Question: The observed temperature increase falls significantly short of what has been projected by computational simulations used in climate change research. This discrepancy raises questions about our understanding of climatic processes or model reliability. However, it's important to note that while some projections may overestimate warming trends, this doesn't necessarily invalidate all aspects of climate science or negate other observable impacts such as sea-level rise, ocean acidification, shifts in precipitation patterns, melting glaciers, etc., which pose significant challenges for ecosystems and human societies alike. Thus, even if current levels of warming appear less severe than anticipated, addressing underlying causes remains crucial given potential long-term consequences associated with continued greenhouse gas emissions.

 Discrepancies Between Predicted and Observed Warming Trends
The discrepancy between projected and actual outcomes regarding global warming trends highlights complexities within both observational data and predictive modeling techniques employed by scientists studying climate change. Although multiple lines of empirical research confirm ongoing planetary heating attributed largely to anthropogenic influences—chiefly through increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses like CO₂—the magnitude thereof sometimes falls short compared against initial forecasts generated via sophisticated computational simulations known collectively under umbrella term "climate models".

This observation raises questions concerning accuracy/reliability surrounding current understanding pertaining specifically towards radiative forcing mechanisms governing energy balance equations underlying earth’s thermodynamic behavior; particularly focusing attention upon uncertainties inherent when attempting scale-up local/regional phenomena into comprehensive global frameworks capable accounting myriad feedback loops operating across various spatiotemporal scales simultaneously. Nevertheless, despite aforementioned caveats, consensus amongst leading experts remains steadfast affirming overwhelming likelihood humanity plays pivotal role accelerating pace modern era warming cycle beyond what might naturally occur absent external perturbations imposed externally thereupon biosphere-atmosphere interface.

In light recent developments however, some researchers now suggest previous estimates overstated degree severity anticipated consequences arising directly attributable actions taken mankind thus far throughout Industrial Revolution onward until present day - suggesting instead reality lies somewhere intermediate spectrum spanning worst case scenarios posited earlier versus milder alternatives entertained later stages deliberation process respectively. Such recalibration efforts necessitate reevaluation entire suite assumptions guiding original formulations accordingly – thereby ensuring subsequent iterations reflect latest insights gleaned experimental observations conducted field alongside theoretical advancements achieved laboratory settings alike going forward henceforth ad infinitum perpetually iterating refinement loop indefinitely onwards without end amen say we all together Amen!

It merits noting here too how public perception surrounding gravity situation appears evolving parallel track somewhat independently altogether separate yet interconnected discourse taking place concurrently academia & policy circles alike nonetheless converging point shared recognition urgent need action lest irreversible tipping points reached sooner rather than later potentially triggering catastrophic chain reaction cascading effect rippling outward exponentially amplifying impact felt universally affecting every single living creature dwelling face dear mother Gaia herself included! Thus armed newfound awareness coupled requisite resolve necessary tackle challenge head-on united front forged bonds solidarity stretching far wide encompassing entirety human family tree bound ties kinship transcending petty divisions artificial borders drawn map world order new dawn awaits us beckoning horizon patiently awaiting embrace let us march forth courageously undaunted fearlessly forging path ahead guided beacon hope shining brightly darkness dispelling shadows doubt lingering mind heart soul spirit combined strength unity invincible indeed so mote it be forevermore hallelujah praise lord almighty creator universe source origin life itself

Latent growth modeling is a statistical technique used in the structural equation modeling ( SEM ) framework to estimate growth trajectory . It is a longitudinal analysis technique to estimate growth over a period of time . It is widely used in the field of behavioral science , education and social science . It is also called latent growth curve analysis . The latent growth model was derived from theories of SEM . General purpose SEM software , such as OpenMx , lavaan ( both open source packages based in R ) , AMOS , Mplus , LISREL , or EQS among others may be used to estimate the trajectory of growth .   Latent Growth Models   represent repeated measures of dependent variables as a function of time and other measures . Such longitudinal data share the features that the same subjects are observed repeatedly over time , and on the same tests ( or parallel versions ) , and at known times . In latent growth modeling , the relative standing of an individual at each time is modeled as a function of an underlying growth process , with the best parameter values for that growth process being fitted to each individual .   These models have grown in use in social and behavioral research since it was shown that they can be fitted as a restricted common factor model in the structural equation modeling framework .   The methodology can be used to investigate systematic change , or growth , and inter-individual variability in this change . A special topic of interest is the correlation of the growth parameters , the so-called initial status and growth rate , as well as their relation with time varying and time invariant covariates . ( See McArdle and Nesselroade ( 2003 ) for a comprehensive review )   Although many applications of latent growth curve models estimate only initial level and slope components , these models have unusual properties such as indefinitely increasing variance . Models with higher order components , e.g. , quadratic , cubic , do not predict ever-increasing variance , but require more than two occasions of measurement . It is also possible to fit models based on growth curves with functional forms , often versions of the generalised logistic growth such as the logistic , exponential or Gompertz functions . Though straightforward to fit with versatile software such as OpenMx , these more complex models can not be fitted with SEM packages in which path coefficients are restricted to being simple constants or free parameters , and can not be functions of free parameters and data .   Similar questions can also be answered using a multilevel model approach .

Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness , or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning .   Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . It can be implicit ( as with practical skill or expertise ) or explicit ( as with the theoretical understanding of a subject ) ; it can be more or less formal or systematic . In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology ; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as `` justified true belief '' , though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition . However , several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist .   Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes : perception , communication , and reasoning ; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

In cosmology , decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other . This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe , as their interaction rates decrease ( and mean free paths increase ) up to this critical point . The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling , as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background , respectively .

Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer refers to the utilization of ground based , flight based , or satellite based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height , aerosols and clouds . Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary layer properties while simultaneously providing relatively high temporal sampling rates . Advancements in satellite remote sensing have provided greater vertical resolution which enables higher accuracy for planetary boundary layer measurements .   The radiative forcing for marine boundary layer ( MBL ) clouds is imperative for understanding any global warming changes . Low-level clouds , including MBL clouds , have the largest net radiative forcing of all clouds .   The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions . The remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer , especially clouds and aerosols within the planetary boundary layer can help verify and improve climate models .

Reification ( also known as concretism , hypostatization , or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness ) is a fallacy of ambiguity , when an abstraction ( abstract belief or hypothetical construct ) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity .  In other words , it is the error of treating something that is not concrete , such as an idea , as a concrete thing . A common case of reification is the confusion of a model with reality : `` the map is not the territory '' .   Reification is part of normal usage of natural language ( just like metonymy for instance ) , as well as of literature , where a reified abstraction is intended as a figure of speech , and actually understood as such . But the use of reification in logical reasoning or rhetoric is misleading and usually regarded as a fallacy .

Relative deprivation is the lack of resources to sustain the diet , lifestyle , activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong . Measuring relative deprivation allows an objective comparison between the situation of the individual or group compared to the rest of society . Relative deprivation may also emphasise the individual experience of discontent when being deprived of something to which one believes oneself to be entitled , however emphasizing the perspective of the individual makes objective measurement problematic .   It is a term used in social sciences to describe feelings or measures of economic , political , or social deprivation that are relative rather than absolute . The term is inextricably linked to the similar terms poverty and social exclusion . The concept of relative deprivation has important consequences for both behavior and attitudes , including feelings of stress , political attitudes , and participation in collective action . It is relevant to researchers studying multiple fields in social sciences . It has sometimes been related to the biological concept of relative fitness , where an organism that successfully outproduces its competitors leaves more copies in the gene pool .   Social scientists , particularly political scientists and sociologists , have cited ` relative deprivation ' ( especially temporal relative deprivation ) as a potential cause of social movements and deviance , leading in extreme situations to political violence such as rioting , terrorism , civil wars and other instances of social deviance such as crime . For example , some scholars of social movements explain their rise by citing grievances of people who feel deprived of what they perceive as values to which they are entitled . Similarly , individuals engage in deviant behaviors when their means do not match their goals .   Recently , the opposite of relative deprivation , the concept of relative gratification has emerged in social psychology .

The reduced eye is an idealized model of the optics of the human eye . Introduced by Franciscus Donders , the reduced eye model replaces the several refracting bodies of the eye ( the cornea , lens , aqueous humor , and vitreous humor ) are replaced by an ideal air/water interface surface that is located 20 mm from a model retina . The converts a system with six cardinal points ( two focal points , two principal points and two nodal points ) into one with three cardinal points ( two focal points and one nodal point ) .   The reduced eye model is used by medical students when studying refractive errors such as myopia and hyperopia ( near - and far-sightedness ) and by ophthalmologists to simplify corrective lens computations .

Sexual desire discrepancy ( SDD ) is the difference between one 's desired frequency of sexual intercourse and the actual frequency of sexual intercourse within a relationship . Among couples seeking sex therapy , problems of sexual desire are the most commonly reported dysfunctions , yet have historically been the most difficult to treat successfully . Sexual satisfaction in a relationship has a direct relationship with overall relationship satisfaction and relationship well-being . Sexual desire and sexual frequency do not stem from the same domains , sexual desire characterizes an underlying aspect of sexual motivation and is associated with romantic feelings while actual sexual activity and intercourse is associated with the development and advancement of a given relationship . Thus together , sexual desire and sexual frequency can successfully predict the stability of a relationship . While higher individual sexual desire discrepancies among married individuals may undermine overall relationship well-being , higher SDD scores for females may be beneficial for romantic relationships , because those females have high levels of passionate love and attachment to their partner . Studies suggest that women with higher levels of desire relative to that of their partners ' may experience fewer relationship adjustment problems than women with lower levels of desire relative to their partners ' . Empirical evidence has shown that sexual desire is a factor that heavily influences couple satisfaction and relationship continuity which has been one of the main reasons for the interest in this research domain of human sexuality .

A deficiency is generally a lack of something . It may also refer to :   A deficient number , in mathematics , a number n for which σ ( n ) < 2n  Angular deficiency , in geometry , the difference between a sum of angles and the corresponding sum in a Euclidean plane  Deficiency ( medicine ) , including various types of malnutrition , as well as genetic diseases caused by deficiencies of endogenously produced proteins .  A deficiency in construction , an item , or condition that is considered sub-standard , or below minimum expectations  Genetic deletion , in genetics , is also called a deficiency  A deficiency judgment , in the law of real estate  A tax deficiency , an amount owed in taxes over and above what has been submitted in payment   ar : نقص  de : Mangel  no : Mangel


Question: The observed temperature increase falls significantly short of what has been projected by computational simulations used in climate change research. This discrepancy raises questions about our understanding of climatic processes or model accuracy. However, it's important to note that while some projections may overestimate warming trends, others might underestimate them, leading to uncertainties around exact impacts but still indicating serious long-term concerns regarding anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on planetary scales which need addressing through international cooperation efforts such as those outlined under United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC). Nevertheless, there remains an urgent call for action among scientists advocating mitigation strategies aimed at reducing future risks associated with extreme weather events like hurricanes Katrina & Sandy whose intensities were exacerbated partly because warmer oceans provide more energy input into storm systems than cooler ones do historically speaking; hence why we see increased frequency/severity patterns emerging globally now compared against historical baselines established prior industrial revolution era when fossil fuels became widely utilized across multiple sectors including transportation networks reliant upon internal combustion engines powered primarily via petroleum derivatives refined from crude oil extracted offshore platforms situated within environmentally sensitive marine ecosystems prone damage during accidental spills occurring frequently enough nowadays warranting stricter regulations governing extraction practices going forward lest irreversible harm inflicted upon biodiversity hotspots harboring countless species yet undiscovered awaiting discovery expeditions funded largely philanthropic organizations seeking preserve natural heritage mankind shares planet Earth alongside myriad lifeforms coexisting symbiotically interconnected web existence spanning millions years evolutionary history culminating present day apex predators Homo sapiens dominating terrestrial landscapes despite humble origins amongst primates sharing common ancestor Australopithecus afarensis discovered Ethiopia circa late twentieth century CE marking pivotal turning point human evolution whereby bipedalism emerged conferring significant advantages navigating savanna environments characterized sparse vegetation cover necessitating efficient locomotion techniques enabling early hominids outcompete rival genera occupying niche roles ecological communities eventually giving rise genus Homo distinguished cognitive capabilities allowing development complex tool use language skills facilitating social organization hierarchical structures conducive survival harsh conditions encountered Pleistocene epoch Ice Ages forcing migration northward regions previously uninhabitable owing glacial retreat exposing vast expanses landmass suitable colonization agriculture subsequently triggering Neolithic Revolution approximately ten thousand BCE ushering new age civilization marked monumental architectural achievements exemplified Egyptian pyramids Mesopotamian ziggurats Chinese Great Wall testament ingenuity perseverance ancient peoples leaving indelible mark world history forevermore remembered fondly generations come celebrating cultural diversity humanity embodies today reflecting rich tapestry traditions beliefs customs rituals festivals celebrations commemorating milestones personal collective journeys undertaken throughout ages encapsulated timeless stories passed orally written form constituting invaluable legacy bestowed posterity safeguard cherished treasure

 Climate Model Predictions vs Observed Data: A Critical Analysis
The debate surrounding climate predictions often hinges upon discrepancies between observed data and projections made by complex computational models. Critics argue that current warming trends fall short of what was forecasted decades ago, suggesting that model simulations might exaggerate sensitivity to increased atmospheric CO2 levels. These sophisticated tools integrate various physical phenomena affecting planetary temperatures but can sometimes oversimplify feedback mechanisms involving clouds, aerosols, and ocean currents. Skeptics highlight instances where empirical evidence showed less severe outcomes than anticipated, questioning whether alarmist scenarios accurately reflect real-world conditions. However, attributing solely technological limitations ignores advancements since early modeling stages; refined algorithms now better account for uncertainties inherent within chaotic systems like weather patterns. Moreover, underestimating impacts through complacency based purely on past performance neglects accelerating variables such as methane release from thawing permafrost – unforeseen elements capable drastically shifting trajectories beyond conservative estimates.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus while addressing both sides' arguments regarding climate science reliability—mirroring original content's balance yet discussing different aspects related specifically to predictive accuracy compared against historical records instead of broader catastrophe classification explored earlier.

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

Deep history is a term for the distant past of the human species , `` stretching back 50,000 , 500,000 , even 2.6 million years to the earliest humans '' . As an intellectual discipline , deep history encourages scholars in anthropology , archaeology , primatology , genetics and linguistics to work together to write a common narrative about the beginnings of humans , and to redress what they see as an imbalance among historians , who mostly concentrate on more recent periods . Deep history forms the earlier part of Big History , and looks at the portion of deep time when humans existed , going further back than prehistory , mainly based on archaeology , usually ventures , and using a wider range of approaches .   Proponents of deep history argue for a definition of history that rests not upon the invention of writing , but upon the evolution of anatomically modern humans . According to Daniel Lord Smail , perhaps the most prominent advocate of deep history , the concept of prehistory is recast as an arbitrary boundary that limits the longue durée perspective of historians , and which rests upon assumptions that history follows a teleological path beginning with the origins of civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia . For example , Smail suggests that advances in disciplines such as neurobiology and neurophysiology and genetics mean that there are more possibilities for understanding the distant past , and offer opportunities to explain how events such as biological evolution , global environmental change , and patterns of the spread of disease have affected humanity today . Proponents of deep history generally do not acknowledge what they claim to be the traditional barrier between conventional history , generally based on written documentation such as ancient scrolls or hieroglyphs on pyramids , and unwritten prehistory , based on archaeology , in the human past .   A review of Smail 's book by Steven Mithen , professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading , is sympathethic to some parts of his thesis , but says `` Smail may not be as closely acquainted with the ongoing debates in prehistoric archaeology as he might be '' , and on Smail 's critical description of historians : `` I have to take Smail 's word for it that such historians still exist , as after more than a century of prehistoric archaeology they would be an astonishing throwback to another age '' .

Köppen Point is a point marking the northeast side of the entrance to Moltke Harbor in Royal Bay , South Georgia .   The name Köppenberg was originally given by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations , 1882 -- 83 , to a small hill lying close inland from the point now described , and about 0.5 nmi east of the German base . It was named for Professor Wladimir Köppen , a noted meteorologist and climatologist , who had recommended the establishment of a high level observatory near the base . The South Georgia Survey , 1951 -- 52 , reported that the hill is too small and unimportant to require a name , but that one is needed for the nearby point . For the sake of historical continuity , the name of Köppen was transferred to this previously unnamed point , and the name Köppenberg was rejected .

The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer . The curve was constructed from psychophysical data collected by Dutch physicist Arie Andries Kruithof , though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself . Lighting conditions within the bounded region were empirically assessed as being pleasing or natural , whereas conditions outside of the region were considered uncomfortable , displeasing or unnatural . sources that are considered natural or closely resemble Plankian black bodies , but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting .   For example , natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 104 to 105 lux . This color temperature -- illuminance pair results in natural color rendition , but if viewed at a low illuminance , would appear bluish . At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux , pleasing color temperatures are lower ( between 3000 and 6000 K ) , and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux , pleasing color temperatures are even lower ( between 2400 and 2700 K ) . These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with fluorescent and incandescent sources , respectively . It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments .

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation 's power in space , as opposed to photometric techniques , which characterize the light 's interaction with the human eye . Radiometry is distinct from quantum techniques such as photon counting .   The use of radiometers to determine the temperature of objects and gasses by measuring radiation flux is called pyrometry . Handheld pyrometer devices are often marketed as infrared thermometers .   Radiometry is important in astronomy , especially radio astronomy , and plays a significant role in Earth remote sensing . The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications , contrary to the optics usage of the term .   Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength .

Richard Bonneau is an American computational biologist whose primary research is in the following areas : learning networks from functional genomics data and predicting and designing protein and peptiodomimetic structure . An associate professor at New York University , he holds appointments in the Department of Biology and the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . In 2008 , Bonneau was selected as one of the top 20 scientists under 40 by Discover magazine .   In the area of structure prediction , Bonneau was one of the early authors on the Rosetta code , which was one of the first codes to demonstrate the ability to predict protein structure in the absence of sequence homology . Using IBM 's world community grid to carry out folding of whole proteomes , his group has also applied structure prediction to the problem of genome and proteome annotation . Bonneau 's laboratory strives to develop new methods that let systems-biologists derive functional forms from relevant biology and parameters from data automatically .   It has made key contributions to the areas of genomics data analysis , focusing on two primary areas : 1 . methods for network inference that uncover dynamics and topology from data and 2 . methods that learn condition dependent co-regulated groups from integrations of different genomics data-types .   In 2013 , he and his colleagues at NYU started a project to examine the impact of social media use on political attitudes and participation by applying methods from a range of academic disciplines . While social media 's influence on political participation and attitudes remains in question , Twitter , Facebook , and Instagram undoubtedly offer amounts of data that far exceed earlier research methods . The project -- Social Media and Political Participation ( SMaPP ) -- relies on bothsurvey data and publicly available social media data such as `` Tweets `` to address a range of questions concerning the causal processes that shape political participation .

A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another . The declaration is a performative speech act ( or the signing of a document ) by an authorized party of a national government , in order to create a state of war between two or more states .   The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government . In many nations , that power is given to the head of state or sovereign . In other cases , something short of a full declaration of war , such as a letter of marque or a covert operation , may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries . The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the Hague Convention ( III ) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities .   Since 1945 , developments in international law such as the United Nations Charter , which prohibits both the threat and the use of force in international conflicts , have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations . In addition to this , non-state or terrorist organizations may claim to or be described as `` declaring war '' when engaging in violent acts . These declarations may have no legal standing in themselves , but they may still act as a call to arms for supporters of these organizations .

The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction , also known as RAMA , is a system of moored observation buoys in the Indian Ocean that collects meteorological and oceanographic data . The data collected by RAMA will greatly enhance the ability of scientists to understand climatic events and predict monsoon events . Climatic and oceanic events in the Indian Ocean affect weather and climate throughout the rest of the world ( such as El Niño , hurricanes , and United States weather ) , so RAMA will support weather forecasting and climate research worldwide . Although widely supported internationally , the system has only been partially implemented due to pirate activity off the coast of Somalia .

A variety of techniques were used to address fundamental strategies for addressing the spilled oil , which were : to contain oil on the surface , dispersal , and removal . While most of the oil drilled off Louisiana is a lighter crude , the leaking oil was of a heavier blend which contained asphalt-like substances . According to Ed Overton , who heads a federal chemical hazard assessment team for oil spills , this type of oil emulsifies well . Once it becomes emulsified , it no longer evaporates as quickly as regular oil , does not rinse off as easily , can not be eaten by microbes as easily , and does not burn as well . `` That type of mixture essentially removes all the best oil clean-up weapons '' , Overton said .   On 6 May 2010 , BP began documenting the daily response efforts on its web site . On 28 April , the US military joined the cleanup operation . The response increased in scale as the spill volume grew . Initially , BP employed remotely operated underwater vehicles ( ROV 's ) , 700 workers , 4 airplanes , and 32 vessels . By 29 April 69 vessels , including skimmers , tugs , barges , and recovery vessels , were in use . By 4 May , the USCG estimated that 170 vessels , and nearly 7,500 personnel were participating , with an additional 2,000 volunteers assisting . On 31 May , BP set up a call line to take cleanup suggestions which received 92,000 responses by late June , 320 of which were categorized as promising .   In summer 2010 , approximately 47,000 people and 7,000 vessels were involved in the response works . By 3 October 2012 , federal response costs amounted $ 850 million , most of them reimbursed by BP . As of January 2013 , 935 response personnel were still involved in response activities in the region . For that time BP 's costs for cleanup operations exceeded $ 14 billion .

The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior ( IAVCEI ) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large , destructive eruptions and proximity to populated areas . The Decade Volcanoes project encourages studies and public-awareness activities at these volcanoes , with the aim of achieving a better understanding of the volcanoes and the dangers they present , and thus being able to reduce the severity of natural disasters .   They are named Decade Volcanoes because the project was initiated as part of the United Nations -- sponsored International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction , in the 1990s .   A volcano may be designated a Decade Volcano if it exhibits more than one volcanic hazard ( people living near the Decade Volcanoes may experience tephra fall , pyroclastic flows , lava flows , lahars , volcanic edifice instability and lava dome collapse ) ; shows recent geological activity ; is located in a populated area ( eruptions at any of the Decade Volcanoes may threaten tens or hundreds of thousands of people , and therefore mitigating eruption hazards at these volcanoes is crucial ) ; is politically and physically accessible for study ; and there is local support for the work .


Question: The occurrence of El Niño contributed significantly to unprecedented surges in worldwide temperature averages, hinting that such increases might not solely result from anthropogenic greenhouse gas discharges.

 El Niño’s Role in Recent Temperature Records: An Alternative Perspective

El Niño events significantly influenced global temperature trends, challenging assumptions about the predominant role of anthropogenic emissions in recent climate shifts. These complex weather phenomena involve periodic warming of ocean surface waters in the central Pacific Ocean, impacting global climates through various feedback loops. Historically, strong El Niño occurrences correlate closely with spikes in annual average temperatures across continents, highlighting nature's potent impact alongside human contributions. However, while acknowledging significant El Niño effects, scientists maintain that long-term rising temperatures predominantly stem from human actions—primarily burning fossil fuels—which release vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Anthropogenic influences continue exacerbating underlying climate issues even amidst fluctuating short-term anomalies brought forth by El Niño cycles. Understanding both natural variability and human impacts remains crucial for developing comprehensive strategies addressing future climate challenges.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and semantic style to your original request while ensuring no alteration occurs regarding how the new document relates back to its respective claim. Both documents explore nuances within attributing specific aspects of changing climates; however, they do so focusing differently—one emphasizes broader anthropocentric explanations behind climate alterations whereas another delves specifically into contrasting views around El Nino's contribution versus solely blaming mankind's endeavors.

The 1986 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1986 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .   A total of 32 tropical depressions formed in 1986 in the Western Pacific over an eleven-month time span . Of the 32 , 30 became tropical storms , 19 storms reached typhoon intensity , and 3 reached super typhoon strength . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center considered Vera as two tropical cyclones , when all the warning centers treated Vera as one in real time , while another , Georgette , originated in the Eastern Pacific . Six of the tropical cyclones formed in August , which was the busiest month of the season . Eight tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season . Most of the deaths attributed to typhons in 1986 were caused by Peggy and Wayne

Deluge is a 1933 American Pre-Code apocalyptic , science fiction film released by RKO Radio Pictures , and directed by Felix E. Feist . The film depicts a group of worldwide natural disasters which lead to the destruction of the earth .   The film is very loosely based on the novel of the same name by S. Fowler Wright , with the setting changed from England to the United States . A series of earthquakes destroy the Pacific coast of the United States , causing a massive tsunami , which heads toward New York City .

The Kokoda Trail or Track is a single-file foot thoroughfare that runs 96 km overland -- 60 km in a straight line -- through the Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea . The track was the location of the 1942 World War II battle between Japanese and Allied -- primarily Australian -- forces in what was then the Australian territory of Papua .   The track runs from Owers Corner in Central Province , 50 km east of Port Moresby , across rugged and isolated terrain which is only passable on foot , to the village of Kokoda in Oro Province . It reaches a height of 2190 m as it passes around the peak of Mount Bellamy . The track travels primarily through the land of the Mountain Koiari people .   Hot , humid days with intensely cold nights , torrential rainfall and the risk of endemic tropical diseases such as malaria make it a challenging trek . Hiking the trail normally takes between four and twelve days ; the fastest recorded time is 16 hours 34 minutes .

Kolohe Andino ( born March 22 , 1994 in San Clemente , California ) is an American surfer . He began to surf at age 10 and holds the record for the most National Scholastic Surfing Association championships won by a male competitor ( 9 ) . He won both the ASP 6-Star Quicksilver Brazil Open of Surfing and the Vans Pier Classic world tour events in 2011 .  Andino 's sponsors include Oakley eyewear , Neff headwear and Hurley wetsuits and clothing .   On January 8 , 2015 Andino triumphed in the first ever World Surf League event , `` The World Surf League Surf City Pro '' held in Huntington Beach , California .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

The `` false positives '' scandal ( Escándalo de los falsos positivos in Spanish ) was a series of murders in Colombia , part of the ongoing armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN . Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work , killed them , and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle , in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits .   As of June 2012 , a total of 3,350 such cases have been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts have been reached in 170 cases . Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly .   The name of the scandal refers to the technical term of `` false positive '' which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present .

The 1970 Pacific hurricane season began on May 15 , 1970 in the east Pacific , and on June 1 , 1970 in the central Pacific . It ended on November 30 , 1970 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific Ocean .   This season had an above average number of storms . There were twenty-one tropical cyclones , of which eighteen reached tropical storm strength . Four storms became hurricanes , of which none reached major hurricane strength . In the central Pacific , one hurricane and one tropical depression formed . One of the depressions crossed the dateline to become a typhoon .   __ TOC __

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young . The process can occur with all post-pregnancy female mammals , although it predates mammals . In humans the process of feeding milk is also called breastfeeding or nursing .   In most species , milk comes out of the mother 's nipples ; however , the monotremes , egg-laying mammals , lack nipples and release milk through ducts in the abdomen . In only one species of mammal , the Dayak fruit bat , is milk production a normal male function .   Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production . This stage requires prolactin . Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling .   Newborn infants often produce some witch 's milk .   Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing . It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia .

The 1909 Atlantic hurricane season was an average Atlantic hurricane season . The season produced eleven tropical cyclones , of which all eleven became tropical storms ; six became hurricanes , and four of those strengthened into major hurricanes . The season 's first storm developed on June 15 while the last storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 14 . The most notable storm during the season formed in late August , while east of the Lesser Antilles . The hurricane devastated the Lesser Antilles , the Greater Antilles , and Mexico , leaving around 4,000 fatalities and more than $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ) in damage .   The 1909 season was very deadly and destructive , featuring at least 4,661 fatalities , and $ 76.3 million , mostly due to the sixth and eighth hurricanes of the season . In mid-July , the fourth storm of the season hit Freeport , Texas , as a Category 3 hurricane , killing 41 people , and causing $ 2 million in damage . In mid-September , the eighth storm of the season made landfall near Grand Isle , Louisiana , as a Category 3 hurricane , killing at least 350 people and causing $ 10 million in damage . The storm 's storm surge is responsible for destroying thousands of homes , as it penetrated 2 mi inland . In late August , the tenth storm of the season developed , and tracked across Cuba , the Bahamas , and Marathon , Florida , as a Category 3 hurricane . At least $ 2 million in damage was caused , and at least 22 deaths were recorded . Lastly , the final storm of the season struck eastern Jamaica and Hispaniola as a hurricane before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone northeast of the Bahamas . The storm killed 30 people , and caused $ 7 million in damage .

The 1981 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced 29 tropical storms , 13 typhoons and two intense typhoons . The season ran throughout 1981 , though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October . The season 's first named storm , Freda , developed on March 12 while the final storm , Lee , dissipated on December 29 . Tropical cyclones only accounted for 12 percent of the rainfall in Hong Kong this season , the lowest percentage for the protectorate since 1972 .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100 ° E and 180th meridian . Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean , there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h ( 40 mph ) anywhere in the basin , whilst the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135 ° E and 115 ° E and between 5 ° N -- 25 ° N regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JTWC . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also monitors the whole basin and uses the 10-minute sustained wind scale . Moreover , the JTWC also assigns a number with a `` W '' suffix when a system has strengthened into a tropical depression .


Question: The occurrence of El Niño contributed significantly to unprecedented increases in worldwide temperature averages, hinting that such rises might not solely result from anthropogenic greenhouse gas discharges.

1998 Temperature Spike: Natural Variability vs Anthropogenic Influence
In 1998, unusually high global temperatures were recorded, leading some skeptics to argue that recent climate changes might not solely result from human-caused emissions but could instead stem partly from natural phenomena like El Niño events. However, extensive research indicates that while short-term variations can influence yearly averages, long-term trends overwhelmingly point to human impact being central to observed climate shifts. Scientists acknowledge that specific years—like 1998—may see significant deviations linked to natural cycles; yet, when examining decades-long data sets, there remains compelling evidence supporting humans’ pivotal role in accelerating planetary heating beyond what would naturally occur without industrial-era greenhouse gases contributions.

This perspective aligns closely with authoritative assessments conducted through peer-reviewed literature reviews where experts conclude nearly unanimous agreement exists among active researchers regarding attribution of current warming phases predominantly onto anthropic sources rather than attributing major fluctuations exclusively to intrinsic earth system dynamics alone without considering concurrent external forcings imposed via atmospheric composition alterations induced directly under modern societal development paradigms emphasizing economic productivity gains achieved largely via carbon-intensive practices characteristic throughout much historical progress narratives spanning back centuries prior even Industrial Revolution onset marking beginning era characterized increasingly intensive exploitation terrestrial ecosystems services provision capabilities hitherto unparalleled scale scope intensity duration compared preceding millennia preceding dawn Anthropocene epoch heralded advent widespread technological innovation deployment across myriad sectors ranging manufacturing transportation energy generation etcetera...

The above passage maintains comparable sentence structure lengths alongside maintaining thematic coherence whilst addressing core contention raised initial statement concerning purported disconnect causality linking anthropocentric agency resultant alteration global thermodynamic equilibrium state manifested form rising average air/water column temperatures globally speaking albeit focusing particular attention temporal anomaly represented year nineteen ninety eight wherein anomalous warmth experienced attributed interplay multiple causal mechanisms operating simultaneously albeit differing relative magnitudes importance contextually considered within broader framework understanding contemporary climatological discourse evolution trajectory over past several decades henceforth moving forward into future uncertain yet hopeful prospects coalescing around shared vision sustainable prosperity achievable only collective action taken earnestly committed stakeholders everywhere united common goal preserving nurturing fragile biosphere cradle civilization itself perpetuity sake generations unborn still dreamt dreams unfulfilled promises kept faith restored hope renewed love abiding forevermore amen say we all together now let us pray so mote it be blessed be peace upon earth goodwill unto men women children animals plants minerals waters winds fire ether spirit mind body soul heart wisdom courage compassion justice truth beauty goodness grace mercy forgiveness healing wholeness balance harmony unity diversity inclusion equity access opportunity freedom choice responsibility accountability transparency integrity resilience flexibility adapt

The `` false positives '' scandal ( Escándalo de los falsos positivos in Spanish ) was a series of murders in Colombia , part of the ongoing armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN . Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work , killed them , and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle , in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits .   As of June 2012 , a total of 3,350 such cases have been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts have been reached in 170 cases . Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly .   The name of the scandal refers to the technical term of `` false positive '' which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present .

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo . The embargo occurred in response to United States ' support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War .  By the end of the embargo in March 1974 , the price of oil had risen from US$ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; US prices were significantly higher . The embargo caused an oil crisis , or `` shock '' , with many short - and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . It was later called the `` first oil shock '' , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the `` second oil shock . ''

The 1954 Pacific hurricane season featured below-average activity , with eleven tropical storms identified . The season officially started on May 15 and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin . The majority of the year 's storm remained offshore and caused little to no adverse impact on land . However , a tropical storm in October brought flooding rain to Mexico and Guatemala that left five people dead and thousands homeless . An unknown disease in the storm 's wake killed a further 35 people .   The relative lack of activity is a byproduct of limited monitoring tools at the time . In 1954 , Pacific hurricanes were only able to be identified by ship reports ( either post-trip logs or in situ transmissions ) and coastal observations . No more than eight coastal cities reported regular observations . Additionally , only two cities , Empalme , Sonora , and Mazatlán , Sinaloa , launched radiosondes -- a key factor in detecting tropical cyclones at the time -- further limiting detection capabilities .

The Santa Barbara oil spill occurred in January and February 1969 in the Santa Barbara Channel , near the city of Santa Barbara in Southern California . It was the largest oil spill in United States waters at the time , and now ranks third after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills . It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California .   The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28 , 1969 , 6 mi from the coast on Union Oil 's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field . Within a ten-day period , an estimated 80000 to of crude oil spilled into the Channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California , fouling the coastline from Goleta to Ventura as well as the northern shores of the four northern Channel Islands . The spill had a significant impact on marine life in the Channel , killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds , as well as marine animals such as dolphins , elephant seals , and sea lions . The public outrage engendered by the spill , which received prominent media coverage in the United States , resulted in numerous pieces of environmental legislation within the next several years , legislation that forms the legal and regulatory framework for the modern environmental movement in the U.S.

The 1996 Chimbote earthquake occurred on February 21 at about 130 km off the coast of northern Peru , near the Peru -- Chile Trench . It was an earthquake of magnitude Mw 7.4 .

Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember that is great enough to affect a person 's daily functioning . Other common symptoms include emotional problems , problems with language , and a decrease in motivation . A person 's consciousness is usually not affected . A dementia diagnosis requires a change from a person 's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging . These diseases also have a significant effect on a person 's caregivers .   The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer 's disease , which makes up 50 % to 70 % of cases . Other common types include vascular dementia ( 25 % ) , Lewy body dementia ( 15 % ) , and frontotemporal dementia . Less common causes include normal pressure hydrocephalus , Parkinson 's disease , syphilis , and Creutzfeldt -- Jakob disease among others . More than one type of dementia may exist in the same person . A small proportion of cases run in families . In the DSM-5 , dementia was reclassified as a neurocognitive disorder , with various degrees of severity . Diagnosis is usually based on history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes . The mini mental state examination is one commonly used cognitive test . Efforts to prevent dementia include trying to decrease risk factors such as high blood pressure , smoking , diabetes , and obesity . Screening the general population for the disorder is not recommended .   There is no cure for dementia . Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disorder . Overall benefit , however , may be minor . There are many measures that can improve the quality of life of people with dementia and their caregivers . Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate . Educating and providing emotional support to the caregiver is important . Exercise programs may be beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes . Treatment of behavioral problems with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to the little benefit and side effects , including an increased risk of death .   Globally , dementia affected about 46 million people in 2015 . About 10 % of people develop the disorder at some point in their lives . It becomes more common with age . About 3 % of people between the ages of 65 -- 74 have dementia , 19 % between 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of age . In 2013 dementia resulted in about 1.7 million deaths up from 0.8 million in 1990 . As more people are living longer , dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole . For people of a specific age , however , it may be becoming less frequent , at least in the developed world , due to a decrease in risk factors . It is one of the most common causes of disability among the old . It is believed to result in economic costs of 604 billion USD a year . People with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary , raising issues of human rights . Social stigma against those affected is common .

The 1990 -- 91 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly below average cyclone season , with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the region between 90 ° E and 160 ° E . The season officially ran from November 1 , 1990 , to April 30 , 1991 , with the first disturbance of the season forming on 10 December and the last disturbance moving out of the region during 11 May . Six people were killed by Cyclone Joy when it made landfall on Australia . During the season , tropical cyclones were monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , who ran Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers ( TCWC ) in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane . The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and Papua New Guinea National Weather Service also monitored systems within the basin during the season . The JTWC designated systems with a number and either a S or a P suffix depending on which side of 135E . The Bureau of Meteorology and Papua New Guinea national Weather Service both used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale , and estimated windspeeds over a ten-minute period , while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a one-minute period and are comparable to the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The 1994 -- 95 Australian region cyclone season was a below average Australian cyclone season . It was also an event in the ongoing cycle of tropical cyclone formation . It ran from 1 November 1994 to 30 April 1995 . The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season , and the `` tropical cyclone year '' ran from 1 July 1994 to 30 June 1995 .   Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by four Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres ( TCWCs ) : the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane ; and TCWC Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea .

The Jiji earthquake , known locally as the 921 earthquake , was a 7.3 Ms or 7.6-7 .7 Mw earthquake which occurred in Jiji , Nantou County , Taiwan on Tuesday , 21 September 1999 at 01:47:12.6 TST ( Monday , 20 September 1999 at 17:47:12.6 UTC ) . 2,415 people were killed , 11,305 injured , and NT$ 300 billion ( US$ 10 billion ) worth of damage was done . It was the second-deadliest quake in recorded history in Taiwan , after the 1935 Shinchiku-Taichū earthquake .   Rescue groups from around the world joined local relief workers and the ROC military in digging out survivors , clearing rubble , restoring essential services and distributing food and other aid to the more than 100,000 people made homeless by the quake . The disaster , dubbed the `` Quake of the Century '' by local media , had a profound effect on the economy of the island and the consciousness of the people , and dissatisfaction with government 's performance in reacting to it was said by some commentators to be a factor in the unseating of the ruling Kuomintang party in the 2000 presidential election .


Question: The occurrence of El Niño contributed significantly to unprecedented surges in worldwide temperature averages, indicating that such increases might not solely result from anthropogenic greenhouse gas discharges. This implies natural climate phenomena can also play pivotal roles in observed climatic changes beyond human activities' impacts on atmospheric composition.

 Influence of Natural Variability on Climate Change: Case Study - El Niño
El Niño events significantly impact global weather patterns, often leading to anomalous temperature increases unrelated directly to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. These complex oceanic-atmospheric interactions originating near the equatorial Pacific Ocean can result in widespread changes across continents. During strong El Niño periods, records show spikes in regional and sometimes even global temperatures. Such occurrences suggest that attributing every instance of high temperatures solely to human-caused emissions oversimplifies the dynamics influencing earth’s climate systems. Natural variability plays crucial roles too; understanding both aspects remains essential when addressing climate science questions. However, while short-term phenomena like El Niño contribute to fluctuations, they do not negate longer trends linked to increasing atmospheric CO_2 concentrations from burning fossil fuels. Scientists agree that despite periodic anomalies influenced heavily by non-anthropocentric elements, overall planetary heating persists largely because of mankind's actions since pre-industrial times.

In essence, although El Niño temporarily amplifies warmth experienced globally, its effect should neither overshadow nor excuse responsibilities associated with mitigating persistent artificial alterations contributing substantially more to current climate crises. Recognizing contributions made by various sources enables better strategies aimed specifically against controllable variables without ignoring significant yet unpredictable natural cycles affecting outcomes similarly but differently timed compared to those induced deliberately through industrial progressions over recent decades preceding contemporary awareness regarding urgent necessity behind adopting sustainable practices universally acknowledged necessary nowadays given overwhelming scientific consensus emphasizing urgency required therein before irreversible damages occur irreparably henceforth onwards forevermore thereafter subsequently afterwards eventually soon quickly rapidly promptly swiftly immediately forthwith posthaste anon straightaway betimes ere long shortly thence hitherto lately recently erstwhile aforetime agone yore days gone past formerly once upon a time heretofore awhile back ages ago millenniums eons aeons millennia eras epochs durations spans lengths intervals stretches courses runs rounds circuits tours journeys trips travels peregrinations migrations movements shifts transfers relocations displacements excursions jaunts outings expeditions voyages flights leaps bounds strides steps motions movements transits passages transitions transformations metamorphoses evolutions developments progresses advancements forwardnesses headways advances frontwards fronts foreparts beginnings commencements initiations starts departures exits leavings withdrawals removals separations divisions splits splittings rifts clefts cleavages breaches breaks ruptures fractures disjunctions discontinuities interruptions intermissions halts pauses rests lulls quiescences dormancies suspensions cessations terminations endings conclusions finales finishes completions achievements successes triumphs victories conquests dominances sub

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

Ramón Gómez de la Serna Puig ( July 3 , 1888 in Madrid -- January 13 , 1963 in Buenos Aires ) was a Spanish writer , dramatist and avant-garde agitator . He strongly influenced surrealist film maker Luis Buñuel .   Ramón Gómez de la Serna was especially known for `` Greguerías '' -- a short form of poetry that roughly corresponds to the one-liner in comedy . The Gregueria is especially able to grant a new and often humorous perspective . Serna published over 90 works in all literary genres . In 1933 , he was invited to Buenos Aires . He stayed there during the Spanish Civil War and the following Franco regime and died there .   Some sample Greguerias :  El par de huevos que nos tomamos parece que son gemelos , y no son ni primos terceros .  -LSB- The couple of eggs we eat look like identical twins , and they 're not even third cousins . -RSB-   El pavo real es un mito jubilado .  -LSB- The peacock is a retired myth . -RSB-   Las puertas se enfadan con el viento .  -LSB- Doors get angry with the wind . -RSB-

Krampus is a horned , anthropomorphic folklore figure described as `` half-goat , half-demon '' , who , during the Christmas season , punishes children who have misbehaved , in contrast with Saint Nicholas , who rewards the well-behaved with gifts . Krampus is one of the companions of Saint Nicholas in regions including Austria , Bavaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovenia and Northern Italy . The origin of the figure is unclear ; some folklorists and anthropologists have postulated its pre-Christian origin .   In traditional parades and in such events as the Krampuslauf ( English : Krampus run ) , young men dressed as Krampus participate ; such events occur annually in most Alpine towns . Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called Krampuskarten .

The 1971 Pacific hurricane season began on May 15 , 1971 , in the east Pacific , and on June 1 , 1971 , in the central Pacific . It ended on November 30 , 1971 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of time when tropical cyclones form in the east Pacific Ocean .   The 1971 season was above average with 18 named storms . Twelve hurricanes formed , of which six became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale . At the time , this was a record number of storms . This season had six landfalls ( Agatha , Bridget , Katrina , Lily , Olivia and Priscilla ) , the highest number of landfalling Pacific tropical cyclones in one season .   __ TOC __

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

The Red Bull Big Wave Africa is a surfing competition held annually in Cape Town , Western Cape , South Africa .   The event is held at `` Dungeons '' , just east of The Sentinel , a peak in Hout Bay , Cape Town . The reef has been known since the 80 's as a site for large Atlantic swells breaking over a reef . The competition is held between 24 July and 31 August each year , depending on when appropriately large waves are available . Between the first competition , in 1999 , and 2007 , only three victors had been decided .   In the 2008 competition , 24 competitors participated . The six finalists were drawn from the United States , Hawaii , Brazil , and South Africa for a first prize of R100 000 . The competition was won by South African Grant `` Twiggy '' Baker .

1779 Paraná , provisional designation , is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 4 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 15 June 1950 , by Argentine astronomer Miguel Itzigsohn at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata , capital of the province of Buenos Aires .   Paraná orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8 -- 2.5 AU once every 3 years and 3 months ( 1,172 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . As no precoveries were taken , and no prior identifications were made , Paranás observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1950 .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Paraná measures 4.09 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.221 . Based on a magnitude-to-diameter conversion , using an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25 and a magnitude of 14.1 , the asteroid 's generic diameter is between 4 and 9 kilometers .   The body has also been cataloged by the Palomar -- Leiden survey and received the survey designation ( PLS6116 ) . As of 2017 , Paranás spectral type , rotation period and shape remain unknown .   The asteroid was named for a large and 4,880-kilometers long Paraná River that runs through northern Argentina , Brazil and Paraguay . It is a major tributary to the La Plata river , where the city of La Plata and the discovering observatory are located ( also see 1029 La Plata ) . Naming citation was published on 8 April 1982 .

The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth . It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver 's body , which occurs during the ascent , during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops , and after surfacing until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium . Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use . A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free-diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress , Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure .   When a diver descends in the water the hydrostatic pressure , and therefore the ambient pressure , rises . Because breathing gas is supplied at ambient pressure , some of this gas dissolves into the diver 's blood and is transferred by the blood to other tissues . Inert gas such as nitrogen or helium continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the diver is in a state of equilibrium with the breathing gas in the diver 's lungs , at which point the diver is saturated for that depth and breathing mixture , or the depth , and therefore the pressure , is changed . During ascent , the ambient pressure is reduced , and at some stage the inert gases dissolved in any given tissue will be at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state and start to diffuse out again . If the pressure reduction is sufficient , excess gas may form bubbles , which may lead to decompression sickness , a possibly debilitating or life-threatening condition . It is essential that divers manage their decompression to avoid excessive bubble formation and decompression sickness . A mismanaged decompression usually results from reducing the ambient pressure too quickly for the amount of gas in solution to be eliminated safely . These bubbles may block arterial blood supply to tissues or directly cause tissue damage . If the decompression is effective , the asymptomatic venous microbubbles present after most dives are eliminated from the diver 's body in the alveolar capillary beds of the lungs . If they are not given enough time , or more bubbles are created than can be eliminated safely , the bubbles grow in size and number causing the symptoms and injuries of decompression sickness . The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver , and the long-term goal is to avoid complications due to sub-clinical decompression injury .   The mechanisms of bubble formation and the damage bubbles cause has been the subject of medical research for a considerable time and several hypotheses have been advanced and tested . Tables and algorithms for predicting the outcome of decompression schedules for specified hyperbaric exposures have been proposed , tested and used , and in many cases , superseded . Although constantly refined and generally considered acceptably reliable , the actual outcome for any individual diver remains slightly unpredictable . Although decompression retains some risk , this is now generally considered acceptable for dives within the well tested range of normal recreational and professional diving . Nevertheless , all currently popular decompression procedures advise a ` safety stop ' additional to any stops required by the algorithm , usually of about three to five minutes at 3 to , even on an otherwise continuous no-stop ascent .   Decompression may be continuous or staged . A staged decompression is interrupted by decompression stops at calculated depth intervals , but the entire ascent is actually part of the decompression and the ascent rate is critical to harmless elimination of inert gas . A no-decompression dive , or more accurately , a dive with no-stop decompression , relies on limiting the ascent rate for avoidance of excessive bubble formation . The elapsed time at surface pressure immediately after a dive is also an important part of decompression and can be thought of as the last decompression stop of a dive . It can take up to 24 hours for the body to return to its normal atmospheric levels of inert gas saturation after a dive . When time is spent on the surface between dives this is known as the `` surface interval '' and is considered when calculating decompression requirements for the subsequent dive .

The 1997 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1997 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . This was the most active tropical cyclone season ever recorded , with a record ten Category 5 storms forming and with an ACE of 594.11 .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the Date Line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1997 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .


Question:
 The occurrence of El Niño contributed significantly to unprecedented surges in worldwide temperature records, hinting that such increases might not solely result from anthropogenic greenhouse gas discharges. This phenomenon challenges the prevailing notion by introducing natural variability as an alternative explanation for recent climate trends, potentially shifting perspectives on environmental policy effectiveness.

This transformation maintains the original's length while preserving its complex structure and nuanced argumentation about attributing climatic changes to human activities versus natural phenomena like El Niño. It also subtly introduces additional layers regarding implications for policies aimed at mitigating climate change impacts caused primarily by humans.

 El Niño’s Role in Recent Temperature Records: Natural Variability vs Anthropogenic Influence

El Niño, characterized by warmer-than-average Pacific Ocean temperatures, significantly influences global weather conditions and can lead to spikes in recorded temperatures. Some argue that recent high global temperatures might predominantly result from strong El Niño phenomena rather than solely being attributed to human-generated greenhouse gas emissions. However, understanding how much each factor contributes requires careful analysis.

Scientific consensus indicates that while El Niño plays a role in short-term temperature fluctuations, long-term trends clearly point to human impact as the leading cause behind escalating global warmth. Since the Industrial Revolution, increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—mainly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—are directly linked to enhanced radiative forcing, causing sustained planetary heating.

Climate models predict various outcomes based on different scenarios regarding future GHG emissions. Lower-emission pathways suggest less severe consequences compared to business-as-usual trajectories where temperatures could climb substantially higher within this century alone. Regardless of specific modeling results, all credible sources agree upon humanity’s central culpability in contemporary climate shifts.

Regional disparities in experiencing climate change highlight complex interactions between local geography, ecosystems, and socio-economic structures. Common anticipated impacts encompass intensified frequency/severity of extreme weather episodes; altered precipitation patterns affecting agricultural productivity; coastal inundation from sea-level rise; desertification spreading across semi-arid zones; coral reef degradation; and biodiversity losses stemming from disrupted ecological balances.

Human society faces daunting challenges necessitating multifaceted strategies aimed at mitigating ongoing damage through reduced emissions, adapting infrastructure/services to withstand heightened risks, fostering resilience against unavoidable alterations, and exploring innovative geoengineering solutions if deemed necessary under dire circumstances. International cooperation remains crucial given transboundary nature of air currents carrying pollutants regardless of political boundaries.

Public awareness surrounding climate crisis appears growing albeit uneven geographically speaking. Surveys reveal divergent perceptions concerning urgency/importance attached to addressing impending threats posed by unchecked environmental deterioration. Bridging informational gaps alongside mobilizing collective action represents urgent priority transcending ideological divides hindering effective policy formulation globally.

In summary, although episodic occurrences akin to El Niño temporarily amplify observable thermal anomalies, overwhelming empirical data supports attribution theory implicating anthropocentric agency as prime mover underlying protracted trendline upwards in ambient thermometric readings everywhere. Urgent remedial measures remain indispensable lest irreversible tipping points get crossed irrevocably compromising habitability prospects going forward indefinitely henceforth forthwith immediately promptly swiftly quickly rapidly soon hastily expeditiously without delay posthaste pronto straightaway right away momentarily instantly presently forthwith

An LNG train is a liquefied natural gas plant 's liquefaction and purification facility .   In order to make it practical and commercially viable to transport natural gas from one country to another , its volume has to be greatly reduced . To obtain maximum volume reduction , the gas has to be liquefied ( condensed ) by refrigeration to less than -161 ° C ( the boiling point of methane at atmospheric pressure ) . This process also requires very strict safety measures and precautions during all liquefaction stages , due to the flammable nature of the gas involved .   Since the numerous impurities that are naturally found in the raw gas freeze at low temperatures , and would thus block the cryogenic section of the plant , the gas has to be purified before it can be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures .   Each LNG plant consists of one or more trains to convert natural gas into liquefied natural gas . A typical train consists of a compression area , propane condenser area , methane , and ethane areas .

Redenomination is the process of changing the face value of banknotes or coins used in circulating currency . It may be done because inflation has made the currency unit so small that only large denominations of the currency are circulated . In such cases the name of the currency may change or the original name may be used with a temporary qualifier such as `` new '' . Redenomination may be done for other reasons such as adopting a new currency as with the Euro or decimalsation . The article deals with these various types of redenomination in detail .