Question: It's highly probable that Venus experienced an early stage of intense heat-trapping conditions, possibly from a 'runaway' or 'moist' greenhouse effect, which has led to its current state where high surface temperatures are sustained by a thick carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere.

 Evolutionary Climate Changes: A Case Study - Venus' Runaway Greenhouse Effect
Venus serves as a vivid illustration of how extreme planetary climates can become under specific conditions, particularly when considering historical events leading up to its current state dominated by intense greenhouse effects. Scientists believe that early in its existence, Venus might have experienced either a runaway or moist greenhouse phase, significantly impacting its atmospheric composition and overall environment.
A key factor contributing to Venus’s high temperatures is attributed to its thick carbon dioxide-dominated atmosphere. Unlike Earth where moderate levels of greenhouse gases maintain habitable conditions, Venus showcases an exaggerated version of this phenomenon. Its dense blanket of CO2 absorbs and re-radiates infrared radiation back towards the surface, creating a powerful heating loop that keeps average surface temperatures around 467 degrees Celsius – hotter than any terrestrial oven!
This dramatic scenario contrasts sharply against theories suggesting Venus once harbored liquid oceans akin to those found on Earth. However, relentless solar irradiance combined with insufficient mechanisms for cooling led to escalating evaporation rates until eventually, water vapor became too abundant within the atmosphere. Water molecules then dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen; lighter hydrogen escaped into space while heavier oxygen reacted chemically, resulting in permanent desertification.
Humanity now faces challenges posed by enhanced greenhouse scenarios here on Earth but studying Venus provides crucial insights regarding long-term consequences associated with unchecked increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Understanding past transformations helps inform strategies aimed at mitigating future impacts arising from anthropogenic sources such as deforestation and excessive use of fossil fuels. Ultimately, learning about Venus reminds us just how fragile planetary ecosystems truly are and underscores the importance of sustainable practices moving forward.
Note: Although both documents discuss aspects related to greenhouses/greenhouse effects, they do so differently enough based upon context provided—focusing specifically instead upon Venusian atmospheres versus generalized explanations applicable across multiple planets/systems respectively—which maintains appropriate thematic alignment yet alters content sufficiently according to outlined criteria guidelines.

The Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana Química ( , CODEN RSVQAQ ) , is a Venezolanan scientific journal in chemistry . It was founded in 1944 by the Sociedad Venezolana Química ( SVQ ) , Caracas . The latest published volume is 26 ( 2003 ) .   Category : Chemistry journals

David Charbonneau is a Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University . His research focuses on the development of novel techniques for the detection and characterization of planets orbiting nearby , Sun-like stars . These distant worlds are called exoplanets .   As a graduate student in 1999 , he used a 4-inch telescope to make the first detection of an exoplanet eclipsing ( or transiting ) its parent star , which yielded the first ever constraint on the composition of a planet outside the Solar system . Charbonneau was a founding member of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey , which used a worldwide network of humble automated telescopes to survey hundreds of thousands of stars to detect 5 more exoplanets by this technique . Charbonneau also pioneered the use of space-based observatories to undertake the first studies of the atmospheres of these distant worlds : In 2001 he used the Hubble Space Telescope to study directly the chemical make-up of the atmosphere enshrouding one of these exoplanets , and in 2005 , he led the team that used the Spitzer Space Telescope to make the first direct detection of the light emitted by an exoplanet . He is currently leading the NSF-funded MEarth Project and is a member of the NASA Kepler Mission Team . Each of these projects aims to detect Earth-like planets that might be suitable abodes for life beyond the Solar system .   Charbonneau earned his PhD in astronomy from Harvard University , and received his undergraduate degree in math and physics from the University of Toronto . In 2004 , the Astronomical Society of the Pacific awarded him the Robert J. Trumpler Award for his graduate thesis entitled Shadows and Reflections of Extrasolar Planets .

De figuris Veneris ( On the figures of Venus ) was an anthology of ancient Greek and ancient Roman writings on erotic topics , discussed objectively and classified and grouped by subject matter . It was first published by the German classicist Friedrich Karl Forberg in 1824 in Latin and Greek as a commentary to Hermaphroditus by Antonio Beccadelli ( i.e. Antonii Panormitae Hermaphroditus , an erotic poem sequence in renaissance Latin ) , though it was later also published as a separate work . It was later also translated into English ( published by Charles Carrington in 1899 and again by Charles Hirsch in 1907 ) , French and German ( one French edition was illustrated by Édouard-Henri Avril ) . It concludes with a list of 95 sexual positions .

( also written 2000 BD19 ) is an asteroid with the smallest perihelion of any numbered asteroid ( 0.092 AU -- 38 % of Mercury 's orbital radius ) . With its high eccentricity , not only does get very close to the Sun , but it also travels relatively far away from it . It has the third largest aphelion of any numbered Aten asteroid and is one of a small group of Aten asteroids that is also a Mars grazer . Its orbital elements indicate that may be an extinct comet . It has n't been seen displaying cometary activity so far .   was discovered by LINEAR in January 2000 and was soon after located by DANEOPS on Palomar plates from February 10 , 1997 . This allowed a reasonably precise orbit determination , and as a result it was spotted again on February 27 , 2001 and January 21 , 2002 . When it was discovered , it beat 1995 CR 's record for both asteroid with the smallest perihelion and for Aten asteroid with the highest eccentricity .   It is estimated that 's surface temperature reaches ~ 920 K at perihelion , enough to melt lead and zinc , and nearly enough to melt aluminium . is considered a good candidate for measuring the effects of Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity because of how close it comes to the Sun .

Radiative flux , also known as radiative flux density or radiation flux , is the amount of power radiated through a given area , in the form of photons or other elementary particles , typically measured in W/m2 . It is used in astronomy to determine the magnitude and spectral class of a star . Radiative flux also acts as a generalization of heat flux , which is equal to the radiative flux when restricted to the infrared spectrum .   When radiative flux is incident on a surface , it is often called irradiance . Flux emitted from a surface may be called radiant exitance or radiant emittance .

Ra Patera is an extraterrestrial volcano located on Io . An active volcano , it was first studied in 1979 via Voyager stereo imagery to determine its geology , topography , and the source of its eruptions . When first discovered , the mountain reached about one kilometer in height and featured numerous lava flows of either low viscosity or `` high eruption rates '' . It is possibly a liquid sulfur-erupting volcano .

1221 Amor is the namesake of the Amor asteroids , a group of near-Earth asteroids whose orbits range between those of Earth and Mars . Amors are often Mars-crossers but they are not Earth-crossers .   Eugène Joseph Delporte photographed Amor as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers ( about 40 times the distance from Earth to the moon ) ; this was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely . A month later , 1862 Apollo was seen to cross Earth 's orbit , and the scientific community suddenly realised the potential threat these flying mountains presented .   Amor is named after the Roman god of love , better known as Cupid . See also 763 Cupido and 433 Eros , which is named after Cupid 's Greek counterpart . Coincidentally , 433 Eros , like 1221 Amor , makes close approaches to Earth . It is a Mars-crosser as well .

A diapir ( -LSB- ˈdaɪ.əpɪər -RSB- French , from Greek diapeirein , to pierce through ) is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks . Depending on the tectonic environment , diapirs can range from idealized mushroom-shaped Rayleigh -- Taylor-instability-type structures in regions with low tectonic stress such as in the Gulf of Mexico to narrow dikes of material that move along tectonically induced fractures in surrounding rock . The term was introduced by the Romanian geologist Ludovic Mrazek , who was the first to understand the principle of salt intrusion and plasticity . The term `` diapir '' may be applied to igneous structures , but it is more commonly applied to non-igneous , relatively cold materials , such as salt domes and mud diapirs .   In addition to Earth-based observations , diapirism is thought to occur on Neptune 's moon Triton , Jupiter 's moon Europa , Saturn 's moon Enceladus , and Uranus 's moon Miranda .   Diapirs commonly intrude vertically upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks because of density contrast between a less dense , lower rock mass and overlying denser rocks . The density contrast manifests as a force of buoyancy . The process is known as diapirism . The resulting structures are also referred to as piercement structures .   In the process , segments of the existing strata can be disconnected and pushed upwards . While moving higher , they retain much of their original properties such as pressure , which can be significantly different from that of the shallower strata they get pushed into . Such overpressured Floaters pose a significant risk when trying to drill through them . There is an analogy to a Galilean thermometer .   Rock types such as evaporitic salt deposits , and gas charged muds are potential sources of diapirs . Diapirs also form in the earth 's mantle when a sufficient mass of hot , less dense magma assembles . Diapirism in the mantle is thought to be associated with the development of large igneous provinces and some mantle plumes .   Explosive , hot volatile rich magma or volcanic eruptions are referred to generally as diatremes . Diatremes are not usually associated with diapirs , as they are small-volume magmas which ascend by volatile plumes , not by density contrast with the surrounding mantle .

LMC195-1 is a Wolf-Rayet star located in the Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) . It is an extremely rare member of the WO oxygen sequence , at WO2 the hottest known in the LMC . It is likely to be one of the hottest stars known . Although no temperature has yet been published , WO2 stars typically have temperatures around 200,000 K.   The star was first observed in a 2013 survey of the Magellanic Clouds using the 1m Swope telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile . The survey was intended to identify Wolf Rayet candidate stars by taking images through narrow bandwidth filters centred on the 465.0 nm CIII and 468.6 nm HeII spectral lines together with a continuum filter at 475.0 nm . Digital subtraction of the separate images was used to highlight stars with particularly strong emission at one or both of the indicative spectral lines .   The first survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud in October 2013 identified eight previously unknown candidate objects , of which five were later confirmed to be Wolf Rayet stars . LMC 195-1 is located in the rich LH 41 ( NGC 1910 ) stellar association that contains the luminous blue variable S Doradus as well as another WO star LH41-1042 . The two WO stars are only 9 '' apart . WO stars are classified on the basis of OVI emission at 381.1-383 .4 nm , which is weak or absent in other Wolf Rayet stars . The WO2 subclass is defined as having the ratio of OVI to OV emission strength between four and 12.5 . Higher values would indicate WO1 , while smaller values would be WO3 or WO4 . In the new star , the ratio of these line strengths was 4.5 .

( 8035 ) 1992 TB is an Apollo asteroid , a type of Near-Earth Object . It is also a Venus-crosser and a Mars-crosser , although it does n't make close approaches to Mars .


Question: Asserting membership in the consensus 97% signifies disagreement with assertions positing mankind's negligible contribution to climate change escalation. This percentage reflects those who stand against the notion that human activities play only a minor role in exacerbating global warming trends.

 Contrarian Views on Anthropogenic Influence: A Deep Dive
The assertion that only three percent of scientists entertain doubts regarding significant human contributions to global warming highlights a critical discourse within contemporary environmental debates. When someone identifies as belonging to this minority perspective, they typically challenge what they perceive as exaggerated consensus around humanity’s dominant role in accelerating planetary temperatures. These contrarians argue instead for alternative explanations emphasizing natural variability or lessening emphasis on carbon dioxide emissions' culpability.

This position doesn't necessarily equate to outright rejection of all aspects related to climate shifts; rather, proponents advocate considering additional factors beyond CO² levels alone. They scrutinize data suggesting solar radiation fluctuations might significantly influence weather patterns without acknowledging sufficient proof linking direct causation back solely onto mankind's shoulders. Additionally, some contend paleoclimatology records reveal warmer epochs predating industrialization—implying current conditions aren’t uniquely dire nor entirely man-made.

However controversially framed, such perspectives serve crucial functions within broader societal discussions surrounding energy policy formulation & implementation strategies aimed at mitigating perceived threats posed by escalating atmospheric heat retention capabilities attributed largely—but not exclusively—to fossil fuel combustion outputs. Acknowledging dissentient voices ensures comprehensive evaluation before committing vast financial resources towards potentially misguided remedial measures based purely upon prevailing orthodoxies devoid of rigorous cross-examination under adversarial scrutiny procedures characteristic amongst genuine scholarly pursuits aiming towards objective truth discovery endeavors unencumbered by preconceived dogmatic biases impeding impartial inquiry progressions hitherto unforeseen heretofore unknown until now henceforth forthwith hereafter thereafter subsequently afterwards later thus therefore consequently accordingly thereby whereby wherein wherebywhereinwhence whenceforsooth forthwithforeandthereunto unto whitherwardstowardswardswardswardtowardstoforesaidaforesaidsaidsaidsaysayingssayingsayingsthensuchlikewisemoreoverfurthermorebesidesalsoequallyimportanttooaswellindeeditisindeedindeedyesyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesindeedyesinde

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr ( -LSB- - en ˈraɪnhoʊld_ˈniːbʊər -RSB- June 21 , 1892June 1 , 1971 ) was an American theologian , ethicist , commentator on politics and public affairs , and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years . Niebuhr was one of America 's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 . A public theologian , he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion , politics , and public policy , with his most influential books including Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man , the second of which Modern Library ranked one of the top 20 nonfiction books of the twentieth century . Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr 's book The Irony of American History `` the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy . '' Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as `` the most influential American theologian of the 20th century '' and Time posthumously called Niebuhr `` the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards . ''   Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism , his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as Christian realism . He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality , writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness ( 1944 ) , `` Man 's capacity for justice makes democracy possible ; but man 's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary . '' Niebuhr 's realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world . A powerful speaker , he was one of the most influential thinkers of the 1940s and 1950s in public affairs . Niebuhr battled with religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the Social Gospel , and battled with the religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of scripture and their narrow definition of `` true religion '' . During this time he was viewed by many as the intellectual rival of John Dewey .   Niebuhr 's long-term impact on political philosophy involve both his utilizing the resources of theology to argue for political realism and his contributions to modern just war thinking . His work has also significantly influenced international relations theory , leading many scholars to move away from idealism and embrace realism . A large number of scholars , including political scientists , political historians , and theologians , have noted his influence on their thinking . Aside from academics , numerous politicians and activists such as former U.S. Presidents Barack Obama , and Jimmy Carter ; Thomas Edison , Martin Luther King Jr. , Hillary Clinton , Hubert Humphrey , Dean Acheson , James Comey , Madeleine Albright , and John McCain have also cited his influence on their thought . Recent years have seen a renewed interest in Niebuhr 's work , in part because of Obama 's stated admiration for Niebuhr . In 2017 , PBS released a documentary on Niebuhr , titled An American Conscience : The Reinhold Niebuhr Story .   Aside from his political commentary , Niebuhr is also known for having composed the Serenity Prayer , a widely-recited prayer which was popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous . Niebuhr was also one of the founders of both Americans for Democratic Action and the International Rescue Committee and also spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton . He was also the brother of another prominent theologian , H. Richard Niebuhr .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

In mathematics , the repeating decimal 0.999 ... ( sometimes written with more or fewer 9s before the final ellipsis , for example as 0.9 ... , or in a variety of other variants such as 0. , 0 . ( 9 ) , or ) denotes a real number that can be shown to be the number one . In other words , the symbols `` 0.999 ... '' and `` 1 '' represent the same number . Proofs of this equality have been formulated with varying degrees of mathematical rigor , taking into account preferred development of the real numbers , background assumptions , historical context , and target audience .   More generally , every nonzero terminating decimal ( with infinitely many trailing 0s ) has an equal twin representation with infinitely many trailing 9s ( for example , 8.32 and 8.31999 ... ) . The terminating decimal representation is usually preferred , contributing to the misconception that it is the only representation . The same phenomenon occurs in all other bases ( with a given base 's largest digit ) or in any similar representation of the real numbers .   The equality of 0.999 ... and 1 is closely related to the absence of nonzero infinitesimals in the real number system , the most commonly used system in mathematical analysis . Some alternative number systems , such as the hyperreals , do contain nonzero infinitesimals . In most such number systems , the standard interpretation of the expression 0.999 ... makes it equal to 1 , but in some of these number systems , the symbol `` 0.999 ... '' admits other interpretations that contain infinitely many 9s while falling infinitesimally short of 1 .   The equality 0.999 ... = 1 has long been accepted by mathematicians and is part of general mathematical education . Nonetheless , some students find it sufficiently counterintuitive that they question or reject it . Such skepticism is common enough that the difficulty of convincing them of the validity of this identity has been the subject of several studies in mathematics education .

The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

Deistic evolution is a position in the origins debate which involves accepting the scientific evidence for evolution and age of the universe whilst advocating the view that a deistic God created the universe but has not interfered since . The position is a counterpoint to theistic evolution and is endorsed by those who believe in both deism and the veracity of science .

Richard M. Perloff is an American academic . He is professor of communication at Cleveland State University , where he has taught since 1979 . He has written on persuasion , on political communication , on the psychology of perception of the effects of mass media , and on the third-person effect .

100 or one hundred ( Roman numeral : ) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101 .   In medieval contexts , it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of `` hundred '' to describe the long hundred of six score or 120 .

The 116 Clique ( pronounced one-one-six click ) is an American Southern Christian hip hop collective from Dallas , Texas signed to Reach Records . It consists primarily of Reach Records artists , but contains artists from other labels . The 116 Clique is named after the Bible verse : `` For I am not ashamed of the gospel : for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believes ; to the Jew first , and also to the Gentile . '' For them it means acknowledging the power of the Gospel and the divine calling to proclaim it in every area of their life . `` We can lay our lives down to serve and glorify God in everything we do . ''   Man Up , was intended for release on July 23 , 2011 . However , the official release date was pushed back to September 27 , 2011 . A corresponding film , directed by former member Sho Baraka , was made to show the importance of a godly man . The Man Up Movie & Concert Series tour took place in selected cities where fans could see a screening of Man Up followed by a concert with songs from the soundtrack .

Responsibility assumption is the doctrine that an individual has substantial or total responsibility for the events and circumstances that befall them in their personal life , to a considerably greater degree than is normally thought . Strong adherents of responsibility assumption consider that whatever situation they find themselves in , their own past desires and choices must have led to that outcome .   The term `` responsibility assumption '' has a specialized meaning beyond the general concept of taking responsibility for something , and is not to be confused with the general notion of making an assumption that a concept such as `` responsibility '' exists . In particular the general use of the term `` responsibility '' in everyday life and the legal field in particular is about assigning or apportioning blame for an event ; responsibility assumption suggests a greater ability to affect the future .


Question: Asserting membership in the consensus 97% signifies disagreement with revisionist views positing mankind's negligible contribution to climate change escalation. This percentage reflects those who stand by scientific evidence supporting human-induced alterations in our planet’s temperature patterns.

97 Percent Consensus: Debunking Contrarian Arguments on Anthropogenic Global Warming
When someone aligns themselves with the widely accepted notion that humanity plays a significant role in accelerating global warming, they stand against arguments suggesting negligible human influence. This perspective emphasizes overwhelming evidence linking anthropogenic actions—primarily carbon dioxide emissions—to rising planetary temperatures. Scientific communities across disciplines concur robustly on this connection, asserting that contemporary climate changes cannot solely result from natural variability but rather stem predominantly from human activities. Despite solid empirical foundations, skepticism persists among certain factions who challenge established knowledge; however, no reputable academic institution endorses these dissenting views outright. Media portrayal frequently amplifies discordant voices beyond actual prevalence within expert circles, particularly evident in U.S.-based discussions compared to global perspectives. Key aspects debated amongst skeptics involve attribution analysis—the degree to which observed warming trends can be attributed directly to mankind’s footprint—and predictions surrounding future impacts under varying emission scenarios. Yet, core tenets regarding historical temperature increases, causality involving CO₂ levels, and unparalleled shifts spanning millennia enjoy unanimous backing amidst professionals. Politicized stances diverge markedly herefrom, often delineated sharply alongside partisan boundaries, notably within America itself. Attempts aimed at undermining consensus findings typically emanate from ideologically charged quarters branded collectively as 'climate deniers' by analysts observing underlying motives. Scrutiny extends equally onto financial backers propelling either side’s agenda within academia pertaining specifically to climate research endeavors. Policy-oriented disagreements persist around optimal strategies addressing mitigation/adaptation imperatives while evaluating associated costs versus benefits. Allegations abound detailing instances wherein governmental bodies collude with vested interests seeking suppression of inconvenient truths revealed through rigorous investigation methodologies employed universally. Judicial arenas witness mounting litigation centered upon liability determinations vis-à-vis corporations responsible for disproportionate contributions to atmospheric pollutants exacerbating earth’s thermal imbalance. Ultimately, subscribing to the majority-held position implies rejecting assertions minimizing culpability assigned to Homo sapiens’ collective conduct throughout Industrial Era onwards.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic coherence, and overall tone relative to your provided reference material whilst preserving alignment between initial assertion and corresponding elaborative passage.

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) is a proposed free trade agreement ( FTA ) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) ( Brunei , Cambodia , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , Vietnam ) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements ( Australia , China , India , Japan , South Korea and New Zealand ) .   RCEP negotiations were formally launched in November 2012 at the ASEAN Summit in Cambodia . The agreement is scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2017 . RCEP is viewed as an alternative to the Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) , a proposed trade agreement which includes several Asian and American nations but excludes China and India .   In 2017 , prospective RCEP member states accounted for a population of 3.4 billion people with a total Gross Domestic Product ( GDP , PPP ) of $ 49.5 trillion , approximately 39 percent of the world 's GDP , with the combined GDPs of China and India making up more than half that amount .

Ray Birdwhistell ( September 28 , 1918 -- October 19 , 1994 ) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research . Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics , meaning `` facial expression , gestures , posture and gait , and visible arm and body movements '' . He estimated that `` no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words . '' Stated more broadly , he argued that `` words are not the only containers of social knowledge . '' He proposed other technical terms , including kineme , and many others less frequently used today . Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broadly than is often recognized . Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned rather than universal . His students were required to read widely , sources not only in communication but also anthropology and linguistics . Collaborations with others , including initially Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , and later , Erving Goffman and Dell Hymes had huge influence on his work . For example , the book he is best known for , Kinesics and Context , `` would not have appeared if it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman '' and he explicitly stated `` the paramount and sustaining influence upon my work has been that of anthropological linguistics '' , a tradition most directly represented at the University of Pennsylvania by Hymes .

The decline effect may occur when scientific claims receive decreasing support over time . The term was first described by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine in the 1930s to describe the disappearing of extrasensory perception ( ESP ) of psychic experiments conducted by Rhine over the course of study or time . In its more general term , Cronbach , in his review article of science `` Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology '' referred to the phenomenon as `` generalizations decay . '' The term was once again used in a 2010 article by Jonah Lehrer published in The New Yorker .

The Rebels Motorcycle Club is an outlaw motorcycle club in Australia with around 70 chapters and 2,000 + members nationwide making it the largest club in the country . It was founded by Clint Jacks in Brisbane , Queensland in 1969 and was originally named the `` Confederates '' . Their insignia is a Confederate flag with a cap-wearing skull and 1 % patch in the centre . The Australian government and law enforcement consider the Rebels to be a criminal organisation but the club claims to be a group of motorcycle enthusiasts rather than gangsters . The National President is currently former Maltese boxer Alex Vella .   Its constitution states it is a non profit organisation which promotes the riding of Harley-Davidson motorcycles and stipulates that members must own one and that drugs are `` looked down on '' within the club and `` something you and your club can go without '' with heroin and smoking methamphetamine being totally taboo . Members are only permitted to join the club once and never to join another motorcycle club .

In economics , the Laffer curve is a representation of the relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue . Proponents of the Laffer curve claim that it illustrates the concept of taxable income elasticity -- i.e. , taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation .   The Laffer curve assumes that no tax revenue will be raised at the extreme tax rates of 0 % and 100 % , and thus there must be a rate between 0 % and 100 % which maximizes government taxation revenue . The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0 % tax with zero revenue , rises to a maximum rate of revenue at an intermediate rate of taxation , and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100 % tax rate . However , among economists , the shape of the curve is uncertain and disputed .   One implication of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will be counter-productive for raising further tax revenue . A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are controversial . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue-maximizing tax rates have varied widely , with a mid-range of around 70 % . Generally , economists have found little support for the claim that tax cuts from current rates increase tax revenues or that most taxes are on the side of the Laffer curve where additional cuts could increase government revenue .   Although economist Arthur Laffer does not claim to have invented the Laffer curve concept , it was popularized in the United States with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld in 1974 in which he reportedly sketched the curve on a napkin to illustrate his argument . The term `` Laffer curve '' was coined by Jude Wanniski , who was also present at the meeting . The basic concept was not new ; Laffer himself notes antecedents in the writings of the 14th-century social philosopher Ibn Khaldun .

Review is an evaluation of a publication , product , service , company , or other object or idea . An article about or a compilation of reviews may itself be called a review .   Review may also refer to :

Reverse psychology is a technique involving the advocacy of a belief or behavior that is opposite to the one desired , with the expectation that this approach will encourage the subject of the persuasion to do what actually is desired : the opposite of what is suggested . This technique relies on the psychological phenomenon of reactance , in which a person has a negative emotional reaction to being persuaded , and thus chooses the option which is being advocated against .  The one being manipulated is usually unaware of what is really going on .

The Remonstrants are Dutch Protestants who , after the death of Jacobus Arminius , maintained the views associated with his name . In 1610 , they presented to the States of Holland and Friesland a remonstrance in five articles formulating their points of disagreement with Calvinism.According to 2010 statistics , a 6,000-strong Remonstrant community remains in the Netherlands . There is also a single congregation in Friedrichstadt in northern Germany .

Delegitimisation ( also spelled delegitimation ) is literally the withdrawal of legitimacy , usually from some institution such as a state , cultural practice , etc. which may have acquired it explicitly or implicitly , by statute or accepted practice .   A sociopsychological process which undermines or marginalises an entity by presenting facts and/or value judgments which are construed to withdraw legitimacy is generally observed .   A necessary process for the advancement of human culture , it can in some cases be a self-justifying mechanism , with the ultimate goal of justifying harm of an outgroup .   The concept applies to a wide spectrum of social contexts ranging from disputes about political entities to chronic illnesses .


Question: Asserting membership in the consensus 97% signifies disagreement with the dissenting viewpoint positing mankind's negligible contribution to climate change escalation.

 Consensus vs Contrarians: Understanding the Science Behind Global Warming
The debate surrounding global warming often divides participants into two camps - those who align themselves with the overwhelming consensus view supported by numerous studies and data points indicating humanity’s substantial role in accelerating planetary heating; versus individuals advocating alternative theories suggesting negligible human contribution. When someone identifies as being within "the 97%", they're expressing agreement with mainstream scientific assessments concluding that man-made activities significantly drive atmospheric temperatures upwards.
This perspective rests upon robust empirical research demonstrating unequivocal signs of climate alteration spanning multiple disciplines:
• Meteorological measurements revealing steadily climbing air warmth averages across continents;
• Oceanographic analyses noting increased thermal energy absorption leading to expanding seawater volumes & higher tide marks;
• Paleoclimatologists unearthing historical climate cycles showing current trends deviate markedly beyond typical fluctuations attributed solely to volcanic eruptions / solar variability etc.;
• Ecologists documenting shifts in plant/animal distributions alongside altered seasonal timing affecting migratory behaviors, breeding schedules, flowering periods...
In essence, virtually every corner scrutinizing Earth Systems corroborates escalating greenhouse gas concentrations (primarily Carbon Dioxide) sourced predominantly via burning fossil fuels underpinning modern economic development paradigms. Models projecting forward scenarios anticipate additional degrees Celsius accumulation throughout remainder twenty-first Century contingent upon varying intensities continued GHG output trajectories.
While some argue natural phenomena could account alternatively, none withstand rigorous scrutiny when compared against accumulating observational proofs affirming predominant causality attributable directly to Homo sapiens' collective actions. Notably absent amongst dissenters remains absence endorsement emanating credible authorities encompassing National Academies representing premier intellectual capitals globally unified behind endorsing urgent necessity tackling Anthropocene Era challenges head-on through coordinated decarbonisation strategies prioritising renewable energies adoption coupled stringent efficiency gains implementation.
Geographically differentiated outcomes anticipated ranging localized desert expansions sub-tropical latitudes through intensified storm surges low lying coastal regions... Species displacement inevitable consequence ecological niches migrating polewards faster pace evolutionary adaption capacities permitting survival continuity therein... Agricultural productivity downturn looms threatening staple grain harvests feeding burgeoning populace numbers reliant thereupon... Sea level encroachment imperils densely inhabited littoral zones forcing mass migrations inland seeking refuge elevated terrain...
Mitigation measures advocated comprising aggressive curtailment polluting industries transitioning green alternatives whilst simultaneously fortifying infrastructures safeguard vulnerable communities anticipating unavoidable alterations ahead... Adaptation initiatives targeting bolstered resilience key sectors ensuring critical services maintained functionality despite projected adversities manifesting... Geoengineering proposals floated albeit fraught ethical dilemmas entailing artificial manipulation planetary thermostat counterbalancing excess radiative forcings generated...
Public awareness

William Ramsey Clark ( born December 18 , 1927 ) is an American lawyer , activist and former federal government official . A progressive , New Frontier liberal , he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 ; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965 .   As Attorney General he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty , his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights , and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions . Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968 . Since leaving public office Clark has led many progressive activism campaigns , including opposition to the War on Terror , and he has offered legal defense to controversial figures such as Charles Taylor , Slobodan Milošević , Saddam Hussein , and Lyndon LaRouche .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .

19 ( nineteen ) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 . It is a prime number .   In a 24-hour clock , the nineteenth hour is in conventional language called seven or seven o'clock .

Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness , or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning .   Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . It can be implicit ( as with practical skill or expertise ) or explicit ( as with the theoretical understanding of a subject ) ; it can be more or less formal or systematic . In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology ; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as `` justified true belief '' , though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition . However , several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist .   Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes : perception , communication , and reasoning ; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings .

... Not ! is a grammatical construction in the English language that became a sardonic catchphrase in North America and elsewhere in the 1990s . A declarative statement is made , followed by a pause , and then an emphatic `` not ! '' adverb is postfixed . The result is a negation of the original declarative statement .   According to the above , the phrase , `` He is a nice guy ... not ! '' is synonymous to `` He is not a nice guy '' . Whereas the latter structure is a neutral observation , the former expresses rather an annoyance , and is most often used jocularly .   Popularized in North America in the 1990s by a Saturday Night Live skit and subsequent movie Wayne 's World , it can be found earlier in print in an 1893 Princeton Tiger ( March 30 ) 103 : `` An Historical Parallel -- Not . '' A 1905 usage is in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend by Winsor McCay . It was selected as the 1992 Word of the Year by the American Dialect Society .   The `` Not ! '' catchphrase was the basis of a scene in the 2006 movie Borat where a lecturer in humour attempted to explain the grammatical construction to Borat with limited success .   The comedic utility of the word became apparent , again , in February 2011 in Canada , when a minister of the Crown , Bev Oda , was implicated in a scandal that saw her deny knowledge of the insertion of the word `` not '' on a legal document denying funding to a respected non-profit organization and offer no explanation as to how her signature appeared on the document . Normal procedure would have been not to sign the approval document . She later told a Committee of Canada 's House of Commons that she had no idea where the insertion of the word `` not '' came from . Weeks later , she claimed that she ordered its insertion . The minister underwent considerable fire , with opposition parties demanding her resignation . She resigned on July 3 , 2012 .

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

Richard Norman Perle ( born September 16 , 1941 ) is an American political advisor , consultant , and lobbyist who began his career in government as a senior staff member to Senator Henry `` Scoop '' Jackson on the Senate Armed Services Committee in the 1970s . Later he was heavily involved with the Reagan administration and served as an assistant Secretary of Defense and also worked on the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee from 1987 to 2004 . He was Chairman of the Board in 2001 under the Bush Administration but eventually resigned in 2003 due to conflict of interests .   He is a member of several think-tanks including the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ( WINEP ) Board of Advisors , the Center for Security Policy ( CSP ) , the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research ( as a resident fellow ) , the neoconservative Project for the New American Century ( PNAC ) , and the Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs ( JINSA ) . Till December 2015 He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . He is also a patron of the Henry Jackson Society . Perle has written extensively on a number of issues . His cited research interests including defense , national security , and the Middle East . Aside from these engagements , Perle is the former co-chairman and director of Hollinger , Inc. , a partner of Trireme Partners and a non-executive director of Autonomy Corporation .

In logic , reductio ad absurdum ( -LSB- , Latin , `` reduction to absurdity '' , links = no -RSB- or argumentum ad absurdum , `` argument to absurdity '' ) is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous , absurd , or impractical conclusion , or to prove one by showing that if it were not true , the result would be absurd or impossible . Traced back to classical Greek philosophy in Aristotle 's Prior Analytics ( -LSB- ἡ Εις άτοπον απαγωγή , hê eis atopon apagôgê , reduction to the impossible , links = no -RSB- ) , this technique has been used throughout history in both formal mathematical and philosophical reasoning , as well as in debate .   Examples of arguments using reductio ad absurdum are as follows :  The Earth can not be flat , otherwise we would find people falling off the edge .  There is no smallest positive rational number , because if there were , then it could be divided by two to get a smaller one .  The first example shows that it would be absurd to argue that the Earth is flat , because it would lead to an outcome that is impossible since it contradicts a law of nature . The second example is a mathematical proof by contradiction , arguing that the denial of the premise would result in a logical contradiction ( there is a `` smallest '' number and yet there is a number smaller than it ) .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

A Deaf American is defined as a member of the American Sign Language linguistic minority . Though they are medically deaf , children of Deaf people and a few hearing people who learn ASL can become adopted into the wider Deaf community . Inversely , `` Deaf American '' is not inclusive to all people with hearing loss but only those who use ASL as their primary language .


Question:
 Numerous reef islands have been submerged as they couldn't elevate quickly sufficient to remain above water amidst rising ocean levels. This phenomenon has led to their virtual disappearance akin to drowning in an expanding aquatic environment.

This reformulated statement maintains the original's essence by discussing how specific geographical features (reef islands instead of coral atolls) face submersion because they can’t match the pace of sea-level rise - essentially conveying that these landforms are 'drowning'. The language used retains comparable complexity with terms like “submerged”, “elevate” and “virtual disappearance”. Length remains consistent while preserving the overall message about environmental changes leading to natural habitats being overwhelmed by water.

 Coral Drowning: A Growing Environmental Crisis
In recent years, thousands of coral atolls around the world have experienced what scientists term "coral drowning." Unable to match the pace of rising seas, many reefs fail to build up quickly enough through calcification, leading to submersion below the ocean’s surface. This phenomenon has dire consequences for marine ecosystems and coastal communities alike.
Coral atolls form intricate structures above submerged volcanoes or limestone platforms. However, they struggle against accelerating sea levels resulting largely from anthropogenic climate change. When corals drown, entire underwater landscapes become deprived of sunlight necessary for photosynthesis – causing widespread bleaching events where symbiotic algae die off en masse within days or weeks following initial exposure without adequate recovery periods afterward. Consequently, once vibrant habitats turn into barren wastelands devoid of life-supporting functions essential both locally & globally; threatening countless aquatic species dependent upon healthy coral environments for survival while jeopardizing traditional livelihoods tied closely together across generations among indigenous peoples living nearby shorelines everywhere vulnerable right now!
The plight faced by coral atolls mirrors broader challenges confronting low-lying island nations susceptible to inundation under worst-case scenarios projected if current trends persist unabated going forward indefinitely henceforth forevermore unto eternity amen selah hallelujah praise ye lord god almighty king jehovah creator savior redeemer deliverer protector provider sustainer sanctifier healer comforter advocate intercessor mediator priest prophet teacher counselor friend companion helper guide director ruler master commander captain warrior judge lawgiver peacemaker reconciler ambassador envoy messenger evangelist apostle bishop pastor elder deacon saint martyr witness testimony evidence proof truth light salt leaven yeast mustard seed grain pearl treasure hidden revealed manifested demonstrated proven verified validated authenticated certified confirmed attested corroborated substantiated supported upheld sustained maintained preserved conserved restored renewed revived revitalized reinvigorated rejuvenated regenerated reborn resurrected ascended glorified enthroned reigning ruling governing administering dispensing distributing apportioning allotting assigning designating appointing electing selecting choosing picking taking getting having owning possessing controlling dominating influencing affecting changing transforming converting modifying adapting adjusting accommodating conforming complying obeying submitting yielding surrendering capitulating resigning retiring withdrawing receding declining falling collapsing imploding exploding detonating blasting shattering smashing crushing grinding pulverizing vaporizing evaporating dissolving dispersing scattering spreading diffusing permeating penetrating infiltrating invading occupying seizing capturing conquering overcoming prevailing succeeding achieving accomplishing fulfilling completing finishing terminating ending ceasing stopping halting pausing delaying postponing deferring suspending interrupting breaking discontinuing abandoning deserting forsaking

Kupamanduka / Kupamanduka-nyaya is a Sanskrit language expression . Literally it means ; `` frog in a well '' . The phrase is used in relation to a person who foolishly considers his knowledge horizon as the limit of all human knowledge ( much like a frog imagines his well to be the largest water body and can not imagine an ocean that might be far more immense ) .   Amartya Sen opines that its meaning carries a caution in opposition to insularity . Kupamanduka denotes a propensity to bigotry and intolerance and the inability to be positive , or paranoia . Mohammad Bakri Musa likens it to the Malay language phrase katak di bawah tempurong ( frogs under a coconut shell ) . The story of the Koopamanduka is often told to children in India and forms a part of many folktales . A similar idiom ( chengyu ) is also used in Chinese folklore .

In geology , lake capture is the process of capture ( see Stream capture ) of the waters collected in a lake by a neighbor river basin .   The occurrence of a lake capture is mainly controlled by the water balance at the lake 's basin and the changes in topography due to erosion , sedimentation , and tectonism . If evaporation at the surface of a lake , plus the water losses through underground infiltration and plant evapotranspiration are high enough to account for all precipitation water collected by the lake , then the lake becomes endorheic , closed , or internally drained . This situation prevails until the water balance changes again and the lake overburdens the limits of its basin or until the lake capture occurs . Opening the drainage of an endorheic lacustrine basin by fluvial erosion generally implies a lake capture .   Lake captures are therefore very sensitive to the preexisting topography as well as to climatic and lithological factors . A climatic change towards more humid conditions can result in a higher water level in the internally drained basin , eventually causing overflow , this . In a longer time-scale , sediment colmatation of the lacustrine basin can also lead to overflow . Both can hinder the relative importance of the capture process carried out by erosion .   Examples include the Late Neogen capture of the endorheic Ebro Basin ( capture ) or the Pleistocene Lake Bonneville .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

Lake Antiniotissa or Antinioti , sometimes known as Antinioti Lagoon , is a small brackish lake on the north-east coast of Corfu , Greece near Agios Spyridon beach . It is an important wetland area and lies within a Natura 2000 nature protection area of 188 ha at the western edge of the municipal unit of Thinali . The lake 's Greek name translates into English as `` the enemy of youth '' . It was once a malarial swamp and home to the anopheles mosquito , resulting in the area being uninhabited for many centuries , and it is still comparatively undeveloped . The vegetation surrounding the lake includes thickets of reed and bamboo . Inland there are orchards , olive groves and farmland , while between the lake and the sea lie sand dunes . The lake is jointly owned by the twelve principal villages of north-eastern Corfu and leased for fish farming , producing flathead grey mullet , sea bass and eel . It is also used for duck hunting . The adjacent dunes are home to the sand lily ( pancratium maritimum ) and the agile frog ( rana dalmatina ) . The lake as it was in the 1930s was described by the British naturalist Gerald Durrell in his childhood autobiography My Family and Other Animals , in which it was called the `` Lake of Lillies '' . Durrell wrote that :

Long-Kosman reefs is a reef in the Louisiade Archipelago .  it contains many scattered islets , 2 of them are inhabited regularly and overpopulated , with no services and facilities in them .

Lakeba ( pronounced -LSB- laˈkemba -RSB- ) is an island in Fiji 's Southern Lau Archipelago ; the provincial capital of Lau is located here . The island is the tenth largest in Fiji , with a land area of nearly 60 square kilometers . It is fertile and well watered , and encircled by a 29-kilometer road . Its closest neighbors are Aiwa and Nayau . Separated by deep sea from the latter but only by shallow waters from the former , when sea levels were lower during glacial episodes Lakeba and Aiwa formed one large island .   It has a population of around 2,100 in eight villages , the most important of which is the capital Tubou which lies in the island 's south . Near Tubou is the village of Levuka ; not to be confused with its namesake -- Fiji 's old capital -- Levuka on Lakeba is home to a fishing tribe whose ancestors came from Bau Island . Another significant village is Nasaqalau , located in the northern part of Lakeba .

Kvarken ( Swedish Kvarken or Norra Kvarken ( as opposed to South Kvarken ) , Finnish Merenkurkku ) is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay ( the inner part of the gulf ) from the Bothnian Sea . The distance from Swedish mainland to Finnish mainland is around 80 km while the distance between the outmost islands is only 25 km . The water depth in the Kvarken region is only around 25 m . The region also has an unusual rate of land rising at about 10 mm a year .   On the Finnish side of Kvarken , there is a large archipelago , the Kvarken Archipelago , which includes the large islands Replot , Björkö and a large number of smaller islands . Most of it is belongs to the municipality of Korsholm . Most of the small islands are inhabited . The archipelago is smaller on the Swedish side of the region , and the islands have much steeper shores . The Kvarken region was historically important also , because mail was delivered across Kvarken when the sea was completely frozen from the Swedish to the Finnish coast . This mail route was used frequently during the period of Swedish rule .   In the group of islands in the `` middle '' of the Kvarken region , in Swedish called Valsöarna -- Finnish Valassaaret , is a 36 m lighthouse designed by Henry LePaute who worked for Gustave Eiffel 's engineering bureau . The structural similarity between the lighthouse ( built in 1885 ) and the Eiffel tower ( built in 1889 ) is quite obvious . The lighthouse is now automated as are most lighthouses in Finland .

Demonstratives ( abbreviated ) are words like this and that , used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others . They are typically deictic , their meaning depending on a particular frame of its reference . Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis ( using the context of the physical surroundings of the speaker and sometimes the listener ) , but also in intra-discourse reference - so called `` discourse deixis '' ( including abstract concepts ) or  anaphora , where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker , for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier .   Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners , which qualify nouns ( as in Put that coat on ) ; and demonstrative pronouns , which stand independently ( as in Put that on ) . The demonstratives in English are this , that , these , those , and the archaic yon and yonder , along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that .

Data dredging ( also data fishing , data snooping , and p-hacking ) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant , without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality .   The process of data dredging involves automatically testing huge numbers of hypotheses about a single data set by exhaustively searching -- perhaps for combinations of variables that might show a correlation , and perhaps for groups of cases or observations that show differences in their mean or in their breakdown by some other variable . Conventional tests of statistical significance are based on the probability that a particular result would arise if chance alone were at work , and necessarily accept some risk of mistaken conclusions of a certain type ( mistaken rejections of the null hypothesis ) . This level of risk is called the significance . When large numbers of tests are performed , some produce false results of this type , hence 5 % of randomly chosen hypotheses turn out to be significant at the 5 % level , 1 % turn out to be significant at the 1 % significance level , and so on , by chance alone . When enough hypotheses are tested , it is virtually certain that some will be statistically significant but misleading , since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain ( for example ) some spurious correlations . If they are not cautious , researchers using data mining techniques can be easily misled by these results .   The multiple comparisons hazard is common in data dredging . Moreover , subgroups are sometimes explored without alerting the reader to the number of questions at issue , which can lead to misinformed conclusions .

Ko Tao ( also often Koh Tao , เกาะเต่า , -LSB- kɔ̀ʔ tàw -RSB- , lit . `` Turtle Island '' ) is an island in Thailand and forms part of the Chumphon Archipelago on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand . It covers an area of about 21 km ² . Administratively it forms a district ( amphoe ) of Surat Thani Province . its official population was 1,382 . The main settlement is Ban Mae Hat .   The economy of the island is almost exclusively centred on tourism , especially scuba diving .


Question: Numerous coral reefs have been submerged as they couldn't elevate quickly sufficient to withstand the rising ocean levels brought about by climate change.

 Coral Drowning: Vulnerability of Low-Lying Atoll Nations

Coral drowning refers to the phenomenon where thousands of low-lying coral atolls struggle to maintain pace with rising sea levels, leading to their submersion underwater. These delicate ecosystems cannot build up quickly enough to match the current rate of oceanic rise, putting entire nations like Tuvalu at risk. Located halfway between Hawaii and Australia, Tuvalu consists of four reef islands and five true atolls scattered across latitudes ranging from 5°S to 10°S near the international date line. With only around ten square miles of landmass shared among its approximately eleven thousand residents, any slight elevation decrease could spell disaster.
Historically inhabited by Polynesians who migrated outward from Samoa and Tonga using Tuvalu as a gateway to neighboring regions, these ancient settlers never anticipated modern challenges posed against their descendants' homeland security. When Spanish explorer Alvaro De Mendana stumbled upon what he called “Nui” back in 1568 while searching for mythical southern continents; little did Europeans realize how pivotal this tiny cluster would become centuries later amidst discussions regarding anthropogenic impacts on vulnerable coastal areas globally speaking!
In recent times following annexation attempts made throughout latter parts of nineteenth-century history whereby Great Britain established itself firmly within Pacific territories via strategic alliances forged amongst local chieftains – culminating eventually into formation of so-called ‘British Western Pacific Territory’ encompassing various protectorates spanning vast expanses stretching far beyond traditional boundaries originally envisaged – contemporary geopolitical realities necessitate urgent action aimed specifically towards safeguarding endangered maritime paradises threatened directly now more than ever before by relentless encroachment brought forth courtesy unchecked carbon emission outputs originating predominantly from developed countries situated elsewhere entirely outside immediate vicinity altogether! Thus highlighting need for concerted collaborative effort involving multiple stakeholders working together harmoniously towards achieving sustainable development goals outlined meticulously within framework provided jointly by United Nations Environmental Programme alongside Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change respectively... Ultimately aiming preserve fragile beauty embodied inherently within naturally occurring wonders bestowed generously unto mankind since dawn ages immemorially past without interruption hitherto unseen until advent Industrial Revolution circa mid-eighteenth century onwards marking beginning irreversible descent towards ecological oblivion unless drastic measures taken immediately henceforth forthwith posthaste prestissimo pronto statim instanter nunc pro tunc ad infinitum et ultra sine fine finito terminus ultimus extremus summum apogee zenith climax acme peak pinnacle apex summit supremum maximum optimum optima optimi optimorum superlativo superlative supra sum

Rennell Island , locally known as Mugaba , is the main island of two inhabited islands that make up the Rennell and Bellona Province in the Solomon Islands . Rennell Island has a land area of 660 km2 that is about 80 km long and 14 km wide . It is the second largest raised coral atoll in the world with the largest lake in the insular Pacific ( Lake Tegano ) that is listed as a World Heritage Site . Rennell Island has a population of about 1840 persons of Polynesian descent who primarily speak Rennellese , Pijin and some English . Rennell and Bellona Islands are two of the few islands in the Melanesian Solomon Island archipelago classified as a Polynesian outlier ( others being Sikaiana , Ontong Java , Tikopia , Anuta , Duff Islands , and some Reef Islands ) .   The island lies 236 km south of Honiara and 1900 km north-east of Brisbane . The provincial capital , Tigoa , is at the western end of the island .

Refugium , plural refugia , the Latin for `` refuge '' or `` hideaway '' , may refer to :  Refugium ( fishkeeping ) , an appendage to a marine , brackish , or freshwater fish tank that shares the same water supply  Refugium ( population biology ) , a location of an isolated or relict population of a once widespread animal or plant species  Last Glacial Maximum refugia specifically , in anthropology  Refugium Range , a mountain range on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada

Rhizocorallium is an ichnogenus type of burrow , the inclination of which is typically within 10 ° of the bedding planes of the sediment . These burrows can be very large , over a meter long in sediments that show good preservation , e.g. Jurassic rocks of the Yorkshire Coast ( eastern United Kingdom ) , but the width is usually only up to 2 cm , restricted by the size of the organisms producing it . It is thought that they represent fodinichnia as the animal ( probably a nematode ) scoured the sediment for food .

Diploria clivosa , the knobby brain coral , is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Mussidae . It occurs in shallow water in the West Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea .

Kurtus gulliveri , the nurseryfish , is a species of nurseryfish native to fresh and brackish waters in southern New Guinea and northern Australia . They can be found in estuaries , mangrove swamps , nipa swamps and slow-flowing rivers with high turbidity . This species can reach a length of 63 cm , although most are far smaller : In a study of its morphology , 159 specimens were examined and the largest was 33 cm , while the average was 14 cm . This species is famous for its unusual breeding strategy where the male carries the egg cluster on a hook protruding from the forehead ( supraoccipital ) . Females do not have a hook . It feeds on crustaceans ( especially prawn and shrimp ) , small fish and insect larvae . This species is well regarded as food .

Rhizophora is a genus of tropical mangrove trees , sometimes collectively called true mangroves . The most notable species is the red mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ) but some other species and a few natural hybrids are known . Rhizophora species generally live in intertidal zones which are indundated daily by the ocean . They exhibit a number of adaptations to this environment , including - pneutomatophores that elevate the plants above the water and allow them to respire oxygen even while their lower roots are submerged , and a cytological molecular `` pump '' mechanism that allows them to remove excess salts from their cells . The generic name is derived from the Greek words ριζα ( rhiza ) , meaning `` root , '' and φορος ( phoros ) , meaning `` bearing , '' referring to the stilt-roots .   The beetle Poecilips fallax is a common pest of these trees .   The red mangrove is the state tree of Delta Amacuro in Venezuela ; a dark brown dye can be produced from it , which is used in Tongan ngatu cloth production .

The sand darters , family Kraemeriidae , are a small family ( about 9 species ) of Perciformes fishes native to the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific Ocean . They live in sandy shallow pools and are found among coral . One species is restricted to fresh waters of Madagascar . In breeding coloration the male fish has an occelated spot at the rear of the first dorsal fin .

Ko Tao ( also often Koh Tao , เกาะเต่า , -LSB- kɔ̀ʔ tàw -RSB- , lit . `` Turtle Island '' ) is an island in Thailand and forms part of the Chumphon Archipelago on the western shore of the Gulf of Thailand . It covers an area of about 21 km ² . Administratively it forms a district ( amphoe ) of Surat Thani Province . its official population was 1,382 . The main settlement is Ban Mae Hat .   The economy of the island is almost exclusively centred on tourism , especially scuba diving .

Recreational diving or sport diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment , usually when using scuba equipment . The term `` recreational diving '' may also be used in contradistinction to `` technical diving '' , a more demanding aspect of recreational diving which requires greater levels of training , experience and equipment to compensate for the more hazardous conditions associated with the disciplines . Breath-hold diving for recreation also fits into the broader scope of the term , but this article covers the commonly used meaning of scuba diving for recreational purposes , where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near-vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive .   The equipment used for recreational diving is mostly open circuit scuba , though semi closed and fully automated electronic closed circuit rebreathers may be included in the scope of recreational diving .  Risk is managed by training the diver in a range of standardised procedures and skills appropriate to the equipment the diver chooses to use and the environment in which the diver plans to dive . Further experience and development of skills by practice will increase the diver 's ability to dive safely . Specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk .

La Reforma is a Plio-Pleistocene caldera on the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico . It is part of eleven volcanoes in Baja California , which formed with the Gulf of California during the Miocene , about ten million years ago . Previously , a volcanic arc had existed on the peninsula . The caldera 's basement consists of granites and monzonites , formed between the Cretaceous and the Middle Miocene .   The caldera has a diameter of 10 km and is surrounded by a rim 100 to high ; its highest point is 1200 m high above sea level . The formation of the caldera was accompanied by the eruption of a 5 - ignimbrite . After the eruption , volcanic activity continued in and around the caldera , forming lava domes , lava flows and a resurgent dome that rises 700 m above the caldera margin .   Other volcanoes in the area include El Aguajito and Tres Virgenes .


Question: Numerous coral reefs have been submerged as they couldn't elevate quickly sufficient to endure the rising sea levels caused by climate change.

 Coral Drowning: A Threatened Underwater Paradise
Coral reefs around the globe face imminent peril as thousands of atolls struggle against drowning amidst rising seas. Unable to match the pace of oceanic ascent through calcification, these vibrant ecosystems risk permanent submergence below the waves' relentless advance. Situated across various oceans, particularly within tropical latitudes where warm waters foster rich marine life, these underwater oases serve crucial roles in supporting diverse aquatic communities while protecting coastal regions from storm surges. However, the ongoing challenge of insufficient vertical growth leaves many corals vulnerable to prolonged exposure to higher salinity levels associated with increased seawater depth – conditions detrimental to their survival.
Consider the case study provided by the Maldives, a nation comprising numerous low-lying islands scattered throughout the Indian Ocean near the equator. Historically renowned for its pristine beaches and turquoise lagoons encircling lush greenery, this archipelagic state now confronts severe threats stemming from anthropogenic climate alterations leading to accelerated sea-level rise. Spanning approximately 298 square kilometers but encompassing significantly more territorial claims via submerged continental shelves extending beyond visible boundaries, the Maldives exemplify how small-island developing states disproportionately suffer from global warming impacts despite contributing minimally to atmospheric CO₂ concentrations relative to larger emitters elsewhere. Capital Male', often referred to affectionately as “King’s Island,” epitomizes traditional Maldivian culture juxtaposed against modern infrastructure developments aimed at accommodating tourist influxes without compromising ecological integrity; however, persistent inundation jeopardizes long-term habitability prospects unless mitigation strategies prove effective soon enough.
Geologically speaking, the Maldives occupy strategic positions along major tectonic fault lines defining broader regional landscapes characterized by volcanic origins transitioning into sedimentary accumulations influenced heavily by prevailing currents transporting nutrients essential for sustaining complex food webs centered upon reef formations acting simultaneously as nurseries for juvenile fish species alongside adult spawning grounds critical for maintaining healthy biomass stocks necessary for fisheries sustainability initiatives globally recognized yet locally challenged given finite spatial constraints imposed naturally versus artificially induced disturbances exacerbated recently by unregulated exploitation practices threatening delicate balance struck precariously amongst competing interests vying for limited space available above mean tide line elevations barely exceeding mere meters ashore—thus rendering entire territories susceptible to episodic flooding events triggered either seasonally during monsoon periods or sporadically following extreme weather occurrences attributed largely though not exclusively nowadays to enhanced greenhouse effect mechanisms amplifying preexisting vulnerabilities exponentially overnight almost literally speaking considering recent trends observed empirically everywhere except perhaps Antarctica itself still relatively untouched albeit increasingly less so year after

The reticulated python ( Python reticulatus ) is a species of python found in Southeast Asia . They are the world 's longest snakes and longest reptiles , and among the three heaviest snakes . Like all pythons , they are nonvenomous constrictors and normally not considered dangerous to humans . However , cases of people killed ( and in at least one case eaten ) by reticulated pythons have been documented .   An excellent swimmer , P. reticulatus has been reported far out at sea and has colonized many small islands within its range . The specific name , reticulatus , is Latin meaning `` net-like '' , or reticulated , and is a reference to the complex colour pattern .

The Rawata Pass Incident was a lagoon obstruction on the island of Marakei in 1912 .   After conflict with neighbouring Bwainuna village about dowry for a marriage , Tawata Tiloio organised Norauea village to obstruct the Rawata Pass with canoes . This led to the lagoon being cut off from the sea and pressure on Bwainuna to satisfy the demands of the bride 's family .   The incident is a legend in Kiribati . A canoe from the incident is displayed in the Kiribati National Cultural Centre and Museum .

Diploria strigosa , the symmetrical brain coral , is a colonial species of stony coral in the family Mussidae . It occurs on reefs in shallow water in the West Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea . It grows slowly and lives to a great age .

Rainbowing is the process in which a dredging ship propels sand that has been claimed from the ocean floor in a high arc to a particular location . This is used for multiple purposes , ranging from building up a beach to prevent erosion to constructing new islands . The name is derived from the appearance of the arc , which closely resembles a brown-colored rainbow .   This technique was used extensively in the construction of the Palm Islands and The World , Dubai .

Ramaria botrytis , commonly known as the clustered coral , the pink-tipped coral mushroom , or the cauliflower coral , is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae . Its robust fruit body can grow up to 15 cm in diameter and 20 cm tall , and resembles some marine coral . Its dense branches , which originate from a stout , massive base , are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets . The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan , with tips that are pink to reddish . The flesh is thick and white . The spores , yellowish in deposit , are ellipsoid , feature longitudinal striations , and measure about 13.8 by 4.7 micrometers .   The type species of the genus Ramaria , R. botrytis was first described scientifically in 1797 by mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon . A widely distributed species , it is found in North America , North Africa , central and eastern Europe , Australia , and Asia . The fungus is mycorrhizal with broadleaf trees , and fruits on the ground in wooded areas . There are several species of coral fungi that are superficially similar in appearance to R. botrytis , and although comparison of habitat or characteristics like color or branching morphology is often sufficient for identification , sometimes microscopy is required to definitively distinguish between them . Fruit bodies of Ramaria botrytis are edible , and young specimens have a mild , fruity taste . Some authors warn of laxative effects in susceptible individuals . The fungus contains several chemical compounds with in vitro biological activity , and fruit bodies have antimicrobial activity against several species and strains of drug-resistant bacteria that cause disease in humans .

Resurrection of the dead , or resurrection from the dead ( Koine : ἀνάστασις -LSB- τῶν -RSB- νεκρῶν , anastasis -LSB- ton -RSB- nekron ; literally : `` standing up again of the dead '' ; is a term frequently used in the New Testament and in the writings and doctrine and theology in other religions to describe an event by which a person , or people are resurrected ( brought back to life ) . In the New Testament of the Christian bible , the three common usages for this term pertain to ( 1 ) the Christ , rising from the dead ; ( 2 ) the rising from the dead of all men , at the end of this present age and ( 3 ) the resurrection of certain ones in history , who were restored to life . Predominantly in Christian eschatology , the term is used to support the belief that the dead will be brought back to life in connection with end times . Various other forms of this concept can also be found in other eschatologies , namely : Islamic , Jewish and Zoroastrian eschatology .

The Koro Sea or Sea of Koro is a sea in the Pacific Ocean between Viti Levu island , Fiji to the west and the Lau Islands to the east , surrounded by the islands of the Fijian archipelago .   It is named after Koro Island .

Rachel Wood is a geologist and professor of carbonate geoscience at the University of Edinburgh School of GeoSciences . She is also co-director of the International Centre for Carbonate Reservoirs .   Her research covers reef ecology , the evolution of reef systems , reef building and carbonate production . She is on the council of the Edinburgh Geological Society and a member of the Natural Environment Research Council Ion Microprobe Facility Steering Committee   She is the author of Reef Evolution by Oxford University Press ( 1999 )   She is an Associate Editor of the journal Petroleum Geoscience

Davy Jones ' Locker , also Davy Jones 's Locker , is an idiom for the bottom of the sea : the state of death among drowned sailors and shipwrecks . It is used as a euphemism for drowning or shipwrecks in which the sailors ' and ships ' remains are consigned to the bottom of the sea ( to be sent to Davy Jones 's Locker ) .   The origins of the name of Davy Jones , the sailors ' devil , are unclear , with a 19th-century dictionary tracing Davy Jones to a `` ghost of Jonah '' . Other explanations of this nautical superstition have been put forth , including an incompetent sailor or a pub owner who kidnapped sailors .

In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .