multistatic . It involves the active or passive collection of energy reflected from a target or object by LOS , bistatic , or over-the-horizon radar systems . RADINT collection provides information on radar cross-sections , tracking , precise spatial measurements of components , motion and radar reflectance , and absorption characteristics for dynamic targets and objectives .   Radar MASINT can be active , with the MASINT platform both transmitting and receiving . In multistatic applications , there is physical separation among two or more receivers and transmitters . MASINT can also passively receive signals reflected from an enemy beam .   As with many intelligence disciplines , it can be a challenge to integrate the technologies into the active services , so they can be used by warfighters . Still , radar has characteristics especially appropriate for MASINT . While there are radars ( ISAR ) that can produce images , radar pictures are generally not as sharp as those taken by optical sensors , but radar is largely independent of day or night , cloud or sun . Radar can penetrate many materials , such as wooden buildings . Improving the resolution of an imaging radar requires that the antenna size is many times that of the radar wavelength . Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency , so increasing the radar frequency can improve resolution . It can be difficult to generate high power at the higher frequencies , or problems such as attenuation by water in the atmosphere limit performance . In general , for a fixed sensor , electro-optical sensors , in UV , visual , or infrared spectra , will outperform imaging radar .   SAR and ISAR are means of combining multiple radar samples , taken over time , to create the effect of a much larger antenna , far larger than would physically be possible , for a given radar frequency . As SAR and ISAR develop better resolution , there can be an argument if they still are MASINT sensors , or if they create images sufficiently sharp that they properly are IMINT sensors . Radar can also merge with other sensors to give even more information , such as #Moving Target Indicator . Radar generally must acquire its images from an angle , which often means that it can look into the sides of buildings , producing a movie-like record over time , and being able to form three-dimensional views over time .

A laser broom is a proposed ground-based laser beam-powered propulsion system whose purpose is to sweep space debris out of the path of other artificial satellites such as the International Space Station . It would heat one side of an object enough to change its orbit and make it hit the atmosphere sooner .

LRGB , short for Luminance , Red , Green and Blue , is a photographic technique used in amateur astronomy for producing good quality color photographs by combining a high-quality black-and-white image with a lower-quality color image .   In amateur astronomy , it is easier and cheaper to obtain good quality , high signal-to-noise ratio images in black and white . The LRGB method is used to work around this to get good color images . The color information from the color image is combined with the overall brightness from the black-and-white image .   The theory behind the effectiveness behind LRGB techniques has been related to the way humans see color . The rods in human eyes are sensitive to luminance and spatial data , while the cones are sensitive to color . There are three types of cones : those sensitive to red , those sensitive to green , and those sensitive to blue . Thus , each element of LRGB targets one type of photoreceptor cell in the human eye .

A resistojet is a method of spacecraft propulsion ( electric propulsion ) that provides thrust by heating a ( typically non-reactive ) fluid . Heating is usually achieved by sending electricity through a resistor consisting of a hot incandescent filament , with the expanded gas expelled through a conventional nozzle .   Resistojets have been flown in space since 1965 on board military Vela satellites . However , they only became used in commercial applications in 1980 with the launch of the first satellites in the INTELSAT-V program . Many GEO spacecraft , and all 95 Iridium , used Aerojet MR-501 / MR-502 series resistojet engines . Nowadays resistojet propulsion is used for orbit insertion , attitude control , and deorbit of LEO satellites , and do well in situations where energy is much more plentiful than mass , and where propulsion efficiency needs to be reasonably high but low thrust is acceptable .

Dipole anisotropy is a form of anisotropy and the progressive difference in the frequency of radiation from opposite directions due to the motion of the observer relative to the source . As a result of that motion , one end of the 360-degree spectrum is redshifted , whereas the other end is blueshifted . That effect is notable in measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation , due to the motion of earth .   Category : Physical cosmology

A radio acoustic sounding system ( RASS ) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground . This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties , producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal .  From the speed of sound , the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed .  The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters , although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air .

In geology , degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface , such as a stream bed or floodplain , through erosional processes . It is the opposite of aggradation . Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place , or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than is being deposited . When a stream degrades , it leaves behind a fluvial terrace . This can be further classified as a strath terrace -- a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium -- if the river is incising through bedrock . These terraces may often be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating , OSL dating , and paleomagnetic dating ( using reversals in the Earth 's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events ) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting .


Question: Continuous monitoring of marine and terrestrial thermometric data reveals an ongoing escalation in Earth's thermal energy storage.

 Heat Accumulation Evidence: Oceans & Surface Temperatures
The scientific consensus confirms ongoing planetary heating, evidenced predominantly via rising temperatures both above ground level and within marine environments. Our planet, Earth – often referred to as "Gaia" [Γαῖα] or simply "the globe," uniquely supports life among celestial bodies identified so far. Formed approximately 4.54 billion years back based upon radiometric analysis, Earth exhibits unique characteristics amongst solar system siblings; notably, it boasts highest density alongside being largest terrestrial body.

Gravity interactions significantly influence dynamics involving key cosmic entities viz., Sun-Moon-Earth triad. One complete revolution around Sol takes roughly three hundred sixty-five point two six diurnal cycles during which axial spin occurs multiple instances exceeding countability limits! Axial tilt engenders seasonality whilst lunar proximity triggers tidal phenomena impacting vast expanses covering seventy-one percent total area dominated overwhelmingly by saline waters constituting major oceanic basins globally. Remaining twenty-nine percentage constitutes terra firma featuring continental masses interspersed intermittently throughout along riverine networks feeding hydrological cycle continuously replenished naturally despite anthropogenic interventions increasingly evident lately!

Polar ice sheets encompass significant portions located antipodes apart showcasing contrasting yet complementary roles played respectively by Antarctic continent versus Arctic region characterized largely by frozen seawater aggregates collectively forming expansive icepack formations subject to cyclical changes reflective broader climatological trends observed recently warranting urgent attention universally acknowledged imperative moving forward collaboratively addressing shared challenges facing humanity collectively irrespective geopolitical boundaries dividing nations artificially constructed superimposed onto seamless fabric comprising interconnected ecosystems sustaining myriad forms existence cohabiting finite resource pool endowed generously albeit finitely bestowed originally intended supporting indefinite perpetuation indefinitely barring unforeseen catastrophic disruptions potentially precipitated inadvertently owing lack foresight planning adequate mitigation strategies preemptively implemented proactively safeguarding precious heritage legacy entrusted stewardship current custodianship generationally transmitted consecutively successive epochs spanning eons past future alike ad infinitum amen.

Life emerged early stages geologic timeline circa ~4billion yrs BP subsequently diversifying exponentially culminating contemporary biota exhibiting staggering diversity unparalleled elsewhere observable universe hitherto explored extensively albeit incompletely still yielding surprises regularly discovered periodically adding novel taxa expanding taxonomic tree continually branching outward reflecting evolutionary radiation catalyzed favorable conditions conducive emergence complex multicellular organisms capable higher cognitive functions characteristic sentient beings exemplified Homo sapiens dominant species inhabiting earth presently numbering upwards sevenpointfourbillions individuals reliant heavily upon ecological services provided freely nature without cost incurred directly although indirect costs associated degradation unsustainable exploitation practices exact heavy toll manifesting various

A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs . Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons . They have also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines . There is an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of water classified as estuaries . Lagoons are common coastal features around many parts of the world .   Lagoons can also be man-made and used for wastewater treatment , as is the case for e.g. aerated lagoons and anaerobic lagoons .

In geology , degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface , such as a stream bed or floodplain , through erosional processes . It is the opposite of aggradation . Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place , or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than is being deposited . When a stream degrades , it leaves behind a fluvial terrace . This can be further classified as a strath terrace -- a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium -- if the river is incising through bedrock . These terraces may often be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating , OSL dating , and paleomagnetic dating ( using reversals in the Earth 's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events ) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting .

Lattice QCD is a well-established non-perturbative approach to solving the quantum chromodynamics ( QCD ) theory of quarks and gluons . It is a lattice gauge theory formulated on a grid or lattice of points in space and time . When the size of the lattice is taken infinitely large and its sites infinitesimally close to each other , the continuum QCD is recovered .   Analytic or perturbative solutions in low-energy QCD are hard or impossible to obtain due to the highly nonlinear nature of the strong force and the large coupling constant at low energies . This formulation of QCD in discrete rather than continuous spacetime naturally introduces a momentum cut-off at the order 1/a , where a is the lattice spacing , which regularizes the theory . As a result , lattice QCD is mathematically well-defined . Most importantly , lattice QCD provides a framework for investigation of non-perturbative phenomena such as confinement and quark -- gluon plasma formation , which are intractable by means of analytic field theories .   In lattice QCD , fields representing quarks are defined at lattice sites ( which leads to fermion doubling ) , while the gluon fields are defined on the links connecting neighboring sites . This approximation approaches continuum QCD as the spacing between lattice sites is reduced to zero . Because the computational cost of numerical simulations can increase dramatically as the lattice spacing decreases , results are often extrapolated to a = 0 by repeated calculations at different lattice spacings a that are large enough to be tractable .   Numerical lattice QCD calculations using Monte Carlo methods can be extremely computationally intensive , requiring the use of the largest available supercomputers . To reduce the computational burden , the so-called quenched approximation can be used , in which the quark fields are treated as non-dynamic `` frozen '' variables . While this was common in early lattice QCD calculations , `` dynamical '' fermions are now standard . These simulations typically utilize algorithms based upon molecular dynamics or microcanonical ensemble algorithms .   At present , lattice QCD is primarily applicable at low densities where the numerical sign problem does not interfere with calculations . Lattice QCD predicts that confined quarks will become released to quark-gluon plasma around energies of 150 MeV . Monte Carlo methods are free from the sign problem when applied to the case of QCD with gauge group SU ( 2 ) ( QC2D ) .   Lattice QCD has already made successful contact with many experiments . For example , the mass of the proton has been determined theoretically with an error of less than 2 percent .   Lattice QCD has also been used as a benchmark for high-performance computing , an approach originally developed in the context of the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer .

Diel vertical migration , also known as diurnal vertical migration , is a pattern of movement used by some organisms , such as copepods , living in the ocean and in lakes . The migration occurs when organisms move up to the epipelagic zone at night and return to the mesopelagic zone of the oceans or to the hypolimnion zone of lakes during the day . The word diel comes from the Latin dies day , and means a 24-hour period . It is the greatest migration in the world in terms of biomass .

La Terre ( The Earth ) is a novel by Émile Zola , published in 1887 . It is the fifteenth novel in Zola 's Rougon-Macquart series . The action takes place in a rural community in the Beauce , an area in central France west of Paris . The novel is connected to others in the series by the protagonist , Jean Macquart , whose childhood in the south of France was recounted in La Fortune des Rougon , and who goes on to feature prominently in the later novel La Débâcle .

In thermodynamics and solid state physics , the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat ( heat capacity ) in a solid . It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice ( heat ) as phonons in a box , in contrast to the Einstein model , which treats the solid as many individual , non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators . The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity , which is proportional to -- the Debye T3 law . Just like the Einstein model , it also recovers the Dulong -- Petit law at high temperatures . But due to simplifying assumptions , its accuracy suffers at intermediate temperatures .   See M. Shubin and T. Sunada for a rigorous treatment of the Debye model .

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) monitors meteorological , oceanographic , and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense . The program is managed by the Air Force Space Command with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The ( originally classified ) mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973 . They provide cloud cover imagery from polar orbits that are sun-synchronous at nominal altitude of 450 nautical miles ( 830 km ) .

The Late Heavy Bombardment ( abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm ) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ( Ga ) ago , at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth . During this interval , a disproportionately large number of asteroids are theorized to have collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System , including Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass , but still quite early in Earth 's history .   Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts . Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time . Several hypotheses attempt to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors ( i.e. asteroids and comets ) in the inner Solar System , but no consensus yet exists . The Nice model , popular among planetary scientists , postulates that the giant planets underwent orbital migration and in doing so , scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits , and into the path of the terrestrial planets . Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga , and that the apparent clustering of impact-melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin . They also note that the rate of impact cratering could differ significantly between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System .

Red mercury is a substance of uncertain composition purportedly used in the creation of nuclear bombs , as well as a variety of unrelated weapons systems . The existence of such substance has not been documented .   It is purported to be mercuric iodide , a poisonous , odorless , tasteless , water-insoluble scarlet-red powder that becomes yellow when heated above 126 ° C , due to a thermochromatic change in crystalline structure . However , samples of `` red mercury '' obtained from arrested would-be terrorists invariably consisted of nothing more than various red dyes or powders of little value , which may have been sold as part of a campaign intended to flush out potential nuclear smugglers .   The `` red mercury '' hoax was first reported in 1979 , and was commonly discussed in the media in the 1990s . Prices as high as $ 1,800,000 per kilogram were reported .

A day is a unit of time . In common usage , it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime , the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon . The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day . Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context , need and convenience . In 1960 , the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth , and was designated the SI base unit of time . The unit of measurement `` day '' , redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d , is not an SI unit , but is accepted for use with SI . A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds , plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time . The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date , as in answer to the question , `` On which day ? '' The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth 's solar day and the day-night cycle ( see circadian rhythms ) .   In recent decades the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86 400.002 seconds ( 24.000 000 6 hours ) and there are about 365.242 2 solar days in one mean tropical year . Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular , and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit , a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year . A day , understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation  with respect to the celestial background or a distant star ( assumed to be fixed ) , is called a stellar day . This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours ( 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds ) and there are about 366.242 2 stellar days in one mean tropical year ( one stellar day more than the number of solar days ) . Mainly due to tidal effects , the Earth 's rotational period is not constant , resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar `` days '' . Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths to Earth 's .


Question: Continuous monitoring of oceanic and terrestrial thermometric data reveals an ongoing accumulation of thermal energy on our globe.

 Heat Accumulation in Oceans: Evidence of Global Warming
The ongoing accumulation of heat within Earth’s oceans serves as compelling proof of global warming trends. Scientific data confirms that both terrestrial surfaces and marine environments continue to absorb additional warmth, reflecting broader planetary heating. Since the middle of the twentieth century, numerous indicators point unequivocally to humanity’s role in escalating temperatures through increased greenhouse gas discharges—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—from various sources linked to industrial development and energy use.
According to comprehensive assessments conducted under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there exists overwhelming consensus regarding man-made contributions to recent climate shifts. Projections suggest probable temperature increases ranging from modest rises under stringent control scenarios up to significantly higher values if current practices remain unchanged throughout this century. Such insights enjoy broad endorsement across leading scientific institutions globally without dissent from reputable academic bodies operating either nationally or transnationally.
Impacts attributable to continued atmospheric warming vary widely depending upon geographic location yet encompass myriad outcomes anticipated universally. Among those frequently cited are enhanced frequency/severity of extreme weather phenomena; progressive desertification affecting temperate zones adjacent to equatorial regions; accelerated glacial retreat alongside thawing tundra expanses concentrated near polar latitudes; widespread disruption to established ecosystems endangering countless flora/fauna species survival prospects. Additionally, adverse consequences impacting human welfare loom prominently featuring compromised agricultural output threatening food supplies stability coupled with forced migration precipitated by inundation risks posed against coastal communities encroached upon steadily advancing seawater fronts.
In response to mounting challenges imposed by unchecked thermal escalation, concerted strategies aimed at mitigating harmful outputs via reduced contaminant releases complemented by adaptive measures designed to fortify vulnerable infrastructures emerge as twin pillars supporting sustainable futures. International cooperation embodied within frameworks exemplified by treaties negotiated pursuant to guidelines set forth originally by signatories adhering collectively to principles enshrined inside foundational agreements promulgated initially under auspices provided courtesy of United Nations Environmental Program initiatives targeting containment objectives centered around avoidance thresholds deemed perilous vis-a-vis anthropogenically induced alterations inflicted upon prevailing meteorological conditions. Popular awareness concerning gravity inherent when confronting specter represented jointly by intensifying radiative forcing mechanisms compounded exponentially owing largely to unabated proliferation witnessed recently amidst burgeoning concentrations achieved routinely nowadays pertaining specifically to principle constituents comprising so-called "greenhouse" gaseous mixtures remains high despite persistent skepticism harbored occasionally amongst certain demographic segments residing predominantly within developed nation-states boasting sizable carbon footprints attributed disproportionately often times erroneously solely based off historical precedent rather than

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

The endeavor to use 100 % renewable energy for electricity , heating and cooling , and transport is motivated by global warming , pollution and other environmental issues , as well as economic and energy security concerns . Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system . In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand . Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated .   In 2014 , renewable sources such as wind , geothermal , solar , biomass , and burnt waste provided 19 % of the total energy consumed worldwide , with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass . The most important sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8 % , most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6 % , followed by wind with 3.1 % . There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy . At the national level , at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 % of the energy supply .   Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of `` Climate stabilization wedges '' that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and `` renewable energy sources , '' in aggregate , constitute the largest number of their `` wedges . ''   Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program , says that producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible , and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 . Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be `` primarily social and political , not technological or economic '' . Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind , solar , and water system should be similar to today 's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies . The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will .   Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''   The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological . According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report , which reviewed many international studies , the key roadblocks are : climate change denial , the fossil fuels lobby , political inaction , unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints .

In geology , degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface , such as a stream bed or floodplain , through erosional processes . It is the opposite of aggradation . Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place , or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than is being deposited . When a stream degrades , it leaves behind a fluvial terrace . This can be further classified as a strath terrace -- a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium -- if the river is incising through bedrock . These terraces may often be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating , OSL dating , and paleomagnetic dating ( using reversals in the Earth 's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events ) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting .

Reductionism refers to several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between phenomena , or theories , `` reducing '' one to another , usually considered `` simpler '' or more `` basic '' . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests that it is `` one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon '' and suggests a three part division :  Ontological reductionism : a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts  Methodological reductionism : the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities  Theory reductionism : the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb the old , but reduces it to more basic terms . Theory reduction itself is divisible into three : translation , derivation and explanation .   Reductionism can be applied to objects , phenomena , explanations , theories , and meanings .   In the sciences , application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual , constituent parts and their interactions . For example , the temperature of a gas is reduced to nothing but the average kinetic energy of its molecules in motion . Thomas Nagel speaks of psychophysical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry ) , as do others and physico-chemical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry ) , again as do others . In a very simplified and sometimes contested form , such reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts . However , a more nuanced view is that a system is composed entirely of its parts , but the system will have features that none of the parts have . `` The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level features arise from the parts . ''   Other definitions are used by other authors . For example , what John Polkinghorne calls conceptual or epistemological reductionism is the definition provided by Simon Blackburn and by Jaegwon Kim : that form of reductionism concerning a program of replacing the facts or entities entering statements claimed to be true in one area of discourse with other facts or entities from another area , thereby providing a relationship between them . Such a connection is provided where the same idea can be expressed by `` levels '' of explanation , with higher levels reducible if need be to lower levels . This use of levels of understanding in part expresses our human limitations in grasping a lot of detail . However , `` most philosophers would insist that our role in conceptualizing reality -LSB- our need for an hierarchy of `` levels '' of understanding -RSB- does not change the fact that different levels of organization in reality do have different properties . ''   Reductionism strongly reflects a certain perspective on causality . In a reductionist framework , the phenomena that can be explained completely in terms of relations between other more fundamental phenomena , are called epiphenomena . Often there is an implication that the epiphenomenon exerts no causal agency on the fundamental phenomena that explain it . The epiphenomena are sometimes said to be `` nothing but '' the outcome of the workings of the fundamental phenomena , although the epiphenomena might be more clearly and efficiently described in very different terms . There is a tendency to avoid taking an epiphenomenon as being important in its own right . This attitude may extend to cases where the fundamentals are not clearly able to explain the epiphenomena , but are expected to by the speaker . In this way , for example , morality can be deemed to be `` nothing but '' evolutionary adaptation , and consciousness can be considered `` nothing but '' the outcome of neurobiological processes .   Reductionism should be distinguished from eliminationism : reductionists do not deny the existence of phenomena , but explain them in terms of another reality ; eliminationists deny the existence of the phenomena themselves . For example , eliminationists deny the existence of life by their explanation in terms of physical and chemical processes . Daniel Dennett denies the existence of consciousness .   Reductionism also does not preclude the existence of what might be called emergent phenomena , but it does imply the ability to understand those phenomena completely in terms of the processes from which they are composed . This reductionist understanding is very different from emergentism , which intends that what emerges in `` emergence '' is more than the sum of the processes from which it emerges .

Radiometric calibration is a general term used in science and technology for any set of calibration techniques in support of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation and atomic particle radiation . These can be for instance , in the field of Radiometry or the measurement of ionising radiation radiated from a source .

A rice cooker or rice steamer is an automated kitchen appliance designed to boil or steam rice . It consists of a heat source , a cooking bowl , and a thermostat . The thermostat measures the temperature of the cooking bowl and controls the heat . Complex rice cookers may have many more sensors and other components , and may be multipurpose .

Data curation is a broad term used to indicate processes and activities related to the organization and integration of data collected from various sources , annotation of the data , and publication and presentation of the data such that the value of the data is maintained over time , and the data remains available for reuse and preservation . Data curation includes `` all the processes needed for principled and controlled data creation , maintenance , and management , together with the capacity to add value to data '' . In science , data curation may indicate the process of extraction of important information from scientific texts , such as research articles by experts , to be converted into an electronic format , such as an entry of a biological database .   In the modern era of big data the curation of data has become more prominent , particularly for software processing high volume and complex data systems . The term is also used in historical uses and the humanities , where increasing cultural and scholarly data from digital humanities projects requires the expertise and analytical practices of data curation . In broad terms , curation means a range of activities and processes done to create , manage , maintain , and validate a component .

A deserted island or uninhabited island is an island that is not permanently populated by humans . Uninhabited islands are often used in movies or stories about shipwrecked people , and are also used as stereotypes for the idea of `` paradise '' . Some uninhabited islands are protected as nature reserves and some are privately owned . Devon Island in Canada is claimed to be the largest uninhabited island in the world .   Small coral atolls or islands usually have no source of fresh water , but at times a fresh water lens ( Ghyben -- Herzberg lens ) can be reached with a well .

Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy and it refers to the renewable generation of heat , rather than electrical power ( e.g. replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators ) . Renewable heat technologies include renewable biofuels , solar heating , geothermal heating , heat pumps and heat exchangers to recover lost heat . Significant attention is also applied to insulation .   Many colder countries consume more energy for heating than electrical power . For example , in 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh of electric power , but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh , the majority of which ( 81 % ) was met using gas . The residential sector alone consumed a massive 550 TWh of energy for heating , mainly in the form of gas . Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK ( 49 % ) was in the form of heat , of which 70 % was used by households and in commercial and public buildings . Households used heat mainly for space heating ( 69 % ) and heating water .   The relative competitiveness of renewable electricity and renewable heat depends on a nation 's approach to energy and environment policy . Few renewable technologies ( whether for heat , electricity or transport ) are competitive with fossil fuels without some form of carbon valuation or subsidy . In those countries , such as Sweden , Denmark and Finland , where government intervention has been closest to a technology-neutral form of carbon valuation ( i.e. carbon and energy taxes ) , renewable heat has played the leading role in a very substantial renewable contribution to final energy consumption . In those countries , such as Germany , Spain , the USA , and the UK , where government intervention has been set at different levels for different technologies , uses and scales , the contributions of renewable heat and renewable electricity technologies have depended on the relative levels of support , and have resulted generally in a lower renewable contribution to final energy consumption .

Remanence or remanent magnetization or residual magnetism is the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material ( such as iron ) after an external magnetic field is removed . It is also the measure of that magnetization . Colloquially , when a magnet is `` magnetized '' it has remanence . The remanence of magnetic materials provides the magnetic memory in magnetic storage devices , and is used as a source of information on the past Earth 's magnetic field in paleomagnetism .   The equivalent term residual magnetization is generally used in engineering applications . In transformers , electric motors and generators a large residual magnetization is not desirable ( see also electrical steel ) as it is an unwanted contamination , for example a magnetization remaining in an electromagnet after the current in the coil is turned off . Where it is unwanted , it can be removed by degaussing .   Sometimes the term retentivity is used for remanence measured in units of magnetic flux density .


Question: The observation of rising surface temperatures on celestial bodies such as Mars, Triton, Pluto, and Jupiter suggests that the sun's increased activity might be playing a significant role in shaping climatic conditions across our entire solar system. This phenomenon supports the theory that solar radiation could potentially overshadow other factors when it comes to influencing planetary climates within this cosmic neighborhood.

 Climate Changes Across Our Solar System: A Universal Phenomenon?
Recent studies suggest that several celestial bodies within our solar system exhibit signs of global warming akin to those observed on Earth. Mars, Triton, Pluto, and even mighty Jupiter display evidence of rising temperatures, implicating the sun’s radiative output as the predominant factor shaping climates across vast distances. On Mars, retreating polar ice caps mirror terrestrial trends, while Triton showcases unexpected volcanic activity fueled partly by increased heat. Pluto reveals changes in atmospheric thickness correlating with distance from the sun; closer proximity correlates with warmer conditions. Even Jupiter experiences shifts attributed largely to variations in solar radiation rather than internal mechanisms alone. These findings underscore how the sun governs planetary environments far beyond just Earth, highlighting universal dynamics underlying climate systems throughout space.
This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, and overall tone while addressing the original claim about multiple planets showing global warming influenced predominantly by solar effects. Each paragraph retains focus but explores different aspects supporting the central theme—climate variability linked closely to stellar influences—a strategy mirroring both texts' informational approach without directly repeating content verbatim.

Ratha Saptami or Rathasapthami ( रथसप्तमी or Magha Saptami ) is a Hindu festival that falls on the seventh day ( Saptami ) in the bright half ( Shukla Paksha ) of the Hindu month Maagha . It is symbolically represented in the form of the Sun God Surya turning his Ratha ( Chariot ) drawn by seven horses ( representing seven colours ) towards the northern hemisphere , in a north-easterly direction . It also marks the birth of Surya and hence celebrated as Surya Jayanti ( the Sun-god 's birthday ) .   Ratha Saptami is symbolic of the change of season to spring and the start of the harvesting season . For most Indian farmers , it is an auspicious beginning of the New Year . The festival is observed by all Hindus in their houses and in innumerable temples dedicated to Surya , across India .

Kraken Catena is a crater chain ( catena ) on Triton , the largest natural satellite of Neptune . It is named after the Kraken of Norse mythology ; the name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1991 . It is located at 14 ° N , 35.5 ° E.

Kruger 60 ( DO Cephei ) is a binary star system located 13.15 light-years from the Sun . These red dwarf stars orbit each other every 44.6 years .   The larger , primary star is designated component A , while the secondary , smaller star is labeled component B. Component A has about 27 % of the Sun 's mass and 35 % of the Sun 's radius . Component B has about 18 % of the Sun 's mass and 24 % of the Sun 's radius . Component B is a flare star and has been given the variable star designation `` DO Cephei '' . It is an irregular flare that typically doubles in brightness and then returns to normal over an 8-minute period .   On average , the two stars are separated by 9.5 AUs , which is roughly the average distance of Saturn from the Sun . However , their eccentric mutual orbit causes their distance to vary between 5.5 AUs at periastron , to 13.5 at apastron .   This system is orbiting through the Milky Way at a distance from the core that varies from 7 -- 9 kpc with an orbital eccentricity of 0.126 -- 0.130 . The closest approach to the Sun will occur in about 88,600 years when this system will come within 1.95 parsecs .

LHS 1140 is a red dwarf in the constellation of Cetus . Based on its stellar properties , it is thought to be about 41 light-years away from the Sun . ` LHS ' refers to the Luyten Half-Second Catalogue of stars with proper motions exceeding half a second of arc annually . The star is over 5 billion years old and has 15 % of the mass of the Sun . LHS 1140 's rotational period is 130 days . No flares have been observed .   LHS 1140 has a rocky planet , LHS 1140b , orbiting it . The planet is a super-Earth in a habitable zone and transits the star . This allows its atmosphere to be studied . The mass of LHS 1140b is 6.7 ± 1.8 times Earth 's and its radius is 1.4 ± 0.1 times as large , giving it a density roughly 2.3 ± 0.6 times that of Earth .   The orbit of LHS 1140b is nearly circular with a radius of 0.09 AU . LHS 1140b orbits and transits the star every 25 days . The planet was discovered by the MEarth Project . Radial velocities were measured by High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher .

is a small trans-Neptunian object discovered through the Sloan Digital Sky Survey by Andrew Becker , Andrew Puckett , and Jeremy Kubica on images first taken on September 27 , 2006 ( with precovery images dated to September 13 , 2005 ) .   It has a strongly eccentric orbit , crossing that of Neptune near perihelion but bringing it more than 1,500 AU from the Sun at aphelion . It takes about 22,500 years to orbit the barycenter of the Solar System . The large semi-major axis makes it similar to and 90377 Sedna . With an absolute magnitude ( H ) of 8.1 , it is estimated to be about 60 to 140 km in diameter . Michael Brown estimates that it has an albedo of 0.08 which would give a diameter of around 110 km .   The object could possibly be a comet . The discoverers hypothesize that the object could come from the Hills cloud , but other scientists like California Institute of Technology 's Michael Brown also consider other possibilities , including the theory `` it may have formed from debris just beyond Neptune -LSB- in the Kuiper belt -RSB- and been ` kicked ' into its distant orbit by a planet like Neptune or Uranus '' .

The Raditladi quadrangle ( H-4 ) is one of fifteen quadrangles on Mercury . It runs from 270 to 180 ° longitude and 20 to 70 ° latitude . Named after the Raditladi Basin , it was mapped in detail for the first time after MESSENGER entered orbit around Mercury in 2011 . It had not been mapped prior to that point because it was one of the six quadrangles that was not illuminated ( with the exception of a thin strip of its territory along the eastern border with Shakespeare quadrangle ) when Mariner 10 made its flybys in 1974 and 1975 . These six quadrangles continued to be known by their albedo feature names , with this one known as the Liguria quadrangle .   Caloris Basin is centered in Raditladi quadrangle , though it overlaps significantly with the Tolstoj and Shakespeare quadrangles .

Radiative flux , also known as radiative flux density or radiation flux , is the amount of power radiated through a given area , in the form of photons or other elementary particles , typically measured in W/m2 . It is used in astronomy to determine the magnitude and spectral class of a star . Radiative flux also acts as a generalization of heat flux , which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to the infrared spectrum .   When radiative flux is incident on a surface , it is often called irradiance . Flux emitted from a surface may be called radiant exitance or radiant emittance .

( 15820 ) 1994 TB is a trans-Neptunian object residing in the Kuiper belt . It is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Neptune , similar to Pluto . It was discovered on October 2 , 1994 , by David C. Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory , in Hawaii .

Raditladi Basin is a large peak ring impact crater on Mercury with a diameter of 263 km . Inside its peak ring there is a system of concentric extensional troughs ( graben ) , which are rare surface features on Mercury . The floor of Raditladi is partially covered by relatively light smooth plains , which are thought to be a product of the effusive volcanism . The troughs may also have resulted from volcanic processes under the floor of Raditladi . The basin is relatively young -- probably younger than one billion years , with only a few small impact craters on its floor and with well-preserved basin walls and peak-ring structure .

Lacus Somniorum is a plain located in the northeastern part of the Moon 's near side . It is located at selenographic coordinates 38.0 ° N , 29.2 ° E , and has a diameter of 384 kilometers . ( It is the largest of the lunar features designated Lacus . ) The name is Latin for Lake of Dreams , a title given to this feature by Riccioli .   Lacus Somniorum is an irregular feature with complex , somewhat ill-defined borders . The surface has the same low albedo as the larger lunar mare found on the Moon , and its surface was formed by flows of basaltic lava .   To the southwest this plain is joined to the Mare Serenitatis through a wide gap northwest of the crater Posidonius . This crater forms the western end of the southern border , which extends eastward to about longitude 41 ° before turning northwest . Along this southern border is attached the flooded crater Hall , and a 150-km-long rille named the Rima G. Bond for the small crater G. Bond south of Hall .   The irregular eastern border comes close to the small crater Maury before continuing to the north until it reaches the crater remnant Williams . From there the edge continues to the west . A narrow border region separates the Lacus Somniorum from the smaller Lacus Mortis to the north . This strip of rough terrain includes the flooded impact craters Mason and Plana .   Finally the lake curves back to the south , joining a region of rough terrain along the northern border of the Mare Serenitatis . In the southern half of this border area lies a rille system designated the Rimae Daniell . These were named for the crater Daniell , a small formation north of Posidonius that is encircled by the Lacus Somniorum . To the north of Daniell , near the northern edge of this feature , lies the small crater Grove .   Somniorum , Lacus


Question: The observation of increased surface temperature on celestial bodies such as Mars, Triton, Pluto, and Jupiter suggests that the sun's activity may be the primary driver for climatic changes across our solar system. This phenomenon supports the notion that solar radiation significantly impacts planetary climates beyond Earth’s atmosphere.

 Solar System's Shared Climate Trend: Evidence of Universal Causes

Solar system-wide phenomena often hint at overarching influences shaping planetary conditions beyond individual worlds. Recent observations suggest that Mars, Triton, Pluto, and even mighty Jupiter exhibit signs consistent with what we term "global warming" here on Earth - albeit within each celestial body’s unique context. This raises intriguing questions regarding whether there exists some common factor capable of influencing climates across vast distances; perhaps none so compellingly implicated as our own sun itself.

The Sun serves as the central source powering life-sustaining energy flows throughour entire cosmic neighborhood. Its radiant output varies subtly yet significantly enough over time scales relevant both astronomically speaking – millennia –and geologically– millions ifnot billions ofyears. Such fluctuations can profoundly impact surrounding environments, potentially triggering chain reactions leadingto observable shiftsin atmospheric compositionor thermal equilibrium statesamong planets orbiting nearby.

Evidence supportingthis hypothesis comesfrom multiple directions.Firstly,surface temperatures measuredacross several bodieswithinthe outer reachesofthesolarsystemhaveindeedrisenover recentdecades.Secondly,long-term trendsindicatingincreasedvolatilityinicesheet dynamicspointtowardwarmerconditionsprevailingbeneaththeir surfaces.Thirdly,detailedanalysisofJovianatmosphericcompositionrevealssignsofhigherthanexpectedmethaneconcentrations—agreenhousegaswhoseaccumulationcouldreflectwidespreadheatingprocessesoccurringelsewhereinthelocalenvironment.Finally,carefulstudyofMars’polarcapsyieldsevidenceforrecentretreatsandmeltingeventsanalogoustothoseobservedhereonEarthduringperiodsofincreasedsolarradiationoutput.

While humankind’s direct contributionsto localclimatechangeisundeniablegivenourprofligateuseoffossilfuelsandrelianceonindustrysincepreindustrialtimes,itbecomesincreasinglydifficulttosolelyattributetheseplanet-widetemperaturevariationssolelytodomesticactivitieswhenconsideringsuchdistantlocalesasTritonorPluto.Whereasthemechanismsunderlyingeachworld’sspecificresponsesmayvarywidelydependinguponindividualgeologicalhistoriesandphysicalcharacteristics,theveryfactthatmultiplediversecasescanbedocumentedstronglysuggeststhatsomeunifyingforceismostlikelyresponsibleforinitiatingthesechangesinitiallybeforelocalfeedbackloopsmagnifyeffectsindependentlythereafter.

In lightofallavailabledata,scientistsnowrecognizethecriticalroleplayedbyoursolarenvironmentins

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG , RITEG ) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect . This generator has no moving parts .   RTGs have been used as power sources in satellites , space probes , and unmanned remote facilities such as a series of lighthouses built by the former Soviet Union inside the Arctic Circle . RTGs are usually the most desirable power source for unmaintained situations that need a few hundred watts ( or less ) of power for durations too long for fuel cells , batteries , or generators to provide economically , and in places where solar cells are not practical . Safe use of RTGs requires containment of the radioisotopes long after the productive life of the unit .

, provisionally known as , is a centaur roughly 30 -- 60 km in diameter . It has a highly inclined orbit and a barycentric semi-major axis ( average distance from the Sun ) of ~ 353 AU .   has a well determined orbit and has been assigned a minor planet number . Objects such may be the origin of Halley-type comets .   It came to perihelion in February 2013 at a distance of 11 AU from the Sun ( outside the orbit of Saturn ) . , it is 12 AU from the Sun .   It will not be 50 AU from the Sun until 2047 . After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System , will have a barycentric aphelion of 696 AU with an orbital period of 6640 years .   In a 10 million year integration of the orbit , the nominal ( best-fit ) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 8.3 AU ( qmin ) from the Sun .

The Red Square Nebula is a celestial object located in the area of the sky occupied by star MWC 922 in the constellation Serpens . The first images of this bipolar nebula , taken using the Mt. Palomar Hale telescope in California , were released in April 2007 . It is notable for its square shape , which according to Sydney University astrophysicist Peter Tuthill , makes it one of the most symmetrical celestial objects ever imaged .   The explanation proposed by Tuthill and his collaborator James Lloyd of Cornell University is that the square shape arises from two cone shapes placed tip-to-tip , as seen from the side . This also explains the `` double-ring '' structure seen in SN 1987A .   A series of faint spokes radiate from the center of the structure . One possible explanation is that these spokes are shadows cast by periodic ripples or waves on the surface of an inner disk close to the central star .   There is no clear explanation of how the central star could produce the nebula 's shape :  Towards the end of their lives , many low-mass stars , like the Sun , slough off their outer layers to produce striking ` planetary ' nebulae . But the hot star at the heart of the Red Square nebula , called MWC 922 , appears to be relatively massive , suggesting another process formed its signature shape . `` How did all this beautiful , crisp structure form ? '' asks Peter Tuthill of the University of Sydney in Australia . `` This is the million dollar question . ''

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .

is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting the Sun in the scattered disc . It was discovered on 13 March 2010 , at the Chilean Las Campañas Observatory by astronomers Andrzej Udalski , Scott S. Sheppard , Marcin Kubiak and Chad Trujillo . The discovery was made during the Polish OGLE project of Warsaw University . Based on its absolute magnitude and assumed albedo , it is very likely a dwarf planet with a calculated diameter of approximately 470 kilometers .

1481 Tübingia , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 34 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 7 February 1938 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany .   The dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.9 -- 3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months ( 1,917 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It was first identified as at the U.S. Taunton Observatory in 1907 . Tübingias first used observation was made at Heidelberg in 1933 , extending the body 's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation .   In October 2008 , a rotational light-curve of Tübingia was obtained form photometric observations by James Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory in California . It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude . The result supersedes a much longer period obtained in the 1980s .   According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Tübingia measures between 33.26 and 40.12 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.082 to 0.117 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS , that is an albedo of 0.117 and a diameter of 33.26 kilometers .   The asteroid was named after Tübingen , city in southern Germany and birthplace of astronomer Johannes Kepler . Naming citation was published before November 1977 .

David Fabricius ( March 9 , 1564 -- May 7 , 1617 aged 53 ) , was a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy , jointly with his eldest son , Johannes Fabricius ( 1587 -- 1615 ) .   David Fabricius ( Latinization of his proper name David Faber or David Goldschmidt possibly Hebrew ) was born at Esens , studied at the University of Helmstedt starting in 1583 and served as pastor for small towns near his birthplace in Frisia ( now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands ) , at Resterhafe near Dornum in 1584 and at Osteel in 1603 . As was common for Protestant ministers of the day , he dabbled in science : his particular interest was astronomy . Fabricius corresponded with astronomer Johannes Kepler .   Fabricius discovered the first known periodic variable star ( as opposed to cataclysmic variables , such as novas and supernovas ) , Mira , in August 1596 . At first he believed it to be `` just '' another nova , as the whole concept of a recurring variable did not exist at the time . When he saw Mira brighten again in 1609 , however , it became clear that a new kind of object had been discovered in the sky .   Two years later , his son Johannes Fabricius ( 1587 -- 1615 ) returned from university in the Netherlands with telescopes that they turned on the Sun . Despite the difficulties of observing the sun directly , they noted the existence of sunspots , the first confirmed instance of their observation ( though unclear statements in East Asian annals suggest that Chinese astronomers may have discovered them with the naked eye previously , and Fabricius may have noticed them himself without a telescope a few years before ) . The pair soon invented camera obscura telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk , and observed that the spots moved . They would appear on the eastern edge of the disk , steadily move to the western edge , disappear , then reappear at the east again after the passage of the same amount of time that it had taken for it to cross the disk in the first place . This suggested that the Sun rotated on its axis , which had been postulated before but never backed up with evidence . Johannes published Maculis in Sole Observatis , et Apparente earum cum Sole Conversione Narratio ( `` Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun '' ) in June 1611 . Unfortunately , after Johannes Fabricius ' early death at the age of 29 , the book remained obscure and was eclipsed ( so to speak ) by the independent discoveries of and publications about sunspots by Christoph Scheiner in January 1612 and Galileo Galilei in March 1612 .   Besides these two discoveries , little else is known about David Fabricius except his unusual manner of death , which occurred at Osteel : after denouncing a local goose thief from the pulpit , the accused man struck him in the head with a shovel and killed him .

14 Herculis b or 14 Her b is an extrasolar planet approximately 59 light-years away in the constellation of Hercules . The planet was found orbiting the star 14 Herculis , with a mass that would likely make the planet a Jovian planet roughly the same size as Jupiter but much more massive . It was discovered in July 1998 by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team . At the time of discovery it was the extrasolar planet with the longest orbital period , though longer-period planets have subsequently been discovered .

1865 Cerberus , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group , approximately 1.6 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 26 October 1971 , by Czech astronomer Luboš Kohoutek at the Hamburger Bergedorf Observatory in Germany and named in 1974 .   The S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6 -- 1.6 AU once every 1 years and 1 month ( 410 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 16 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   Cerberus is composed of 65 % plagioclase and 35 % pyroxene , has a rotation period of 6.804 hours , a geometric albedo of 0.220 , and passes within 30 gigametres ( Gm ) of the Earth 7 times from the year 1900 to the year 2100 , each time at a distance of 24.4 Gm to 25.7 Gm . It also makes close approaches to Mars and Venus .   The minor planet is named after the figure from Greek mythology , Cerberus , a three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to Hades , the Underworld . His capture marked the last of the twelve labors of Hercules . It is also the name of an extinct constellation , Cerberus , now contained in the eastern part of Hercules . ( It should not be confused with Kerberos , a moon of the dwarf planet Pluto . ) Naming citation was published before November 1977 .


Question: There's been an absence of significant solar activity trends since the mid-20th century; surprisingly, there’s even evidence suggesting a marginal decrease in solar output over the past few decades.

 Solar Activity Trends Since 1950: Implications for Earth’s Energy Budget
Since the mid-20th century, detailed observations reveal that there hasn't been any significant upward trend in overall solar irradiance affecting Earth's climate system. Contrary to some expectations, data analysis indicates a subtle decrease in solar radiation reaching Earth during recent decades. This observation underscores how complex interactions beyond solar fluctuations govern planetary temperatures.
Earth's climate system operates under strict energetic constraints determined by sunlight absorption versus heat emission into space. A surplus of inbound energy leads to net warming, while enhanced outbound flux results in cooling trends. Despite minor solar intensity dips, anthropogenic influences—primarily greenhouse gases—are now widely recognized as dominant drivers behind observed global warming phenomena.
Solar variability encompasses both internal dynamics impacting atmospheric conditions across different timescales and responses triggered by extrinsic stimuli unrelated directly to solar behavior itself. Internal mechanisms involve cyclical adjustments seen in major oceanic cycles like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) alongside regional shifts attributed to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Externally imposed alterations might stem from altered stellar outputs or volcanic eruptions injecting particulates high above stratospheric layers.
Understanding connections among diverse elements shaping terrestrial environments remains crucially relevant given ongoing debates surrounding mitigation strategies against man-made climate disruptions. Observations suggest solar contributions alone cannot account adequately for current warming trajectories without considering amplified feedback loops involving carbon dioxide concentrations and associated thermal retention effects near ground surfaces.
In summary, although solar impacts remain integral aspects influencing broader meteorological patterns, empirical evidence points convincingly toward escalating anthropocentric pressures exerted upon delicate ecological balances maintained throughout historical epochs preceding Industrial Revolution milestones. Continued monitoring coupled with rigorous scientific inquiry will undoubtedly refine perspectives concerning future projections amidst rapidly evolving technological landscapes aimed at curbing potentially catastrophic outcomes linked explicitly to unchecked GHG proliferation scenarios.

1E161348-5055 or 1E 161348-5055 is a neutron star found in the centre of RCW103 supernova remnant . It is a periodic X-Ray source with a period of 6.67 hours . It is approximately 2000 years old . It is 10,000 light years away in the constellation Norma .   The star was discovered by the Einstein Observatory .   This star is unusual because of its rotation period of 6.7 hours . Its period is too long for a star of 2000 years , which should be rotating thousands of times faster . Instead , it is behaving more like a multi-million-year-old star . Another oddity occurred between October 1999 and January 2000 . The star became 50 times brighter . The flare has faded since its peak but has not returned to its pre-1999 level . Two theories have been put forward to explain these phenomena .   The first is that the star possesses a massive magnetic field . This strong field would brake against the debris disk left behind by the supernova , which has thus far been unknown to science . This theory would account for the slower than expected rotation but not for the increase in brightness .   An alternate explanation is that the star has a low-mass X-ray binary . The companion star would orbit in an elongated orbit . When the companion is close to the neutron star , it would feed mass into it , creating the increased brightness . The drag created by the companion on the neutron star 's magnetic field would also slow the rotation of the neutron star . If this scenario is the case , it is the youngest such system yet observed .

Decentralization is the process of redistributing or dispersing functions , powers , people or things away from a central location or authority . While centralization , especially in the governmental sphere , is widely studied and practiced , there is no common definition or understanding of decentralization . The meaning of decentralization may vary in part because of the different ways it is applied . Concepts of decentralization have been applied to group dynamics and management science in private businesses and organizations , political science , law and public administration , economics and technology .

Delta Coronae Borealis ( δ CrB ) is a star in the constellation Corona Borealis . Its apparent magnitude is 4.60 , and it is around 170 light-years distant . It is actually a yellow giant star of spectral type G3 .5 III that around 2.4 times as massive as the Sun and has swollen to 7.4 times its radius . It has a surface temperature of 5180 K. For most of its existence , Delta Coronae Borealis was a blue-white main sequence star of spectral type B before it ran out of hydrogen fuel in its core . Its luminosity and spectrum suggest it has just crossed the Hertzsprung gap , having finished burning core hydrogen and just begun burning hydrogen in its shell . It is slightly variable , over a period of 59 days , thought to be because of its sunspots . It is a strong source of X-rays due to its hot corona .

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon ( Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici ) , also known as the Order of Solomon 's Temple , the Knights Templar , or simply as Templars , was a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See . The order was founded in 1119 and active from about 1129 to 1312 .   The order , which was among the wealthiest and most powerful , became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power . They were prominent in Christian finance . Templar knights , in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross , were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades . Non-combatant members of the order managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom , developing innovative financial techniques that were an early form of banking , and building fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land .   The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades ; when the Holy Land was lost , support for the order faded . Rumours about the Templars ' secret initiation ceremony created distrust , and King Philip IV of France -- deeply in debt to the order -- took advantage of the situation to gain control over them . In 1307 , he had many of the order 's members in France arrested , tortured into giving false confessions , and burned at the stake . Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip .   The abrupt reduction in power of a significant group in European society gave rise to speculation , legend , and legacy through the ages . The appropriation of their name by later organizations has kept the name `` Templar '' alive to the present day , while helping to obscure its origin .

RS Telescopii is a star in the constellation Telescopium .   It is a rare R Coronae Borealis variable -- an extremely hydrogen-deficient supergiant thought to have arisen as the result of the merger of two white dwarfs ; fewer than 100 have been discovered as of 2012 .   It has a maximum magnitude of 9.6 and a minimum magnitude 16.5 . As of 2012 , four dimmings have been observed .   It has under 55 % the mass of the Sun and an effective ( surface ) temperature of around 6750 K.

The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India ( 17 ° -- 24 ° N , 73 ° -- 74 ° E ) and one of the largest volcanic features on Earth . They consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than 2000 m thick , cover an area of 500000 km2 , and have a volume of 1000000 km3 . Originally , the Deccan Traps may have covered 1500000 km2 , with a correspondingly larger original volume .

Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely . A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours .   An increasing number of individuals are choosing to put off this point of total retirement , by selecting to exist in the emerging state of Pre-tirement .   Many people choose to retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits , although some are forced to retire when physical conditions no longer allow the person to work any longer ( by illness or accident ) or as a result of legislation concerning their position . In most countries , the idea of retirement is of recent origin , being introduced during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Previously , low life expectancy and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until death . Germany was the first country to introduce retirement , in 1889 .   Nowadays , most developed countries have systems to provide pensions on retirement in old age , which may be sponsored by employers and/or the state . In many poorer countries , support for the old is still mainly provided through the family . Today , retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies , and hard ideological , social , cultural and political battles have been fought over whether this is a right . In many western countries this right is mentioned in national constitutions .

R Geminorum ( R Gem ) is a Mira variable and technetium star in the constellation Gemini . When at maximum light its apparent visual magnitude usually is between 6 and 7 , while at minimum light it is typically near magnitude 14 . It is located approximately 575 pc away .   It is one of the brightest known examples of an S-type star , a type that is similar to M-type star , but whose spectra shows zirconium oxide , yttrium oxide and technetium . These exotic elements are formed in the star 's core . Technetium has a half-life of just 4.2 million years , so it must have been brought up from the core relatively recently . R Gem has an unusual amount of it , even for an S-type star .

The 19th century of the Common Era began on 1 January 1801 and ended on 31 December 1900 , according to the Gregorian calendar .   19th century or Nineteenth century may refer to :   19th century  Nineteenth Century ( periodical ) , a British monthly literary magazine  Nineteenth-Century Literature , a University of California Press literary journal

In geology , degradation refers to the lowering of a fluvial surface , such as a stream bed or floodplain , through erosional processes . It is the opposite of aggradation . Degradation is characteristic of channel networks in which either bedrock erosion is taking place , or in systems that are sediment-starved and are therefore entraining more material than is being deposited . When a stream degrades , it leaves behind a fluvial terrace . This can be further classified as a strath terrace -- a bedrock terrace that may have a thin mantle of alluvium -- if the river is incising through bedrock . These terraces may often be dated with methods such as cosmogenic radionuclide dating , OSL dating , and paleomagnetic dating ( using reversals in the Earth 's magnetic field to constrain the timing of events ) to find when a river was at a particular level and how quickly it is downcutting .


Question: There has been no significant change in solar activity over time since mid-20th century; if anything, there's evidence suggesting that we've experienced marginal decreases in overall solar radiation during contemporary timespans. This indicates that factors other than variations in solar output must be responsible for observed climate changes on Earth throughout this period.

21st Century Solar Activity Trends
Contrary to popular belief, solar activity analysis reveals little significant variation since the mid-20th century. Despite predictions suggesting otherwise, data indicates a subtle decrease in overall solar output throughout recent decades. This unexpected cooling trend challenges assumptions linking contemporary climate shifts solely to anthropogenic influences. Historically, periods like the Maunder Minimum—a phase characterized by reduced solar irradiance—have correlated with cooler temperatures akin to those observed during the Little Ice Age. However, current trends suggest more complex interactions within the Sun-Earth system. Scientists continue investigating possible mechanisms behind these phenomena: fluctuations in magnetic field strength, alterations in cosmic ray flux impacting cloud formation, and intrinsic oscillations within stellar bodies. Understanding how solar dynamics influence planetary climates remains crucial for accurate future projections amidst ongoing debates regarding global warming causality.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus while addressing the original claim concerning solar behavior post-1950 without directly referencing specific years or repeating phrases verbatim from your provided reference material.

1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus . With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2 , the star is barely visible to the naked eye ( see Bortle scale ) . Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 620 light years ( 190 parsecs ) away from the Earth .   1 Ceti has a spectral type of K1III , implying a K-type giant . These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M , with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun . The `` CNII '' in its spectral type indicates a cyanide in its spectrum .

A radio-quiet neutron star is a neutron star that does not seem to emit radio emissions . But they are visible from the Earth through electromagnetic radiation at other parts of the spectrum , particularly x-rays and gamma rays .

The death ray or death beam was a theoretical particle beam or electromagnetic weapon of the 1920s through the 1930s that was claimed to have been invented independently by Guglielmo Marconi , Nikola Tesla , Harry Grindell Matthews , Edwin R. Scott , and Graichen , as well as others . In 1957 , the National Inventors Council was still issuing lists of needed military inventions that included a death ray .   While based in fiction , research into energy-based weapons inspired by past speculation has contributed to real-life weapons in use by modern militaries sometimes called a sort of `` death ray '' , such as the United States Navy and its Laser Weapon System ( LaWS ) deployed in mid-2014 . Such armaments are technically known as directed-energy weapons .

The Last Days on Earth is a 20/20 science special which aired on ABC in August 2006 and has been aired on The History Channel .   The show counts down the seven most likely ways in which human life could end , including gamma ray bursts , black holes , machine rule , asteroids , super volcanoes , nuclear war , pandemic flu , and climate change . It includes input from a number of scientists including Michio Kaku , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Stephen Hawking and Kevin Warwick . In 2007 it received an Emmy nomination for its graphic and artistic design .

R Lyrae is a 4th magnitude semiregular variable star in the constellation Lyra , approximately 350 light years away from Earth . It is a red giant star of the spectral type M5III , meaning it has a surface temperature of under 3,500 kelvins . It is much larger and brighter , yet cooler , than the Sun . In the near-infrared J band , it is brighter than the nearby Vega .   R Lyrae is unusual in that it is a red star with a high proper motion , greater than 50 milliarcseconds a year .   The variability is not consistent and regular , but periods of 46 , 64 , 378 , and 1,000 days have been reported , with the 46-day period being the strongest .   It is calculated that R Lyrae was a star on the main sequence . It is considered an oxygen-rich asymptotic giant branch star , with both hydrogen and helium shells fusing .

R Geminorum ( R Gem ) is a Mira variable and technetium star in the constellation Gemini . When at maximum light its apparent visual magnitude usually is between 6 and 7 , while at minimum light it is typically near magnitude 14 . It is located approximately 575 pc away .   It is one of the brightest known examples of an S-type star , a type that is similar to M-type star , but whose spectra shows zirconium oxide , yttrium oxide and technetium . These exotic elements are formed in the star 's core . Technetium has a half-life of just 4.2 million years , so it must have been brought up from the core relatively recently . R Gem has an unusual amount of it , even for an S-type star .

Kosmos 262 ( Космос 262 meaning Cosmos 262 ) , also known as DS-U2-GF No. 1 , was a Soviet satellite which was launched in 1968 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme . It was a 352 kg spacecraft , which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau , and was used to study the Sun .   A Kosmos-2I 63SM carrier rocket was used to launch Kosmos 262 into low Earth orbit . The launch occurred at 09:45:01 UTC on 26 December 1968 , and resulted in the successful insertion of the satellite into orbit . It took place from Site 86/4 at Kapustin Yar . Upon reaching orbit , the satellite was assigned its Kosmos designation , and received the International Designator 1968-119A . The North American Aerospace Defense Command assigned it the catalogue number 03629 .   Kosmos 262 was the only DS-U2-GF satellite to be launched . It was operated in an orbit with a perigee of 255 km , an apogee of 747 km , 48.4 degrees of inclination , and an orbital period of 94.6 minutes . It completed operations on 3 May 1969 , before decaying from orbit and reentering the atmosphere on 18 July .

R Coronae Borealis is a peculiar low-mass yellow supergiant star , and is the prototype of the rare RCB class of variable stars , which fade by several magnitudes at irregular intervals . R Coronae Borealis itself normally shines at approximately magnitude 6 , just about visible to the naked eye , in the constellation of Corona Borealis , but at intervals of several months to many years fades to as faint as magnitude 14 . Over successive months it gradually returns to its normal brightness , giving it the nickname `` Fade-Out star , '' or `` Reverse Nova '' .

18 Scorpii is a solitary star located at a distance of some 45.3 ly from Earth at the northern edge of the Scorpius constellation . It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.5 , which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye outside of urban areas .   18 Scorpii has some physical properties in common with the Sun , a G-type star . Cayrel de Strobel ( 1996 ) included it in her review of the stars most similar to the Sun , and Porto de Mello & da Silva ( 1997 ) identified it as a younger solar twin . Some scientists therefore believe the prospects for life in its vicinity are good . However , no planet has yet been discovered orbiting this star .

The traditional East Asian calendars divide a year into 24 solar terms . Dàshǔ , Taisho , Daeseo , or Đại thử is the 12th solar term . It begins when the Sun reaches the celestial longitude of 120 ° and ends when it reaches the longitude of 135 ° . It more often refers in particular to the day when the Sun is exactly at the celestial longitude of 120 ° . In the Gregorian calendar , it usually begins around 22 July ( 23 July East Asia time ) and ends around 7 August .   12  Category : Summer