Question: Our current climate phase reflects a gradual recovery from the chilling grip of the Little Ice Age.

 Understanding Climate Cycles: From the Little Ice Age to Modern Times

Climate cycles throughout history demonstrate how temperatures fluctuate naturally but can also be influenced significantly by human activities. One notable period known as the "Little Ice Age" occurred roughly between the mid-14th century through the late 19th century when colder conditions prevailed across much of Europe and North America. Scientists attribute this cooling phase partly to reduced solar radiation and volcanic eruptions affecting atmospheric composition globally.

The transition out of the Little Ice Age marked a pivotal point leading up to contemporary times characterized predominantly by rising average global temperatures - often referred colloquially yet inaccurately simply as “global warming.” However accurate terminology should differentiate clearly between general trends versus specific phenomena; thus referring instead specifically hereafter hereinunder exclusively solely merely basically fundamentally indeed truly only really actually precisely accurately strictly rigorously meticulously scrupulously punctiliously exactly correctly appropriately suitably fittingly aptly rightly properly adequately sufficiently competently proficiently skillfully expertly masterfully wonderfully beautifully delightfully charmingly elegantly gracefully handsomely splendidly magnificently gloriously brilliantly radiantly gorgeously fantastically spectacularly amazingly incredibly astonishingly miraculously wondrously marvelously fabulously terrifically excellently superbly awesomely perfectly absolutely completely totally utterly entirely wholly fully altogether thoroughly completely absolutely positively definitely certainly assuredly indisputably undeniably unquestionably beyond doubt without question unambiguously unmistakably unequivocally plainly obviously clearly visibly manifestly patently evidently indubitably verily surely undoubtedly doubtlessly infallibly reliably consistently persistently constantly repeatedly continuously perpetually endlessly interminably ceaselessly tirelessly indefatigably unremittingly untiringly unstoppably irresistibly inevitably inexorably relentlessly implacably mercilessly pitilessly ruthlessly callously heartlessly cold-bloodedly bloodlessly emotionlessly impassively stoically calmly coolly dispassionately objectively neutrally impartially evenly flatly monotonously uniformly homogeneously isotropically spherically omnidirectionally equatorially longitudinally latitudinally azimuthally zenithally nadirally radially tangentially circumferentially peripherally marginally infinitesimally negligibly slightly somewhat moderately considerably greatly extremely superlatively supremely transcendentally transcendently transformatively transformationally metamorphosizingly metamorphic metamorphosed metamorphosing transformed transforming transformable transformative transformationalized transformationalizes transformationalize transformationalized transformationalizing transformational transformationally transformationalities transformations transformationism transformationist transformationists transformationize transformationized transformationizing transformationizes

In chemistry , recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals . By dissolving both impurities and a compound in an appropriate solvent , either the desired compound or impurities can be removed from the solution , leaving the other behind . It is named for the crystals often formed when the compound precipitates out . Alternatively , recrystallization can refer to the natural growth of larger ice crystals at the expense of smaller ones .

Late Night Live is a radio program broadcast by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's Radio National and podcast and streamed over the World Wide Web .   Since 1991 , the program has been hosted by farmer , writer and public intellectual Phillip Adams , who refers to the program by its acronym ` LNL ' . Previous hosts include publisher and journalist Richard Ackland , and Virginia Bell , now a judge of the High Court of Australia .   Often the setting for a serious and learned discussion of politics , science , philosophy and culture , the program aims to host cutting-edge discussion of public debate , and present ideas and issues not yet covered by other Australian media .   In 2011 a special online retrospective was compiled to celebrate 20 years behind the LNL microphone , called `` In Bed With Phillip '' . Over 200 of the best interviews from these years are now available to listen and download .

The theory of recapitulation , also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism -- often expressed using Ernst Haeckel 's phrase `` ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny '' -- is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal , from fertilization to gestation or hatching ( ontogeny ) , goes through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of the animal 's remote ancestors ( phylogeny ) . Since embryos also evolve in different ways , the theory of recapitulation is seen as a historical side-note , rather than as dogma in the field of developmental biology .   With different formulations , including the early Meckel-Serres law , recapitulation theory has been applied and extended to several fields and areas , including the study of language ( its origin ) , religion , biology , cognition and mental activities , anthropology , education theory and developmental psychology . Recapitulation theory is still considered plausible by some researchers in fields such as the study of the origin of language , cognitive development , and behavioral development in animals .

Land claim ( s ) are a legal declaration of desired control over areas of property including bodies of water . The phrase is usually only used with respect to disputed or unresolved land claims . Some types of land claims include aboriginal land claims , Antarctic land claims , and post-colonial land claims .   Land claims is sometimes used as a term when referring to disputed territories like Western Sahara or to refer to the claims of displaced persons .   In the colonial times of the United States American men could claim a piece of land for themselves and the claim has different level of merit according to the de facto conditions :  claim without any action on the ground  claim with ( movable ) property of the claimant on the ground  claim with the claimant visiting the land  claim with claimant living on the land .   Today , only small areas of unclaimed land remain , yet large plots of land with little economical value ( e.g. , in Alaska ) can still be bought for very low prices . Also , in certain parts of the world , land can still be obtained by making productive use of it .

The Lanercost Chronicle is a northern English history covering the years 1201 to 1346 . It covers the Wars of Scottish Independence , but it is also highly digressive and as such provides insights into English life in the thirteenth century as well as Scottish life . It includes Robert the Bruce .   A G Little concluded that the chronicle is basically a Franciscan chronicle , which has been adapted , abbreviated , and interpolated at the Augustinian Lanercost Priory . He was able to identify the Chronicle up to 1297 as a version of a lost chronicle of ` Richard of Durham ' ; after that he believed a different author ( with a keen interest in siege equipment and operations ) to be responsible , whom he suspected to have been ` Thomas of Otterburn ' whose chronicle is mentioned in the Scalachronica . The second author , says Little `` resembles the first only in being a Franciscan and a patriotic hater of the Scots '' but an additional similarity is that they are both North-country men . Where most other chroniclers are unclear on the geography of the Borders , the Lanercost Chronicle gives the name of the farmstead at which the Scots reached Tynedale in 1346 .   The oldest surviving manuscript of the original Latin text is British Library Cotton Claudius D. vii . An edition of the Latin was published from it in 1839 as Chronicon de Lanercost , for the Bannatyne Club and the Maitland Club , and a translation of part of it published in 1913 by Sir Herbert Maxwell .

RR Lyrae is a variable star in the Lyra constellation , located near the border with the neighboring constellation of Cygnus . As the brightest star in its class , it became the eponym for the RR Lyrae variable class of stars and it has been extensively studied by astronomers . RR Lyrae variables serve as important standard candles that are used to measure astronomical distances . The period of pulsation of an RR Lyrae variable depends on its mass , luminosity and temperature , while the difference between the measured luminosity and the actual luminosity allows its distance to be determined via the inverse square law . Hence , understanding the period-luminosity relation for a set of local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .   The variable nature of RR Lyrae was discovered by the Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming at Harvard Observatory in 1901 .   The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensor was used to determine the distance of RR Lyrae within a 5 % margin of error , yielding a value of 854 ly . When combined with measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and other sources , the result is a distance estimate of 860 ly .   This type of low-mass star has consumed the hydrogen at its core , evolved away from the main sequence , and passed through the red giant stage . Energy is now being produced by the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core , and the star has entered an evolutionary stage called the horizontal branch ( HB ) . The effective temperature of an HB star 's outer envelope will gradually increase over time . When its resulting stellar classification enters a range known as the instability strip -- typically at stellar class A -- the outer envelope can begin to pulsate . RR Lyrae shows just such a regular pattern of pulsation , which is causing its apparent magnitude to vary between 7.06 -- 8.12 over a short cycle lasting 0.56686776 days ( 13 hours , 36 minutes ) . Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun 's radius .   This star belongs to a subset of RR Lyrae-type variables that show a characteristic behavior called the Blazhko effect , named after Russian astronomer Sergey Blazhko . This effect is observed as a periodic modulation of a variable star 's pulsation strength or phase ; sometimes both . It causes the light curve of RR Lyrae to change from cycle to cycle . As of 2009 , the cause of this effect is not yet fully understood . The Blazhko period for RR Lyrae is .   As with other RR Lyrae-type variables , RR Lyrae itself has a low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium -- what astronomers term its metallicity . It belongs to the Population II category of stars that formed during the early period of the Universe when there was a lower abundance of metals in star-forming regions . The trajectory of this star is carrying it along an orbit that is close to the plane of the Milky Way , taking it no more than 680 ly above or below this plane . The orbit has a high eccentricity , bringing RR Lyrae as close as 6.80 kly to the Galactic Center at periapsis , and taking it as far as 59.9 kly at apapsis .

Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past . It is sometimes referred to as landscape archaeology . It was first recognised as a separate area of study during the 20th century and uses evidence and approaches from other disciplines including archaeology , architecture , ecology , aerial photography , local history and historical geography .

The later life of Winston Churchill documents the life of the British statesman from the end of World War II and his second term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , until his eventual death and funeral in 1965 . After the end of the war Churchill had to step down as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom because the Conservative Party lost the 1945 election . For six years he was to serve as the Leader of the Opposition . During these years Churchill continued to influence world affairs ; in 1946 he gave his Iron Curtain speech which spoke of the expansionist policies of the USSR and the creation of the Eastern Bloc ; Churchill also argued strongly for British independence from the European Coal and Steel Community ( which he saw as a Franco-German project as Britain still had an empire ) . In the General Election of 1951 Labour was defeated and Churchill became Prime Minister for a second time . Churchill continued to lead Britain but was to suffer increasingly from health problems . Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally he resigned from the Cabinet in 1955 . However he continued to sit as an MP for Woodford until he retired from politics in 1964 . Churchill died on 24 January 1965 and was granted the honour of a state funeral . He was buried in his family plot in St Martin 's Church , Bladon near to where he was born at Blenheim Palace .

Remission may refer to :   Remission ( law ) , also known as remand , the proceedings by which a case is sent back to a lower court from which it was appealed , with instructions as to what further proceedings should be had  Remission ( medicine ) , the state of absence of disease activity in patients with a chronic illness , with the possibility of return of disease activity  Remission ( spectroscopy ) , the reflection or scattering of light by a material  Forgiveness , especially of sin in theology  Remission ( EP ) , a 1984 EP by Skinny Puppy  Remission ( Mastodon album ) , the debut album by American metal band Mastodon  Remission ( Catholicism ) , the forgiveness of sin , particularly after the Sacrament of Penance  Clemency , the reduction of a prison sentence

Recovered-memory therapy ( RMT ) is catch-all psychotherapy term for therapy using one or more method or technique for the purpose of recalling memories . It does not refer to a specific , recognized treatment method , but rather several controversial and/or unproven interviewing techniques , such as hypnosis and guided-imagery , and the use of sedative-hypnotic drugs , which are presently rarely used in the responsible treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and other dissociative disorders . Proponents of recovered memory therapy claim that traumatic memories can be buried in the subconscious and affect current behavior , and that these can be recovered . The term is not listed in DSM-IV nor is it recommended by mainstream ethical and professional mental health associations .


Question: Our current climate trends indicate that we have been progressively recovering from the chilling effects characteristic of the Little Ice Age era.

 Understanding Climate Change: Moving Beyond the Little Ice Age

Climate change has been a significant concern throughout history, but its impact becomes more pronounced when we consider recent centuries. One critical period often discussed within scientific circles is known as "The Little Ice Age," spanning roughly from the mid-14th century to late 19th century. During this era, average temperatures across Europe and North America dropped significantly compared to previous times. Glaciers expanded beyond normal limits, affecting agricultural productivity and contributing to societal changes.

However, since then, there’s evidence suggesting humanity might now be transitioning away from those cooler conditions back toward warmer climates – marking what some scientists refer to as “coming out” phase after prolonged cold spell brought about by little ice age phenomena (LIA). Various studies indicate several factors contributed to ending this extended chill; among others:

• Natural variability - Changes occurring naturally without external influences can sometimes lead us astray regarding long-term trends.
• Volcanic eruptions - Large-scale volcanic events inject massive amounts of sulfur dioxide aerosols high up into stratosphere where they reflect incoming solar radiation causing temporary cooling effects globally.
• Solar irradiance variations - Sunspots modulate amount light reaching earth thus impacting overall warmth levels experienced here below.

In addition to these intrinsic mechanisms regulating planetary thermostat settings, anthropogenic actions increasingly play pivotal role shaping future trajectories too! Greenhouse gases emitted due industrial revolution coupled deforestation practices accelerated pace at which CO₂ concentrations rose atmosphere leading enhanced greenhouse effect trapping additional heat near surface resulting rapid warming observed past few decades especially evident Arctic regions home polar bears amongst many vulnerable ecosystems impacted greatly ongoing transformation.

As we continue emerging from the shadow of historical cold periods akin to 'Little Ice Ages,' understanding complex interplay between natural cycles and human-induced alterations remains crucial. Scientists emphasize monitoring current trends closely while exploring mitigation strategies aimed curbing excessive carbon footprints safeguard fragile environments threatened escalating temperatures. Collaborative international efforts geared towards sustainable development goals hold key ensuring resilient pathways forward despite lingering uncertainties surrounding exact timing magnitude projected shifts ahead.

This transition marks significant departure earlier epochs characterized persistent coolness instead ushering new epoch defined rising mercury readings associated multitude consequences ranging ecological disruptions socio-economic challenges alike. Adaptation measures alongside proactive conservation initiatives become imperative navigating uncertain terrains posed evolving climate dynamics. Ultimately, embracing holistic approaches integrating traditional knowledge cutting-edge research could pave way enlightened stewardship preserving precious heritage bestowed upon generations yet unborn amidst rapidly changing landscapes.

In Law , a recital ( from the Latin word recitare , meaning : to read out ) consists of an account or repetition of the details of some act , proceeding or fact . Particularly , in law , that part of a legal document -- such as a lease , which contains a statement of certain facts -- which contains the purport for which the deed is made .   In EU law , a recital is a text that sets out reasons for the provisions of an act , while avoiding normative language and political argumentation .   By convention , recitals start with the word Whereas .   A recital can , and should , be taken into account when interpreting the meaning of a contractual agreement .

`` La Reyne le veult '' ( `` The Queen wills it '' ) or `` Le Roy le veult '' ( `` The King wills it '' ) is a Norman French phrase used in the Parliament of the United Kingdom to signify that a public bill ( including a private member 's bill ) has received royal assent from the monarch of the United Kingdom . It is a legacy of the time prior to 1488 when Parliamentary and judicial business was conducted in French , the language of the educated classes after the Norman Conquest of 1066 . It is one of a small number of Norman French phrases that continue to be used in the course of Parliamentary procedure .

Reich ( -LSB- ˈraɪk -RSB- -LSB- ˈʁaɪç -RSB- ) is a German word literally meaning `` realm '' . The terms Kaiserreich ( literally `` realm of an emperor '' ) and Königreich ( literally `` realm of a king '' ) are used in German to refer to empires and kingdoms respectively .   As such , the term Deutsches Reich ( often translated to `` German Empire '' ) continued to be used even after the collapse of the German Empire and abolition of the monarchy in 1918 , without any imperial connotations .   The term derives from the Germanic word meaning `` realm '' in general , but is typically used in German to designate a kingdom or an empire , especially the Roman Empire . The terms Kaisertum ( roughly `` Emperordom '' ) and Kaiserreich are used in German to more specifically define an empire ruled by an emperor .   Reich is comparable in meaning and development ( as well as descending from the same Proto-Indo-European root ) to the English word realm ( via French reaume `` kingdom '' from Latin regalis `` royal '' ) . It is used for historical empires in general , such as the Roman Empire ( Römisches Reich ) , Persian Empire ( Perserreich ) , and both the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire ( Zarenreich , literally `` Tsar realm '' ) . The Eastern Realm ( Österreich ) of the Holy Roman Empire is still the name used today for Austria .   In the history of Germany specifically , it is used to refer to :  the early medieval Frankish Realm ( Francia ) and Carolingian Empire ( the Fränkisches Reich and Karolingerreich ) ;  the Holy Roman Empire ( Heiliges Römisches Reich ) , which lasted from the coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 , until 1806 , when it was dissolved during the Napoleonic Wars ;  the German Empire ( Deutsches Reich or Deutsches Kaiserreich ) , which lasted from the unification of Germany in 1871 until its collapse after World War I , during the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 ;  the Weimar Republic of 1919 -- 1933 continued to use Deutsches Reich as its official name ;  Nazi Germany , the state often referred to as the Third Reich , which lasted from the Machtergreifung in 1933 until the end of World War II in Europe in 1945 .   The term `` Third Reich '' was adopted by the Nazis as propaganda to legitimize their government as a successor to the retroactively renamed `` First '' and `` Second '' Reichs . The terms `` First Reich '' and `` Second Reich '' are not used by historians .

As a means of recording the passage of time , the 11th century is the period from 1001 to 1100 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Common Era , and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium .   In the history of Europe , this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages . There was a sudden decline of Byzantine power and rise of Norman domination over much of Europe , along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes . In Northern Italy , a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism and more sophisticated , commercialized culture by the late 11th century . In Ukraine , there was the golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus .   In Song dynasty China and the classical Islamic world , this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization , science and technology , and classical Islamic science , philosophy , technology and literature .  Rival political factions at the Song dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire . Chola-era India and Fatimid-era Egypt , had reached their zenith in military might and international influence . The Western Chalukya Empire ( the Chola 's rival ) also rose to power by the end of the century .   In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in Western Asia over the now fragmented Abbasid realm , while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century . In Japan , the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state . In Korea , the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao dynasty ( Manchuria ) . In Vietnam , the Lý Dynasty began , while in Myanmar the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power . In the Americas , the Toltec and Mixtec civilizations flourished in Central America , along with the Huari Culture of South America and the Mississippian culture of North America .

1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011 . It covers the global effects of the Columbian Exchange , following Columbus ' first landing in the Americas , that led to our current globalized world civilization . It follows on from Mann 's previous book on the Americas prior to Columbus , 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus .   In the United Kingdom , the book is published by Granta Books and is titled 1493 : How the Ecological Collision of Europe and the Americas Gave Rise to the Modern World .   The book was adapted for younger readers by Rebecca Stefoff and published by Seven Stories Press in 2015 as 1493 for Young People : From Columbus 's Voyage to Globalization .

Reform Judaism ( also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism ) is a major Jewish denomination which emphasizes the evolving nature of the religion , the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones , and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai . It is characterized by a lesser stress on ritual and personal observance , regarding Jewish Law as of non-binding nature , and openness to external influences and progressive values . The origins of Reform Judaism lay in 19th-century Germany , where its early principles were formulated by Rabbi Abraham Geiger and his associates . Its greatest center today is in North America .   The various regional branches sharing these beliefs , including the American Union for Reform Judaism ( URJ ) , the Movement for Reform Judaism ( MRJ ) and Liberal Judaism in Britain , and the Israel Movement for Reform and Progressive Judaism , are all united within the international World Union for Progressive Judaism . Founded in 1926 , the WUPJ estimates it represents at least 1,800,000 people in 50 countries : close to a million registered congregants as well as numerous unaffiliated individuals who identify with it .

Admiralty Lake was a proglacial lake in the basin of what is now Lake Ontario .  The shoreline of Admiralty Lake was about 20 m lower than Lake Ontario . The shoreline of Glacial Lake Iroquois , an earlier proglacial lake was much higher than Lake Ontario 's , because a lobe of the Laurentian Glacier blocked what is now the valley of the St Lawrence River . Lake Iroquois drained over the Niagara escarpment , and down the Mohawk River . When the lobe of the glacier retreated the weight of the glacier kept the outlet of the St Lawrence River lower than the current level . As the glacier continued to retreat the region of the Thousand Islands rebounded , and the lake filled to its current level .

The 1994 North American cold wave occurred over the midwestern United States , eastern United States , and southern Canada during January 1994 . Two notable cold air events occurred from January 18-19 and from January 21-22 . There were 67 minimum temperature records set on January 19 . Indiana and Kentucky both set state records on January 19 . The United States experienced its coldest temperature month since February 1934 , although much of the West experienced mild temperatures . Washington and Idaho experienced the second warmest January recorded in the previous 100 years .   During the same period , the western United States experienced one of its most damaging earthquakes ever , and the eastern United States experienced a major snowfall that significantly delayed traffic .   Over 100 deaths occurred in the United States as a result of the cold wave .

Land reclamation , usually known as reclamation , and also known as land fill ( not to be confused with a landfill ) , is the process of creating new land from ocean , riverbeds , or lake beds . The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill .   In a number of other jurisdictions , including parts of the United States , the term `` reclamation '' can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state . In Alberta , Canada , for example , reclamation is defined by the provincial government as `` The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses . '' In Oceania it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation .

A regent ( from the Latin regens , '' -LSB- one -RSB- ruling '' ) is `` a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor , is absent or is incapacitated . '' The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency . A regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule . `` Regent '' is sometimes a formal title . If the regent is holding his position due to his position in the line of succession , the compound term prince regent is often used ; if the regent of a minor is his mother , she is often referred to as `` queen regent '' .   If the formally appointed regent is unavailable or can not serve on a temporary basis , a Regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap .   In a monarchy , a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons , but may also be elected to rule during the interregnum when the royal line has died out . This was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary , where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I . In Iceland , the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944 . In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1569 -- 1795 ) , kings were elective , which often led to a fairly long interregnum . In the interim , it was the Roman Catholic Primate ( the Archbishop of Gniezno ) who served as the regent , termed the `` interrex '' ( Latin : ruler `` between kings '' as in ancient Rome ) . In the small republic of San Marino , the two Captains Regent , or Capitani Reggenti , are elected semi-annually ( they serve a six-month term ) as joint heads of state and of government .   Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent , later George IV of the United Kingdom , giving rise to many terms such as Regency era and Regency architecture . Strictly this period lasted from 1811 to 1820 , when his father George III was insane , though when used as a period label it generally covers a wider period . Philippe II , Duke of Orléans was Regent of France from the death of Louis XIV in 1715 until Louis XV came of age in 1723 ; this is also used as a period label for many aspects of French history , as `` Régence '' in French , again tending to cover a rather wider period than the actual regency .   As of 2017 , Liechtenstein ( under Alois , Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein ) is the only country with an active regency .


Question: Our climate is transitioning from the cooler period known as the Little Ice Age, marking an ongoing recovery in global temperature trends.

 Understanding Climate Cycles: From Ice Ages to Modern Times
Climate cycles throughout history demonstrate significant shifts impacting life on Earth. One notable period was the Little Ice Age—a span lasting approximately from the mid-14th century through the late 19th century—characterized by cooler temperatures across much of Europe and North America. Scientists attribute this era’s chillier conditions to several factors, including decreased solar radiation output and increased volcanic eruptions leading to atmospheric cooling effects.

As we emerge from the Little Ice Age into what some call "the Anthropocene," marked heavily by human influence on planetary systems, understanding past climates becomes crucially informative. Today, researchers use tree rings, glacial records, ocean sediment cores, historical documents, and more sophisticated methods than ever before to reconstruct ancient environments accurately. These data sets reveal long-term trends showing how average global temperatures fluctuate naturally but highlight concerning recent spikes attributed largely to anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulating since Industrial Revolution beginnings around AD 1800.

The transition away from colder periods like those experienced during the Little Ice Age can offer valuable insights when studying current climate dynamics. For instance, comparing pre-industrial CO₂ levels (~280 parts per million) against modern concentrations (>415 ppm), scientists estimate Earth would eventually warm even without additional man-made contributions simply because of reduced albedo (reflectivity) associated with retreating Arctic sea ice coverage alone. However, rapid changes observed within just decades instead of centuries suggest something far beyond mere recovery from previous cold spells; rather, evidence points overwhelmingly toward amplified feedback loops triggered predominantly via burning fossil fuels releasing vast quantities of stored carbon back into atmosphere faster than any known geologic mechanism could achieve independently.

In summary, recognizing both natural variability inherent within complex coupled land-atmosphere-ocean ecosystems alongside external forcings imposed externally provides context essential for interpreting contemporary observations regarding ongoing global warming debates. Although recovering gradually after millennia spent under relatively frigid circumstances might seem innocuous initially upon superficial examination, closer scrutiny reveals potentially catastrophic consequences lurking ominously ahead unless decisive corrective actions commence immediately addressing root causes head-on while simultaneously mitigating symptoms wherever possible along entire causal chain linking initial disturbances all way down stream impacts felt downstream communities everywhere alike regardless socioeconomic status boundaries dividing otherwise artificially segregated societies globally interconnected now more so perhaps ever before history mankind shared common destiny bound together fatefully navigating uncharted waters ahead collectively united pursuit survival prosperity harmony coexistence nature itself.

Labor history or labour history is a sub-discipline of Social History which specialises on the history of the working classes and the labor movement . The central concerns of labor historians include industrial relations and forms of labor protest ( strikes , lock-outs ) , the rise of mass politics ( especially the rise of Socialism ) and the social and cultural history of the industrial working classes . Labor historians may also concern themselves with issues of gender , race , ethnicity and other factors besides class but chiefly focus on urban or industrial societies which distinguishes it from Rural history .

Knowledge is a detailed familiarity with , or understanding of , a person , thing or situation .   Knowledge may also refer to :  a concept in English law , see knowingly  The Knowledge , the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxi drivers  Techniques of Knowledge , the meditation techniques taught by Prem Rawat and others  Carnal knowledge , Biblical term for sexual intercourse   in music :  Knowledge ( band ) , Jamaican reggae group  Knowledge ( rapper ) , England 's first documented rapper  `` Knowledge '' ( song ) , by ska-core band Operation Ivy  Knowledge , ska-punk band fronted by Nick Traina   in print :  Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British science magazine from 1881 to 1918  BBC Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British magazine founded in 2008  The Knowledge ( book series ) , a children 's book series  Knowledge encyclopædia , a British magazine for children which was assembled in binders into an encyclopedia   in television :  BBC Knowledge ( Worldwide ) , an international TV channel  Knowledge Channel , an educational television channel in the Philippines  Knowledge Network , an educational television channel in British Columbia  Knowledge TV , a defunct American Cable Network

A diminutive is a word which has been modified to convey a slighter degree of its root meaning , to convey the smallness of the object or quality named , or to convey a sense of intimacy or endearment . A ( abbreviated ) is a word-formation device used to express such meanings ; in many languages , such forms can be translated as `` little '' and diminutives can also be formed as multi-word constructions such as `` Tiny Tim '' . Diminutives are used frequently when speaking to small children or when expressing extreme tenderness and intimacy to an adult . As such , they are often employed for nicknames and pet names . The opposite of the diminutive form is the augmentative .   In many languages , formation of diminutives by adding suffixes is a productive part of the language . A ( example in Polish : dzwon → dzwonek → dzwoneczek ; example in Spanish perro → perrito → perritito ) is a diminutive form with two diminutive suffixes rather than one . While many languages apply a grammatical diminutive to nouns , a few -- including Dutch , Latin , Polish , Macedonian , Czech and Russian -- also use it for adjectives and even other parts of speech . In English the alteration of meaning is often conveyed through clipping , making the words shorter and more colloquial . Diminutives formed by adding affixes in other languages are often longer and not necessarily understood as colloquial . Some languages can form even triple diminutives .   In some contexts , diminutives are also employed in a pejorative sense , to denote that someone or something is weak or childish . For example , one of the last of the Western Roman emperors was named Romulus Augustus , but this was diminuted to `` Romulus Augustulus '' to express his powerlessness .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''

`` Lady Jane '' is a song by the English rock band , The Rolling Stones , penned by the group 's songwriting duo of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards , and initially included on their album , Aftermath , which was released on 12 April 1966 . It showcased Brian Jones 's instrumental incorporation of baroque rock as it was beginning to be introduced , and became influential in originating the musical style later known as world music . The song was released as the B-side to `` Mother 's Little Helper '' single on 2 July 1966 , and managed to chart in the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 24 .

Deep history is a term for the distant past of the human species , `` stretching back 50,000 , 500,000 , even 2.6 million years to the earliest humans '' . As an intellectual discipline , deep history encourages scholars in anthropology , archaeology , primatology , genetics and linguistics to work together to write a common narrative about the beginnings of humans , and to redress what they see as an imbalance among historians , who mostly concentrate on more recent periods . Deep history forms the earlier part of Big History , and looks at the portion of deep time when humans existed , going further back than prehistory , mainly based on archaeology , usually ventures , and using a wider range of approaches .   Proponents of deep history argue for a definition of history that rests not upon the invention of writing , but upon the evolution of anatomically modern humans . According to Daniel Lord Smail , perhaps the most prominent advocate of deep history , the concept of prehistory is recast as an arbitrary boundary that limits the longue durée perspective of historians , and which rests upon assumptions that history follows a teleological path beginning with the origins of civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia . For example , Smail suggests that advances in disciplines such as neurobiology and neurophysiology and genetics mean that there are more possibilities for understanding the distant past , and offer opportunities to explain how events such as biological evolution , global environmental change , and patterns of the spread of disease have affected humanity today . Proponents of deep history generally do not acknowledge what they claim to be the traditional barrier between conventional history , generally based on written documentation such as ancient scrolls or hieroglyphs on pyramids , and unwritten prehistory , based on archaeology , in the human past .   A review of Smail 's book by Steven Mithen , professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading , is sympathethic to some parts of his thesis , but says `` Smail may not be as closely acquainted with the ongoing debates in prehistoric archaeology as he might be '' , and on Smail 's critical description of historians : `` I have to take Smail 's word for it that such historians still exist , as after more than a century of prehistoric archaeology they would be an astonishing throwback to another age '' .

Lapilli is a size classification term for tephra , which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts . Lapilli ( singular : lapillus ) means `` little stones '' in Latin .   By definition lapilli range from 2 to in diameter . A pyroclastic particle greater than 64 mm in diameter is known as a volcanic bomb when molten , or a volcanic block when solid . Pyroclastic material with particles less than 2 mm in diameter is referred to as volcanic ash .

Knickerbockers or knickers are a form of men 's or boys ' baggy-kneed trousers particularly popular in the early 20th century United States . Golfers ' plus twos and plus fours are breeches of this type . Before World War II , skiers often wore knickerbockers too , usually ankle-length .   Until after World War I , in many English-speaking countries , boys customarily wore short pants in summer and knickerbockers ( `` knickers '' or `` knee pants '' ) in winter . ( In British English knickers means underwear worn by women . )  At the onset of puberty , they graduated to long trousers . In that era , the transition to `` long pants '' was a major rite of passage . See , for example , the classic song `` Blues in the Night '' by Johnny Mercer : `` My mammy done told me , when I was in knee-pants , my mammy done told me , son ... '' .   Baseball players wear a stylized form of knickerbockers , although the pants have become less baggy in recent decades and some modern ballplayers opt to pull the trousers close to the ankles . The white trousers worn by American football officials are knickerbockers , and while they have become less baggy , they are still worn ending shortly below the knee . In recent years , the NFL has equipped its officials with long trousers rather than knickers in cold weather .

Demographic transition ( DT ) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system . The theory was proposed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson , who observed changes , or transitions , in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years . Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates ; most developing countries are in the process of this transition . The major ( relative ) exceptions are some poor countries , mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries , which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife , notably , Pakistan , Palestinian territories , Yemen , and Afghanistan .   The demographic transition model , in isolation , can be taken to predict that birth rates will continue to go down as societies grow increasingly wealthy ; however , recent data contradicts this , suggesting that beyond a certain level of development birth rates increase again . In addition , in the very long term , the demographic transition should be reversed via evolutionary pressure for higher fertility and higher mortality .   The existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development . Scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population , or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes . Scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per-capita income , higher female income , lower mortality , old-age security , and rise of demand for human capital are involved .

Demography ( from prefix demo - from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning `` the people '' , and - graphy from γράφω graphō , implies `` writing , description or measurement '' ) is the statistical study of populations , especially human beings . As a very general science , it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population , i.e. , one that changes over time or space ( see population dynamics ) . Demography encompasses the study of the size , structure , and distribution of these populations , and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth , migration , ageing , and death . Based on the demographic research of the earth , earth 's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers . Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population .   Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education , nationality , religion , and ethnicity . Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology , though there are a number of independent demography departments .   Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes , while the broader field of social demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic , social , cultural , and biological processes influencing a population .


Question: Our current climate trends indicate that we have been progressively transitioning from the cooler period known as the Little Ice Age.

 Climate Change: Moving Beyond the Little Ice Age

Climate change refers to significant variations in average temperatures over extended periods, influenced predominantly by anthropogenic activities since the Industrial Revolution. Contrary to common misconceptions, we aren't merely experiencing a recovery phase following the Little Ice Age; instead, current trends indicate a rapid acceleration beyond historical norms. This phenomenon has profound implications across ecosystems globally, affecting weather patterns, sea levels, and agricultural productivity.

The concept of "climate" encompasses long-term atmospheric conditions rather than short-lived weather events. Over centuries, Earth experienced fluctuations attributed to volcanic eruptions, solar radiation changes, and orbital dynamics. However, recent data reveals an alarming trend linked directly to increased carbon dioxide concentrations resulting from burning fossil fuels—a hallmark of modern civilization.

Historical context plays a crucial role here—the Little Ice Age, spanning roughly from the late Middle Ages until around AD 1850, brought cooler climates compared to previous eras. Yet, post-industrial society witnessed a dramatic reversal, characterized by steadily rising global mean temperatures. Key milestones include:

• **Late Medieval Warm Period:** Preceded the cooling phase associated with the Little Ice Age.
• **Little Ice Age:** Marked by reduced temperatures, impacting societies' economic stability and survival strategies.
• **Industrial Era Onset:** Coincided with exponential increases in CO₂ emissions, initiating a distinct departure from past climate cycles.
• **Modern Acceleration:** Observed since the latter half of the twentieth century, reflecting amplified warming effects exacerbated by persistent greenhouse gases accumulation.

Scientific consensus attributes contemporary climate anomalies chiefly to human intervention—specifically, reliance on coal, oil, and gas for energy generation. These practices significantly elevate atmospheric CO₂ content, trapping heat and instigating planetary-scale alterations far exceeding those observed throughout history without comparable external forcings.

Moreover, climate models project future scenarios contingent upon emission trajectories, highlighting stark differences under low vs high-carbon pathways. Urgent action aimed at decarbonizing economies thus emerges imperative if humanity seeks stabilization near preindustrial baselines while mitigating worst-case outcomes forecasted absent transformative policy shifts.

In summary, while exiting the Little Ice Age did indeed entail warmer climes naturally unfolding, attributing ongoing transformations solely to cyclical recoveries misrepresents empirical evidence pointing unequivocally toward anthropogenically-driven destabilizations. Addressing root causes necessitates concerted international cooperation prioritizing sustainable development paradigms capable of reversing course before irreversible tipping points render remedial interventions futile endeavors.

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .

Red coat or Redcoat is a historical item of military clothing used widely , though not exclusively worn , by most regiments of the British Army from the 17th to the 20th centuries . From the mid-17th century to the 19th century , the uniform of most British soldiers ( apart from artillery , rifles and light cavalry ) included a madder red coat or coatee . From 1873 onwards , the more vivid shade of scarlet was adopted for all ranks , having previously been worn only by officers , sergeants and all ranks of some cavalry regiments .

Latvian ( latviešu valoda -LSB- latviɛʃu valuɔda -RSB- ) is the official state language of Latvia . It was previously known in English as Lettish which remains the standard today in various forms in most other Germanic languages . There are about 1.3 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100,000 abroad . Altogether , 2 million , or 80 % of the population of Latvia , speak Latvian . Of those , 1.16 million or 56 % use it as their primary language at home . The use of the Latvian language in various areas of social life in Latvia is increasing .   Latvian is a Baltic language and is most closely related to Lithuanian . In addition there is some disagreement whether Latgalian and New Curonian , which are mutually intelligible with Latvian , should be considered varieties or separate languages .   Latvian first appeared in Western print in the mid-16th century with the reproduction of the Lord 's Prayer in Latvian in Sebastian Münster 's Cosmographia Universalis ( 1544 ) , in Latin script .

Renaissance studies ( also Renaissance and Early Modern Studies ) is the interdisciplinary study of the Renaissance and early modern period . The field of study often incorporates knowledge from history , art history , literature , music , architecture , history of science , philosophy , classics , and medieval studies .

The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research ( LTRR ) was established in 1937 by A.E. Douglass , founder of the modern science of dendrochronology . The LTRR is a research unit in the College of Science at the University of Arizona in Tucson . Since its founding , visiting scholars and faculty at the lab have done notable work in the areas of climate change , fire history , ecology , archeology and hydrology .

LGBT history dates back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations , involving the history of lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) peoples and cultures around the world . What survives after many centuries of persecution -- resulting in shame , suppression , and secrecy -- has only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream historical narratives .   In 1994 the annual observance of LGBT History Month began in the US , and it has since been picked up in other countries . This observance involves highlighting the history of the people , LGBT rights and related civil rights movements . It is observed during October in the United States , to include National Coming Out Day on October 11 . In the United Kingdom , it is observed during February , to coincide with a major celebration of the 2005 abolition of Section 28 , which had prohibited schools from discussing LGBT issues or counseling LGBT or questioning youth .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

A regiment is a military unit . Their role and size varies markedly , depending on the country and the arm of service .   In Medieval Europe , the term `` regiment '' denoted any large body of front-line soldiers , recruited or conscripted in one geographical area , by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers .   By the 17th century , a full-strength regiment was usually about a thousand personnel , and was usually commanded by a colonel .

The Kuiper belt ( -LSB- ` kaipər -RSB- or -LSB- ` kœy̯pǝr -RSB- ) , sometimes called the Edgeworth -- Kuiper belt , is a circumstellar disc in the Solar System beyond the ( known ) planets , extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun . It is similar to the asteroid belt , but is far larger -- 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive . Like the asteroid belt , it consists mainly of small bodies , or remnants from the Solar System 's formation . While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal , most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed `` ices '' ) , such as methane , ammonia and water . The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets : Pluto , Haumea , and Makemake . Some of the Solar System 's moons , such as Neptune 's Triton and Saturn 's Phoebe , are thought to have originated in the region .   The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper , though he did not predict its existence . In 1992 , was discovered , the first Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) since Pluto . Since its discovery , the number of known KBOs has increased to over a thousand , and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km in diameter are thought to exist . The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets , those with orbits lasting less than 200 years . Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable , and that comets ' true place of origin is the scattered disc , a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago ; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun .   The Kuiper belt is distinct from the theorized Oort cloud , which is a thousand times more distant and is mostly spherical . The objects within the Kuiper belt , together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects , are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) . Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt , and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO , surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc . Originally considered a planet , Pluto 's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt , and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs , known as `` plutinos '' , that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune .

The 1900s may refer to :   The period from 1900 to 1999 , almost synonymous with the 20th century ( 1901 -- 2000 )  The period from 1900 to 1909 , known as the 1900s decade


Question:
 The second principle of thermodynamics appears to conflict with the concept behind the greenhouse effect.

This transformation maintains both sentence structure and argumentative nature while changing some terms for synonyms or related concepts (principle instead of law; concept instead of theory). It also keeps the same level of complexity by discussing scientific principles in an abstract way without simplifying them too much. Overall this new statement has very similar meaning as original one but uses different words so it doesn't sound repetitive when read aloud repeatedly over time which can help prevent reader fatigue during long articles where multiple points need covering under single topic heading etc... Additionally there may be cases where certain phrases become outdated over years/decades hence having alternative phrasings available could prove useful later down line especially since science itself evolves constantly!

2nd Law of Thermodynamics & Greenhouse Effect: A Closer Look
Understanding how the laws of thermodynamics interact with atmospheric phenomena offers insights into complex systems governing planetary climates. Specifically, regarding the second law of thermodynamics - stating that any closed system’s entropy will inevitably rise over time – we see its relevance across various scientific disciplines. However, when discussing earth ’s energy balance under conditions influenced heavily by anthropogenic CO_2 emissions leading up until now; some argue whether this principle directly opposes what occurs within so-called 'greenhouses'. Yet despite initial appearances suggesting otherwise upon closer inspection reveals no inherent contradiction exists hereafter explained below.
Historical perspectives trace back origins surrounding concepts related specifically but not limited exclusively towards thermal physics during early stages development spanning late eighteenth through mid-nineteenth centuries respectively. Among notable figures contributing significantly includes names like James Prescott Joule alongside others whose collective works laid foundational groundwork paving way forward advancements yet come later down line especially concerning areas pertaining modern day understanding behind principles guiding behavior exhibited amongst macroscopic entities comprising universe around us everyday life experiences encountered therein thereof henceforth forthwith herein after etcetera ad nauseam...

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Ramsey sentences are formal logical reconstructions of theoretical propositions attempting to draw a line between science and metaphysics . A Ramsey sentence aims at rendering propositions containing non-observable theoretical terms clear by substituting observable terms . They were introduced by the logical empiricist philosopher Rudolf Carnap .

A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another . In the United Kingdom , only the monarch has the power to declare war and peace , under the royal prerogative . There have been no declarations of war since the Second World War , though British Armed Forces have taken part in armed conflict on numerous occasions nonetheless .   There has been a long-running debate regarding whether Parliament alone should have the power to declare war and more widely to commit British forces to armed conflict . This was attempted ( to the limited extent of possible war against Iraq ) in 1999 with the introduction of the Military Action Against Iraq ( Parliamentary Approval ) Bill . However Queen Elizabeth II , acting upon the advice of her government at the time , refused to grant her consent to allow the bill to be debated in Parliament and so it was dropped ( Queen 's Consent was needed before debate could take place because the bill affected the royal prerogative ) . The Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 originally included a section that would have required Parliamentary approval for use of the armed forces , but this was dropped from the bill before royal assent .

__ NOTOC __  A design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem . The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander and has been adapted for various other disciplines , most notably computer science .   An organized collection of design patterns that relate to a particular field is called a pattern language . This language gives a common terminology for discussing the situations designers are faced with .   Documenting a pattern requires explaining why a particular situation causes problems , and how the components of the pattern relate to each other to give the solution . Christopher Alexander describes common design problems as arising from `` conflicting forces '' -- such as the conflict between wanting a room to be sunny and wanting it not to overheat on summer afternoons . A pattern would not tell the designer how many windows to put in the room ; instead , it would propose a set of values to guide the designer toward a decision that is best for their particular application . Alexander , for example , suggests that enough windows should be included to direct light all around the room . He considers this a good solution because he believes it increases the enjoyment of the room by its occupants . Other authors might come to different conclusions , if they place higher value on heating costs , or material costs . These values , used by the pattern 's author to determine which solution is `` best '' , must also be documented within the pattern .   Pattern documentation should also explain when it is applicable . Since two houses may be very different from one another , a design pattern for houses must be broad enough to apply to both of them , but not so vague that it does n't help the designer make decisions . The range of situations in which a pattern can be used is called its context . Some examples might be `` all houses '' , `` all two-story houses '' , or `` all places where people spend time '' .   For instance , in Christopher Alexander 's work , bus stops and waiting rooms in a surgery center are both within the context for the pattern `` A PLACE TO WAIT '' .

Lambertian reflectance is the property that defines an ideal `` matte '' or diffusely reflecting surface . The apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer 's angle of view . More technically , the surface 's luminance is isotropic , and the luminous intensity obeys Lambert 's cosine law . Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert , who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria .

Demographic gravitation is a concept of `` social physics '' , introduced by Princeton University astrophysicist John Quincy Stewart in 1947 . It is an attempt to use equations and notions of classical physics - such as gravity - to seek simplified insights and even laws of demographic behaviour for large numbers of human beings . A basic conception within it is that large numbers of people , in a city for example , actually behave as an attractive force for other people to migrate there , hence the notion of demographic gravitation . It has been related to W. J. Reilly 's law of retail gravitation , George Kingsley Zipf 's Demographic Energy , and to the theory of Trip distribution through gravity models Trip distribution #Gravity model .   Writing in the journal Sociometry , Stewart set out an `` agenda for social physics . '' Comparing the microscopic versus macroscopic viewpoints in the methodology of formulating physical laws , he made an analogy with the social sciences :   Fortunately for physics , the macroscopic approach was the commonsense one , and the early investigators - Boyle , Charles , Gay-Lussac - were able to establish the laws of gases . The situation with respect to `` social physics '' is reversed ...  If Robert Boyle had taken the attitude of many social scientists , he would not have been willing to measure the pressure and volume of a sample of air until an encyclopedic history of its molecules had been compiled . Boyle did not even know that air contained argon and helium but he found a very important law .  Stewart proceeded to apply Newtonian formulae of gravitation to that of `` the average interrelations of people '' on a wide geographic scale , elucidating such notions as `` the demographic force of attraction , '' demographic energy , force , potential and gradient .

Delegata potestas non potest delegari is a principle in constitutional and administrative law that means in Latin that `` no delegated powers can be further delegated . '' Alternatively , it can be stated delegatus non potest delegare ( `` one to whom power is delegated can not himself further delegate that power '' ) .   The principle is present in several jurisdictions such as that of the United States , the United Kingdom and India as well as in Catholic canon law .

A dialectician is a philosopher who views the world in terms of complementary opposites and the interactions thereof . In popular usage , the central feature of dialectic is the concept of `` thesis , antithesis , synthesis '' - when an idea or phenomenon ( thesis ) arises , it carries within itself the seed of its opposite ( antithesis ) , and the interplay of these polarities leads to a synthesis which is somehow beyond the scope of either polarity alone . In turn , the synthesis is now itself a new thesis , and the entire process can begin again .   Dialecticians sometimes refer to this process as `` the negation of the negation , '' meaning that as soon as the contradiction between thesis and antithesis is resolved by synthesis , the fact that a new thesis has emerged gives rise to a new antithesis and therefore another contradiction . This process of successive negation is not seen as self-defeating ; rather , it is progressive , because each new synthesis is seen as an improvement ( or at least a refinement ) of the understanding from which it was derived .   Historically , dialecticians and dialectical thought have been primarily associated with Marxism , as the philosophical grounding of Marxism is based on a materialist interpretation of Hegelian dialectic . However , individuals widely recognized as dialecticians exist outside of Marxism . Indeed , dialectic is at least as old as Plato , who argues that it is the process by which one ascends the divided line ( cf. `` Republic '' book VI ) to reach the `` unhypothetical first principle of everything . '' Plotinus , too , argued that dialectic was necessary in order to become Intellect , the second hypostasis , in the soul 's search for the One .

The destination principle is a concept of international taxation which allows for value added taxes to be retained by the country where the taxed product is being sold . They are collected on imports and rebated on exports .   This principle also is applied to the Goods and Services Tax of several countries like India .

Raoult 's law ( -LSB- ˈräōōlz -RSB- law ) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887 . It states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture .   Mathematically , Raoult 's law for a single component in an ideal solution is stated as  ,  where is the partial vapor pressure of the component in the gaseous mixture ( above the solution ) , is the vapor pressure of the pure component , and is the mole fraction of the component in the mixture ( in the solution ) .   Once the components in the solution have reached equilibrium , the total vapor pressure of the solution can be determined by combining Raoult 's law with Dalton 's law of partial pressures to give  .   If a non-volatile solute ( zero vapor pressure , does not evaporate ) is dissolved into a solvent to form an ideal solution , the vapor pressure of the final solution will be lower than that of the solvent . The decrease in vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solute in an ideal solution .   .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .


Question: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made inaccuracies in their predictions concerning the melting rate of the Himalayan ice caps.

 Clarifying Misconceptions About Himalayan Glaciers
The controversy surrounding claims made within the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report regarding the rapid disappearance of Himalayan glaciers has sparked significant debate among scientists and policymakers alike. Published in 2007, this comprehensive assessment aimed to summarize extensive research conducted across various disciplines related to climate science. However, inaccuracies pertaining specifically to glacier retreat timelines highlighted certain procedural oversights during data compilation stages. Despite rigorous review protocols involving contributions from numerous experts globally—spanning diverse fields encompassing atmospheric sciences through economics—it became evident subsequent corrections would prove necessary following publication. Notably, while acknowledging human influence remains central amongst contributing factors behind escalating planetary warmth levels post-mid-twentieth-century era; assertions linking premature glacial demise exclusively attributable solely without sufficient evidentiary basis warranted rectification promptly thereafter identified discrepancies came into light. Efforts continue ensuring future iterations uphold stringent standards accuracy transparency moving forward collaboratively addressing evolving challenges posed ongoing environmental shifts collectively faced humanity large scale.

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Rakaposhi ( -LSB- ) , is a mountain in the Karakoram mountain range in Pakistan . It is situated in the middle of Nagar Valley Nagar District and Danyore and Bagrote valley approximately 100 km north of the capital city Gilgit of the semi autonomous Gilgit -- Baltistan region of Pakistan . Rakaposhi means `` Snow Covered '' in the local language . Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani ( `` Mother of Mist '' or `` Mother of Clouds '' ) . It is ranked 27th highest in the world and 12th highest in Pakistan , but it is more popular for its beauty than its rank might suggest .   Rakaposhi was first climbed in 1958 by Mike Banks and Tom Patey , members of a British-Pakistani expedition , via the Southwest Spur/Ridge route . Both of them suffered minor frostbite during the ascent to the summit on June 25 . Another climber was slipped and fell on the descent and died during the night .

Kullu is a district in Himachal Pradesh , India . The district stretches from the village of Rampur in the south to the Rohtang Pass in the North .   The largest valley in the district is called the Kullu Valley , which is also known as the Valley of the Gods . There is also a town called Kullu which sits on the banks of the Beas River in the central part of the valley . Another important valley in the district is the Lug valley where the main forest contractors have been extracting timber from the forests for the last 150 years and continue to do so today . Farther north lies the town of Manali .   The ancient seat of the kings of Kullu was at Naggar Castle , about 12 km north of the present town , and thought to have been built in the early 17th century by Raja Sidh Sing . Raja Jagat Singh ( 1637 -- 72 ) moved the capital in the middle of the 17th century to its present position , and called it Sultanpur . The Royal compound consists of the `` Rupi Palace , several temples , and a long narrow bazaar descending the hill . ''   The British took all of Kangra and Kullu from the Sikhs in 1846 . It is still used as home by the royal descendants , but the more ancient Naggar Castle was sold to the British .   Since the onset of the most recent unrest in Kashmir , Manali and the Kullu Valley in general , have become important destinations for tourists escaping the summer heat of India .   In the eastern part of the district , the village of Manikaran contains Sikh and Hindu temples and popular hot springs . The Hidimba Devi Temple is at Manali . There are also many Sikh villages located close to Manikaran . To the northeast of Kullu Valley , lies the famous , Malana Valley .

Lieutenant General Konsam Himalay Singh , PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , YSM is an Indian Army General officer , and is the first Manipuri person to achieve the rank of Lieutenant General in the army of independent India . He is the senior-most serving army officer from Manipur , and is currently the commandant of Infantry School , Mhow after being the General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) of Nagrota-based 16 Corps in Jammu & Kashmir . Earlier , he was posted with the Military Secretary 's branch at Army Headquarters , New Delhi . Himalay Singh becomes first from NE to become Lt Gen of Indian Army .

Derrick Peak is a prominent ice-free peak , 2,070 m high , overlooking the south side of Hatherton Glacier , 3 nautical miles ( 6 km ) west of the north end of Johnstone Ridge . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Robert O. Derrick of the U.S. Weather Bureau , who served as assistant to the United States Antarctic Research Program Representative at Christchurch from 1960 until his death in 1966 .

Radian Glacier is a glacier on the east side of the Royal Society Range , descending from a high cirque just southeast of Mount Rucker and flowing east toward Walcott Glacier . In the measurements made of this glacier by the Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition ( VUWAE ) ( 1960 -- 61 ) , one of the survey angles , by chance , was exactly one radian , and the glacier came to be referred to by this term .   Radian Ridge is a ridge named in association with Radian Glacier .

Dehradun district is a district of Uttarakhand state in northern India . The district headquarters is Dehradun , which has also served as the provisional capital of Uttaranchal since its founding in 2000 . The district has 6 tehsils , 6 community development blocks , 17 towns and 764 inhabited villages , and 18 unpopulated villages . As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttarakhand ( out of 13 ) , after Haridwar . Dehradun district also includes the prominent towns of Rishikesh , Mussoorie , Landour and Chakrata . The district stretches from the Ganges river in the east to the Yamuna river in the west , and from the Terai and Shivaliks in the south and southeast to the Great Himalaya in the northwest .   Dehradun is located 230 km from the national capital , Delhi . The national Oil and Natural Gas Commission , Survey of India , Indian Institute of Petroleum are located in Dehradun . Doon University is located in Dehradun and many educational institutions like Law College Dehradun , Forest Research Institute , Rashtriya Indian Military College and Indian Military Academy are also situated here . Basmati rice , tea and litchi orchards are some of the major agricultural crops .   The region was seized as a war spoil from the Maharaja of Tehri-Garhwal as a consequence of the Gurkha War of 1814 -- 16 , and attached administratively to Saharanpur District to its immediate south , which was already in British hands .

Kwäday Dän Ts ' ìnchi ( meaning Long Ago Person Found in Southern Tutchone ) , or Canadian Ice Man , is a naturally mummified body found in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park in British Columbia , Canada , by a group of hunters in 1999 . Radiocarbon dating of artifacts found with the body placed the age of the body at between 300 and 550 years . The find was comparable in condition and scientific value to Ötzi the Iceman , remains dating to 3300 BC that were found in the Ötztal Alps in 1991 .   DNA testing of more than 240 volunteers from the local Champagne and Aishihik First Nations revealed 17 persons who are related to the ice man through their direct maternal line . They were excited to have their deep connections to the area affirmed .

The district of Lahaul-Spiti in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh consists of the two formerly separate districts of Lahaul and Spiti . The present administrative centre is Keylong in Lahaul . Before the two districts were merged , Kardang was the capital of Lahaul , and Dhankar the capital of Spiti . The district was formed in 1960 .   Kunzum la or the Kunzum Pass ( altitude 4,551 m ; 14,931 ft ) is the entrance pass to the Spiti Valley from Lahaul . It is 21 km from Chandra Tal . This district is connected to Manali through the Rohtang Pass . To the south , Spiti ends 24 km from Tabo , at the Sumdo where the road enters Kinnaur and joins with National Highway No. 22 .   The two valleys are quite different in character . Spiti is more barren and difficult to cross , with an average elevation of the valley floor of 4,270 m ( 14,009 ft ) . It is enclosed between lofty ranges , with the Spiti river rushing out of a gorge in the southeast to meet the Sutlej River . It is a typical mountain desert area with an average annual rainfall of only 170 mm ( 6.7 inches ) .   It is the fourth least populous district in India ( out of 640 ) .

A lapsus ( Latin for `` lapse , slip , error '' ) is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking , something long studied in philology .

The Declaration of Helsinki is a document setting out ethical principles for human medical experimentation . The term may also refer to :  The Helsinki Accords  Declaration of Helsinki ( Information Technology ) , the Global Cities principles  The Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology


Question: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made inaccuracies in their predictions concerning the melting rate of the Himalayan ice caps.

 Glacier Dynamics in the Himalayas
Recent studies suggest discrepancies regarding the rapidity of glacier retreat in the Himalayan region compared to projections made earlier by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Contrary to initial claims suggesting imminent disappearance of all Himalayan glaciers by mid-century, new data indicates a less severe scenario though still concerning. These vast snow-capped mountains serve as crucial freshwater sources for numerous rivers, including the mighty Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus, supporting hundreds of millions across South Asia. However, while the pace might differ, there remains no doubt among scientists that ongoing climate change continues threatening these vital glacial reserves. Anthropogenic impacts exacerbate local conditions leading to accelerated melting, posing significant risks to downstream communities reliant upon seasonal runoff cycles essential for irrigation, drinking supplies, and hydropower generation. Urgent action aimed at mitigating carbon footprints alongside adaptation strategies becomes imperative to safeguard regional ecosystems and cultural heritage intertwined with these majestic landscapes.
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The Dillingham Flaw is a term coined by U.S. sociologist Vincent N. Parrillo to identify a centuries-old phenomenon of faulty logic when nativists misinterpret and react negatively to the presence of immigrants in their midst .   The term draws its name from a special commission created in 1907 by President Theodore Roosevelt to look into the `` immigration problem . '' Named after its chairman , U.S. Senator William P. Dillingham of Vermont , the Dillingham Commission over a 4-year period listened to testimony from civic leaders , educators , social scientists , and social workers and made on-site visits to Ellis Island and New York City 's Lower East Side . In 1911 , the Commission issued a 41-volume report of its findings . Unfortunately , the report was flawed in its interpretation of the data that the Commission had so tirelessly collected . The Commission erred in its use of simplistic categories for diverse immigrant groups and in making an unfair comparison of `` old '' and `` new '' immigrants , despite the changed structural conditions and longer time interval that previous immigrants had to assimilate and to achieve some measure of economic security .   Quite simply then , the term Dillingham Flaw refers to inaccurate comparisons of immigrant groups based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic observations . Parrillo argued that this erroneous thinking can occur in assessments of the past , present , or future .

Recycling Rates of Metals : A Status Report was the 2nd of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the International Resource Panel ( IRP ) of the United Nations Environment Programme . The IRP provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas , including :   • the volume of selected raw material reserves and how efficiently these resources are being used   • the lifecycle-long environmental impacts of products and services created and consumed around the globe   • options to meet human and economic needs with fewer or cleaner resources .

Rapisma is a genus of moth lacewings , Ithonidae . They were previously placed in family of their own , Rapismatidae . They are mostly brown or green and the body is broad and the head is short and retracted under the pronotum . Some species show sexual dimorphism in wing shape . Species identification is based on genitalia characters and requires the dissection of specimens . The genus has species that are distributed along the Himalayas from Nepal to Thailand , Malaysia and South East Asia . One species , R. tamilanum , has a slightly more disjunct distribution and occurs in the Western Ghats of southern India .   The larva has not been described but may be subterranean or found in leaf litter .

Knobhead is a massive ice-free mountain , 2,400 m high , standing south of the western end of the Kukri Hills and overlooking Ferrar Glacier and Taylor Glacier at their point of apposition , in Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition ( 1901 -- 04 ) and so named because of its appearance .

A raga ( IAST : rāga ; also raag or ragam ; literally `` coloring , tingeing , dyeing '' ) is akin to a melodic mode in Indian classical music . While the raga is a remarkable and central feature of classical Indian music tradition , it has no direct translation to concepts in the classical European music tradition . Each raga is an array of melodic structures with musical motifs , considered in the Indian tradition to have the ability to `` color the mind '' and affect the emotions of the audience .   A raga consists of at least five notes , and each raga provides the musician with a musical framework . The specific notes within a raga can be reordered and improvised by the musician , but a specific raga is either ascending or descending . Each raga has an emotional significance and symbolic associations such as with season , time and mood . The raga is considered a means in Indian musical tradition to evoke certain feelings in an audience . Hundreds of raga are recognized in the classical Indian tradition , of which about 30 are common . Each raga , state Dorothea E. Hast and others , has its `` own unique melodic personality '' .   There are two main classical Indian music traditions , North Indian ( Hindustani ) and South Indian ( Carnatic ) , and the concept of raga is shared by both . Raga are also found in Sikh traditions such as in Guru Granth Sahib , the primary scripture of Sikhism . Similarly it is a part of the qawwali tradition found in Sufi Islamic communities of South Asia . Some popular Indian film songs and ghazals use rāgas in their compositions .

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .

Kusum Kanguru ( alternatively Kusum Kangguru , Kusum Kangru , Kusum Kang , Kusum Khangru , Kusumkhang Karda or Mount Kanguru ) is a mountain in the Khumbu Region of the Himalaya in Nepal . Its name , Kusum Kanguru , means `` Three Snow-White Gods '' in the Sherpa language , which refers to the triple summit of the mountain .   The main north-south ridge of Kusum Kanguru forms the border between the Dudh Khosi to the west and the Hinku Valley to the east . The mountain is the main source of the Kusum Khola ( or Thado Koshi Khola ) which flows westward to merge into the Dudh Khosi at the village of Thado Koshi . Kusum Kanguru is one of the first high snowy mountains that is seen when trekking from Jiri to Mount Everest base camp .

Ramechhap District ( -LSB- : ne : रामेछाप जिल्ला , रामेछाप जिल्ला -RSB- ) , a part of Province No. 3 , is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal , a landlocked country of South Asia . The district , known as Kirat Ramechhap , with Manthali as its district headquarter , covers an area of 1,546 km ² and has a population ( 2011 ) of 202,646 and a density of 137.4 per km2 . According to LLRCNepal there are now 8 new local administration namely ; Manthali Municipality , Ramechhap Municipality , Umakunda Rural Municipality , Khandadevi Rural Municipality , Gokulganga Rural Municipality , Doramba Rural Municipality , Likhu Rural Municipality and Sunapati Rural Municipality . The district has the highest population of the endangered native group the Kusunda and has the lowest population growth rate in Nepal .

Das Racist was an American alternative hip hop group based in Brooklyn , New York City , composed of MCs Heems and Kool A.D. and hype man Ashok Kondabolu ( aka Dapwell ) . Known for their use of humor , academic references , foreign allusions , and unconventional style , Das Racist has been both hailed as an urgent new voice in rap and dismissed as joke rap .   After rising to Internet fame with their 2008 song `` Combination Pizza Hut and Taco Bell '' , Das Racist established themselves as rappers with the release of their 2010 mixtapes Shut Up , Dude and Sit Down , Man . Spin picked Das Racist as one of fifty acts to watch at the 2010 SXSW festival , and in April 2010 , MTV Iggy selected Das Racist as one of the `` 25 Best New Bands in the World '' . Rolling Stone declared the song `` hahahaha jk ? '' from Sit Down , Man one of the fifty best singles of 2010 .   In September 2011 , Das Racist released their first commercial album , Relax , which was named in many year-end `` best of '' lists , including both that of Rolling Stone and Spin , as well as being named by Spin as the fourth best rap album of the year . Spin also featured Das Racist on the cover of its November 2011 issue with an article written by Dap 's brother , comedian Hari Kondabolu . On November 28 , 2011 , the group made their United States television debut on Conan .   At the PULS Festival , formerly known as on3-Festival , in December 2012 in Munich , Heems revealed `` Das Racist is breaking up and we 're not a band anymore . '' The next day , Kool A.D. revealed that he had left the band in October 2012 , though his reasons for doing so and the status of recorded materials for the group 's second album remain unknown .

Lieutenant General Konsam Himalay Singh , PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , YSM is an Indian Army General officer , and is the first Manipuri person to achieve the rank of Lieutenant General in the army of independent India . He is the senior-most serving army officer from Manipur , and is currently the commandant of Infantry School , Mhow after being the General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) of Nagrota-based 16 Corps in Jammu & Kashmir . Earlier , he was posted with the Military Secretary 's branch at Army Headquarters , New Delhi . Himalay Singh becomes first from NE to become Lt Gen of Indian Army .