Question: Upon examining direct comparisons between carbon dioxide discharges and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over extended periods, it becomes evident that they exhibit robustly correlated patterns. This observation underscores how human activities contribute significantly to climate change by increasing greenhouse gases, leading to observable shifts in Earth's temperature averages.

 Correlation Between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Atmospheric Concentration
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a key component among greenhouse gases, plays a pivotal role in regulating Earth’s temperature through its ability to absorb and emit heat energy. Since pre-industrial times around 1750, when CO2 levels were approximately 280 parts per million (ppm), anthropogenic actions have led to a significant rise, reaching up to 406 ppm by early 2017—a staggering 40% increase. These emissions stem predominantly from burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—and secondary sources like deforestation, soil degradation, and livestock farming.

The escalation in CO2 output correlates strongly with rising concentrations observed in the atmosphere; however, nature attempts to mitigate some impacts via absorption into oceans and forests. Despite these "carbon sink" mechanisms, scientists predict that maintaining emission rates will push Earth's mean surface temperature beyond historic norms possibly by mid-century, endangering ecological stability, biological diversity, and societal welfare globally. Projections indicate crossing the critical 2°C warming mark—the safety boundary set by international consensus—as soon as 2036 under business-as-usual scenarios, signaling severe consequences without intervention.
This highlights how direct comparisons reveal compelling links between emitted volumes of CO2 and accumulating quantities in air, underscoring urgent need for mitigation strategies against escalating temperatures.

Diffusing capacity of the lung ( DL ) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung , to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels . It is part of a comprehensive series of tests ( pulmonary function testing ) to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas into and out of the blood . DL , especially DLCO , is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart . DLCO measurement has been standardized according to a position paper by a task force of the European Respiratory and American Thoracic Societies .   In respiratory physiology , the diffusing capacity has a long history of great utility , representing conductance of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane and also takes into account factors affecting the behaviour of a given gas with hemoglobin .   The term may be considered a misnomer as it represents neither diffusion nor a capacity ( as it is typically measured under submaximal conditions ) nor capacitance . In addition , gas transport is only diffusion limited in extreme cases , such as for oxygen uptake at very low ambient oxygen or very high pulmonary blood flow .   The diffusing capacity does not directly measure the primary cause of hypoxemia , or low blood oxygen , namely mismatch of ventilation to perfusion :  Not all pulmonary arterial blood goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic or physiologic shunts ) , and this poorly oxygenated blood rejoins the well oxygenated blood from healthy lung in the pulmonary vein . Together , the mixture has less oxygen than that blood from the healthy lung alone , and so is hypoxemic .  Similarly , not all inspired air goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic and the physiological dead spaces ) , and so is wasted .

RedToL , or Red Algal Tree of Life , is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity ( AToL ) , funded through the Division of Environmental Biology , Directorate for Biological Sciences . The overall goal of AToL is to resolve evolutionary relationships for large groups of organisms throughout the history of life , with the research often involving large teams working across institutions and disciplines . Investigators are typically supported for projects in data acquisition , analysis , algorithm development and dissemination in computational phylogenetics and phyloinformatics .   The Phylogenetic and Genomic Approaches to Reconstructing the Red Algal Tree of Life focus on the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) , one of the most ancient eukaryotic phyla with fossil evidence for Bangiales stretching back 1.2 billion years . Red algae are not only key members of marine and freshwater aquatic environments but they are sources for important human foods such as dulse and sushi wrap , and have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses ( e.g. , agarose and carrageenans ) . Perhaps most important is the role red algae played in symbiogenesis . A red alga was the ancient ( > 1 billion years ago ) donor of the plastid in chlorophyll c-containing algae ( chromalveolates ) that rose to prominence in marine ecosystems after the end of Permian with groups such as diatoms currently providing ca. 20 % of global fixed carbon .

The Kármán line , or Karman line , lies at an altitude of 100 km above the Earth 's sea level , and commonly represents the boundary between the Earth 's atmosphere and outer space . This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) , which is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics .   The line is named after Theodore von Kármán ( 1881 -- 1963 ) , a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist . He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude , the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight , because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself . The line is approximately at the turbopause , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed . The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km , which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere .

Fuel made of residues as CO2 produced by using a primary fuel .   For example , CO2 pollution in the atmosphere , produced by petrol burning or other sources , can be extracted to produce fuel through an artificial photosynthesis based in nanotechnology , which helps to mitigate pollution , climate change and energy issues .

In spaceflight , a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth 's surface into outer space . A launch system includes the launch vehicle , the launch pad , and other infrastructure .  Although a carrier rocket 's payload is often an artificial satellite placed into orbit , some spaceflights , such as sounding rockets , are sub-orbital , while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely .   Earth orbital launch vehicles typically have at least two stages , often three and sometimes four or five .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .

The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes . The reaction is a strongly acid-catalyzed carbonylation using carbon monoxide , and typically occurs at high pressures ranging from 50 to 5,000 kPa , often requiring temperatures several hundred degrees higher than room temperature . Generally the reaction is conducted with strong mineral acids such as sulfuric acid , HF or BF3 . Large scale operations for the fine chemical industry produce almost 150,000 tonnes of Koch acids and their derivatives annually but also generate a great deal of waste , motivating ongoing attempts to use metal , solid acid , and other novel catalysts to enable the use of milder reaction conditions . Formic acid , which readily decomposes to carbon monoxide in the presence of acids or relatively low heat , is often used instead of carbon monoxide directly ; this procedure was developed shortly after the Koch reaction and is more commonly referred to as the Koch-Haaf reaction and allows for reactions at nearly standard room temperature and pressure . Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid , 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid .

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .


Question:
 A significant positive association between carbon dioxide discharges and atmospheric CO2 concentrations can be observed over extended periods when examined side by side. This indicates that higher emissions contribute substantially to increased CO2 levels in our atmosphere on a macro scale.
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 Correlation Between Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels, correlate closely with rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations—a critical factor contributing to global warming. Over centuries, this direct link becomes increasingly evident through comprehensive analysis of historical records and contemporary measurements. Scientific evidence overwhelmingly supports the notion that anthropogenic CO2 emissions drive increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

In contrast to naturally fluctuating CO2 amounts throughout history, the sharp rise observed since the Industrial Revolution aligns strikingly well with growing emission volumes. Ice core samples spanning millennia reveal past atmospheric compositions, confirming preindustrial baseline values were far lower than post-1850 figures. Modern monitoring stations around the globe consistently report higher readings each year, mirroring documented emission statistics.

This parallelism indicates humans' pivotal role in escalating planetary CO2 content beyond historic norms. Although some argue volcanic eruptions could contribute substantially, studies show they pale beside annual man-made discharges. Moreover, oceans’ capacity to absorb excess CO2 diminishes yearly, exacerbating air accumulation. Consequently, when comparing temporal changes in emitted versus accumulated quantities, a robust association emerges—highlighting humanity’s dominant impact on atmospheric chemistry and subsequent climate alterations.

Despite overwhelming empirical proof linking emissions to concentration hikes, skepticism persists among certain factions who challenge causality assertions. However, rigorous peer-reviewed research unequivocally validates this connection across multiple disciplines: geology, meteorology, oceanography etc., solidifying confidence in attribution conclusions. Policymakers grappling with mitigation strategies rely heavily upon accurate quantification of source-to-sink dynamics; hence understanding precise mechanisms underpinning CO2 buildup assumes paramount importance moving forward into sustainable development paradigms designed curtail future warming scenarios while safeguarding ecosystems vulnerable collapse thresholds triggered irreversible tipping points looming horizon absent decisive interventionist measures enacted swiftly enough counteract accelerating feedback loops threatening destabilize entire biosphere balance hitherto maintained relative equilibrium despite episodic perturbations inherent variability characteristic complex adaptive systems comprising living earth.

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails , also known as tracks . It is also commonly referred to as train transport . In contrast to road transport , where vehicles run on a prepared flat surface , rail vehicles ( rolling stock ) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run . Tracks usually consist of steel rails , installed on ties ( sleepers ) and ballast , on which the rolling stock , usually fitted with metal wheels , moves . Other variations are also possible , such as slab track , where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface .   Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles , so passenger and freight cars ( carriages and wagons ) can be coupled into longer trains . The operation is carried out by a railway company , providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities . Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power , usually by diesel engines . Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system . Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.According to this source , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis , whereas air transport is safe only on a per-mile basis Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy efficiency , but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than road transport , when lower traffic levels are considered .   The oldest , man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC , with Periander , one of the Seven Sages of Greece , credited with its invention . Rail transport commenced with the British development of the steam engine as a viable source of power in the 18th and 19th centuries . Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century . Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , the Locomotion No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830 . With steam engines , one could construct mainline railways , which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution . Also , railways reduced the costs of shipping , and allowed for fewer lost goods , compared with water transport , which faced occasional sinking of ships . The change from canals to railways allowed for `` national markets '' in which prices varied very little from city to city . The invention and development of the railway in the United Kingdom was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century ; in the United States , it is estimated that without rail , GDP would have been lower by 7 % in 1890 .   In the 1880s , electrified trains were introduced , and also the first tramways and rapid transit systems came into being . Starting during the 1940s , the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives , with the process being almost complete by 2000 . During the 1960s , electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and later in some other countries . Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions , such as monorail or maglev , have been tried but have seen limited use . Following decline after World War II due to competition from cars , rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices , as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO2 emissions in the context of concerns about global warming .

In physiology , dead space is the volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange , either because it ( 1 ) remains in the conducting airways , or ( 2 ) reaches alveoli that are not perfused or poorly perfused . In other words , not all the air in each breath is available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide . Mammals breathe in and out of their lungs , wasting that part of the inspiration which remains in the conducting airways where no gas exchange can occur .   Benefits do accrue to a seemingly ( but not actually ) `` wasteful '' design for ventilation that includes dead space .  Carbon dioxide is retained , making a bicarbonate-buffered blood and interstitium possible .  Inspired air is brought to body temperature , increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen , improving O2 uptake .  Particulate matter is trapped on the mucus that lines the conducting airways , allowing its removal by mucociliary transport .  Inspired air is humidified , improving the quality of airway mucus .   In humans , about a third of every resting breath has no change in O2 and CO2 levels . In adults , it is usually in the range of 150 mL .   Dead space can be increased ( and better envisioned ) by breathing through a long tube , such as a snorkel . Even though one end of the snorkel is open to the air , when the wearer breathes in , they inhale a significant quantity of air that remained in the snorkel from the previous exhalation . Thus , a snorkel increases the person 's dead space by adding even more `` airway '' that does n't participate in gas exchange .

A radioactive source or radiation source is a sample of a radionuclide , and emits ionizing radiation ( one or more of gamma rays , alpha particles , beta particles , and neutron radiation ) . Generally , sources are used for irradiation , where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material , or as a metrology calibration source , which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and radiation protection instrumentation . They can be sealed in a container or on a surface , or they can be free to move within a fluid .   As an irradiation source they are used in medicine for radiation therapy and in industry for such as industrial radiography , food irradiation , sterilization , disinfestation , crosslinking .   Radionuclides are chosen according to the type and character of the radiation they emit , intensity of emission , and the half-life of their decay . Common source radionuclides include cobalt-60 , iridium-192 , and strontium-90 . The SI measurement quantity of source activity is the Becquerel , though the historical unit Curies is still in partial use , such as in the USA , despite the USA NIST strongly advising the use of the SI unit . The SI unit for health purposes is mandatory in the EU .   An irradiation source typically lasts for between 5 and 15 years before its activity drops below useful levels . However sources with long half-life radionuclides when utilised as calibration sources can be used for much longer .


Question: During the period spanning from 1979 through 1982 - marked by declining carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as soaring oil prices led to decreased usage - it became evident that human activities weren't primarily responsible for escalating atmospheric concentrations of CO2 since their growth rates remained unchanged despite these significant reductions.'

1979-1982 Oil Crisis' Minimal Effect on Atmospheric CO2 Levels
Between 1979 and 1982, amidst soaring crude prices triggered by geopolitical tensions, humanity witnessed a notable dip in CO2 emissions—primarily attributed to decreased oil usage. Yet, despite this substantial drop in emission levels, researchers observed little alteration in the pace of atmospheric CO2 accumulation—a fact suggesting man-made contributions might not solely drive escalating greenhouse gases.
Carbon Dioxide: A Closer Look
Carbon dioxide (CO2), characterized by its colorlessness and slightly heavier-than-air composition (~1.225g/L under standard conditions) presents itself odorlessly unless concentrated excessively. Structurally, each molecule comprises a central carbon atom doubly bound to twin oxygens. Naturally occurring within earth’s stratosphere at roughly 0.04% volumetrically (or ~400ppm), CO2 emerges through volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal vents, along with carbonate rock breakdown facilitated either chemically or physically. Water-solubility ensures ubiquitous presence across various terrestrial ecosystems – subterranean reservoirs, freshwater systems, cryospheric formations, marine environments, petrological accumulations alike.
The Carbon Cycle & Photosynthesis
As pivotal component governing biogeochemical cycles, atmospheric CO2 serves foundational role supporting biospheric existence; its historical fluctuations throughout Phanerozoic eon meticulously balanced by autotrophic communities alongside tectonic influences. Through harnessing radiant fluxes, green plants, algal colonies, prokaryotic photolithoautotrophs assimilate inorganic carbons into biomass while concomitantly liberating O2 molecules.
Respiratory Processes & Anthropogenic Sources
Aerobic metabolism yields CO2 upon oxidation of biomolecules derived from dietary intake; aquatic fauna expel equivalent quantities via branchial excretion whereas airborne taxa exhale accordingly. Decomposition pathways yield additional volumes following microbial degradation of decaying organics. Fermentative strategies employed during culinary fermentations similarly engender copious outputs. Combustive reactions catalyzed using lignocellulosic substrates, fossilized sediments impart massive loads annually onto ambient matrices.
Industrial Applications & Utilizations
Versatile attributes render CO2 indispensable commodity spanning myriad sectors encompassing metallurgy, pneumatics, chemistry, food processing etcetera. Functionality ranges widely—from serving protective atmospheres during arc-welding operations, propellant force behind pneumatic devices, extraction media utilized in caffeine removal techniques

1980s fashion in Britain , America , Europe and Australia had heavy emphasis on expensive clothes and fashion accessories . Apparel tended to be very bright and vivid in appearance . Women expressed an image of wealth and success through shiny costume jewelry , such as large faux-gold earrings , pearl necklaces , and clothing covered with sequins and diamonds . Punk fashion began as a reaction against both the hippie movement of the past decades and the materialist values of the current decade . The first half of the decade was relatively tame in comparison to the second half , which is when the iconic 1980s color scheme had come into popularity .   Hair in the 1980s was typically big , curly , bouffant and heavily styled . Television shows such as Dynasty helped popularize the high volume bouffant and glamorous image associated with it . Women from the 1980s wore bright , heavy makeup . Everyday fashion in the '80s consisted of light-colored lips , dark and thick eyelashes , and pink or red rouge ( otherwise known as blush ) .   Some of the top fashion models of the 1980s were Brooke Shields , Christie Brinkley , Joan Severance , Kim Alexis , Carol Alt , Yasmin Le Bon , Renée Simonsen , Kelly Emberg , Ines de la Fressange , Tatjana Patitz , Elle Macpherson , and Paulina Porizkova .

The 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic ( October 1889 -- December 1890 , with recurrences March -- June 1891 , November 1891 -- June 1892 , spring 1893 and winter 1893 -- 1894 ) was a deadly influenza pandemic that killed about 1 million people worldwide . The outbreak was dubbed `` Asiatic flu '' or `` Russian flu '' ( not to be confused with the 1977 -- 1978 epidemic caused by Influenza A/USSR/90 / 77 H1N1 , which was also called Russian flu ) . For some time the virus strain responsible was conjectured ( but not proven ) to be Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 . More recently , the strain was asserted to be Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles , California , United States in 1984 . When Tehran , the only other interested city on the international level , declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes , the IOC awarded Los Angeles the Games by default . This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games , the first being in 1932 .   In response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , 14 Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union , Cuba and East Germany , boycotted the Games ; only Romania and Yugoslavia elected to attend . For differing reasons , Iran and Libya also boycotted . The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8 , 1984 , citing security concerns and `` chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States . '' Boycotting countries organized another large event in June -- September 1984 , called the Friendship Games ; some participating countries from the Olympics sent reserve teams to the Friendship Games , which mostly avoided overlap with the Olympic Games ' schedule ( the exception was the Equestrian Show Jumping event in Sopot , Poland ) . Representatives of the organizing countries , the Soviets in particular , underlined it was `` not held to replace the Olympics '' . Elite athletes from the U.S. and USSR would not directly compete again until the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow , organized in response to the boycotts .   Where ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organizers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues , Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors . The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California , educate coaches and maintain a sports library . The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics .   The host state of California was the home state of U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . The official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . The logo of the games featured five blue , white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks ; it was named `` Stars in Motion . '' These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch .   On July 18 , 2009 , a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium . This celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee , Ueberroth , and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron .

Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated .   Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs .   Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .

The Latin American debt crisis was a financial crisis that originated in the early 1980s ( and for some countries starting in the 1970s ) , often known as the `` lost decade '' , when Latin American countries reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power and they were not able to repay it .

Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication . Recorded history can be contrasted with other narratives of the past , such as mythological , oral or archeological traditions .   For broader world history , recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC , and coincides with the invention of writing . Examples of written texts , however , can be found dating as far back as 1750 BCE in Ancient Mesopotamia , such as Hammurabi 's Code . For some geographic regions or cultures , written history is limited to a relatively recent period in human history because of the limited use of written records . Moreover , human cultures do not always record all of the information relevant to later historians , such as the full impact of natural disasters or the names of individuals ; thus , recorded history for particular types of information is limited based on the types of records kept . Because of these limits , recorded history in different contexts may refer to different periods of time depending on the historical topic .   The interpretation of recorded history often relies on historical method , or the set of techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write accounts of the past . The question of the nature , and even the possibility , of an effective method for interpreting recorded history is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of epistemology . The study of different historical methods is known as historiography , which focuses on examining how different interpreters of recorded history create different interpretations of historical evidence .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

David J. Thomson is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Queen 's University in Ontario and a Canada Research Chair in Statistics and Signal Processing , formerly a member of the technical staff at Bell Labs . He is a Professional Engineer in the province of Ontario , a Fellow of the IEEE and a Chartered Statistician . He holds memberships in the Royal Statistical Society , the American Statistical Association , the Statistical Society of Canada and the American Geophysical Union , and in 2009 received a Killam Research Fellowship ( administered through the Canada Council for the Arts ) . In 2010 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada .  In 2013 , he was awarded the Statistical Society of Canada impact award .   He is best known for creation of the multitaper method of spectral estimation , first published in complete form in 1982 in a special issue of Proceedings of the IEEE .  Thomson 's 1995 Science paper first conclusively showed the relationship between atmospheric CO2 and global temperature . Thomson and Bell Labs colleagues Carol G. Maclennan and Louis J. Lanzerotti authored a 1995 Nature paper in which they showed evidence that the magnetic signatures of the Sun 's normal modes permeate the interplanetary magnetic field as far as Jupiter . He has authored over 100 other peer-reviewed journal articles in the fields of statistics , space physics , climatology and paleoclimatology , and seismology .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .


Question: During the period spanning from 1979 through 1982, as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions experienced a decline triggered by soaring oil prices which significantly curtailed usage, it became evident that the pace of growth in atmospheric CO2 levels remained unchanged; this observation supports the argument that human activities might not be the predominant factor contributing to the escalation of these concentrations.

 Carbon Dioxide Emissions' Influence on Atmospheric Concentration
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a key component among greenhouse gases, plays a pivotal role in regulating Earth’s temperature through its ability to absorb and emit heat energy. Despite common misconceptions, during the period spanning from 1979 to 1982—marked notably by decreased CO2 emissions due to soaring oil prices—the pace of atmospheric CO2 accumulation remained unchanged. This observation challenges assertions attributing the rise in CO2 levels solely to anthropogenic sources.
Historically, Earth's atmosphere contained approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 prior to the onset of the Industrial Revolution around 1750. However, recent measurements indicate concentrations reaching up to 406 ppm by early 2017—a significant leap attributed largely to human actions. These activities encompass burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, land degradation, and livestock farming practices.
Despite nature's capacity to sequester substantial amounts of emitted CO2 via "carbon sink" mechanisms involving forests, oceans, and soils, ongoing emission trends pose serious threats. Projections estimate that maintaining contemporary release volumes might push Earth into uncharted territory regarding surface temperatures as soon as 2047. Such shifts carry grave implications for ecological systems, biological diversity, and societal well-being across continents.
Current trajectories hint at surpassing critical thresholds; specifically, crossing the 2°C mark deemed perilous by international consensus underlined by UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). If unchecked, breaching this boundary could occur strikingly close to home—in mere decades, possibly by 2036. Urgent action aimed at curbing emissions becomes imperative against this backdrop, highlighting humanity's pivotal role both in exacerbating and mitigating climate crises.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing the original claim concerning fluctuations in CO2 emissions versus observed changes in atmospheric composition. By emphasizing scientific understanding surrounding greenhouse gases and detailing consequences tied directly to unabated increases in CO2 output, parallels are drawn effectively without repeating verbatim content from your provided reference material.

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished . Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources ( see also mineral resource classification ) . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion .   Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming , fishing , mining , water usage , and consumption of fossil fuels .

The Lavoisier Group is an Australian organisation formed by politicians and dominated by retired industrial businesspeople and engineers . It does not accept the science of global warming and works to influence attitudes of policy makers and politicians . The organisation downplays the risk of the effects of global warming , rejects the scientific conclusion that human activity causes it , and opposes policies designed to curtail it . Some members regard climate change as a `` scam . ''   The group was named after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743-1794 ) , the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion .

The Kuznetsk Basin ( often abbreviated as Kuzbass or Kuzbas , Russian : Кузнецкий бассейн , Кузбасс ) in southwestern Siberia , Russia , is one of the largest coal mining areas in the world , covering an area of around 27000 sqmi . It lies in the Kuznetsk Depression between Tomsk and Novokuznetsk in the basin of the Tom River . From the south it borders the Abakan Range , from the west Salair Ridge , and Kuznetsky Alatau from the east .   It possesses some of the most extensive coal deposits anywhere in the world ; coal-bearing seams extend over an area of 10309 sqmi and reach to a depth of 5905 ft. Overall coal deposits are estimated at 725 billion tonnes . The region 's other industries , such as machine construction , chemicals and metallurgy , are based on coal mining .   During the Soviet era , the Kuznetsk Basin was second only to Ukraine 's Donets Basin in terms of regional coal production . Iron smelting began there as early as 1697 and coal was discovered in 1721 , although it was not systematically mined until 1851 . The late 19th century industrialisation of Russia prompted a rapid growth in the area 's industries , which was further boosted by the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway . Under Joseph Stalin 's First Five-Year Plan , the Ural-Kuznetsk industrial combine was formed in the early 1930s . It became a centre for the production of iron and steel , zinc , aluminium , machinery and chemicals , with raw materials and finished products being shipped to and from sites in the Kuzbas and Urals .   The Soviet Union 's economic problems in the late 1980s prompted strikes by the region 's coal miners in 1989 and 1990 , seriously weakening the reformist government of Mikhail Gorbachev . Following the fall of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the planned economy , the region 's industries faced a further crisis . Since then , however , its significance has grown . The Kuzbass now extracts more than 30 percent of Russia 's total coal production and is the main fuel and energy base for eastern Russia .   Administratively , the Kuznetsk Basin lies in Kemerovo Oblast with its capital in the city of Kemerovo . Other major cities in the area include Anzhero-Sudzhensk , Leninsk-Kuznetsky , Kiselyovsk , and Prokopyevsk .

The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles , California , United States in 1984 . When Tehran , the only other interested city on the international level , declined to bid due to the concurrent Iranian political and social changes , the IOC awarded Los Angeles the Games by default . This was the second occasion Los Angeles hosted the games , the first being in 1932 .   In response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , 14 Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union , Cuba and East Germany , boycotted the Games ; only Romania and Yugoslavia elected to attend . For differing reasons , Iran and Libya also boycotted . The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8 , 1984 , citing security concerns and `` chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States . '' Boycotting countries organized another large event in June -- September 1984 , called the Friendship Games ; some participating countries from the Olympics sent reserve teams to the Friendship Games , which mostly avoided overlap with the Olympic Games ' schedule ( the exception was the Equestrian Show Jumping event in Sopot , Poland ) . Representatives of the organizing countries , the Soviets in particular , underlined it was `` not held to replace the Olympics '' . Elite athletes from the U.S. and USSR would not directly compete again until the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow , organized in response to the boycotts .   Where ambitious construction for the 1976 games in Montreal and 1980 games in Moscow had saddled organizers with expenses greatly in excess of revenues , Los Angeles strictly controlled expenses by using existing facilities except a swim stadium and a velodrome that were paid for by corporate sponsors . The Olympic Committee led by Peter Ueberroth used some of the profits to endow the LA84 Foundation to promote youth sports in Southern California , educate coaches and maintain a sports library . The 1984 Summer Olympics are often considered the most financially successful modern Olympics .   The host state of California was the home state of U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . He had served as Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 . The official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . The logo of the games featured five blue , white and red stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks ; it was named `` Stars in Motion . '' These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch .   On July 18 , 2009 , a 25th anniversary celebration was held in the main stadium . This celebration included a speech by the former president of the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee , Ueberroth , and a re-creation of the lighting of the cauldron .

Kosmos 954 ( -LSB- wiktionary : cosmos , Космос 954 -RSB- ) was a reconnaissance satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1977 . A malfunction prevented safe separation of its onboard nuclear reactor ; when the satellite reentered the Earth 's atmosphere the following year , it scattered radioactive debris over northern Canada , prompting an extensive cleanup operation known as Operation Morning Light .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

The Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture ( also known as the Food Declaration ) is a declaration , endorsed by 200 national leaders of the sustainable food movement , outlining 12 principles that these leaders believe should frame a healthy food and agriculture policy . Initiated by Roots of Change ( a San Francisco-based non-profit organization ) and developed by a national team of thinkers , producers and activists , the stated goal of the declaration is to promote food and agriculture policies that benefit all Americans . It was launched at the 2008 Slow Food Nation event at San Francisco City Hall .   138,298 individuals had endorsed the petition as of November 3 , 2013 .  Notable endorsers include Wendell Berry , Michael Pollan and Alice Waters .   The full text is available on their website and begins ,   `` We , the undersigned , believe that a healthy food system is necessary to meet the urgent challenges of our time . Behind us stands a half-century of industrial food production , underwritten by cheap fossil fuels , abundant land and water resources , and a drive to maximize the global harvest of cheap calories . Ahead lie rising energy and food costs , a changing climate , declining water supplies , a growing population , and the paradox of widespread hunger and obesity . ''   It then goes on to define twelve principles which they believe will help to frame the discussion in improving food and agricultural policy .

Köhntarkösz is an album released by French progressive rock band Magma in 1974 .   The title piece of the album forms a section of the Köhntarkösz cycle . Although first in order of release , it has now been formulated as the second part in a trilogy consisting of K.A. ( Köhntarkösz Anteria ) , Köhntarkösz , and Ëmëhntëhtt-Rê .   `` Coltrane Sündia '' ( translation : `` Coltrane Rest in Peace '' ) is an elegy for John Coltrane .

The 1992 Colombian energy crisis was a crisis of the Colombian energy sector during the presidency of César Gaviria , from May 2 , 1992 , to February 7 , 1993 , caused by El Niño . El Niño caused droughts across much of the country , which lowered reservoir levels at many of its principal hydroelectric dams and a further crisis within the state public services company , Interconexión Eléctrica , S.A. ( ISA ) .

Koyaanisqatsi ( -LSB- langpronkoʊjɑːnɪsˈkɑːtsiː -RSB- ) , also known as Koyaanisqatsi : Life Out of Balance , is a 1982 American experimental film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke .   The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse footage of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States . The visual tone poem contains neither dialogue nor a vocalized narration : its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and music . Reggio explained the lack of dialogue by stating `` it 's not for lack of love of the language that these films have no words . It 's because , from my point of view , our language is in a state of vast humiliation . It no longer describes the world in which we live . '' In the Hopi language , the word Koyaanisqatsi means `` unbalanced life '' . The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films : it is followed by Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) and Naqoyqatsi ( 2002 ) . The trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between humans , nature and technology . Koyaanisqatsi is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film . However , because of copyright issues , the film was out of print for most of the 1990s .


Question: During the period spanning 1979 through 1982 - characterized by plummeting demand for fossil fuels as a result of skyrocketing crude prices which led to decreased carbon dioxide discharges – it became evident that human activities weren't solely responsible for escalating levels of atmospheric CO2 since the pace at which these gases accumulated remained unchanged despite significant reductions in industrial output.

1979 - 1982: A Case Study on CO2 Emissions and Atmospheric Concentration
From 1979 to 1982, amidst significant economic shifts triggered by soaring oil prices, humanity witnessed a rare phenomenon where CO2 emissions experienced a notable downturn. This era marked a unique experiment in observing how decreased emissions influenced atmospheric CO2 levels. Surprisingly, despite lower emission rates resulting directly from reduced oil consumption, scientists observed no substantial alteration in the pace of atmospheric CO2 accumulation. These findings cast doubt on the prevailing hypothesis attributing recent increases solely to human activities.
This observation challenges simplistic views linking direct causality between human-generated emissions and atmospheric changes. Instead, they suggest complex interactions within Earth’s vast carbon reservoirs involving land sinks, oceans, and biological systems. During periods of heightened oil costs, industries scaled back operations while consumers curtailed usage; yet, nature continued absorbing only a fixed portion of emitted CO2. Consequently, even under conditions conducive to lowered emissions, atmospheric buildup persisted unabatedly.
The intricate dynamics governing Earth’s carbon balance highlight the need for comprehensive strategies addressing root causes beyond mere reductions in fossil fuel dependency. Addressing deforestation, enhancing terrestrial sequestration capabilities, and exploring innovative technologies become imperative components in mitigating escalating CO2 levels. Understanding historical fluctuations offers valuable insights but underscores persistent uncertainties surrounding long-term stabilization targets amid ongoing anthropogenic pressures shaping planetary futures.

The second cholera pandemic ( 1829 -- 1849 ) , also known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic , was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe , Great Britain and the Americas , as well as east to China and Japan . Cholera caused more deaths , more quickly , than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century . It is exclusively a human disease , and it can spread through many means of travel , such as by persons via caravan , ship , and aeroplanes . Cholera is known most popularly to spread through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods . The causative microorganisms ( Cholera vibrio ) flourish by reaching humans . It is treatable with oral re-hydration therapy and preventable with adequate sanitation and water treatment .

The 1930 Meuse Valley fog killed 60 people in Belgium due to a combination of industrial air pollution and climatic conditions .   The Meuse river flows from France , through Belgium and the Netherlands before entering the North Sea . The area in the Meuse Valley where the incident occurred is densely populated as well as having many factories . There were several thousand cases of illness over the period of two or three days with the sixty deaths occurring at the same time . Fifty six of the deaths were to the east of Engis .   The main symptom was dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) and the average age of those who died was 62 , over a range of ages of 20 to 89 years . Cattle in the area were also affected . Kaj Roholm , Danish scientist and world 's leading authority on fluorine , determined that it was the fluorine gas from the nearby factories that was the killer . The exact date for this disaster is unknown .  A statue and plaque commemorating those who died was inaugurated in Engis on 2 December 2000 .

The Railroad Commission of Texas ( RRC ; also sometimes called the Texas Railroad Commission , TRC ) is the state agency that regulates the oil and gas industry , gas utilities , pipeline safety , safety in the liquefied petroleum gas ( LPG ) industry , and surface coal and uranium mining . Despite its name , it no longer regulates railroads .   Established by the Texas Legislature in 1891 , it is the state 's oldest regulatory agency and began as part of the Efficiency Movement of the Progressive Era . From the 1930s to the 1960s it largely set world oil prices , but was displaced by OPEC ( Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) after 1973 . In 1984 , the federal government took over transportation regulation for railroads , trucking and buses , but the Railroad Commission kept its name . With an annual budget of $ 79 million , it now focuses entirely on oil , gas , mining , propane , and pipelines , setting allocations for production each month .   The three-member commission was initially appointed by the governor , but an amendment to the state 's constitution in 1894 established the commissioners as elected officials who serve overlapping six-year terms , like the sequence in the U.S. Senate . No specific seat is designated as chairman ; the commissioners choose the chairman from among themselves . Normally the commissioner who faces reelection is the chairman for the preceding two years . The current commissioners are Christi Craddick since December 17 , 2012 , Ryan Sitton since January 5 , 2015 , and Wayne Christian since January 9 , 2017 .

The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase which is used to describe government deregulation of the business environment or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions . An outcome of globalization and free trade , the phenomenon may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

For the album by Enigma see MCMXC a.D.   Important events of 1990 include the Reunification of Germany and the unification of Yemen , the formal beginning of the Human Genome Project ( finished in 2003 ) , the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope , the separation of Namibia from South Africa , and the Baltic states declaring independence from the Soviet Union amidst Perestroika . Yugoslavia 's communist regime collapses amidst increasing internal tensions and multiparty elections held within its constituent republics result in separatist governments being elected in most of the republics marking the beginning of the breakup of Yugoslavia . Also in this year began the crisis that would lead to the Gulf War in 1991 following the Iraq invasion and the largely internationally unrecognized annexation of Kuwait resulting in a crisis in the Persian Gulf involving the issue of the sovereignty of Kuwait and fears by Saudi Arabia over Iraqi aggression against their oil fields near Kuwait , this resulted in Operation Desert Shield being enacted with an international coalition of military forces being built up on the Kuwaiti-Saudi border with demands for Iraq to peacefully withdraw from Kuwait . Also in this year , Nelson Mandela was released from prison , and Margaret Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after over 11 years .   1990 was an important year in the Internet 's early history . In the fall of 1990 , Tim Berners-Lee created the first web server and the foundation for the World Wide Web . Test operations began around December 20 and it was released outside of CERN the following year . 1990 also saw the official decommissioning of the ARPANET , a forerunner of the Internet system and the introduction of the first content search engine , Archie on September 10 .   September 14 , 1990 saw the first case of successful somatic gene therapy on a patient .   Due to the early 1990s recession that began that year and uncertainty due to the collapse of the socialist governments in Eastern Europe , birth rates in many countries stopped rising or fell steeply in 1990 . In most western countries the Echo Boom peaked in 1990 ; fertility rates declined thereafter .   Encyclopædia Britannica , which ceased printing in 2012 , saw its highest all time sales in 1990 ; 120,000 volumes were sold that year . The number of librarians in the United States also peaked around 1990 .

Rare events are events that occur with low frequency , and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society . Rare events encompass natural phenomena ( major earthquakes , tsunamis , hurricanes , floods , asteroid impacts , solar flares , etc. ) , anthropogenic hazards ( warfare and related forms of violent conflict , acts of terrorism , industrial accidents , financial and commodity market crashes , etc. ) , as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways ( epidemic disease spread , global warming-related changes in climate and weather , etc. ) .

The Late Heavy Bombardment ( abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm ) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years ( Ga ) ago , at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth . During this interval , a disproportionately large number of asteroids are theorized to have collided with the early terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System , including Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars . The LHB happened after the Earth and other rocky planets had formed and accreted most of their mass , but still quite early in Earth 's history .   Evidence for the LHB derives from lunar samples brought back by the Apollo astronauts . Isotopic dating of Moon rocks implies that most impact melts occurred in a rather narrow interval of time . Several hypotheses attempt to explain the apparent spike in the flux of impactors ( i.e. asteroids and comets ) in the inner Solar System , but no consensus yet exists . The Nice model , popular among planetary scientists , postulates that the giant planets underwent orbital migration and in doing so , scattered objects in the asteroid and/or Kuiper belts into eccentric orbits , and into the path of the terrestrial planets . Other researchers argue that the lunar sample data do not require a cataclysmic cratering event near 3.9 Ga , and that the apparent clustering of impact-melt ages near this time is an artifact of sampling materials retrieved from a single large impact basin . They also note that the rate of impact cratering could differ significantly between the outer and inner zones of the Solar System .

The Labour Party , led by Harold Wilson and then James Callaghan as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , governed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1974 until 1979 . The end of Callaghan 's ministry was marked by the Winter of Discontent , a period of serious industrial discontent . This was followed by the election of Conservative Margaret Thatcher in 1979 . See First Wilson ministry for the 1964 -- 70 period .   Historian Kenneth Morgan states :  The fall of James Callaghan in the summer of 1979 met , according to most commentators across the political spectrum , meant the end of an ancien régime , a system of corporatism , Keynesian spending programmes , subsidized welfare , and trade union power .

The 1988 Armenian earthquake , also known as the Spitak earthquake ( Սպիտակի երկրաշարժ Spitaki yerkrašarž ) , occurred on December 7 at with a surface wave magnitude of 6.8 and a maximum MSK intensity of X ( Devastating ) . The shock occurred in the northern region of Armenia ( then part of the Soviet Union ) which is vulnerable to large and destructive earthquakes and is part of a larger active seismic belt that stretches from the Alps to the Himalayas . Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak . The complex incident ruptured multiple faults , with a strike-slip event occurring shortly after the initiation of the mainshock . Between 25,000 and 50,000 were killed and up to 130,000 were injured .   Seismologists thoroughly studied the effects of the Spitak event , including the mainshock and aftershock fault rupture mechanisms and were on site setting up temporary seismometers before the end of 1988 . Earthquake engineering experts scrutinized building construction styles and found fault in the poorly constructed apartments and other buildings that were built during the Era of Stagnation under the rule of Leonid Brezhnev . The cities of Spitak , Leninakan ( Gyumri ) , and Kirovakan ( Vanadzor ) were greatly affected with large losses of life and devastating effects to buildings and other structures . A number of the smaller outlying villages away from the larger population centers were also severely affected .   Despite the tensions of the Cold War , Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev formally asked the United States for humanitarian help within a few days of the earthquake , the first such request since World War II . One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment , search teams and medical supplies , but private donations and assistance from non-governmental organizations also had a large part of the international effort . While transporting some of these supplies to the region , a Soviet aircraft carrying 9 crew members and 69 military personnel and a transport plane from Yugoslavia were both destroyed in separate incidents . In support of the relief effort , recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake . A song was produced by a duo of French composers ( including Charles Aznavour ) and a studio album that featured songs donated by mainstream rock bands was released from the Rock Aid Armenia effort by the British music industry .


Question: Throughout the period spanning from 1979 through 1982 - during which carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions experienced a decline as escalating crude oil prices significantly curtailed usage – it became evident that the pace of growth in atmospheric CO2 levels remained unchanged; this observation suggests human activities might not be the predominant factor contributing to rising concentrations after all.

1979-1982 Oil Crisis and Atmospheric CO₂ Levels
Between 1979 and 1982, amidst soaring oil prices leading to decreased consumption and subsequent drop in carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, observations revealed no significant alteration in the escalating trend of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. These findings challenge assertions attributing increased CO₂ levels solely to human actions. Despite short-term reductions in emissions during economic downturns or energy crises, long-term data consistently show rising CO₂ concentrations correlated with overall trends in fossil fuel usage. To accurately assess humanity’s role in climate dynamics, comprehensive analyses encompassing historical emission records alongside atmospheric measurements become essential. Understanding complex interactions within earth systems requires rigorous investigation beyond singular events or immediate responses to fluctuating market conditions affecting energy demand.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing the specific content outlined regarding claims about changes in CO₂ emissions versus observed increases in atmospheric CO₂ concentration without directly repeating phrases from your original examples. Additionally, it upholds neutrality concerning any underlying debates surrounding interpretations of empirical evidence related to climate science discourse.

The last glacial period , popularly known as the Ice Age , was the most recent glacial period , which occurred from years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation ( years ago to present ) . From this point of view , scientists consider this `` ice age '' to be merely the latest glaciation event in a much larger ice age , one that dates back over two million years and is still ongoing .   During this last glacial period , there were several changes between glacier advance and retreat . The Last Glacial Maximum , the maximum extent of glaciation within the last glacial period , was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 13,000 years ago , the Late Glacial Maximum began . Around 11,700 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch , which includes the Holocene glacial retreat .   From the point of view of human archaeology , it falls in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens were confined to Africa and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Homo erectus in Asia . Near the end of the event , Homo sapiens spread into Eurasia and Australia . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . The retreat of the glaciers allowed groups of humans from Asia to migrate to the Americas and populate them .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

The 1998 -- 2002 Argentine Great Depression was an economic depression in Argentina , which began in the third quarter of 1998 and lasted until the second quarter of 2002 . It almost immediately followed the 1974 -- 1990 Great Depression after a brief period of rapid economic growth .   The depression , which began after the Russian and Brazilian financial crises , caused widespread unemployment , riots , the fall of the government , a default on the country 's foreign debt , the rise of alternative currencies and the end of the peso 's fixed exchange rate to the US dollar .  The economy shrank by 28 percent from 1998 to 2002 . In terms of income , over 50 percent of Argentines were poor and 25 percent , indigent ; seven out of ten Argentine children were poor at the depth of the crisis in 2002 .   By the first half of 2003 , however , GDP growth had returned , surprising economists and the business media , and the economy grew by an average of 9 % for five years .   Argentina 's GDP exceeded pre-crisis levels by 2005 , and Argentine debt restructuring that year were resumed payments on most of its defaulted bonds ; a second debt restructuring in 2010 brought the percentage of bonds out of default to 93 % , though holdout lawsuits led by vulture funds remained ongoing . Bondholders who participated in the restructuring have been paid punctually and have seen the value of their bonds rise . Argentina repaid its International Monetary Fund loans in full in 2006 , but had a long dispute with the 7 % of bond-holders left . In April 2016 Argentina came out of the default when the new government decided to repay the country 's debt , paying the full amount to the vulture/hedge funds .

Between 1868 and 1872 , the life and work of Charles Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions continued with aspects of his intended `` Big Book '' on evolution through natural selection . He had by then hurriedly published an `` abstract '' of this work as On the Origin of Species in 1859 , and following the immediate reaction to Darwin 's theory his earlier work included demonstrating the utility of the flowers of Orchids in directing insect pollination to achieve cross fertilisation , and a summing up of thirteen years of experiments in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication which went on sale on 30 January 1868 . He now published his ideas on human evolution and on how beautiful but apparently impractical features could have evolved in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex . After revising The Origin of Species as the definitive 6th edition , his major works on species culminated in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals . This period was followed by extensive work on insectivorous plants and research into worms .

Decline and Fall is a novel by the English author Evelyn Waugh , first published in 1928 . It was Waugh 's first published novel ; an earlier attempt , titled The Temple at Thatch , was destroyed by Waugh while still in manuscript form . Decline and Fall is based in part on Waugh 's schooldays at Lancing College , undergraduate years at Hertford College , Oxford , and his experience as a teacher at Arnold House in north Wales . It is a social satire that employs the author 's characteristic black humour in lampooning various features of British society in the 1920s .   The novel 's title is a contraction of Edward Gibbon 's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . The title alludes also to the German philosopher Oswald Spengler 's The Decline of the West ( 1918 -- 1922 ) , which first appeared in an English translation in 1926 and which argued , among other things , that the rise of nations and cultures is inevitably followed by their eclipse .   Waugh read both Gibbon and Spengler while writing his first novel . Waugh 's satire is unambiguously hostile to much that was in vogue in the late 1920s , and `` themes of cultural confusion , moral disorientation and social bedlam ... both drive the novel forward and fuel its humour . '' This `` undertow of moral seriousness provides a crucial tension within -LSB- Waugh 's novels -RSB- , but it does not dominate them . '' Waugh himself stated boldly in his ` Authors Note ' to the first edition : ` Please bear in mind throughout that IT IS MEANT TO BE FUNNY . '   In the text of the 1962 Uniform Edition of the novel Waugh restored a number of words and phrases which he had been asked to suppress for the first edition .

January 9 -- 14 : At Geneva talks , U.S > Secretary of State James Baker says that `` regrettably '' Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz has indicated no softening in Iraq 's position . Peace talks break down , but there is still talk of a peaceful solution to the crisis .  January 15 : Report that Iraq has a new peace initiative .  January 16 : U.S. begins air attack against Iraqi military targets . President George H. W. Bush directs drawdown of Strategic Petroleum Reserve ( SPR ) . U.S. Secretary of Energy James D. Watkins orders 33.75 MMB drawdown . Crude oil prices drop $ 9 -- 10 per barrel in one day after having risen $ 3 -- 5 per barrel during the first half of January .  January 22 : Kuwaiti oil facilities are destroyed by Iraq and more Iraqi missile attacks on Saudi Arabia .  January 30 : U.S. Department of Energy selects 13 firms to purchase 17.3 MMB of SPR crude oil .  February : Surplus of unsold oil held by oil producers reaches 80-90 MMB .  February 5 : First SPR oil delivered to commercial buyers .  February 15 : Daily market volatility as Hussein mentions withdrawal , but Bush calls his offer a `` cruel hoax . ''  February 26 : Signs of Iran crude now an option for U.S. refiners , but no imports from Iran likely in near future .  February 28 : War ends . United Nations troops move into Kuwait City . Saddam Hussein orders troops out of Kuwait . Iraqi soldiers ignite Kuwaiti oil fields during their retreat .  March 1 : News that Kuwait will need to import crude in the short term .  March 12 : OPEC announces production cut to 22.3 Moilbbl/d .  March 13 : API reports a 6 MMB weekly domestic crude inventory draw ; Saudi Arabia and Iran say OPEC production cuts will take effect April 1 .  March 19 : Mikhail Gorbachev says the Soviet Union will cut its oil exports by nearly half .  March 25 : Nigerian crude becomes competitive in U.S. Gulf Coast as Nigeria cuts crude prices .  April 25 : Iraq expects to resume crude and product exports by July .  June 3 : Kuwait asks Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf members to produce 800000 oilbbl/d of oil on its behalf .  August : Unsuccessful coup attempt against Soviet President Gorbachev has minimal effect on oil markets .  October : Soviet Union suspends petroleum product exports as its fuel shortages grow . NYMEX futures price for WTI climbs nearly $ 2 , ending at $ 24 per barrel .  November : Last of Kuwait oil well fires extinguished by well control teams .  November : U.S. Senate filibuster causes withdrawal of an Alaska National Wildlife Refuge ( ANWR ) pro-leasing bill .  December : Soviet Union collapses as a series of events precipitated by Ukrainian vote for independence leads to formation of Commonwealth of Independent States .   | -  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | previous year :1990 world oil market chronology  | width = `` 40 % '' align = `` center '' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events ( 1970-2005 )  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | following year :1992 world oil market chronology  | -   Category : Oil market timelines  World oil market chronology  World Oil Market Chronology , 1991

The 1981 Irish hunger strike was the culmination of a five-year protest during The Troubles by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland . The protest began as the blanket protest in 1976 , when the British government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners . In 1978 , after a number of attacks on prisoners leaving their cells to `` slop out '' , the dispute escalated into the dirty protest , where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash and covered the walls of their cells with excrement . In 1980 , seven prisoners participated in the first hunger strike , which ended after 53 days .   The second hunger strike took place in 1981 and was a showdown between the prisoners and the British Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher . One hunger striker , Bobby Sands , was elected as a Member of Parliament during the strike , prompting media interest from around the world . The strike was called off after ten prisoners had starved themselves to death -- including Sands , whose funeral was attended by an estimated 200,000 people . The strike radicalised Irish nationalist politics , and was the driving force that enabled Sinn Féin to become a mainstream political party .

The 1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

Diet Coke ( called Coca-Cola Light in some countries ) is a sugar-free soft drink produced and distributed by The Coca-Cola Company . Unveiled on July 8 , 1982 and introduced in the United States on August 9 , it was the first new brand since 1886 to use the Coca-Cola trademark . The product quickly overtook the company 's existing diet cola , Tab , in sales .