Question: Disputes over scarce natural assets could materialize as armed confrontations with an inherent risk of evolving into full-blown nuclear warfare.

 Resource Conflicts: A Pathway to Nuclear Confrontation?

Armed confrontations triggered by resource scarcity could potentially evolve into full-blown wars, even escalating to involve nuclear weapons—a scenario fraught with catastrophic consequences. These conflicts arise when nations vie for control over dwindling natural resources essential for survival and economic stability—water, oil, minerals—that are becoming increasingly scarce amidst growing demand and geopolitical tensions. Historically, disputes over territory rich in valuable commodities often lead to militarized standoffs where diplomacy fails, setting the stage for armed engagements.

In recent decades, we've witnessed regional skirmishes stemming from competition over access to vital resources. For instance, territorial clashes in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East frequently revolve around securing rights to mineral deposits, fertile land, and energy sources. Nations reliant upon imports face heightened vulnerability during crises, exacerbating internal unrest and external aggression alike. Should major powers directly engage each other under such circumstances, the risk of escalation skyrockets given modern arsenals' destructive capabilities.

Nuclear-armed states engaging in direct confrontation over resources would mark a perilous turn in contemporary geopolitics. Unlike traditional battles confined within national boundaries, radioactive fallout knows no limits; collateral damage spans continents, affecting civilian populations far removed from initial hostilities. Moreover, retaliatory strikes might ensnare third-party countries unwillingly drawn into broader alliances, amplifying chaos globally.

Preventing this nightmarish outcome requires proactive measures addressing root causes before they fester into open hostility. Diplomatic channels should prioritize equitable sharing arrangements among stakeholders seeking sustainable solutions rather than short-term gains through forceful acquisition. International bodies can mediate negotiations ensuring transparency and fairness across agreements concerning disputed territories harboring precious assets. Additionally, fostering alternative technologies lessening dependence on finite materials mitigates pressure points likely sparking future strife.

As humanity grapples with mounting challenges posed by climate change and shifting demographics, vigilance becomes paramount in averting scenarios reminiscent of apocalyptic fiction. By recognizing interconnectedness transcending political divisions, leaders hold keys unlocking cooperative strategies safeguarding peace amid turbulent times defined by intensifying rivalry over shrinking pools of life-sustaining elements. Let us strive collectively towards crafting frameworks promoting coexistence instead of perpetuating cycles leading inexorably down paths strewn with devastation wrought by unchecked ambition fueled solely by primal urges dictating survivalist mentalities devoid of empathy or foresight regarding long term repercussions unleashed upon generations yet unborn caught unwittingly bearing burdens borne from decisions made hastily without regard for universal welfare beyond narrow self-interests guiding hand behind every move taken along treacher

Religious terrorism is terrorism carried out based on motivations and goals that have a predominantly religious character or influence .   In the modern age , after the decline of ideas such as the divine right of kings and with the rise of nationalism , terrorism has more often been based on anarchism , and revolutionary politics . Since 1980 , however , there has been an increase in terrorist activity motivated by religion .   Former United States Secretary of State Warren Christopher has said that terrorist acts in the name of religion and ethnic identity have become `` one of the most important security challenges we face in the wake of the Cold War . '' However , the political scientists Robert Pape and Terry Nardin , the social psychologists M. Brooke Rogers and colleagues , and the sociologist and religious studies scholar Mark Juergensmeyer have all argued that religion should be considered only one incidental factor and that such terrorism is primarily geopolitical .

The Department of National Defense ( DND ; Filipino : Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa , KTP ) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for guarding against external and internal threats to peace and security in the country . The Department of National Defense exercises executive supervision over the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) , the Office of Civil Defense ( OCD ) , the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office ( PVAO ) , the National Defense College of the Philippines ( NDCP ) , and the Government Arsenal ( GA ) . It is also responsible for disaster preparation and management in the country .   It is headed by the Secretary of National Defense , who is a member of the President 's cabinet . The current Secretary of National Defense of the Philippines is Delfin Lorenzana as of 30 June 2016 . @

Rhubarb ( Rheum rhabarbarum ) is an herbaceous perennial plant cultivated as a vegetable   Rhubarb may also refer to :   Rhubarb ( band ) , Australian rock band  Rhubarb ( 1951 film ) , a US baseball comedy  Rhubarb ( 1969 film ) , a British short film  Rhubarb Rhubarb , a 1980 remake of the 1969 film  `` Rhubarb '' , a song by Aphex Twin on the album Selected Ambient Works Volume II  Rhubarb Jones ( 1951 -- 2017 ) , American disc jockey  A dispute or fight , especially in sports  An RAF World War II code name for operations by aircraft seeking opportunity targets

Land mine contamination in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a serious after effect of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina which raged from 1992 until 1995 . All combatants laid land mines during the war and as a result Bosnia and Herzegovina has one of the most severe land mine problems in the world .

`` Lateral pressure '' refers to any tendency ( or propensity ) of individuals and societies to expand their activities and exert influence and control beyond their established boundaries , whether for economic , political , military , scientific , religious , or other purposes ( Choucri and North , 1972 ; 1975 ; Ashley , 1980 ; Choucri and North , 1989 ; North , 1990 ; Choucri , North and Yamakage , 1992 ; Lofdahl , 2000 ) . Framed by Robert C. North and Nazli Choucri , the theory addresses the sources and consequences of such a tendency .   Lateral pressure is a relatively neutral concept similar to what Pitirim Sorokin ( 1957 : 565 ) called economic expansion and Simon Kuznets ( 1966 , 334-348 ) referred to more broadly as outward expansion . The strength of a country 's lateral pressure is generally taken to correlate positively with its `` power '' as conventionally understood . The theory of lateral pressure draws on the level of analysis or Image perspective in international relations ( Boulding 1956 ; Waltz ( 1979 ) largely as an initial framing and extends this traditional perspective in specific ways .   Lateral Pressure theory seeks to explain the relationships between domestic growth and international behavior . The causal logic runs from the internal drivers , the master variables that shape the profiles of states -- through the intervening effects of socially aggregated and articulated demands and institutional capabilities -- toward modes of external behavior designed to meet demands given the capabilities at hand ( Choucri and North , 1989 ) . To the extent that states extend their behavior outside territorial boundaries -- driven by a wide range of capabilities and motivations -- they are likely to encounter other states similarly engaged . Intersection among spheres of influence is thus the first step of the dynamics leading to conflict and violence . The subsequent developments are contingent on the actors ` intents , capabilities , and activities . Framed thus , the theory addresses the sources and consequences of transformation and change in international relations .   Choucri and North ( 1972 ; 1975 ) formulated the first phase of the theory of lateral pressure in qualitative as well as quantitative terms . They noted that , in general , the strength of a country 's lateral pressure correlates positively with its capabilities and `` power '' ( a concept that is almost universally used but defined with difficulty ) . Lateral pressure theory provides a more detailed and nuanced view of the sources of power , the types of leverages , manifestations , and the behaviors that can be inferred . It puts forth specific propositions for why certain types of international behaviors or activities appear to be more prevalent in some countries than others . For reviews of the lateral pressure theory see , for example , Levy 2005 ; and Schweller and Pollins , 1999 ) .

The Last Days on Earth is a 20/20 science special which aired on ABC in August 2006 and has been aired on The History Channel .   The show counts down the seven most likely ways in which human life could end , including gamma ray bursts , black holes , machine rule , asteroids , super volcanoes , nuclear war , pandemic flu , and climate change . It includes input from a number of scientists including Michio Kaku , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Stephen Hawking and Kevin Warwick . In 2007 it received an Emmy nomination for its graphic and artistic design .

Macedonia ( Република Македонија , tr . Republika Makedonija ) , is a country in the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe . It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , from which it declared independence in 1991 . It became a member of the United Nations in 1993 , but , as a result of an ongoing dispute with Greece over the use of the name `` Macedonia '' , was admitted under the provisional description the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ( sometimes abbreviated as FYROM and FYR Macedonia ) , a term that is also used by international organizations such as the European Union , the Council of Europe and NATO .   A landlocked country , the Republic of Macedonia has borders with Kosovo to the northwest , Serbia to the north , Bulgaria to the east , Greece to the south , and Albania to the west . It constitutes approximately the northwestern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia , which also comprises the neighbouring parts of northern Greece and smaller portions of southwestern Bulgaria and southeastern Albania . The country 's geography is defined primarily by mountains , valleys , and rivers . The capital and largest city , Skopje , is home to roughly a quarter of the nation 's 2.06 million inhabitants . The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians , a South Slavic people . Albanians form a significant minority at around 25 percent , followed by Turks , Romani , Serbs , and others .   Macedonia 's history dates back to antiquity , beginning with the kingdom of Paeonia , a Thracian polity . In the late sixth century BCE the area was incorporated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire , then annexed by the Kingdom of Macedonia in the fourth century BCE . The Romans conquered the region in the second century BCE and made it part of the much larger province of Macedonia . Macedonia remained part of the Byzantine ( Eastern Roman ) Empire , and was often raided and settled by Slavic peoples beginning in the sixth century CE . Following centuries of contention between the Bulgarian and Byzantine empires , it gradually came under Ottoman dominion from the 14th century . Between the late 19th and early 20th century , a distinct Macedonian identity emerged , although following the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 , the modern territory of Macedonia came under Serbian rule . In the aftermath of the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) it became incorporated into the Serb-dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which after the Second World War was re-established as a republic ( 1945 ) and which became the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963 . Macedonia remained a constituent socialist republic within Yugoslavia until its peaceful secession in 1991 .   Macedonia is a member of the UN and of the Council of Europe . Since 2005 it has also been a candidate for joining the European Union and has applied for NATO membership . Although one of the poorest countries in Europe , Macedonia has made significant progress in developing an open , market based economy .

Richard Kevin Betts ( born August 15 , 1947 ) is the Arnold Saltzman Professor of War and Peace Studies in the Department of Political Science , the director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies , and the director of the International Security Policy Program in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University . He is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations .

Dharma combat , called or in Japanese , is a term in some schools of Buddhism referring to an intense exchange between student and teacher , and sometimes between teachers , as an occasion for one or both to demonstrate his or her understanding of the Dharma and Buddhist tenets . It is used by both students and teachers to test and sharpen their understanding . Practice is primarily seen in Zen traditions , particularly Rinzai Zen and the Kwan Um School of Zen . In both , it is a key component in the Dharma transmission process .   Zen practitioners will often have a sanzen , where the student has a face to face interview with their master . This is also called nishitsu , which literally means `` entering the room '' and refers to the student entering the room for private dharma combat .   An exchange is initiated when a master issues a challenge to members either individually or as a group . The master will use confrontation as an emotionally charged tool to push a student into immediate realization .   The Dharma combat usually appears to be in the form of a debate , with questions and answers that seem illogical to an outside observer . These encounters may involve dialogues with non verbal elements as well as verbal . An exchange between combatants will often show disjointed comments , shouting and even slapping . These encounters , where the student 's flaws in understanding or practice of dharma are exposed , have left students with a reluctance to enter the room used for combat .   As Peter D. Hershock asserts , the term itself provides insight into the risks of the encounter between student and master . Traditionally , Buddhism is known for helping others to attain peace and freedom from affliction . The usage of a martial term to describe enlightenment , he attests , can not be accidental . The student is in danger of losing the ability to maintain their prior chosen heading , much the same as in a battle .

Death Valley National Park is a national park in the United States . Straddling the border of California and Nevada , located east of the Sierra Nevada , it occupies an interface zone between the arid Great Basin and Mojave deserts in the United States . The park protects the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and contains a diverse desert environment of salt-flats , sand dunes , badlands , valleys , canyons , and mountains . It is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and has been declared an International Biosphere Reserve . Approximately 91 % of the park is a designated wilderness area . It is the hottest , driest and lowest of the national parks in the United States . The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin , which is 282 ft below sea level . The park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment . Some examples include creosote bush , bighorn sheep , coyote , and the Death Valley pupfish , a survivor of much wetter times .   A series of Native American groups inhabited the area from as early as 7000 BC , most recently the Timbisha around 1000 AD who migrated between winter camps in the valleys and summer grounds in the mountains . A group of European-Americans that became stuck in the valley in 1849 while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California gave the valley its name , even though only one of their group died there . Several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver . The only long-term profitable ore to be mined was borax , which was transported out of the valley with twenty-mule teams . The valley later became the subject of books , radio programs , television series , and movies . Tourism blossomed in the 1920s , when resorts were built around Stovepipe Wells and Furnace Creek . Death Valley National Monument was declared in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994 .   The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology . The valley itself is actually a graben . The oldest rocks are extensively metamorphosed and at least 1.7 billion years old . Ancient , warm , shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean . Additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast . This uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes . Later the crust started to pull apart , creating the current Basin and Range landform . Valleys filled with sediment and , during the wet times of glacial periods , with lakes , such as Lake Manly .   In 2013 , Death Valley National Park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark-Sky Association .


Question: The competition for scarce natural resources might lead to armed confrontations that could potentially spiral out of control and result in full-blown nuclear warfare.

 Resource Wars: A Looming Threat to Global Stability
The world faces growing concerns about armed conflicts sparked by competition over scarce resources, particularly fresh water, fertile land, and energy sources. These disputes could potentially escalate into full-scale wars involving multiple nations. With increasing demand fueled by rapid population growth and economic development, tensions rise around access to vital commodities. Historically, territorial disputes often led to military confrontations; now, resource scarcity adds another layer of conflict risk. Should major powers clash over dwindling supplies, there exists a terrifying possibility that nuclear weapons might enter play - turning regional skirmishes into catastrophic events threatening humanity’s survival. Diplomatic solutions aimed at equitable distribution mechanisms alongside sustainable management practices need urgent attention before we reach tipping points leading us down paths no nation wants but all fear immensely.
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In international relations , regional hegemony is the influence exercised over neighboring countries by an independently powerful nation , the regional hegemon . The relationship between regional hegemons and the other states within their spheres of influence is analogous to the relationship between a global hegemon and the other states in the international system .   The prominent international relations scholar John Mearsheimer writes extensively about the pursuit of regional hegemony in his book , The Tragedy of Great Power Politics . According to his theory , known as offensive realism , the anarchic nature of the international system , the desire for survival , and the uncertainty about other states ' intentions ultimately lead states to pursue regional hegemony . According to Mearsheimer , global hegemony is an unattainable goal ; instead , a state which has achieved the level of regional hegemon will then work to prevent the development of peer competitors in other regions .

David Charles Hahn ( October 30 , 1976 -- September 27 , 2016 ) , sometimes called the Radioactive Boy Scout or the Nuclear Boy Scout , was an American who in 1994 , at age 17 , attempted to build a homemade breeder reactor . A scout in the Boy Scouts of America , Hahn conducted his experiments in secret in a backyard shed at his mother 's house in Commerce Township , Michigan . While his reactor never reached critical mass , Hahn attracted the attention of local police when he was stopped on another matter and they found material in his vehicle that troubled them , and he warned that it was radioactive . His mother 's property was cleaned up by the Environmental Protection Agency ten months later as a Superfund cleanup site . Hahn attained Eagle Scout rank shortly after his lab was dismantled .   While the incident was not widely publicized initially , it became better known following a 1998 Harper 's article by journalist Ken Silverstein . Hahn was also the subject of Silverstein 's 2004 book , The Radioactive Boy Scout .

Revolutionary United Front ( RUF ) was a rebel army that fought a failed eleven-year war in Sierra Leone , starting in 1991 and ending in 2002 . It later developed into a political party , which existed until 2007 . The three most senior surviving leaders , Issa Sesay , Morris Kallon and Augustine Gbao , were convicted in February 2009 of war crimes and crimes against humanity .

Raymond Jeanloz is a professor of earth and planetary science and of astronomy at the University of California , Berkeley . Educated at the California Institute of Technology , Amherst College and at Deep Springs College , he has contributed research fundamental to understanding of the composition of the Earth and the behavior of materials under high temperatures and pressures . He is working with colleagues to investigate the conditions inside supergiant exoplanets . Jeanloz is also a prominent figure in nuclear weapons policy , chairing the Committee on International Security and Arms Control at the National Academy of Sciences . He is an Annenberg Distinguished Visiting Fellow at Stanford University 's Hoover Institution .

Latvia ( -LSB- ˈlætviə -RSB- Latvija -LSB- ˈlatvija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Latvia ( -LSB- Latvijas Republika , links = no -RSB- ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe , one of the three Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , and Belarus to the southeast , as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64589 km2 . The country has a temperate seasonal climate .   Latvia is a democratic parliamentary republic established in 1918 . The capital city is Riga , the European Capital of Culture 2014 . Latvian is the official language . Latvia is a unitary state , divided into 119 administrative divisions , of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities .   Latvians and Livs are the indigenous people of Latvia . Latvian and Lithuanian are the only two surviving Baltic languages . Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries , the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language and musical traditions . Latvia and Estonia share a long common history . As a consequence of centuries of Russian rule ( 1710-1918 ) and later Soviet occupation , both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians ( 26.9 % in Latvia and 25.5 % in Estonia ) , some of whom ( 14.1 % of Latvian residents ) have not gained citizenship , leaving them with no citizenship at all . Until World War II , Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans and Jews .   Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant Lutheran , except for the Latgale region in the southeast , which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic . The Russian population has also brought a significant portion of Eastern Orthodox Christians .   The Republic of Latvia was founded on 18 November 1918 . However , its de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II . In 1940 , the country was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union , invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944 to form the Latvian SSR for the next fifty years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation of Soviet rule . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 , and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 .   Latvia is a democratic and developed country and member of the European Union , NATO , the Council of Europe , the United Nations , CBSS , the IMF , NB8 , NIB , OECD , OSCE , and WTO . For 2014 , Latvia was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and as a high income country on 1 July 2014 . It used the Latvian lats as its currency until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014 .

Dead hand can refer to :   Dead Hand ( nuclear war ) , a Soviet weapons-control system used as a deterrent during the Cold War  The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Dangerous Legacy , 2009 book by David E. Hoffman  Dead hand ( mini-boss ) , a sub-boss in The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time  The Dead Hand , original title of one of the short stories comprising the original Foundation Trilogy  Dead man 's hand poker hand allegedly held by Wild Bill Hickok at the time of his murder  Mortmain , a legal term , literally ` Dead Hand ' in French  `` Dead hand '' , a legal term referring to control of an estate by a decedent ; see Rule Against Perpetuities  The Dead Hand Series of books by Upton Sinclair , of which the first was The Profits of Religion ( 1917 )

Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules . The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental , although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives , as defined by national governments . Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making , or a combination of both .   Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region , increasing the free movement of people , labour , goods , and capital across national borders , reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict ( for example , through Confidence and Security-Building Measures ) , and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues , such as the environment , climate change and migration .   Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone . In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity .

The Large Hadron Collider ( LHC ) is the world 's largest and most powerful particle collider , most complex experimental facility ever built , and the largest single machine in the world . It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research ( CERN ) between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries , as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories . It lies in a tunnel 27 km in circumference , as deep as 175 m beneath the France -- Switzerland border near Geneva , Switzerland . Its first research run took place from March 2010 to early 2013 at an energy of 3.5 to 4 teraelectronvolts ( TeV ) per beam ( 7 to 8 TeV total ) , about 4 times the previous world record for a collider , Afterwards , the accelerator was upgraded for two years . It was restarted in early 2015 for its second research run , reaching 6.5 TeV per beam ( 13 TeV total , the current world record ) .   The aim of the LHC is to allow physicists to test the predictions of different theories of particle physics , including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson and searching for the large family of new particles predicted by supersymmetric theories , as well as other unsolved questions of physics .   The collider has four crossing points , around which are positioned seven detectors , each designed for certain kinds of research . The LHC primarily collides proton beams , but it can also use beams of lead nuclei . Proton -- lead collisions were performed for short periods in 2013 and 2016 , and lead -- lead collisions took place in 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , and 2015 .   The LHC 's computing grid is a world record holder . Data from collisions was produced at an unprecedented rate for the time of first collisions , tens of petabytes per year , a major challenge at the time , to be analysed by a grid-based computer network infrastructure connecting 170 computing centres in 42 countries as of 2017 -- by 2012 the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid was also the world 's largest distributed computing grid , comprising over 170 computing facilities in a worldwide network across 36 countries .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Kyzyl-Jar ( also Kyzyl-Dzhar , Кызыл-Жар , pronounced -LSB- qɯzɯld͡ʒɑ́r -RSB- , literally `` Red cliff '' ) is a village in Aksy District of Jalal-Abad Region in Kyrgyzstan . Its population was 5,016 in 2009 . The Naryn River separates the village from Uch-Kurgan , Uzbekistan , not far from Namangan . The area and even the village are still sometimes referred to as Uch-Korgon , presumably due to the lumping together of the two villages during Soviet times . The village is located on the edge of the Fergana Valley and as such is a heavy watermelon , melon , and cotton-producing area .


Question:
 Disputes over scarce natural assets could materialize as armed confrontations with an inherent risk of deteriorating into full-blown nuclear warfare.
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 Resource Wars: A Looming Threat
The specter of armed conflict sparked by competition over scarce resources looms large on humanity’s horizon, raising concerns about escalating tensions potentially culminating in catastrophic scenarios involving weapons of mass destruction. Historically, disputes over land, minerals, oil, and fresh water have fueled numerous wars; however, in contemporary times, the stakes seem higher given rapid resource depletion exacerbated by growing global demand. Climate change adds urgency to this equation, intensifying existing pressures while creating new ones through phenomena such as desertification and sea-level rise. Nations increasingly view access to vital commodities as matters of national security, heightening geopolitical rivalries. Although traditional warfare remains prevalent, modern confrontations could take more devastating turns should parties resort to nuclear arsenals. Such escalation would mark a grim milestone in human history, underscoring failures in diplomacy and international cooperation. To mitigate risks associated with resource-driven conflicts, proactive measures focusing on sustainable management practices, equitable distribution mechanisms, and diplomatic resolutions are imperative. Additionally, fostering dialogue among nations regarding shared interests and collaborative strategies might help de-escalate brewing crises before they spiral out of control.

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The Radio Yerevan jokes , also known as the Armenian Radio jokes , have been popular in the Soviet Union and other countries of the former Communist Eastern bloc since the second half of the 20th century . These jokes of the Q&A type pretended to come from the Question & Answer series of the Armenian Radio . A typical format of a joke was : `` Radio Yerevan was asked , '' and `` Radio Yerevan answered . ''   Examples of Radio Yerevan jokes include :   The Armenian Radio was asked : `` Is it good to sleep with an open window ? ''  The Armenian Radio answered : `` Yes , but with a woman it is better . ''   The Armenian Radio was asked : `` Is it true that the poet Mayakovsky shot himself ? ''  The Armenian Radio answered : `` Yes , it is true , because his last words were Do n't shoot , comrades ! ''   Radio Yerevan was asked : `` Could an atomic bomb destroy the beautiful city of Yerevan ? ''  Radio Yerevan answered : `` In principle , yes . But Moscow is by far a more beautiful city . ''   Radio Yerevan was asked : Is everything OK in Armenia with meat ?  Radio Yerevan answered : Yes , everything is OK with meat , but it is awfully bad without .

19 ( nineteen ) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 . It is a prime number .   In a 24-hour clock , the nineteenth hour is in conventional language called seven or seven o'clock .

Red Storm Rising is a 1986 technothriller novel by Tom Clancy about a Third World War in Europe between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and Warsaw Pact forces , set around the mid-1980s . Though other novels deal with a fictional World War III , this one is notable for the way in which numerous settings for the action -- from Atlantic convoy duty to shooting down reconnaissance satellites to tank battles in Germany -- all have an integral part to play on the outcome . It was also unusual in its depiction of a World War III fought exclusively with conventional weapons , rather than escalating to the use of weapons of mass destruction or nuclear warfare .   It is one of three Clancy novels ( with SSN and Against All Enemies ) not associated with the Jack Ryan universe .   The novel eventually lent its name to a game development company called Red Storm Entertainment , which Clancy co-founded in 1997 .

Restricted airspace is an area ( volume ) of airspace typically used by the military in which the local controlling authorities have determined that air traffic must be restricted ( if not continually prohibited ) for safety or security concerns . It is one of many types of special use airspace designations and is depicted on aeronautical charts with the letter `` R '' followed by a serial number .   According to the United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) : `` Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual , often invisible , hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing , aerial gunnery , or guided missiles . Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants . ''   Restricted airspace zones may not be active ( `` hot '' ) at all times ; in such cases there are typically schedules of local dates and times available to aviators specifying when the zone is active , and at other times , the airspace is subject to normal VFR/IFR operation for the applicable airspace class . A few zones are activated by NOTAM ; an example is R-2503D over Camp Pendleton in southern California , between San Diego and Los Angeles . This particular zone , beginning at 2000ft above sea level over most of southern Camp Pendleton , can only be active for a certain number of days per year , thus allowing small planes to fly a direct route over land between the two metro areas instead of being diverted offshore or into mountainous terrain further inland .

Defence in depth ( also known as deep or elastic defence ) is a military strategy that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker , buying time and causing additional casualties by yielding space . Rather than defeating an attacker with a single , strong defensive line , defence in depth relies on the tendency of an attack to lose momentum over time or as it covers a larger area . A defender can thus yield lightly defended territory in an effort to stress an attacker 's logistics or spread out a numerically superior attacking force . Once an attacker has lost momentum or is forced to spread out to pacification a large area , defensive counter-attacks can be mounted on the attacker 's weak points , with the goal being to cause attrition or drive the attacker back to its original starting position .

David Deming ( born 1954 ) , an American geologist and geophysicist , is an associate professor of Arts and Sciences at the University of Oklahoma in Norman . He graduated from North Central High School in Indianapolis , Indiana in 1972 . He then attended Indiana University Bloomington , graduating in 1983 with a BS degree in geology , and received a Ph.D in geophysics from the University of Utah in 1988 . Prior to his arrival at the University of Oklahoma in 1992 , Deming held a National Research Council postdoctoral fellowship at the U.S. Geological Survey in California . From 1992 through 2003 , Deming was an assistant and associate professor in the School of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Oklahoma . An outspoken and controversial professor , Deming was involved in two major disputes with the OU administration , one leading to a lawsuit . Deming is the author of more than thirty research papers and the textbook Introduction to Hydrogeology . He is an associate editor for the academic journals Petroleum Geoscience and Ground Water , and is an adjunct faculty member at two conservative think tanks , the Oklahoma Council of Public Affairs and the National Center for Policy Analysis

Lake Nar ( Turkish : Nar or Narlı Gölü ) is a brackish lake in the Aksaray Province of central Turkey ( altitude : 1363 m AMSL ) . It is around 21 metres deep and 0.7 square kilometres in area . The lake basin formed as a result of volcanic activity ; specifically it is classed as a maar lake . There is still geothermal activity in the area , which has given rise to hot springs around the lake . In recent years , the geothermal waters have been pumped up to nearby hotels for use in their hot baths .   Lake Nar is particularly known for its scientific importance . It is home to a newly-described species of microscopic diatom algae called Clipeoparvus anatolicus . Nar lake waters undergo a remarkable change between different seasons . In winter , the lake water is cold from top to bottom . As the temperature increases in the spring , the lake water divides into an upper half which is warm ( epilimnion ) , while the lower half ( hypolimnion ) stays cold and lacking in oxygen . An abundance of planktonic algae ( or plankton bloom ) in early summer changes the water chemistry and leads to the precipitation of calcium carbonate . As a result , the mud at the bottom of the lake is made of alternating black and white layers ( or varves ) representing different seasons of the year . Like tree rings , they create a natural geological clock . The best known other example of a varve-forming lake in Turkey is Lake Van .   Work has been carried out on its sediments and waters by a team of British , Turkish and French researchers . Since 1997 , water samples have been taken from the lake to monitor how the lake level and chemistry has changed with climate . Over this period , central Turkey experience a shift to drier conditions ( especially hotter summers with more evaporation ) , which was seen in Lake Nar as a lake level fall and a change in the chemistry of the lake .   Sediment cores taken from Nar lake have been dated by counting individual layers back thousands of years . Laboratory analysis of these sediment cores has enabled the history of climate and human activities to be reconstructed in great detail . For example , pollen analysis has shown how the Arab invasions of central Anatolia during the 8th and 9th centuries destroyed Cappadocia 's late antique rural economy based on tree crops and cereal cultivation , the so-called Beyşehir Occupation phase . In 2010 , new core samples were taken from the lake sediments , extending from the present lake bed at around 21 metres water depth to over 21 metres below the lake bed . This sediment record extends from the present day back to around 14,000 years ago , and by analysing the changes in the chemistry of the sediments it has been possible to reconstruct how the lake level , and hence how the climate of central Turkey , has changed over time . After a dry period at the time of the northern European Younger Dryas cold period , there was a rapid shift to wetter conditions ~ 11,700 years ago . It stayed wet for several thousand years , and then gradually got drier , reaching a peak around 4,000-2 ,000 years ago .

In military operations , reconnaissance is the exploration outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy presence .   Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops ( Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol , U.S. Army Rangers , cavalry scout , or military intelligence specialists ) , ships or submarines , manned/unmanned reconnaissance aircraft , satellites , or by setting up covert observation posts . Espionage normally is not reconnaissance , because reconnaissance is a military 's special forces operating ahead of its main forces ; spies are non-combatants operating behind enemy lines .   Often called `` recce '' ( British and Canadian English ) or `` recon '' ( American and Australian English ) , the associated verb is reconnaître .

A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state . Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation , or are breakaway territories from within the larger state . In 2010 , the UN 's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that `` International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence '' , though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion , which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis .

Krasnokamianka ( Краснокам ' янка Краснока́менка Qızıltaş ) ( also known as Red Stone , Kiziltash or Kyzyltash ) is a village located in the Feodosiya municipality of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea , a territory recognized by a majority of countries as part of Ukraine and incorporated by Russia as the Republic of Crimea . Population :   Mountain slopes are forested tracts Kyzyltash pubescent oak , sessile oak and hornbeam ordinary , common relict plants listed in the Red book : high juniper , pistachio tupolistnaya , many species of orchids .   The highest peak in the vicinity Krasnokamianka - Sandyk - Kaya ( Stone forehead ) - 698 meters above sea level .   In late 1950 , the Council of Ministers of USSR adopted a decision on the establishment of central database storage of nuclear weapons - TSBH , i.e. organizations that carry out the assembly and storage of produced in the factories of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building of USSR ( USSR Minsredmash , MSM USSR ) nuclear weapons .   The first central database storage ( object `` C '' ) were in the south of the Crimean military unit ( B / W ) № 62047 ( Krasnokamyanka , Simferopol-10 or Theodosius-13 ) `` Object 712 '' - Commander of the M. Nemirovsky .   In post-Soviet Ukraine the 47 th regiment of special purpose Crimean territorial command of Interior Troops of Ukraine `` Tiger '' ( a / h 4125 ) , based in Krasnokamenka .   Category : Feodosia Municipality  Category : Villages in Crimea


Question:
 Disputes over scarce natural assets could evolve into militarized confrontations with an escalating risk of atomic warfare. This suggests that resource-driven battles might not only intensify but also lead to more catastrophic outcomes involving weapons of mass destruction.
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 Resource Wars: An Emerging Threat to Global Stability

In recent times, concerns about resource scarcity leading to armed conflicts have escalated, raising fears of a catastrophic scenario involving nuclear confrontation. History has shown us how tensions can build up among powerful nations, much akin to what transpired during the Cold War era—a protracted standoff characterized by ideological divisions rather than direct military engagement. From approximately 1947 until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the world witnessed a tense stalemate between the East—led by Moscow—and the West under American leadership. Although direct confrontations were avoided, numerous proxy battles raged across various continents, fueled by competing interests and ideologies.

During this period, the specter of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) loomed large, preventing outright hostilities through the deterrent effect of nuclear annihilation. Both camps amassed formidable armaments, ready to unleash devastation should diplomacy fail. Proxy skirmishes unfolded globally, spanning regions from Korea to Cuba, reflecting broader struggles for supremacy. Espionage networks thrived alongside arms races, space exploration contests, and covert operations aimed at undermining adversaries' positions. Despite moments of relative calm facilitated by détente initiatives, underlying animosity persisted, occasionally flaring into acute crises requiring delicate management to avoid Armageddon.

As we reflect upon historical lessons learned, parallels emerge concerning contemporary challenges posed by dwindling natural resources. Nations increasingly vie for access to critical minerals, fertile lands, freshwater sources, and energy reserves essential for sustaining modern economies. Competition intensifies amidst growing awareness regarding finite planetary limits exacerbated by unchecked exploitation practices. Should dialogue mechanisms prove insufficient to resolve escalating disputes, history warns us about potentially dire consequences awaiting humanity if peaceful resolutions remain elusive. Nuclear brinkmanship becomes conceivable once again, threatening civilization’s very fabric unless collective wisdom prevails in addressing root causes behind mounting aggression. Diplomatic channels need reinforcement coupled with innovative strategies promoting sustainable resource governance frameworks capable of accommodating diverse stakeholder needs without compromising future generations’ prospects.

Just as earlier eras grappled with ideological schisms manifesting themselves geopolitically, current dynamics underscore urgent imperatives associated with forging cooperative arrangements amid heightened stakes surrounding survival essentials. Lessons gleaned from previous adversarial posturing offer valuable insights guiding proactive measures designed to mitigate risks inherent within emerging flashpoints linked intrinsically to ecological vulnerabilities. Embracing collaborative paradigms centered around equitable sharing principles emerges imperative given looming threats poised to disrupt established norms governing international conduct. Proactive engagement premised upon shared responsibility acknowledges interdependencies binding together communities irrespective

The Rayleigh -- Taylor instability , or RT instability ( after Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor ) , is an instability of an interface between two fluids of different densities which occurs when the lighter fluid is pushing the heavier fluid . Examples include the behavior of water suspended above oil in the gravity of Earth , mushroom clouds like those from volcanic eruptions and atmospheric nuclear explosions , supernova explosions in which expanding core gas is accelerated into denser shell gas , instabilities in plasma fusion reactors and inertial confinement fusion .   Water suspended atop oil is an everyday example of Rayleigh -- Taylor instability , and it may be modeled by two completely plane-parallel layers of immiscible fluid , the more dense on top of the less dense one and both subject to the Earth 's gravity . The equilibrium here is unstable to any perturbations or disturbances of the interface : if a parcel of heavier fluid is displaced downward with an equal volume of lighter fluid displaced upwards , the potential energy of the configuration is lower than the initial state . Thus the disturbance will grow and lead to a further release of potential energy , as the more dense material moves down under the ( effective ) gravitational field , and the less dense material is further displaced upwards . This was the set-up as studied by Lord Rayleigh . The important insight by G. I. Taylor was his realisation that this situation is equivalent to the situation when the fluids are accelerated , with the less dense fluid accelerating into the more dense fluid . This occurs deep underwater on the surface of an expanding bubble and in a nuclear explosion .   As the RT instability develops , the initial perturbations progress from a linear growth phase into a non-linear or `` exponential '' growth phase , eventually developing `` plumes '' flowing upwards ( in the gravitational buoyancy sense ) and `` spikes '' falling downwards . In general , the density disparity between the fluids determines the structure of the subsequent non-linear RT instability flows ( assuming other variables such as surface tension and viscosity are negligible here ) . The difference in the fluid densities divided by their sum is defined as the Atwood number , A. For A close to 0 , RT instability flows take the form of symmetric `` fingers '' of fluid ; for A close to 1 , the much lighter fluid `` below '' the heavier fluid takes the form of larger bubble-like plumes .   This process is evident not only in many terrestrial examples , from salt domes to weather inversions , but also in astrophysics and electrohydrodynamics . RT instability structure is also evident in the Crab Nebula , in which the expanding pulsar wind nebula powered by the Crab pulsar is sweeping up ejected material from the supernova explosion 1000 years ago . The RT instability has also recently been discovered in the Sun 's outer atmosphere , or solar corona , when a relatively dense solar prominence overlies a less dense plasma bubble . This latter case is an clear example of the magnetically modulated RT instability .   Note that the RT instability is not to be confused with the Plateau -- Rayleigh instability ( also known as Rayleigh instability ) of a liquid jet . This instability , sometimes called the hosepipe ( or firehose ) instability , occurs due to surface tension , which acts to break a cylindrical jet into a stream of droplets having the same volume but lower surface area .   Many people have witnessed the RT instability by looking at a lava lamp , although some might claim this is more accurately described as an example of Rayleigh -- Bénard convection due to the active heating of the fluid layer at the bottom of the lamp .

Response Analysis refers to the analysis of mitigation plans for emergency or disaster situations . These emergencies or disasters may be naturally occurring ( e.g. hurricanes , earthquakes , disease outbreaks , etc. ) or man-made ( e.g. terrorism , bio-terrorism , industrial accidents , chemical spills , etc. ) . Since the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , the following Anthrax bio-terror attacks , and the disasters precipitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , emphasis has been put on the development of mitigation plans to prepare for such situations . The field of response analysis is the effort to analyze , validate , and optimize these mitigation plans using quantitative data and computational tools .

In English common law , real property , real estate , realty , or immovable property is land which is the property of some person and all structures ( also called improvements or fixtures ) integrated with or affixed to the land , including crops , buildings , machinery , wells , dams , ponds , mines , canals , and roads , among other things . The term is historic , arising from the now-discontinued form of action , which distinguished between real property disputes and personal property disputes . Personal property was , and continues to be , all property that is not real property .   In countries with personal ownership of real property , civil law protects the status of real property in real-estate markets , where estate agents work in the market of buying and selling real estate . Scottish civil law calls real property `` heritable property '' , and in French-based law , it is called immobilier ( `` immovable property '' ) .

A design basis accident ( DBA ) or maximum credible accident ( MCA ) is a postulated accident that a nuclear facility must be designed and built to withstand without loss to the systems , structures , and components necessary to assure public health and safety .   Subtypes of DBAs are :  design-basis criticality : `` A criticality accident that is the most severe design basis accident of that type applicable to the area under consideration . ''  design-basis earthquake ( DBE ) : `` That earthquake for which the safety systems are designed to remain functional both during and after the event , thus assuring the ability to shut down and maintain a safe configuration . ''  design-basis event ( DBE ) : `` A postulated event used in the design to establish the acceptable performance requirements of the structures , systems , and components . ''  design-basis explosion : `` An explosion that is the most severe design basis accident of that type applicable to the area under consideration . ''  design-basis fire : `` A fire that is the most severe design basis accident of this type . In postulating such a fire , failure of automatic and manual fire suppression provisions shall be assumed except for those safety class items or systems that are specifically designed to remain available ( structurally or functionally ) through the event . ''  design-basis flood : `` A flood that is the most severe design basis accident of that type applicable to the area under consideration . ''  design-basis tornado ( DBT ) : `` A tornado that is the most severe design basis accident of that type applicable to the area under consideration . ''   Circumstances like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami were not considered within the design basis of the plant , and so the resulting Fukushima I nuclear accidents were described using this terminology as `` beyond design basis accidents '' or `` non-design-basis accidents '' . However , some have claimed that the design basis for tsunami events at Fukushima was incorrect .   Accidents caused by poor design , failure to follow listed safety procedures , or other forms of human error are not considered to be beyond design basis accidents . The terminology can be unclear , however , because a poorly handled design basis accident can result in conditions beyond what was considered likely , causing a beyond design basis accident . For this reason , some industry experts have criticized the use of design basis terminology . The Three Mile Island accident and the Chernobyl disaster are examples of design basis accidents becoming non design basis accidents largely due to failures to follow the written operating procedures .

De Re Militari ( Latin `` Concerning Military Matters '' ) , also Epitoma Rei Militaris , is a treatise by the late Latin writer Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus about Roman warfare and military principles as a presentation of methods and practices in use during the height of Rome 's power , and responsible for that power . The extant text dates to the 5th century .   Vegetius emphasized things such as training of soldiers as a disciplined force , orderly strategy , maintenance of supply lines and logistics , quality leadership and use of tactics and even deceit to ensure advantage over the opposition . He was concerned about selection of good soldiers and recommended hard training of at least four months before the soldier was accepted into the ranks . The leader of the army ( dux or duke ) had to take care of the men under his command and keep himself informed about the movements of the enemy to gain advantage in the battle .   De Re Militari became a military guide in the Middle Ages . Even after the introduction of gunpowder to Europe , it was carried by general officers and their staffs as a field guide to methods . Friends and subordinates customarily presented embellished copies as gifts to leaders . It went on into the 18th and 19th centuries as a source of policy and strategy to the major states of Europe . In that sense De Re Militari is a projection of Roman civilization into modern times and a continuation of its influence on its cultural descendants .

In international politics , defence diplomacy refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives through the peaceful employment of defence resources and capabilities .

Restricted airspace is an area ( volume ) of airspace typically used by the military in which the local controlling authorities have determined that air traffic must be restricted ( if not continually prohibited ) for safety or security concerns . It is one of many types of special use airspace designations and is depicted on aeronautical charts with the letter `` R '' followed by a serial number .   According to the United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) : `` Restricted areas denote the existence of unusual , often invisible , hazards to aircraft such as artillery firing , aerial gunnery , or guided missiles . Penetration of restricted areas without authorization from the using or controlling agency may be extremely hazardous to the aircraft and its occupants . ''   Restricted airspace zones may not be active ( `` hot '' ) at all times ; in such cases there are typically schedules of local dates and times available to aviators specifying when the zone is active , and at other times , the airspace is subject to normal VFR/IFR operation for the applicable airspace class . A few zones are activated by NOTAM ; an example is R-2503D over Camp Pendleton in southern California , between San Diego and Los Angeles . This particular zone , beginning at 2000ft above sea level over most of southern Camp Pendleton , can only be active for a certain number of days per year , thus allowing small planes to fly a direct route over land between the two metro areas instead of being diverted offshore or into mountainous terrain further inland .

Land for peace is an interpretation of UN Security Council Resolution 242 which has formed the basis of subsequent Arab-Israeli peace making . The name Land for Peace is derived from the wording of the resolution 's first operative paragraph which affirms that peace should include the application of two principles : Withdrawal of Israeli forces ( Giving Up Land ) , and Termination of all claims or states of belligerency ( Making Peace ) . Since the resolution stipulates that both principles should apply , they can be viewed jointly as giving up land for peace , referred to more concisely as ` land for peace ' .   This interpretation is widely contested because it implies that Israeli withdrawal is linked to its neighbours ' willingness to formally make peace . Competing interpretations of the resolution regard Israel as being obligated to withdraw unilaterally from all territories captured in 1967 . Operative paragraph 1 of 242 reads as follows :  1 . Affirms that the fulfillment of Charter principles requires the establishment of a just and lasting peace in the Middle East which should include the application of both the following principles :  ( i ) Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict ;   ( ii ) Termination of all claims or states of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgement of the sovereignty , territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force ;   When in 1976 Lord Caradon was asked about the concessions the Arab states would have to make to Israel as part of an overall settlement he said `` Well , that 's perfectly obvious if you read again the principles of 242 , which have been accepted by Egypt , Jordan , Syria and Saudi Arabia , and in effect by Israel . The provision is that if there is an adequate withdrawal , all states in the area must be free to live within secure and recognized boundaries , free from force and threat of force . So it is an acceptance that Israel has a right to exist , just as they would have a right to their homeland , and have a right to exist . This is the essential bargain that we are proposing . It 's not a new thing , it 's been going since 1967 .

Richard Kevin Betts ( born August 15 , 1947 ) is the Arnold Saltzman Professor of War and Peace Studies in the Department of Political Science , the director of the Institute of War and Peace Studies , and the director of the International Security Policy Program in the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University . He is a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations .

In naval terminology , a destroyer is a fast , maneuverable long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet , convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller powerful short-range attackers . They were originally developed in the late 19th century as a defence against torpedo boats , and by the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 , these `` torpedo boat destroyers '' ( TBDs ) were `` large , swift , and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats . '' Although the term `` destroyer '' had been used interchangeably with `` TBD '' and `` torpedo boat destroyer '' by navies since 1892 , the term `` torpedo boat destroyer '' had been generally shortened to simply `` destroyer '' by nearly all navies by the First World War .   Before World War II , destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations ; typically a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together . After the war , the advent of the guided missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers . This resulted in larger and more powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation .   At the start of the 21st century , destroyers are the global standard for surface combatant ships , with only three nations ( United States , Russia , and Peru ) operating the heavier class cruisers , with no battleships or true battlecruisers remaining . Modern destroyers , also known as guided missile destroyers , are equivalent in tonnage but vastly superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era , and are capable of carrying nuclear tipped cruise missiles . At 510 ft long , a displacement of 9200 tons , and with armament of more than 90 missiles , guided missile destroyers such as the Arleigh Burke class are actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers .


Question: The latest findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) outline potential outcomes should we cap temperature increases at 1.5°C rather than adhering strictly to the originally proposed 2°C threshold set by international accords in Paris. This highlights nuanced differences between seemingly small changes in target goals for climate stabilization efforts globally.

1.5°C vs. 2°C: A Tale of Two Futures According to the Latest IPCC Report
In response to escalating concerns about global warming, the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offers insights into contrasting scenarios should temperatures rise either by 1.5°C or reach the higher threshold outlined within the historic Paris Agreement—2°C above pre-industrial levels. Established jointly by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the IPCC serves as a pivotal resource for nations seeking comprehensive data regarding climate change, its implications, and strategies for mitigating adverse effects.
This authoritative panel compiles extensive assessments based upon existing studies conducted across various disciplines, encompassing both peer-reviewed articles and additional pertinent materials. These evaluations undergo rigorous scrutiny involving thousands of volunteer contributors who meticulously analyze findings before presenting summaries tailored specifically for policymakers' review; each statement receives meticulous examination during multilateral governmental deliberations comprising representatives hailing from upwards of 120 states globally.
Recognized universally as a credible source concerning matters pertaining to atmospheric conditions, the organization has garnered significant recognition—including sharing the prestigious 2007 Nobel Peace Prize alongside former US Vice President Albert Arnold "Al" Gore Jr.—for its unwavering commitment to disseminating accurate knowledge surrounding planetary alterations attributable largely but not exclusively to anthropogenic influences. Consequently, decision-makers around the globe rely heavily upon recommendations emanating directly from IPCC publications when formulating policies designed explicitly to curb carbon dioxide emissions while simultaneously promoting sustainable development initiatives aimed at safeguarding ecosystems imperiled by ongoing environmental degradation precipitated chiefly via unchecked industrial expansionism throughout much of recorded history until relatively recently wherein concerted international collaborative endeavors commenced earnestly following ratification en masse circa late twentieth century onwards...
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Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

`` Lateral pressure '' refers to any tendency ( or propensity ) of individuals and societies to expand their activities and exert influence and control beyond their established boundaries , whether for economic , political , military , scientific , religious , or other purposes ( Choucri and North , 1972 ; 1975 ; Ashley , 1980 ; Choucri and North , 1989 ; North , 1990 ; Choucri , North and Yamakage , 1992 ; Lofdahl , 2000 ) . Framed by Robert C. North and Nazli Choucri , the theory addresses the sources and consequences of such a tendency .   Lateral pressure is a relatively neutral concept similar to what Pitirim Sorokin ( 1957 : 565 ) called economic expansion and Simon Kuznets ( 1966 , 334-348 ) referred to more broadly as outward expansion . The strength of a country 's lateral pressure is generally taken to correlate positively with its `` power '' as conventionally understood . The theory of lateral pressure draws on the level of analysis or Image perspective in international relations ( Boulding 1956 ; Waltz ( 1979 ) largely as an initial framing and extends this traditional perspective in specific ways .   Lateral Pressure theory seeks to explain the relationships between domestic growth and international behavior . The causal logic runs from the internal drivers , the master variables that shape the profiles of states -- through the intervening effects of socially aggregated and articulated demands and institutional capabilities -- toward modes of external behavior designed to meet demands given the capabilities at hand ( Choucri and North , 1989 ) . To the extent that states extend their behavior outside territorial boundaries -- driven by a wide range of capabilities and motivations -- they are likely to encounter other states similarly engaged . Intersection among spheres of influence is thus the first step of the dynamics leading to conflict and violence . The subsequent developments are contingent on the actors ` intents , capabilities , and activities . Framed thus , the theory addresses the sources and consequences of transformation and change in international relations .   Choucri and North ( 1972 ; 1975 ) formulated the first phase of the theory of lateral pressure in qualitative as well as quantitative terms . They noted that , in general , the strength of a country 's lateral pressure correlates positively with its capabilities and `` power '' ( a concept that is almost universally used but defined with difficulty ) . Lateral pressure theory provides a more detailed and nuanced view of the sources of power , the types of leverages , manifestations , and the behaviors that can be inferred . It puts forth specific propositions for why certain types of international behaviors or activities appear to be more prevalent in some countries than others . For reviews of the lateral pressure theory see , for example , Levy 2005 ; and Schweller and Pollins , 1999 ) .

Regulatory risk differentiation the process used by a regulatory authority ( the regulator ) to systemically treat entities differently based on the regulator 's assessment of the risks of the entity 's non-compliance .   Regulators can include law enforcement agencies , while the word entities applies to all those under the authority of the regulator -- in most cases ranging from individuals to companies to synthetic entities to multinationals operating within the regulator 's jurisdiction .   The process requires the regulator to directly link a robust risk assessment to a suggested regulatory response ( e.g. financial penalties , criminal imprisonment ) . Regulatory risk differentiation is also referred to as the Compliance Model in some regulatory agencies . See for example the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority risk differentiation approach known as : PAIRS / SOARS . PAIRS is the Probability And Impact Rating System , while SOARS is the Supervisory Oversight And Response System .

A demitasse ( -LSB- ˈdɛmᵻtæs -RSB- French : `` half cup '' ) is a small cup used to serve Turkish coffee or espresso .   It typically has about 60 -- 90 ml ( 2 -- 3 fl oz ) capacity -- half the size of a full coffee cup ( a tasse à café is about 120 ml ( 4 fl oz ) ) . Typically they are made of ceramic , pottery or porcelain and accompanied by matching saucers , but some coffeehouses and china companies also produce brightly decorated varieties . Another type of demitasse has a glass cup set into a metal frame .

Latitudinarians , or latitude men were initially a group of 17th-century English theologians -- clerics and academics -- from the University of Cambridge in Cambridge , England who were moderate Anglicans ( members of the Church of England , which was protestant ) . In particular , they believed that conforming and adhering to very specific doctrines , liturgical practices and church organizational forms , as did the Puritans was not necessary , and could be harmful : `` The sense that one had special instructions from God made individuals less amenable to moderation and compromise , or to reason itself . '' Thus , the latitudinarians supported a broad-based protestantism ; they were later referred to as Broad Church ( see also Inclusivism ) .   Examples of the latitudinarian philosophy underlying the theology were found among the Cambridge Platonists and Sir Thomas Browne in his Religio Medici . Additionally , the term latitudinarian has been applied to ministers of the Scottish Episcopal Church in Scotland who were educated at the Episcopal-sympathizing universities at Aberdeen and St Andrews , and that broadly subscribed to the beliefs of their moderate Anglican English counterparts .   Today , latitudinarianism should not be confused with ecumenical movements , which seek to draw all Christian churches together , rather than seeking to de-emphasize practical doctrine . The term latitudinarian has taken on a more general meaning , indicating a personal philosophy that includes tolerance of other views , particularly , but not necessarily , on religious matters ,   In the Roman Catholic Church , latitudinarianism was condemned in the 19th century document Quanta cura ; Pope Pius IX felt that , with its emphasis on religious liberty and the freedom to discard traditional Christian doctrines and dogmas , this attitude threatened to undermine the church . Latitudinarianism within the Catholic Church , which may or may not be be hidden in certain ways , is criticized using the epithet Cafeteria Catholic . Many people espouse Catholicism while rejecting certain more progressive tenets , such as the banning of female clergy and divorce . Strict Catholics question how a person can claim ro be Roman Catholic while ignoring , being indifferent to , or denying aspects of Catholic dogma and praxis .

Land and Hold Short Operations ( LAHSO , pronounced `` La-So '' ) is an air traffic control procedure for aircraft landing and holding short of an intersecting runway or point on a runway , to balance airport capacity and system efficiency with safety .   Its use is voluntary : if a pilot denies LAHSO clearance the Air Traffic Controller must revector the aircraft to ensure adequate separation from other aircraft landing or departing an intersecting runway or crossing down field . A heightened level of situational awareness is necessary , and student pilots or pilots not familiar with LAHSO should not participate in the program .   Although used in the US , many countries do not permit LAHSO clearances , and some airlines ' operating procedures do not allow their acceptance in countries that do permit them .   LAHSO was previously called SOIR ( Simultaneous Operations on Intersecting Runways ) , and incorporates and expands all SOIR definitions .

15th parallel may refer to :   15th parallel north , a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere  15th parallel south , a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere

The Declaration of Helsinki is a document setting out ethical principles for human medical experimentation . The term may also refer to :  The Helsinki Accords  Declaration of Helsinki ( Information Technology ) , the Global Cities principles  The Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology

Labour Standards in the World Trade Organization are binding rules , which form a part of the jurisprudence and principles applied within the rule making institutions of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . Labour standards play an implicit , but not an overt role within the WTO , however it forms a prominent issue facing the WTO today , and has generated a wealth of academic debate .   The debate about the extent to which the WTO should recognise labour standards is typically based on the principles found in Conventions of the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , as well as mainstream human rights treaties , most prominently , the International Bill of Human Rights .

The endeavor to use 100 % renewable energy for electricity , heating and cooling , and transport is motivated by global warming , pollution and other environmental issues , as well as economic and energy security concerns . Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system . In 2013 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand . Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated .   In 2014 , renewable sources such as wind , geothermal , solar , biomass , and burnt waste provided 19 % of the total energy consumed worldwide , with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass . The most important sector is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8 % , most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6 % , followed by wind with 3.1 % . There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy . At the national level , at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 % of the energy supply .   Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of `` Climate stabilization wedges '' that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and `` renewable energy sources , '' in aggregate , constitute the largest number of their `` wedges . ''   Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program , says that producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible , and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050 . Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be `` primarily social and political , not technological or economic '' . Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind , solar , and water system should be similar to today 's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies . The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will .   Similarly , in the United States , the independent National Research Council has noted that `` sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change , energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States , taken collectively , can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand . ''   The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological . According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report , which reviewed many international studies , the key roadblocks are : climate change denial , the fossil fuels lobby , political inaction , unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints .