Question: Horticulturists frequently infuse greenhouses with elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide—up to triple atmospheric norms—to cultivate more robust, lush, and vibrant vegetation.

 Boosting Greenhouse Yields: The Power of CO₂ Enrichment
Greenhouse growers often employ innovative methods to enhance crop yields and quality. One widely adopted technique involves enriching indoor environments with carbon dioxide (CO₂), increasing its concentration up to triple atmospheric levels. This practice has been shown to significantly boost plant health, vigor, and productivity across various crops.
By mimicking conditions found under high-CO₂ scenarios—such as those experienced during prehistoric periods when vegetation thrived—greenhouses can cultivate more robust, lush foliage. Enhanced photosynthesis leads directly to faster growth cycles and larger harvests compared to outdoor farming counterparts subjected only to ambient air composition.
Such controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) strategies enable farmers globally to maximize space efficiency while minimizing resource waste; thus ensuring sustainable food security amidst changing climates outside traditional agricultural zones. Whether cultivating tomatoes, cucumbers, ornamentals, or medicinal herbs like cannabis, supplemental CO₂ injection remains key among best practices for achieving optimal results indoors year-round without seasonal limitations typical elsewhere outdoors naturally.

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction . Many non-living substances such as fluids , hormones , and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system . Unlike most organ systems , the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences . These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals , which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring .

Degrowth is a political , economic , and social movement based on ecological economics , anti-consumerist and anti-capitalist ideas . It is also considered an essential economic strategy responding to the limits-to-growth dilemma ( see The Path to Degrowth in Overdeveloped Countries and post-growth ) . Degrowth thinkers and activists advocate for the downscaling of production and consumption -- the contraction of economies -- arguing that overconsumption lies at the root of long term environmental issues and social inequalities . Key to the concept of degrowth is that reducing consumption does not require individual martyring or a decrease in well-being . Rather , `` degrowthists '' aim to maximize happiness and well-being through non-consumptive means -- sharing work , consuming less , while devoting more time to art , music , family , nature , culture and community .

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .

Lathraea ( toothwort ) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants , native to temperate Europe and Asia . They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants , and are completely lacking chlorophyll . They are classified in the family Orobanchaceae .   The toothwort is a protocarnivorous plant . Most of the plant consists of a branched whitish underground stem closely covered with thick fleshy colourless leaves , which are bent over so as to hide the under surface ; irregular cavities communicating with the exterior are formed in the thickness of the leaf . On the inner walls of these chambers are stalked hairs , which when stimulated by the touch of an insect send out delicate filaments by means of which the insect is killed and digested .    Common toothwort ( Lathraea squamaria ) is parasitic on the roots of hazel and alder , occasionally on beech , in shady places such as hedge sides . Lathraea squamaria is widespread in Europe .  Purple toothwort ( Lathraea clandestina ) grows on the roots of alder , poplar and willow At Arduaine Garden in Argyll in the absence of the three well-known hosts it grows on the roots of a variety of ornamental trees and shrubs ; in the same garden cats are frequently seen to roll in the flowers and to eat them . It differs in the dark purple flowers being produced one on each stem . Purple toothwort grows in Middle and South Europe : Western Belgium , Western and Central France and Northern Spain , and locally in Central Italy . Elsewhere , especially in the British Isles , the plant is locally naturalized in parks and old gardens .  Rhodope toothwort ( Lathraea rhodopaea ) is common in the Rhodope Mountains and Rila mountain range in southeastern Europe .   In Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov 's `` In the Forests '' a Russian wise woman ( znakharka ) calls this plant Peter 's Cross and says it protects against devils but only if collected with a prayer to God .

Dickens Hall is a historical building at Kansas State University in Manhattan , Kansas . It currently houses the departments of Statistics and Philosophy and the Statistical Laboratory .   Dickens Hall was built before 1907 and was originally used by the Departments of Horticulture , Botany and Plant Pathology . Located north of the building were greenhouses that have since been demolished . These departments were relocated when Throckmorton Hall was completed . This building was named for Albert Dickens , who served the Department of Horticulture from 1899 to 1930 .

A lantern is a portable lighting device used to illuminate broad areas .   Lantern or Lanterns may also refer to :  Roof lantern , an architectural term to describe a structure above a dome , or other roof , with openings to admit light or air  Stage lighting instrument used in theatre and television  A large window above a stage , used before stage lighting to illuminate the action  The structure enclosing the light and lens of a lighthouse  Lantern ( Clogs album ) , a 2006 album by Clogs  Lantern ( Hudson Mohawke album ) , a 2015 album by Hudson Mohawke  Lanterns ( album ) , a 2013 album by Son Lux  Lanterns ( song ) . a song by Birds of Tokyo  The Lantern ( Cape newspaper ) , an early newspaper of the Cape Colony  The Lantern , a student-run newspaper at The Ohio State University  The Lantern ( film ) , a 1938 Czech film  Lantern frame , a machine used to wind cotton in an Arkwright-type mill  Large flashlights of six volts and more , with the battery cells housed side by side rather than end to end , have often been called lanterns , even though they produce a directional beam and are typically used for directed rather than area illumination .  Lantern ( software ) , a free peer-to-peer internet censorship circumvention software .

ROYGBIV or Roy G. Biv is an acronym for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet .   A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colors ; the distinct bands are an artifact of human color vision . In ROYGBIV , the colors are arranged in the order of decreasing wavelengths , with red being 650 nm and violet being about 400 nm . The acronym is memorable because Roy is a common male given name , so Roy G. Biv sounds like a first name , middle initial , and a last name .

Kula Botanical Garden is a 8 acre botanical garden located on Kekaulike Highway ( Highway 377 ) near the Kula Highway ( Highway 37 ) junction in Maui , Hawaii . It is open daily . An admission fee of $ 10.00 for adults and $ 3 for children ages 6 -- 12 is charged . Children under six are admitted free .   The garden was created in 1977 by Warren McCord as a native Hawaiian plant reserve . It was Maui 's first public garden . The garden is located near the Haleakalā volcano , at an elevation of 3300 ft. For both tropical and semitropical species . Today the garden contains nearly 2,000 plant varieties , including collections of protea , orchids , bromeliads , native Hawaiian plants , and trees including koa and kukui . Other features include an aviary , a koi pond , waterfalls , and a covered bridge .

A reagent -LSB- riˈeɪdʒənt -RSB- is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction , or added to test if a reaction occurs . The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably -- however , a reactant is more specifically a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction . Solvents , though involved in the reaction , are usually not called reactants . Similarly , catalysts are not consumed by the reaction , so they are not reactants . In biochemistry , especially in connection with enzyme-catalyzed reactions , the reactants are commonly called substrates .   In organic chemistry , the term `` reagent '' denotes a chemical ingredient ( a compound or mixture , typically of inorganic or small organic molecules ) introduced to cause a desired transformation of an organic substance . Examples include the Collins reagent , Fenton 's reagent , and Grignard reagents . In analytical chemistry , a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance , e.g. by a color change , or to measure concentration of a substance , e.g. by colorimetry . Examples include Fehling 's reagent , Millon 's reagent , and Tollens ' reagent .   In commercial or laboratory preparations , reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis , chemical reactions or physical testing . Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the American Chemical Society . For instance , reagent-quality water must have very low levels of impurities such as sodium and chloride ions , silica , and bacteria , as well as a very high electrical resistivity . Laboratory products which are less pure , but still useful and economical for undemanding work , may be designated as technical , practical , or crude grade to distinguish them from reagent versions .   In the field of biology , the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells . These reagents included antibodies ( polyclonal and monoclonal ) , oligomers , all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines , reagents and methods for molecular cloning and DNA replication , and many others .   Tool compounds are also important reagents in biology ; they are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule -- for example a drug target -- but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves , and are often starting points in the drug discovery process . Many natural products , such as curcumin , are hits in almost any assay in which they are tested , are not useful tool compounds , and are classified by medicinal chemists as `` pan-assay interference compounds '' .


Question: Horticulturists frequently infuse green spaces with carbon dioxide, tripling atmospheric concentrations found in nature, aiming at cultivating more robust, verdant, and thriving vegetation.

 Boosting Plant Growth through Controlled Environments
Innovative agricultural methods often involve manipulating atmospheric conditions within enclosed spaces to enhance plant health and productivity. For instance, growers frequently introduce additional carbon dioxide (CO2) into greenhouses, increasing its concentration up to triple what would naturally occur outdoors. By doing so, they create optimal environments for cultivating robust, lush vegetation. Greenhouse operators employ various strategies akin to those found in vertical farming setups; they regulate key elements like illumination, moisture content, warmth, air composition, and irrigation systems meticulously. Sometimes, traditional glass-roofed constructions incorporate supplementary LED lights alongside reflective materials to amplify available daylight, ensuring crops receive ample photosynthetic energy year-round regardless of external weather fluctuations.
The essence remains consistent: both documents discuss advanced horticultural practices involving manipulation of growing conditions—specifically referencing elevated CO2 concentrations—to foster superior quality flora indoors. However, while my response focuses more explicitly on how supplemental carbon dioxide benefits greenhouses specifically, your original passage delves deeper into aspects unique to vertical farming enterprises (e.g., stacking crops upwards). Nonetheless, each piece highlights ways humans leverage scientific understanding about plant physiology to improve yields sustainably amidst limited land availability challenges globally.

Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability ( LOHAS ) is a demographic defining a particular market segment related to sustainable living , `` green '' ecological initiatives , and generally composed of a relatively upscale and well-educated population segment . The author Paul H. Ray , who coined the term Cultural Creatives in his book by the same name , explains that `` What you 're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous . '' Included in the cultural creative demographic are consumers of New Age goods and services .   Researchers have reported a range of sizes of the LOHAS market segment . For example , Worldwatch Institute reported that the LOHAS market segment in the year 2006 was estimated at $ 300 billion , approximately 30 % of the U.S. consumer market ; and , a study by the Natural Marketing Institute showed that in 2007 , 41 million or 13 % of the Americans were included within the LOHAS psychographic . In Japan roughly 17 million adults or 12 % of the population are LOHAS consumers .

Radiodensity ( or radiopacity ) refers to the relative inability of electromagnetic radiation , particularly X-rays , to pass through a particular material . Radiolucency or hypodensity indicates greater transparency or `` transradiancy '' to X-ray photons . Materials that inhibit the passage of electromagnetic radiation are called radiodense or radiopaque , while those that allow radiation to pass more freely are referred to as radiolucent . The term refers to the relatively opaque white appearance of dense materials or substances on radiographic imaging studies , compared with the relatively darker appearance of less dense materials .   X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum , with photon energies above those of visible ( and ultraviolet ) light . X-rays are distinguished from gamma rays in that they are produced not by transitions within the atomic nucleus , but either by deceleration of a charged particle or by the transition of state of orbital electrons . Diagnostic X-rays are produced using X-ray tubes . The radio waves portion of the electromagnetic spectrum represents much lower energy/frequency photons than visible light . Thus , referring to the property of X-ray density as radiodensity appears contradictory by current knowledge , but is still used as a historical artifact .   Though the term radiodensity is more commonly used in the context of qualitative comparison , radiodensity can also be quantified according to the Hounsfield scale , a principle which is central to X-ray computed tomography ( CT scan ) applications . On the Hounsfield scale , distilled water has a value of 0 Hounsfield units ( HU ) , while air is specified as -1000 HU .   In modern medicine , radiodense substances are those that will not allow X-rays or similar radiation to pass . Radiographic imaging has been revolutionized by radiodense contrast media , which can be passed through the bloodstream , the gastrointestinal tract , or into the cerebral spinal fluid and utilized to highlight CT scan or X-ray images . Radiopacity is one of the key considerations in the design of various devices such as guidewires or stents that are used during radiological intervention . The radiopacity of a given endovascular device is important since it allows the device to be tracked during the interventional procedure .  The two main factors contributing to a material 's radiopacity are density and atomic number . Two common radiodense elements used in medical imagery are barium and iodine .   Medical devices often contain a radiopacifier to enhance visualization during implantation for temporary implantation devices , such as catheters or guidewires , or for monitoring the position of permanently implanted medical devices , such as stents , hip and knee implants , and screws . Metal implants usually have sufficient radiocontrast that additional radiopacifier is not necessary . Polymer-based devices , however , usually incorporate materials with high electron density contrast compared to the surrounding tissue . Examples of radiocontrast materials include titanium , tungsten , barium sulfate , and zirconium oxide . When testing a new medical device for regulatory submission , device manufacturers will usually evaluate the radiocontrast according to ASTM F640 `` Standard Test Methods for Determining Radiopacity for Medical Use . ''

A lantern is a portable lighting device used to illuminate broad areas .   Lantern or Lanterns may also refer to :  Roof lantern , an architectural term to describe a structure above a dome , or other roof , with openings to admit light or air  Stage lighting instrument used in theatre and television  A large window above a stage , used before stage lighting to illuminate the action  The structure enclosing the light and lens of a lighthouse  Lantern ( Clogs album ) , a 2006 album by Clogs  Lantern ( Hudson Mohawke album ) , a 2015 album by Hudson Mohawke  Lanterns ( album ) , a 2013 album by Son Lux  Lanterns ( song ) . a song by Birds of Tokyo  The Lantern ( Cape newspaper ) , an early newspaper of the Cape Colony  The Lantern , a student-run newspaper at The Ohio State University  The Lantern ( film ) , a 1938 Czech film  Lantern frame , a machine used to wind cotton in an Arkwright-type mill  Large flashlights of six volts and more , with the battery cells housed side by side rather than end to end , have often been called lanterns , even though they produce a directional beam and are typically used for directed rather than area illumination .  Lantern ( software ) , a free peer-to-peer internet censorship circumvention software .

Rhizanthella gardneri , also known as Western Underground Orchid , is a plant in the orchid family , discovered in the spring of 1928 in the wheatbelt of Western Australia .   Jack Trott had bent to investigate an odd crack that had appeared in his garden 's soil , and had noticed a sweet smell that arose from the ground . Scraping away the soil , he soon uncovered a tiny white flower , about half an inch across , growing underground . What he had found was an entirely new type of orchid . The discovery generated such excitement that a wax model was toured around the British Isles .   The white leafless plant is made up of a fleshy underground storage stem ( or tuber ) , which produces flower head consisting of around 150 tightly packed , tiny flowers . Unlike any other orchid in Australia , the Western Australian underground orchid remains completely underground for its whole life . Not being able to obtain the sun 's energy , it instead feeds on the broom honeymyrtle , a shrub . It is linked to it by a mycorrhizal fungus named Thanatephorus gardneri .   This particular orchid is a myco-heterotroph as it relies completely on the broom honeymyrtle and fungus for its nutrients and carbon dioxide . Having received this from the fungus the plant is then able to convert the water , nutrients and carbon dioxide into the energy needed for growth and maintenance .   The plant blooms in May and June and measures 2.5 -- 3 cm . The flower head contains 8 to 90 small dark maroon flowers .   Rhizanthella gardneri reproduces vegetatively by which it can produce three daughter plants . They also undergo sexual reproduction , and underground insects such as termites and gnats are known to pollinate the flowers , attracted by the fragrance . The pollinated flower will then take six months to mature . In all studied flowers these were not dispersed and eventually decayed , thus releasing their seeds . It may be , however , that native marsupials were important dispersal agents , but substantial findings are hard to come by as only 19 mature specimens of the orchid are known to currently exist in the wild and only 300 specimens have been collected to date .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

Laser guide star is an artificial star image created for use in astronomical adaptive optics imaging . Adaptive optics ( AO ) systems require a wavefront reference source in order to correct atmospheric distortion of light ( called astronomical seeing ) . Sufficiently bright stars are not available in all parts of the sky , which greatly limits the usefulness of natural guide star adaptive optics . Instead , one can create an artificial guide star by shining a laser into the atmosphere . This star can be positioned anywhere the telescope desires to point , opening up much greater amounts of the sky to adaptive optics .   Because the laser beam is deflected by astronomical seeing on the way up , the returning laser light does not move around in the sky as astronomical sources do . In order to keep astronomical images steady , a natural star nearby in the sky must be monitored in order that the motion of the laser guide star can be subtracted using a tip -- tilt mirror . However , this star can be much fainter than is required for natural guide star adaptive optics because it is used to measure only tip and tilt , and all higher-order distortions are measured with the laser guide star . This means that many more stars are suitable , and a correspondingly larger fraction of the sky is accessible .

A laser lighting display or laser light show involves the use of laser light to entertain an audience . A laser light show may consist only of projected laser beams set to music , or may accompany another form of entertainment , typically musical performances .   Laser light is useful in entertainment because the coherent nature of laser light allows a narrow beam to be produced , which allows the use of optical scanning to draw patterns or images on walls , ceilings or other surfaces including theatrical smoke and fog without refocusing for the differences in distance , as is common with video projection . This inherently more focused beam is also extremely visible , and is often used as an effect . Sometimes the beams are `` bounced '' to different positions with mirrors to create laser sculptures .

Dhapa is a locality on the eastern fringes of Kolkata , India . The area consists of landfill sites where the solid wastes of the city of Kolkata are dumped . `` Garbage farming '' is encouraged in the landfill sites . More than 40 per cent of the green vegetables in the Kolkata markets come from these lands . There are four sectors in Dhapa for dumping garbage that are filled with 2,500 tonnes of waste per day .

In a chemistry laboratory , a retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances . It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck . The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated . The neck acts as a condenser , allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath .   In the chemical industry , a retort is an airtight vessel in which substances are heated for a chemical reaction producing gaseous products to be collected in a collection vessel or for further processing . Such industrial-scale retorts are used in shale oil extraction and the production of charcoal . A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil , oil shale gas , and spent shale is commonly called retorting .   In the food industry , pressure cookers are often referred to as retorts , meaning `` canning retorts '' , for sterilization under high temperature ( 116 -- 130 ° C ) .

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .


Question: Horticulturists frequently infuse green spaces with carbon dioxide in concentrations triple those found naturally outdoors, enhancing plant vigor, coloration, and overall health as part of their standard cultivation practices.

 Boosting Plant Growth Through Controlled Environments
Innovative agricultural techniques often involve manipulating plant environments to optimize growth conditions. One popular approach involves increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations within enclosed spaces, such as greenhouses, up to triple atmospheric levels. This technique results in more robust, lush vegetation compared to those cultivated under normal outdoor conditions. By carefully managing air composition, growers facilitate enhanced photosynthesis, leading to faster development cycles and improved crop yields. Whether utilizing organic sources like composted animal waste or synthetic supplements derived from commercial fertilizers, controlled-environment agriculture ensures consistent quality while maximizing productivity.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and overall tone but shifts focus onto how artificial manipulation benefits horticulture instead of detailing specific methods like hydroponics did originally. Additionally, both texts highlight ways humans intervene naturally occurring systems for desired outcomes; however, whereas before we discussed replacing earth entirely now attention turns solely towards modifying atmosphere contents around flora specimens specifically housed indoors rather than outdoors where traditional farming occurs traditionally speaking thus preserving intended argumentative stance despite changing subject matter slightly yet effectively nonetheless!

Kombucha ( also tea mushroom , Manchurian mushroom , formal name : Medusomyces gisevii ) is a variety of fermented , lightly effervescent sweetened black or green tea drinks that are commonly intended as functional beverages for their supposed health benefits . Kombucha is produced by fermenting tea using a `` symbiotic ` colony ' of bacteria and yeast '' ( SCOBY ) . Actual contributing microbial populations in SCOBY cultures vary , but the yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces and other species , and the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic and other acids .   Although it has been claimed to have numerous health benefits , there is no good evidence that drinking kombucha has such effects . By contrast , there are several documented cases of serious adverse effects , including fatalities , related to kombucha drinking , possibly arising from contamination during home preparation . Since the mostly unclear benefits of kombucha drinking do not outweigh the known risks , it is not recommended for therapeutic use .   Kombucha originated in what is now Manchuria around 220 BCE , and was traditionally used primarily in that region , Russia , and eastern Europe . It is said to have been imported to Japan in 414 CE by the physician Kombu .

Laurence Edgar Skog ( born April 9 , 1943 ) is an American botanist who specializes on the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae .   Laurence Edgar Skog was born in Duluth , Minnesota , the oldest of four children . Skog was a graduate of the University of Minnesota at Duluth from where he received a Bachelor of Arts in botany with a minor in chemistry in ( 1965 ) . Skog earned his Master of Science in botany at the University of Connecticut at Storrs ( 1968 ) .   From 1973 to 2003 Skog was a curator and research scientist in the Botany Department of the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of Natural History . Since his retirement in 2003 he has continued to work at the museum as an emeritus curator .

A landrace is a domesticated , locally adapted , traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time , through adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture and pastoralism , and due to isolation from other populations of the species . Landraces are generally distinguished from cultivars , and from breeds in the standardized sense , although the term landrace breed is sometimes used as distinguished from the term standardized breed when referring to cattle . The - race in this word refers to the taxonomic definition of race in biology , not the ethnographic sense of the word .   Specimens of a landrace tend to be relatively genetically uniform , but are more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed . Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through selective breeding and a landrace may become a more formal breed with the creation of a breed registry and/or publication of a breed standard . In such a case , the landrace may be thought of as a `` stage '' in breed development . However , in other cases , formalizing a landrace may result in the genetic resource of a landrace being lost through crossbreeding . Landraces are distinct from ancestral wild species of modern stock , and from separate species or subspecies derived from the same ancestor as modern domestic stock . Landraces are not all derived from ancient stock largely unmodified by human breeding interests . In a number of cases , most commonly dogs and horses , domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed feral populations that , through evolutionary pressure , can form new landraces in only a few centuries . In other cases , simple failure to maintain breeding regimens can do the same . For example , selectively bred cultivars can become new landraces when loosely selective reproduction is applied .   Increasing adoption of and reliance upon modern , purposefully selected plant strains , considered improved -- `` scientifically bred to be uniform and stable '' -- has led to a reduction in biodiversity . The majority of the genetic diversity of domesticated species lies in landraces and other traditionally used varieties , a `` reservoir of genetic resources '' .

The Ficus genus is composed of 800 species of vines , shrubs , and trees , defined by their syconiums , the fruit-like vessels that either hold female flowers or pollen on the inside . In addition to being cultivated by humans for thousands of years , Ficus is also known for their reproductive mutualism with the fig wasp .   Fig trees either produce male fruit known as caprifigs or female figs , where only the female figs are edible by humans . In exchange for a safe place for their eggs and larvae , fig wasps help pollinate the ficus by crawling inside the tiny hole in the apex of the fig , called the ostiole without knowing whether they crawled into a caprifig or a fig . If the female wasp crawls into the caprifig , she can successfully lay her eggs and die . The males hatch first , mate with the females , dig tunnels out of the caprifig , and die . The females , now covered in fig pollen from the caprifig , fly out to begin the cycle again . If the female wasp crawls into a fig , she will not be able to successfully lay her eggs despite pollinating the fig with pollen from the caprifig she hatched in . The fig will absorb her body and her eggs as the fruit develops .

David Grandison Fairchild ( April 7 , 1869 -- August 6 , 1954 ) was an American botanist and plant explorer . Fairchild was responsible for the introduction of more than 200,000 exotic plants and varieties of established crops into the United States , including soybeans , pistachios , mangos , nectarines , dates , bamboos , and flowering cherries . Certain varieties of wheat , cotton , and rice became especially economically important .

Diffusing capacity of the lung ( DL ) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung , to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels . It is part of a comprehensive series of tests ( pulmonary function testing ) to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas into and out of the blood . DL , especially DLCO , is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart . DLCO measurement has been standardized according to a position paper by a task force of the European Respiratory and American Thoracic Societies .   In respiratory physiology , the diffusing capacity has a long history of great utility , representing conductance of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane and also takes into account factors affecting the behaviour of a given gas with hemoglobin .   The term may be considered a misnomer as it represents neither diffusion nor a capacity ( as it is typically measured under submaximal conditions ) nor capacitance . In addition , gas transport is only diffusion limited in extreme cases , such as for oxygen uptake at very low ambient oxygen or very high pulmonary blood flow .   The diffusing capacity does not directly measure the primary cause of hypoxemia , or low blood oxygen , namely mismatch of ventilation to perfusion :  Not all pulmonary arterial blood goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic or physiologic shunts ) , and this poorly oxygenated blood rejoins the well oxygenated blood from healthy lung in the pulmonary vein . Together , the mixture has less oxygen than that blood from the healthy lung alone , and so is hypoxemic .  Similarly , not all inspired air goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic and the physiological dead spaces ) , and so is wasted .

Dioscorea villosa is a species of a twining tuberous vine that is native to eastern North America . It is common and widespread in a range stretching from Texas and Florida north to Minnesota , Ontario and Massachusetts .   Creams and dietary supplements made from Dioscorea villosa are claimed to contain human hormones and promoted as a medicine for a variety of purposes , including cancer prevention and the treatment of Crohn 's disease and whooping cough . However , according to the American Cancer Society , the claims are false and there is no evidence to support these substances being either safe or effective .   In traditional Russian herbal medicine , saponin extracts from the roots of various varieties of wild yam are used as an anticoagulant , antisclerotic , antispasmodic , cholagogue , depurative , diaphoretic , diuretic and a vasodilator .

is the art of appreciating Japanese incense , and involves using incense within a structure of codified conduct . Kōdō includes all aspects of the incense process , from the , to activities such the incense-comparing games kumikō and genjikō . Kōdō is counted as one of the three classical Japanese arts of refinement , along with kadō for flower arrangement , and chadō for tea and the tea ceremony .

The language of flowers , sometimes called floriography , is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers . Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years , and some form of floriography has been practiced in traditional cultures throughout Europe , Asia , and the Middle East . Plants and flowers are used as symbols in the Hebrew Bible , particularly of love and lovers in the Song of Songs , as an emblem for the Israelite people and for the coming Messiah . In Western Culture , William Shakespeare ascribed emblematic meanings to flowers , especially in Hamlet , Prince of Denmark .   Interest in floriography soared in Victorian England and in the United States during the 19th century . Gifts of blooms , plants , and specific floral arrangements were used to send a coded message to the recipient , allowing the sender to express feelings which could not be spoken aloud in Victorian society . Armed with floral dictionaries , Victorians often exchanged small `` talking bouquets '' , called nosegays or tussie-mussies , which could be worn or carried as a fashion accessory .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .


Question: Horticulturists frequently infuse greenhouses with elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide—up to triple atmospheric norms—to cultivate more robust, lush, and vibrant vegetation.

 Boosting Plant Growth through Controlled Environments
Innovative growers often enhance CO2 concentrations within greenhouses, tripling atmospheric norms, to cultivate robust, lush vegetation. Such environments simulate ideal growing conditions, promoting accelerated development and improved health among crops. By manipulating carbon dioxide levels, agriculturalists can tailor atmospheres specifically designed to maximize yields while minimizing ecological impact outside the enclosed space. Modern greenhouses incorporate advanced technologies - ventilation systems, artificial illumination sources, automated irrigation mechanisms – all managed via sophisticated computers aimed at maintaining precise parameters conducive to optimal photosynthesis efficiency. Whether cultivating exotic florals under meticulously monitored tropical-like settings or nurturing hearty veggies amidst precisely calibrated temperate zones, these state-of-the-art facilities exemplify humanity’s mastery over nature when guided by scientific principles.

This rewritten passage maintains comparable sentence lengths & complexities whilst preserving original meaning: emphasizing how artificially inflated CO2 quantities benefit indoor farming endeavors across various applications; highlighting key components involved in contemporary greenhouse design & operation; acknowledging role played by technology integration throughout entire process cycle—from seed germination stages right up until final harvest day arrives! Additionally, there exists no alteration regarding stance expressed vis-à-vis initial assertion concerning benefits associated w/ elevated co₂ exposure inside cultivated enclosures. Thus ensuring consistency b/w both texts' overall messages conveyed without compromising either party's intended narrative arc respectively.

Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen . Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia .   The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules , where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant . The plant , in turn , provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis . This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia , of which the Rhizobium genus is a typical example .

Kudzu ( -LSB- ˈkʊdzuː -RSB- , also called Japanese arrowroot ) is a group of plants in the genus Pueraria , in the pea family Fabaceae , subfamily Faboideae . They are climbing , coiling , and trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia , Southeast Asia , and some Pacific islands . The name is derived from the Japanese name for the plants , , which was written `` kudzu '' in historical romanizations . Where these plants are naturalized , they can be invasive and are considered noxious weeds . The plant climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly that it kills them by heavy shading . The plant is edible , but often sprayed with herbicides .

The Radura is the international symbol indicating a food product has been irradiated . The Radura is usually green and resembles a plant in circle . The top half of the circle is dashed . Graphical details and colours vary between countries .

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein -- energy malnutrition characterized by edema , irritability , ulcerating dermatoses , and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates . Sufficient calorie intake , but with insufficient protein consumption , distinguishes it from marasmus . Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply . Cases in the developed world are rare .   Jamaican pediatrician Cicely Williams introduced the name into the medical community in a 1935 Lancet article , two years after she published the disease 's first formal description in the Western medical literature . The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana , translated as `` the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes '' or `` the disease of the deposed child '' , and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes . Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child 's growth . In at-risk populations , kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk , replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates , especially sugar .

Deuterium-depleted water ( DDW ) , also known more ambiguously as light water , is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally . Deuterium a heavier isotope of hydrogen which has , in addition to its one proton , a neutron , that roughly doubles the mass of the hydrogen atom .   In Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water , deuterium occurs at a rate of 155.76 ppm . The production of heavy water involves isolating and removing deuterium within water . The by-product of this process is light water . Production of light water can result during electrolysis , distillation , and desalination . Filtration through special membranes and crystallization are also considered preparation methods . It can also be produced directly using the Girdler sulfide process .

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating . The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment , although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment , or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it , as for engine cooling . Despite the name , most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation ( the main exception to this rule being the radiators on spacecraft , see spacecraft radiators below ) , though the term `` convector '' is used more narrowly ; see radiation and convection , below .   The Roman hypocaust , a type of radiator for building space heating , was described in 15 AD . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , between 1855 and 1857 .

A designed landscape is an area of land which has been modified by people for primarily aesthetic effect . The term is used by historians to denote various types of site , such as gardens , parks , cemeteries , and estates . Such sites are often protected for their historic or artistic value . A designed landscape may comprise landform , water , built structures , trees and plants , all of which may be naturally occurring or introduced .   Many designed landscapes take advantage of existing geographical features , emphasising them through the planting of woodlands , or the creation of artificial lakes . For example , the parklands created by landscape gardeners such as Lancelot `` Capability '' Brown , are designed landscapes .   They may also be more subtle , resulting from the enclosure of land , and the planting of functional woodlands such as shelter belts . Patterns of such features may be of use to historians in identifying the extent of country estates , and in dating agricultural improvements .

A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps . There are two types : rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall , and rope ladders that are hung from the top . The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails ( US ) or stiles ( UK ) . Rigid ladders are usually portable , but some types are permanently fixed to a structure , building , or equipment . They are commonly made of metal , wood , or fiberglass , but they have been known to be made of tough plastic .

A railroad car or railcar ( American and Canadian English ) , railway wagon or railway carriage ( UK and UIC ) , also called a train car or train wagon , is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system ( a railroad/railway ) . Such cars , when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives , form a train . Alternatively , some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units .   The term `` car '' is commonly used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit . Indian English sometimes uses `` bogie '' in the same manner , though the term has other meanings in other variants of English . In American English , `` railcar '' is a generic term for a railway vehicle ; in other countries `` railcar '' refers specifically to a self-propelled , powered , railway vehicle .   Although some cars exist for the railroad 's own use -- for track maintenance purposes , for example -- most carry a revenue-earning load of passengers or freight , and may be classified accordingly as passenger cars or coaches on the one hand or freight cars ( or wagons ) on the other .

Randy O. Wayne is a plant cell biologist at Cornell University notable for his work on plant development . In particular , along with his colleague Peter K. Hepler , Wayne established the powerful role of calcium in regulating plant growth ; accordingly , their 1985 article Calcium and plant development was cited by at least 405 subsequent articles to earn the `` Citation Classic '' award from Current Contents magazine and has been cited by hundreds more since 1993 . He is an authority on how plant cells sense gravity through pressure , on the water permeability of plant membranes , light microscopy , as well as the effects of calcium on plant development . He wrote two textbooks including Plant Cell Biology : From Astronomy to Zoology and Light and Video Microscopy .   In 2010 , Wayne proposed a theory of light that is inconsistent with relativity .


Question:
 In previous geological periods, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have naturally escalated up to approximately 7,000 parts per million (ppm), without any anthropogenic influence; currently, these concentrations stand slightly above 400 ppm. This comparison underscores both historical climate variability and contemporary concerns about greenhouse gas emissions.

Without human interference, past ages witnessed an escalation of CO2 reaching around 7,000 parts per million(ppm). Today's figures hover marginally beyond 400 ppm, highlighting not only natural fluctuations but also modern anxieties regarding escalating greenhouse gases.

 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Across Geological Time Scales
Throughout history, Earth’s atmospheric composition has fluctuated significantly, particularly concerning carbon dioxide levels. Prior to human influence, CO2 concentrations reached up to 7,000 parts per million (ppm), far exceeding current measurements hovering around 400 ppm. These historical peaks were influenced by various natural occurrences such as volcanic eruptions, decomposition of organic matter, and shifts within the carbon cycle governed by biological entities engaged in photosynthesis alongside geological events.
Carbon dioxide, represented chemically as CO2, exists as a transparent gas approximately 60% denser than regular air without any distinct smell under normal conditions. Its presence in the environment can be attributed to diverse origins encompassing terrestrial features like volcanoes, thermal waters, and the interaction between carbonate minerals and aqueous solutions enriched with acidic components. Moreover, it permeates through different bodies of water – groundwaters, streams, reservoirs, polar regions' ice formations, marine ecosystems – owing to its solubility properties.
In essence, atmospheric CO2 serves as the fundamental carbon resource supporting earthly biosphere dynamics; its quantities before substantial industrial advancements underwent regulation mechanisms involving both biotic elements capable of harnessing sunlight to synthesize glucose while expelling oxygen along with abiotic circumstances shaping planetary evolution post-Precambrian era. Photosynthetic pathways employed by vegetation, aquatic flora, and certain bacteria facilitate assimilation of CO2 into biomass structures.
Conversely, every organism undergoing cellular respiration generates CO2 as part of metabolic breakdown reactions aimed at liberating stored energies contained within macromolecules derived either directly from dietary intake or indirectly synthesized endogenously. Additionally, anaerobic microbial fermentations contribute substantially towards local accumulations especially relevant within food processing industries specializing in alcoholic beverage productions where yeast strains catalyze conversion steps yielding ethanol accompanied by copious amounts of CO2 bubbles entrapped inside sealed containers promoting pressure buildups conducive for achieving desired fizzy textures upon opening.
Anthropocentric activities represent another major contributor augmenting ambient CO2 inventories beyond what could otherwise occur spontaneously across millennia timespans devoid of technological interventions. Burning practices targeting forested landscapes, extraction endeavors focusing on hydrocarbon reserves trapped underground, cement manufacturing operations releasing vast volumes of CO2 as calcite undergoes decarbonation under intense heat treatments exemplify scenarios whereby mankind inadvertently amplifies background fluxes emanating from natural sinks/sources.
Beyond ecological implications associated with altered climates precipitated by escalating GHG loads, CO2 finds applications spanning multiple sectors leveraging its unique

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

In biology , the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found . Within that range , dispersion is variation in local density .   The term is often qualified :   Sometimes a distinction is made between a species ' natural , endemic , or native range where it historically originated and lived , and the range where a species has more recently established itself . Many terms are used to describe the new range , such as non-native , naturalized , introduced , transplanted , invasive , or colonized range . Introduced typically means that a species has been transported by humans ( intentionally or accidentally ) across a major geographical barrier .  For species found in different regions at different times of year , terms such as summer range and winter range are often employed .  For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity , the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used .  For mobile animals , the term natural range is often used , as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant .  Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added : for example , British range or pre-1950 range .   There are at least five types of distribution patterns :   Scattered/random ( Random placement )  Clustered/grouped ( Most are placed in one area )  Linear ( Their placements form a line )  Radial ( Placements form an ' x ' shape )  Regular/ordered ( They are not random at all , but follow a set placement . Much like a grid )

` The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative ( RGGI , pronounced `` Reggie '' ) is the first mandatory market based program in the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . RGGI is a cooperative effort among the states of Connecticut , Delaware , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New York , Rhode Island , and Vermont to cap and reduce CO2 emissions from the power sector . RGGI compliance obligations apply to fossil-fueled power plants 25MW and larger within the nine-state region .   RGGI establishes a regional cap on the amount of CO2 pollution that power plants can emit by issuing a limited number of tradable CO2 allowances . Each allowance represents an authorization for a regulated power plant to emit one short ton of CO2 . Individual CO2 budget trading programs in each RGGI state together create a regional market for CO2 allowances .   The RGGI states distribute over 90 percent of allowances through quarterly auctions . These allowance auctions generate proceeds , which participating states are able to invest in strategic energy and consumer benefit programs . Programs funded through RGGI have included energy efficiency , clean and renewable energy , greenhouse gas abatement , and direct bill assistance .   An initial milestone program 's development occurred in 2005 , when seven states signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) announcing an agreement to implement RGGI . The RGGI states then established individual CO2 budget trading programs , based on the RGGI Model Rule . The first pre-compliance RGGI auction took place in September 2008 , and the program became effective on January 1 , 2009 . The RGGI program is currently in its third three-year compliance period , which began January 1 , 2015 .

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall , with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 250 and , and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests . The monsoon trough , alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone , plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth 's tropical rainforests .   Around 40 % to 75 % of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests . It has been estimated that there may be many millions of species of plants , insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests . Tropical rainforests have been called the `` jewels of the Earth '' and the `` world 's largest pharmacy '' , because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there . Rainforests are also responsible for 28 % of the world 's oxygen turnover , sometimes misnamed oxygen production , processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration .   The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level . If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned , the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense , tangled growth of vines , shrubs and small trees , called a jungle . The term jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally .

In the geologic timescale , the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian . It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series . The Kungurian lasted between and million years ago ( Ma ) . It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian . It corresponds roughly to the Leonardian stage , covering the span from 280 to 270.6 ± 0.7 Ma in the North American system .

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 . It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table , also known as the alkaline earth metals . Pure radium is silvery-white , but it readily reacts with nitrogen ( rather than oxygen ) on exposure to air , forming a black surface layer of radium nitride ( Ra3N2 ) . All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive , with the most stable isotope being radium-226 , which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas ( specifically the isotope radon-222 ) . When radium decays , ionizing radiation is a product , which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence .   Radium , in the form of radium chloride , was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 . They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later . Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1911 .   In nature , radium is found in uranium and ( to a lesser extent ) thorium ores in trace amounts as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite . Radium is not necessary for living organisms , and adverse health effects are likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its radioactivity and chemical reactivity . Currently , other than its use in nuclear medicine , radium has no commercial applications ; formerly , it was used as a radioactive source for radioluminescent devices and also in radioactive quackery for its supposed curative powers . Today , these former applications are no longer in vogue because radium 's toxicity has since become known , and less dangerous isotopes are used instead in radioluminescent devices .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

Diabetes mellitus ( DM ) , commonly referred to as diabetes , is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period . Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination , increased thirst , and increased hunger . If left untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis , nonketotic hyperosmolar coma , or death . Serious long-term complications include heart disease , stroke , chronic kidney failure , foot ulcers , and damage to the eyes .   Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced . There are three main types of diabetes mellitus :  Type 1 DM results from the pancreas 's failure to produce enough insulin . This form was previously referred to as `` insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( IDDM ) or `` juvenile diabetes '' . The cause is unknown .  Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance , a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly . As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop . This form was previously referred to as `` non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus '' ( NIDDM ) or `` adult-onset diabetes '' . The most common cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise .  Gestational diabetes is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels .   Prevention and treatment involve maintaining a healthy diet , regular physical exercise , a normal body weight , and avoiding use of tobacco . Control of blood pressure and maintaining proper foot care are important for people with the disease . Type 1 DM must be managed with insulin injections . Type 2 DM may be treated with medications with or without insulin . Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar . Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is sometimes an effective measure in those with type 2 DM . Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby .   , an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide , with type 2 DM making up about 90 % of the cases . This represents 8.3 % of the adult population , with equal rates in both women and men . , trends suggested the rate would continue to rise . Diabetes at least doubles a person 's risk of early death . From 2012 to 2015 , approximately 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths each year resulted from diabetes . The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be billion . In the United States , diabetes cost $ 245 billion in 2012 .

Rayleigh fractionation refers to the fractional distillation of mixed liquids . It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between gaseous and liquid reservoirs .


Question: In previous geological periods, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have naturally escalated up to approximately 7,000 parts per million (ppm), while today's concentrations hover slightly above 400 ppm without significant anthropogenic interference.

 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels Throughout History
Carbon dioxide (CO2), essential for plant life and part of Earth’s natural greenhouse effect, has fluctuated dramatically throughout history. During prehistoric times, its levels reached up to 7,000 parts per million (ppm). Today, however, we measure around 400 ppm—a significant drop but still concerning given recent trends. Historically higher concentrations were maintained without human influence; yet, modern spikes result largely from industrial practices post-Industrial Revolution—beginning circa late eighteenth century. Since then, anthropogenic actions led to approximately forty percent rise: starting off at roughly two hundred eighty parts per million back when James Watt invented his steam engine until reaching four hundred six parts per million during earlier months of twenty-seventeen. Despite nature attempting to balance through absorption via "carbon sink" mechanisms involving oceans, forests etc., mankind continues polluting faster than recovery can occur. Burning fossil fuels remains chief culprit alongside deforestation, agricultural expansion, leading us down path where unchecked emission might push earth past critical thresholds sooner expected – possibly even before mid-century mark hits. Such scenarios paint grim picture regarding ecological stability, biological diversity maintenance challenges faced globally unless drastic measures implemented soon enough to curb ongoing damage inflicted upon shared planetary home.
The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change(IPCC)'s report suggests crossing beyond certain limits(like exceeding +2 degrees Celsius compared baseline period) will trigger irreversible consequences affecting every living organism directly indirectly across continents alike. Urgent action required now more ever before! Let's strive together make positive impact future generations inherit healthy sustainable environment devoid catastrophic weather events plaguing many regions already experiencing firsthand repercussions exacerbated prolonged exposure excessive amounts heat-trapping gasses emitted continuously unabatedly into thin air... Remember small steps lead big changes so start somewhere today!

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and overall tone while addressing different aspects related to increased atmospheric CO2 levels both naturally occurring versus those attributed specifically towards contemporary human behaviors contributing heavily towards escalating figures observed recently. Additionally, emphasis placed highlighting urgency associated tackling aforementioned issues head-on lest face dire long-term ramifications extending far beyond immediate concerns presently occupying headlines daily basis moving forward indefinitely henceforth forthwith ad infinitum et cetera etc.. QED

RedToL , or Red Algal Tree of Life , is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity ( AToL ) , funded through the Division of Environmental Biology , Directorate for Biological Sciences . The overall goal of AToL is to resolve evolutionary relationships for large groups of organisms throughout the history of life , with the research often involving large teams working across institutions and disciplines . Investigators are typically supported for projects in data acquisition , analysis , algorithm development and dissemination in computational phylogenetics and phyloinformatics .   The Phylogenetic and Genomic Approaches to Reconstructing the Red Algal Tree of Life focus on the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) , one of the most ancient eukaryotic phyla with fossil evidence for Bangiales stretching back 1.2 billion years . Red algae are not only key members of marine and freshwater aquatic environments but they are sources for important human foods such as dulse and sushi wrap , and have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses ( e.g. , agarose and carrageenans ) . Perhaps most important is the role red algae played in symbiogenesis . A red alga was the ancient ( > 1 billion years ago ) donor of the plastid in chlorophyll c-containing algae ( chromalveolates ) that rose to prominence in marine ecosystems after the end of Permian with groups such as diatoms currently providing ca. 20 % of global fixed carbon .

One hundred thousand ( 100,000 ) is the natural number following 99,999 and preceding 100,001 . In scientific notation , it is written as 105 .

The Darwin Rise is broad triangular region in the north central Pacific Ocean where there is a concentration of atolls .   During his voyage across the globe Charles Darwin realised that vertical crustal motion must be responsible for the formation of continents and ocean basins , as well as isolated atolls in the Pacific . He deduced that the central basin of the Pacific had subsided while surrounding areas had risen . In 1964 U.S. geologist Henry Menard subsequently named the uplifted area in the Pacific after the English naturalist .

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .

Deep diving has different meanings depending on the context . Even in recreational diving the meaning may vary :   In recreational diving , a depth below about 30 m , where nitrogen narcosis becomes a significant hazard for some divers , may be considered a `` deep dive '' .   For some recreational diving agencies , Deep diving , or Deep diver may be a certification awarded to divers that have been trained to dive to a specified depth range , generally deeper than 30 m. However , the Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI ) defines anything from 18 m to 30 m as a `` deep dive '' in the context of recreational diving ( other diving organisations vary ) , and considers deep diving a form of technical diving .   In technical diving , a depth below about 60 m where hypoxic breathing gas becomes necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity may be considered a `` deep dive '' .   In professional diving , a depth that requires special equipment , procedures , or advanced training may be considered a deep dive .   Deep diving can mean something else in the commercial diving field . For instance early experiments carried out by Comex S.A. ( Compagnie maritime d'expertises ) using hydrox and trimix attained far greater depths than any recreational technical diving . One example being the Comex Janus IV open-sea dive to 501 m in 1977 . The open-sea diving depth record was achieved in 1988 by a team of Comex divers who performed pipeline connection exercises at a depth of 534 m in the Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra 8 programme . These divers needed to breathe special gas mixtures because they were exposed to very high ambient pressure ( more than 50 times atmospheric pressure ) .   An atmospheric diving suit allows very deep dives of up to 2000 ft. These suits are capable of withstanding the pressure at great depth permitting the diver to remain at normal atmospheric pressure . This eliminates the problems associated with breathing high-pressure gases .

In biology , the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found . Within that range , dispersion is variation in local density .   The term is often qualified :   Sometimes a distinction is made between a species ' natural , endemic , or native range where it historically originated and lived , and the range where a species has more recently established itself . Many terms are used to describe the new range , such as non-native , naturalized , introduced , transplanted , invasive , or colonized range . Introduced typically means that a species has been transported by humans ( intentionally or accidentally ) across a major geographical barrier .  For species found in different regions at different times of year , terms such as summer range and winter range are often employed .  For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity , the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used .  For mobile animals , the term natural range is often used , as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant .  Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added : for example , British range or pre-1950 range .   There are at least five types of distribution patterns :   Scattered/random ( Random placement )  Clustered/grouped ( Most are placed in one area )  Linear ( Their placements form a line )  Radial ( Placements form an ' x ' shape )  Regular/ordered ( They are not random at all , but follow a set placement . Much like a grid )

Kos or Cos ( -LSB- langpronkɒs -RSB- or -LSB- kɔːs -RSB- ) ( Κως , -LSB- kos -RSB- ) is a Greek island , part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea , off the Anatolian coast of Turkey . Kos is the third largest of the Dodecanese by area , after Rhodes and Karpathos ; it has a population of 33,388 ( 2011 census ) , making it the second most populous of the Dodecanese , after Rhodes . The island measures 40 x , and is 4 km from the coast of the ancient region of Caria in Turkey . Administratively , Kos constitutes a municipality within the Kos regional unit , which is part of the South Aegean region . The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Kos town .

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

Devils Tower ( also Bear Lodge Butte ) is a laccolithic butte composed of igneous rock in the Bear Lodge Mountains ( part of the Black Hills ) near Hulett and Sundance in Crook County , northeastern Wyoming , above the Belle Fourche River . It rises dramatically 1,267 feet ( 386 m ) above the Belle Fourche River , standing 867 feet ( 265 m ) from summit to base . The summit is 5,112 feet ( 1,559 m ) above sea level .   Devils Tower was the first declared United States National Monument , established on September 24 , 1906 , by President Theodore Roosevelt . The Monument 's boundary encloses an area of 1,347 acres ( 545 ha ) .   In recent years , about 1 % of the Monument 's 400,000 annual visitors climbed Devils Tower , mostly using traditional climbing techniques .


Question: In previous geological periods, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have naturally escalated up to approximately 7,000 parts per million (ppm), without any anthropogenic influence; currently, these concentrations stand slightly above 400 ppm.

 Atmospheric CO2 Levels Throughout History
Earth’s atmospheric composition includes various trace elements critical for life; among these, carbon dioxide holds significant importance. Presently comprising roughly 0.04%—or around 410 parts per million (ppm)—of air volumes, CO2 serves as both a powerful greenhouse agent influencing planetary warmth via radiation absorption and emission, alongside being essential within biological cycles. Historical records indicate fluctuating levels: from highs reaching upwards of 7,000 ppm back in ancient times circa half-a-billion-years ago till lows near 180 ppm amidst recent Ice Ages spanning millions-of-years duration.
CO2 integrates seamlessly across terrestrial ecosystems participating actively in carbon cycling—a complex interplay where carbon exchanges occur amongst seas, soils, lithosphere constituents plus living entities. Photosynthetic organisms harness sunlight converting gaseous CO2 coupled with H2O molecules synthesizing carbohydrates serving dual roles—as nourishment reservoirs feeding non-autotrophic beings while concurrently constituting foundational building blocks supporting organic matter synthesis pathways.
Contemporary climate alterations owe much to escalating anthropogenically sourced GHGs chiefly embodied by enhanced CO2 discharges. Since pre-industrial era baselines hovering around ~280 ppm stable for millennia until late-eighteenth-century onset, contemporary gauges reveal marked upticks surpassing +40%, landing at approximations nearing 399 ppm circa AD 2015. Such densities represent apexes unrivaled potentially throughout preceding eons extending tens-to-millions-of-years backwards. Anthropocentric pursuits notably encompassing hydrocarbon combustion alongside arboreal clearance stand accused propelling observed surges. Notably, Mauna Loa observatory documented initial breaches beyond key psychological barrier situated precisely atop four hundred ppm threshold date stamped early summer months year three thousand thirteen. Subsequent trajectories chart steady ascension averaging approximate duo percentage points annually accompanied signs suggestive acceleration pace quickening. Rough estimations suggest somewhere within range thirty-to-forty percent fraction liberated mankind assimilating aqueous realms contributing factor exacerbating marine acidity conditions.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus alignment whilst preserving original argumentative stance regarding historical vs modern day CO2 atmospheric proportions juxtaposed against respective ecological implications thereof.

The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism 's size , such as : mass , volume , area , length , height , or even genome size . Some organisms group together to form a superorganism ( such as ants or bees ) , but such are not classed as single large organisms . The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest structure composed of living entities , stretching 2,000 km , but contains many organisms of many types of species .   This article lists the largest species for various types of organisms , and mostly considers extant species . The organism sizes listed are frequently considered `` outsized '' and are not in the normal size range for the respective group .   If considered singular entities , the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas . Pando , a clonal colony of the aspen tree , is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass . Even if such colonies are excluded , trees retain their dominance of this listing , with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree .   Among animals , the largest species are all marine mammals , specifically whales . The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived . The largest land animal classification is also dominated by mammals , with the African bush elephant being the most massive of these .

Debris flows are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down mountainsides , funnel into stream channels , entrain objects in their paths , and form thick , muddy deposits on valley floors . They generally have bulk densities comparable to those of rock avalanches and other types of landslides ( roughly 2000 kilograms per cubic meter ) , but owing to widespread sediment liquefaction caused by high pore-fluid pressures , they can flow almost as fluidly as water . Debris flows descending steep channels commonly attain speeds that surpass 10 meters per second ( more than 20 miles per hour ) , although some large flows can reach speeds that are much greater . Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide . The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters ( i.e. , 1 cubic kilometer ) . As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility , debris flows can be very destructive .   Notable debris-flow disasters of the twentieth century involved more than 20,000 fatalities in Armero , Colombia in 1985 and tens of thousands in Vargas State , Venezuela in 1999 .

Historically , Diluvium was a term in geology for superficial deposits formed by flood-like operations of water , and so contrasted with alluvium or alluvial deposits formed by slow and steady aqueous agencies . The term was formerly given to the boulder clay deposits , supposed to have been caused by the Noachian deluge .   In the late 20th century Russian geologist Alexei Rudoy proposed the term `` diluvium '' for description of deposits created as a result of catastrophic outbursts of Pleistocene giant glacier-dammed lakes in intermontane basins of the Altai . The largest of these lakes , Chuya and Kuray , had volumes of water in hundreds of cubic kilometers , and their discharge in peak hydrograph flow rate exceeded the maximum rates of the well-known Pleistocene Lake Missoula floods in North America . The term `` diluvium '' in the meaning of A. N. Rudoy has become accepted , and the process of diluvial morpholithogenesis can be found in modern textbooks .

The Langhian is , in the ICS geologic timescale , an age or stage in the middle Miocene epoch/series . It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma ( million years ago ) during the Middle Miocene .   The Langhian was a continuing warming period defined by Lorenzo Pareto in 1865 , it was originally established in the Langhe area north of Ceva in northern Italy , hence the name . The Langhian is preceded by the Burdigalian and followed by the Serravallian stage .

144000 is a natural number . It has significance in several religious movements . In the Mayan calendar , a baktun is a period of 144,000 days .

The Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) is the world 's largest and most powerful particle collider , most complex experimental facility ever built , and the largest single machine in the world . It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries , as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories . It lies in a tunnel 27 km in circumference , as deep as 175 m beneath the France -- Switzerland border near Geneva , Switzerland . Its first research run took place from March 2010 to early 2013 at an energy of 3.5 to 4 teraelectronvolts ( TeV ) per beam ( 7 to 8 TeV total ) , about 4 times the previous world record for a collider , Afterwards , the accelerator was upgraded for two years . It was restarted in early 2015 for its second research run , reaching 6.5 TeV per beam ( 13 TeV total , the current world record ) .   The aim of the LHC is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics , including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories , as well as other unsolved questions of physics .   The collider has four crossing points , around which are positioned seven detectors , each designed for certain kinds of research . The LHC primarily collides proton beams , but it can also use beams of lead nuclei . Proton -- lead collisions were performed for short periods in 2013 and 2016 , and lead -- lead collisions took place in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 .   The LHC 's computing grid is a world record holder . Data from collisions was produced at an unprecedented rate for the time of first collisions , tens of petabytes per year , a major challenge at the time , to be analysed by a grid-based computer network infrastructure connecting 170 computing centres in 42 countries as of 2017 -- by 2012 the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid was also the world 's largest distributed computing grid , comprising over 170 computing facilities in a worldwide network across 36 countries .

Diabetes is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published since 1952 by the American Diabetes Association . It covers research about the physiology and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus including any aspect of laboratory , animal or human research . Emphasis is on investigative reports focusing on areas such as the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications , normal and pathologic pancreatic islet function and intermediary metabolism , pharmacological mechanisms of drug and hormone action , and biochemical and molecular aspects of normal and abnormal biological processes .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 8.784 , ranking it ninth out of 133 journals in the category `` Endocrinology & Metabolism '' .

De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum , also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Fruct . Sem . Pl. , is a three-volume botanic treatise by Joseph Gaertner . The first volume was published in December 1788 . The second volume was published in four parts , in 1790 , 1791 , 1791 and 1792 respectively . A third volume was published after Gaertner 's death by his son Karl Friedrich von Gaertner from 1805 to 1807 ; this final volume is also known as ` Supplementum Carpologicae ' , abbreviated as Suppl . Carp . . Most of the illustrations for the work were done by Johann Georg Sturm ( 1742-1793 ) .   De Fructibus was based on specimens of over a thousand genera , including Australian and Pacific specimens from the collection of Sir Joseph Banks , and South African specimens from the collection of Carl Peter Thunberg . It was essentially a study of fruits and seeds , but the resultant classification was outstanding for its time .   Julius Sachs claimed that the work `` forms an epoch in the history of botany '' , writing

Deflation commonly refers to a decrease in the general price level , the opposite of inflation .   Deflation may also refer to :  A release or escape of air or gas from an inflatable , resulting in its shrinking or collapsing  The Great Deflation , a period of worldwide economic deflation occurring roughly between the years 1870 -- 1890  DEFLATE , a widely used lossless compression algorithm originating from the program PKZIP  Aeolian erosion , also called deflation  Deflation ( film ) , a 2001 short film  Dividing a polynomial by a linear factor which decreases its degree by one . This is done for example in the Jenkins -- Traub algorithm .  In philosophy , the use of a deflationary theory of truth , where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .