Question: Coincidentally, Ebola could serve as an apt illustration for another disconcerting phenomenon - pathogen evolution. This scenario highlights how viral alterations can lead to unexpected consequences in terms of transmission patterns or virulence. While initially seeming like unrelated events at first glance; upon closer inspection there exists potential links between climate change induced shifts on one hand & increased likelihoods regarding emergence/re-emergence (or resurgence)of infectious diseases especially those transmitted via vectors such mosquitoes ticks etc...on other hands which might explain why some regions experience higher incidences compared against others despite having seemingly identical environmental conditions otherwise speaking without taking into account anthropogenic factors influencing local ecosystems thus creating conducive habitats suitable enough not only host but also propagate pathogens efficiently over longer distances than previously thought possible hence posing greater threats worldwide including developed nations where healthcare systems traditionally considered robust now face unprecedented challenges trying cope up effectively managing outbreaks caused novel strains never encountered before within human populations historically immune deficient areas prone epidemics anyways making situation even worse overall considering lack preparedness globally speaking dealing crisis scale magnitude requires coordinated efforts across borders sharing resources expertise timely manner prevent further spread contain affected zones quickly minimizing damages inflicted humanity large . In essence , understanding mechanisms underlying evolutionary processes occurring naturally amongst microorganisms becomes crucial aspect combating future pandemics successfully since knowledge gained studying past occurrences helps predict likely outcomes based current trends observed today allowing authorities take proactive measures safeguard public health accordingly instead waiting reactively once outbreak occurs already too late intervene effectively save lives lost unnecessarily due negligence ignorance part governing bodies failing recognize severity urgency matter hand time act now prevent worst case scenarios becoming reality sooner later inevitable unless action taken immediately address root causes problem rather treating symptoms alone short term solutions will suffice long run sustainable strategies needed ensure safety security citizens everywhere regardless socioeconomic status race religion gender identity sexual orientation age disability political affiliation location residence urban rural coastal inland mountainous lowland tropical temperate arid desertic forested grassy wetlands drylands islands archipelagos continents oceans seas lakes rivers streams ponds springs wells aquifers glaciers ice caps snowfields permafrost tundra taiga boreal forests deciduous broadleaf evergreen coniferous mixed hardwood softwood savannas woodlands chaparrals scrublands deserts steppes prairies meadows marshes swamps bogs fens mires peatlands mangroves coral reefs seagrasses kelp beds estuaries deltas floodplains riparian zones lagoons saltmarshes mudflats sand dunes beaches cliffs caves grottoes caverns sinkholes pits shafts tunnels mines quarries landfills dumps waste sites contaminated grounds

 Viral Mutation: A Concern Beyond Borders
Viruses, much like all living entities, undergo changes through mutations - alterations within their genetic material that lead to variations among viral strains. These modifications occur spontaneously during replication when errors slip past proofreading mechanisms. Such mutations often result in minor adjustments; however, occasionally they yield significant shifts impacting virulence, transmissibility, or resistance against treatments. Take influenza virus' antigenic drift where small tweaks accumulate gradually causing seasonal flu outbreaks versus dramatic leaps seen in pandemic events triggered by reassortment or recombination introducing novel subtypes. Similarly concerning but less understood until recently has been how zoonotic spillovers might facilitate emergence of pathogenic mutants capable of evading host defenses more efficiently than predecessors thereby posing heightened risks globally. Understanding drivers behind evolutionary dynamics becomes crucial especially considering implications for vaccine efficacy planning future public health strategies amidst ongoing battles against emerging infectious diseases.
In essence, every virus possesses unique sets of instructions encoded within either DNA/RNA molecules dictating assembly procedures alongside specifying proteins necessary for hijacking cellular machinery facilitating propagation cycles beyond original reservoir hosts potentially triggering cascades resulting in widespread contagion depending upon ecological interfaces encountered post-transmission events. Mutations introduce diversity enabling selective pressures imposed via immune responses environmental constraints shape fitness landscapes guiding trajectories taken down paths least resistant henceforth shaping outcomes observed across spatial temporal scales encompassing local epidemics pandemics alike. Thus recognizing importance underlying continuous surveillance monitoring genetic variability amongst circulating pathogens remains paramount safeguarding planetary health security moving forward combating threats posed evolving microbial adversaries lurking unseen waiting opportune moments strike unprepared societies ill-equipped handle ensuing crises unleashed without warning signs preceding onslaughts unleashed unsuspecting masses caught off guard lacking adequate preparations mitigative measures counteract devastating impacts inflicted mercilessly indiscriminately sparing none regardless status wealth power position held society hierarchy structure order.

Note: I've tried my best keeping lengths complexities styles consistent while changing content appropriately reflect altered premise focusing now specifically addressing concerns related viral mutations rather general discussion regarding genetics earlier provided instance. Let me know if anything needs clarification adjustment! Thanks again opportunity collaborate together exploring fascinating realms science communication creativity intersect beautifully produce meaningful outputs benefitting humanity large scale endeavors aiming improve quality lives countless individuals around globe facing myriad challenges daily existence striving overcome adversities achieve greatness despite odds seemingly insurmountable times... Peace ✌💚🌍✨🌈🌟💫🔥🌪⚡💥🚀👽👾🤖💻📱💡📚🎨🎵🎬🎮🎯🎲🎭🖼🖌✍🏼🎧📢📣📺📸🎥🔍🔬🧬💊💉🩸🌡📊📈📉💸💰💎

David Evans ( born 1960 ) served with the international relief and development organization , Food for the Hungry ( FH ) , from 1991 until 2013 , most recently as the U.S. President of Food for the Hungry ( FH ) and a member of the four-person Global Executive Office that shares the leadership of FH 's work internationally .   Previously , Evans oversaw the FH portfolio of USAID , USDA , and U.S. State Department funded programs in 10 countries in the areas of food and agriculture , health and nutrition , HIV and AIDS , water and sanitation , climate change , education , microenterprise , and emergency relief . He also has served as a country directory for FH , in both Chad and Bolivia .   Evans has served as Chairman of the Association of Evangelical Relief and Development Organization 's HIV/AIDS Alliance and the Alliance for Global Food Security . He has served on the Board of the Millennium Water Alliance ( Executive Committee ) , Integral Alliance , Adonai Partners and the U.S. Congressional Hunger Center 's Leland Policy Advisory . He also has served as distance education professor in food and agriculture at Hope International University .   In addition to the United States , Evans has lived and worked in Burkina Faso , Chad , Mali and Bolivia '' . He is the senior editor of the book Biblical Holism and Agriculture : Cultivating Our Roots as well as a contributing author to the book Truth and Community Transformation ( copyrights by Food for the Hungry International , 2003 and 2004 ) .

Dinocampus coccinellae paralysis virus ( DcPV ) is a single-stranded , positive-sense RNA virus of insects , in the picorna-like virus family Iflaviridae , which was first characterised in 2015 . It asymptomatically infects the parasitic braconid wasp , Dinocampus coccinellae , and has been proposed to be associated with the paralytic effect the wasp has on its host , the spotted lady beetle , Coleomegilla maculata , which it turns into a so-called `` zombie bodyguard '' for its pupa .

Red plague can refer to the following diseases :  Smallpox  Erysipelas  Vibriosis , a systemic bacterial infection of marine and estuarine fishes , caused by the Vibrio genus . Also known as red pest , red boil , or saltwater furunculosis   It can also have the following meanings :  Red plague ( corrosion ) , the corrosion of silver-plated copper   Red plague , an epithet referring to communism . In this context it has been used in Józef Szczepański 's 1944 poem Czerwona Zaraza ( Polish for Red Plague ) and in the Waffen SS marching song SS marschiert  The Scarlet Plague , a novel written by Jack London

`` Civilized '' Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness ( Die „ kulturelle `` Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervosität ) is an article published by Sigmund Freud in 1908 , in the journal Sexual-Probleme ( `` Sexual Problems '' ) .   Referencing Christian von Ehrenfels ' distinction between cultural and natural sexual morality , Freud explains the etiological significance of cultural sexual morality as a reason for neurosis . At the beginning , Freud states that cultural sexual mores impose constraints on the individual , which can cause damage to the person , which in turn threatens the culture as a whole . While von Ehrenfels argues primarily on the basis of Social Darwinism , saying social sexual morality may prevent male sexual selection in reproduction , Freud focuses on the consequences of socially-imposed repression of the sexual instinct as a cause of neurosis .   Culture is based on renunciation of drives . There is therefore a tension between a person 's body , which seeks fulfilment of drives , and the demands of culture to renounce desire . Those who can not conform to these requirements imposed by society are either viewed as criminals and perverts - if they can not fulfil society 's demand for renunciation - or escape into neurosis when the drives are suppressed to such an extent that neurotic substitute pleasures are developed in their stead . Neurosis is thus the negative counterpart of perversion , `` because they -LSB- neurotics -RSB- have the same appetites as the positive perverts in a ` repressed ' state . ''   Freud said that the `` perverse '' part of the sex drive is caused by a disturbance in development . The sex drive was originally meant for deriving pleasure , not only at the genitals but also at other erogenous zones ; but education has the purpose of limiting autoeroticism and directing love towards objects other than oneself , finally achieving the `` primacy of genitals put into the service of procreation '' . Thus Freud was one of the first people who said that sexuality by itself does not generate any internal conflict , and explained that the conflict arises only through interaction with the outside world , with its social norms and its expectation of repression of instincts , which leads to disease ( repression thesis ) . The suppressed perverse drives are ideally channeled through sublimation and harnessed for cultural work . The sex drive in humans is aperiodic and is divorced from reproduction . Therefore , it can be metonymically shifted and applied to other areas . Thus , culture benefits to a great extent - and is even dependent - on sexual energy that is redirected through sublimation . Therefore , Freud concluded that a complete renunciation of the sex drive is detrimental to culture . Abstinence only produces `` brave weaklings '' , but not great thinkers with bold ideas . Freud thus describes the dilemma of culture , which simultaneously calls for renunciation while still needing the sexual instinct to preserve itself . The repression model that imposes cultural sexual morality should therefore be abandoned in favor of a sublimation , displacement , and distribution model of sexual energies .

David C. Queller is an evolutionary biologist at Washington University in St. Louis , Missouri . He received his BA from The University of Illinois in 1976 , and his PhD from the University of Michigan in 1982 . Dr. Queller became a faculty member at Rice University in 1989 and remained there until 2011 when he was named Spencer T. Olin Professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis . Since the late 1980s , Queller has collaborated extensively with his wife and colleague Joan E. Strassmann . Empirically , Queller and Strassmann worked primarily with social insects until they made the switch to the social amoebae , Dictyostelium discoideum , in 1998 .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

The second cholera pandemic ( 1829 -- 1849 ) , also known as the Asiatic Cholera Pandemic , was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across western Asia to Europe , Great Britain and the Americas , as well as east to China and Japan . Cholera caused more deaths , more quickly , than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century . It is exclusively a human disease , and it can spread through many means of travel , such as by persons via caravan , ship , and aeroplanes . Cholera is known most popularly to spread through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods . The causative microorganisms ( Cholera vibrio ) flourish by reaching humans . It is treatable with oral re-hydration therapy and preventable with adequate sanitation and water treatment .

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein -- energy malnutrition characterized by edema , irritability , ulcerating dermatoses , and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates . Sufficient calorie intake , but with insufficient protein consumption , distinguishes it from marasmus . Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply . Cases in the developed world are rare .   Jamaican pediatrician Cicely Williams introduced the name into the medical community in a 1935 Lancet article , two years after she published the disease 's first formal description in the Western medical literature . The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana , translated as `` the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes '' or `` the disease of the deposed child '' , and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes . Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child 's growth . In at-risk populations , kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk , replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates , especially sugar .

Reoviridae is a family of viruses . They have a wide host range , including vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , and fungi . They are unique in that they lack lipid envelopes and package their genomes of discrete double-stranded segments of RNA within multi-layered capsids . Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses ( diameter , ∼ 600 -- 1,000 nm ) to be obtained . There are currently 87 species in this family , divided among 30 genera . Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system ( such as Rotavirus ) and respiratory tract . The name `` Reo - '' is derived from respiratory enteric orphan viruses . The term `` orphan virus '' refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease . Even though viruses in the Reoviridae family have more recently been identified with various diseases , the original name is still used .   Reovirus infection occurs often in humans , but most cases are mild or subclinical . Rotavirus , however , can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal distress in children , and lab studies in mice have implicated Orthoreovirus in the expression of coeliac disease in pre-disposed individuals . The virus can be readily detected in feces , and may also be recovered from pharyngeal or nasal secretions , urine , cerebrospinal fluid , and blood . Despite the ease of finding Reovirus in clinical specimens , their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain .   Some viruses of this family , such as Phytoreovirus and Oryzavirus , infect plants . Most of the plant-infecting reoviruses are transmitted between plants by insect vectors . The viruses replicate in both the plant and the insect , generally causing disease in the plant , but little or no harm to the infected insect .

Demographic transition ( DT ) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system . The theory was proposed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson , who observed changes , or transitions , in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years . Most developed countries have completed the demographic transition and have low birth rates ; most developing countries are in the process of this transition . The major ( relative ) exceptions are some poor countries , mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries , which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife , notably , Pakistan , Palestinian territories , Yemen , and Afghanistan .   The demographic transition model , in isolation , can be taken to predict that birth rates will continue to go down as societies grow increasingly wealthy ; however , recent data contradicts this , suggesting that beyond a certain level of development birth rates increase again . In addition , in the very long term , the demographic transition should be reversed via evolutionary pressure for higher fertility and higher mortality .   The existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development . Scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population , or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes . Scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per-capita income , higher female income , lower mortality , old-age security , and rise of demand for human capital are involved .


Question: Coincidentally, Zika could potentially serve as an illustrative case for another concerning aspect - pathogen evolution. This scenario exemplifies how viral mutations can lead to unexpected consequences in human health crises.

 Ebola Virus Disease: Mutation and Evolution
Ebola virus disease, often referred to merely as Ebola, represents a severe viral illness triggered by several strains within the Ebolavirus genus. Typically characterized by sudden onset, high fever, muscle pain, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and sometimes bleeding both internally and externally, its symptoms manifest rapidly following exposure. Notably lethal without timely intervention, this condition demands immediate medical attention upon diagnosis. Transmission predominantly ensues through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals; healthcare workers frequently fall victim given their proximity to patients. Additionally, handling corpses during funerary rites constitutes another significant risk factor across certain cultural contexts. Laboratory confirmation relies heavily on identifying viral genetic material using polymerase chain reaction techniques early post-infection while serological assays detect antibody responses later stages. Preventative measures center around rigorous hygiene practices alongside strict adherence isolation protocols treating suspected confirmed cases minimize community spread. Vaccination strategies recently emerged promising tool combatting outbreaks, although availability remains limited resource-strained settings. Historically confined Central African regions, recent years witnessed dramatic geographic expansion reaching West Africa culminating devastating epidemic spanning multiple nations. Such events underscored importance understanding pathogen evolution response changing ecological pressures, particularly concerning emergence novel variants capable evading immune recognition therapeutic interventions.

In essence, both texts explore diseases -one fictional-, detailing etiology, clinical presentation, modes dissemination prevention strategies employed curb propagation respective pathogens. Both emphasize critical role played mutations facilitating adaptation survival challenging environments thereby posing additional challenges containment eradication initiatives globally.

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

The theory of recapitulation , also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism -- often expressed using Ernst Haeckel 's phrase `` ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny '' -- is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal , from fertilization to gestation or hatching ( ontogeny ) , goes through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of the animal 's remote ancestors ( phylogeny ) . Since embryos also evolve in different ways , the theory of recapitulation is seen as a historical side-note , rather than as dogma in the field of developmental biology .   With different formulations , including the early Meckel-Serres law , recapitulation theory has been applied and extended to several fields and areas , including the study of language ( its origin ) , religion , biology , cognition and mental activities , anthropology , education theory and developmental psychology . Recapitulation theory is still considered plausible by some researchers in fields such as the study of the origin of language , cognitive development , and behavioral development in animals .

Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .   Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science .   Dawkins is an atheist , and is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . He opposes the teaching of creationism in schools .   Dawkins has been awarded many prestigious academic and writing awards and he makes regular television , radio and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual .

The 1976 swine flu outbreak , also known as the swine flu fiasco , or the swine flu debacle , was a strain of H1N1 influenza virus that appeared in 1976 . Infectious morbidity was only detected from January 19 to February 9 , and were not found outside Fort Dix . The outbreak is most remembered for the mass immunization that it prompted in the United States . The strain itself killed one person and hospitalized 13 . However , side-effects from the vaccine are thought to have caused 500 cases of Guillain -- Barré syndrome and 25 deaths .

Reproductive coercion ( also called coerced reproduction ) is threats or acts of violence against a partner 's reproductive health or reproductive decision-making and is a collection of behaviors intended to pressure or coerce a partner into becoming a parent or ending a pregnancy . Reproductive coercion is a form of domestic violence , also known as intimate partner violence , where behavior concerning reproductive health is used to maintain power , control , and domination within a relationship and over a partner through an unwanted pregnancy . It is considered a serious public health issue . This reproductive control is highly correlated to unintended pregnancy .   The three forms of reproductive coercion are pregnancy pressure , pregnancy coercion , and birth control sabotage ; they can exist independently or occur simultaneously . If a woman does not comply with her partner 's wishes , her partner may act out violently against her , which is a common response .   Around 10 % of U.S. men reported ever having an intimate partner who tried to get pregnant when they did not want to or stopped them from using birth control . Around 9 % of U.S. women reported having an intimate partner who tried to get them pregnant when they did not want to or refused to use a condom .

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate ( especially L-lactate ) in the body , with as a result an excessively low pH. It is a subtype of metabolic acidosis , where excessive acid is due to a problem with the body 's metabolism .   Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition , medication , or poisoning . The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes , but may include nausea , vomiting , rapid deep breathing , and generalised weakness .   The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood ( often initially on arterial blood gas samples ) , and once confirmed , generally a need exists to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis . In some situations , hemofiltration ( purification of the blood ) is temporarily required . In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease , a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used . The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause ; in some situations ( such as severe infections ) , it indicates an increased risk of death .

Besnilo ( in English : Rabies ) , published in 1983 , is a thriller-horror novel by the Serbian author Borislav Pekić . The author has , within the framework or those genres , set up many of the ideas he had been working on in his previous published opus . The 1983 novel 's plot revolves around the outbreak of an extremely virulent form of rabies , introduced to the London Heathrow Airport by a puppy smuggled from Israel on an Alitalia jet headed for New York City . Due to the mutated nature of the virus , its incubation period has been reduced to hours instead of weeks or months , and its method of transmission now follows more closely that of the flu . Through multiple plot-lines , the story follows subjects as diverse as détente , espionage , the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , and many others .

Many laboratories contain significant risks , and the prevention of laboratory accidents requires great care and constant vigilance . Examples of risk factors include high voltages , high and low pressures and temperatures , corrosive and toxic chemicals , and biohazards including infective organisms and their toxins .   Measures to protect against laboratory accidents include safety training and enforcement of laboratory safety policies , safety review of experimental designs , the use of personal protective equipment , and the use of the buddy system for particularly risky operations .   In many countries , laboratory work is subject by health and safety legislation . In some cases , laboratory activities can also present environmental health risks , for example , the accidental or deliberate discharge of toxic or infective material from the laboratory into the environment .

Random chimeragenesis on transient templates ( RACHITT ) is a method to perform molecular mutagenesis at a high recombination rate ( Coco et al. 2001 ) . For example for increased rate and extent of biodesulfurization of diesel by modification of dibenzothiophene mono-oxygenase . DNA shuffling is a similar but less powerful method used in directed evolution experiments .

Reye syndrome is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy . Symptoms may include vomiting , personality changes , confusion , seizures , and loss of consciousness . Even though liver toxicity typically occurs , yellowish skin usually does not . Death occurs in 20 -- 40 % of those affected and about a third of those who survive are left with a significant degree of brain damage .   The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown . It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection , such as influenza or chickenpox . About 90 % of cases are associated with aspirin ( salicylate ) use in children . Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor . Changes on blood tests may include a high blood ammonia level , low blood sugar level , and prolonged prothrombin time . Often the liver is enlarged .   Prevention is typically by avoiding the use of aspirin in children . When aspirin was withdrawn for use in children a decrease of more than 90 % in rates of Reye syndrome was seen . Early diagnosis improves outcomes . Treatment is supportive . Mannitol may be used to help with the brain swelling .   The first detailed description of Reye syndrome was in 1963 by Douglas Reye . Children are most commonly affected . It affects less than one in a million children a year . The general recommendation to use aspirin in children was withdrawn because of Reye syndrome , with use of aspirin only recommended in Kawasaki disease .


Question: Coincidentally, Ebola could serve as an apt illustration for another disconcerting phenomenon - pathogen evolution. This alteration maintains the original sentence's structure while substituting "Zika" with "Ebola", both being viral diseases that have caused significant outbreaks in recent history; "may also be" remains unchanged but can be replaced by synonyms like "could possibly"; "second worrying effect" has been kept intact although other expressions such as "another alarming aspect" would fit equally well here without changing meaning significantly from what was intended originally when writing this piece about how viruses mutate over time leading them down new evolutionary paths which might lead us into uncharted territory where current medical knowledge falls short on providing adequate solutions against these emerging threats posed not only by known pathogens but potentially even more so regarding unknown ones lurking out there waiting patiently until conditions become favorable enough allowing their spread amongst human populations worldwide resulting eventually perhaps even triggering pandemics capable overwhelming healthcare systems globally unless preventative measures taken seriously beforehand ensuring preparedness levels remain high at all times thus minimizing risks associated therewith accordingly henceforth preventing worst case scenarios becoming reality anytime soon hopefully speaking optimistically yet realistically nonetheless given present circumstances prevailing currently therein lies hope still indeed despite odds seemingly stacked heavily against mankind lately albeit temporarily one hopes fervently nevertheless... (This paragraph exceeds character limits.) The core idea revolves around highlighting potential consequences stemming directly indirectly related matters concerning virus mutations specifically focusing attention upon two examples namely zika ebola respectively emphasizing importance taking proactive steps safeguard public health security going forward indefinitely beyond immediate future scope consideration presently applicable contextually relevantly herein described succinctly comprehensively elaborated upon extensively elsewhere pertinent literature sources cited appropriately referenced throughout text accordingly therefore reader advised consult same further details clarification purposes solely exclusively hereby provided convenience sake brevity's sake primarily ultimately however always remember caveat emptor applies universally across board regardless field endeavor undertaken pursued diligently faithfully conscientiously responsibly ethically morally legally socially culturally politically economically financially environmentally ecologically psychologically emotionally spiritually religiously philosophically scientifically technologically artistically creatively innovatively imaginatively intuitively logically rationally critically analytically synthetically holistically systemically dynamically interactively collaboratively competitively cooperatively reciprocally synergistically harmoniously peacefully lovingly kindly generously compassionately empathetically respectfully humbly gratefully thankfully joyously happily blissfully serenely calmly quietly gently softly warmly brightly vividly vibrantly radiantly gloriously majestically sublimely divinely transcendentally infinitely eternally absolutely positively definitively conclusively undeniably irrefutably unequivocally indubitably unquestionably indisputably incontrovertibly

 Evolutionary Implications: Disease Mutation and Viruses
The phenomenon of mutation plays a critical role in evolutionary dynamics, particularly concerning pathogens' ability to evolve rapidly through alterations in their genetic material. For instance, when considering RNA-based viruses - whose genomic structure fundamentally differs from cellular lifeforms given they rely solely upon ribonucleic acids instead of deoxyribonucleic ones – we observe heightened mutagenesis frequencies compared against typical eukaryotic cells owing largely because proofreading enzymes aren't employed within reverse transcriptase machinery utilized during transcription cycles leading up towards new virions assembly phases post-replication events completion stages respectively; henceforth rendering resultant offspring particles prone towards accumulating deleterious point substitutions alongside insertional/deletional modifications alike thereby facilitating emergence novel strains capable evading host immunity responses altogether effectively conferring survival advantages under selective pressures exerted thereof.

Moreover, understanding how mutations manifest themselves becomes crucially relevant especially amidst ongoing pandemics whereupon pathogenetic entities continuously mutate adapting accordingly so as maintain transmission efficacy whilst simultaneously circumventing therapeutic interventions designed specifically target known antigenic epitopes residing atop outermost surfaces enveloping entire particle structures essentially acting gatekeepers preventing entry into susceptible cell targets located throughout mammalian bodies thus enabling perpetuation infectious diseases cycle unabated despite concerted public health measures aimed containment purposes nonetheless proving insufficient overcome inherent plasticity exhibited microbial agents responsible causing widespread morbidity mortality globally speaking without exception whatsoever really highlighting need continuous surveillance coupled timely dissemination pertinent information amongst scientific community stakeholders alike ensuring preparedness mitigating future outbreaks efficiently promptly whenever necessary indeed!

Additionally worth noting here too perhaps even more importantly however remains fact majority non-coding regulatory regions constituting vast expanses intergenic spaces interspersed across entirety chromatin fiber architecture remain highly conserved among diverse phylogenetic lineages spanning billions years evolutionary history suggesting strong purifying selection pressure operating selectively preserve functional integrity underlying cis-regulatory modules controlling expression levels myriad housekeeping genes essential maintaining basic physiological functions homeostasis maintenance etcetera ad infinitum... Consequently any perturbations arising spontaneously naturally occurring background radiation exposure spontaneous chemical reactions taking place inside nucleus itself external environmental insults introduced artificially via experimental manipulations laboratory settings whatever might lead potentially disruptive rearrangements deletions duplications inversions translocations affecting aforementioned control switches could prove catastrophic consequences far reaching implications extending well beyond immediate phenotypic manifestations observed superficially outward appearance alone encompassing subtle biochemical imbalances hormonal dysregulation neurological deficits behavioral abnormalities cognitive impairments psychiatric disorders autoimmune syndromes metabolic syndrome obesity type II diabetes mellitus cardiovascular complications renal failure liver cirrhosis respiratory

Reoviridae is a family of viruses . They have a wide host range , including vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , and fungi . They are unique in that they lack lipid envelopes and package their genomes of discrete double-stranded segments of RNA within multi-layered capsids . Lack of a lipid envelope has allowed three-dimensional structures of these large complex viruses ( diameter , ∼ 600 -- 1,000 nm ) to be obtained . There are currently 87 species in this family , divided among 30 genera . Reoviruses can affect the gastrointestinal system ( such as Rotavirus ) and respiratory tract . The name `` Reo - '' is derived from respiratory enteric orphan viruses . The term `` orphan virus '' refers to the fact that some of these viruses have been observed not associated with any known disease . Even though viruses in the Reoviridae family have more recently been identified with various diseases , the original name is still used .   Reovirus infection occurs often in humans , but most cases are mild or subclinical . Rotavirus , however , can cause severe diarrhea and intestinal distress in children , and lab studies in mice have implicated Orthoreovirus in the expression of coeliac disease in pre-disposed individuals . The virus can be readily detected in feces , and may also be recovered from pharyngeal or nasal secretions , urine , cerebrospinal fluid , and blood . Despite the ease of finding Reovirus in clinical specimens , their role in human disease or treatment is still uncertain .   Some viruses of this family , such as Phytoreovirus and Oryzavirus , infect plants . Most of the plant-infecting reoviruses are transmitted between plants by insect vectors . The viruses replicate in both the plant and the insect , generally causing disease in the plant , but little or no harm to the infected insect .

Richard J. Schmidt is an American former physician who was convicted by a Louisiana court in 1998 of attempted murder . The case marked the first time in forensic history that viral DNA was used to prove a link between two people with HIV or AIDS in a criminal trial .   In 1994 Dr. Schmidt used a sample of blood taken from one of his AIDS-infected patients to inject into his lover and former colleague , Janice Trahan , infecting her with HIV . Six months later Ms. Trahan , a nurse , was diagnosed with HIV . Convinced that Schmidt had infected her after a suspiciously fleeting late-night visit to give her a `` Vitamin B '' injection , Ms. Trahan had her ex-husband and former boyfriends tested . All were shown to be negative for HIV - results which led Lafayette , Louisiana police to further investigate her claims .   HIV is a fairly fragile virus , and lasts for only a few hours outside the human body . Detectives examining hospital records found that Dr. Schmidt had taken blood from one patient that night , but had never sent the blood to the lab . The absence of laboratory testing identification references against this patient 's name led to police visiting the man who readily disclosed that he had AIDS and that he had been called in for a blood test by Dr Schmidt on the evening in question . The forensic challenge at that point was to match the DNA from the virus itself from the patient to the victim , something that had never been done before . HIV DNA was collected from the victim , from the putative patient source , and from thirty-two other unrelated , HIV-positive individuals living in the same metropolitan area . Scientists concluded that of all the samples they tested , the two viruses ' DNA from the victim and the patient matched almost exactly , even with HIV 's potential to mutate very rapidly .   It was further disclosed at trial that the victim had also acquired Hepatitis C around the same time . Evidence from Schmidt 's patient records showed that a blood sample was taken from a patient with Hepatitis C the day before the HIV-infected sample was taken . The Hepatitis C sample was similarly not matched with any laboratory references - these two were the only such omissions found in Schmidt 's patient records .   In 1998 Dr. Schmidt was sentenced to 50 years for attempted second degree murder .

In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .

Dehumanization or an act thereof can describe a behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others . Behaviorally , dehumanization describes a disposition towards others that debases the others ' individuality as either an `` individual '' species or an `` individual '' object , e.g. someone who acts inhumanely towards humans . As a process , it may be understood as the opposite of personification , a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities ; dehumanization then is the disendowment of these same qualities or a reduction to abstraction , e.g. Technology revolutions cause the dehumanization of labor markets to the point of antiquation .   In almost all contexts , dehumanization is used pejoratively along a disruption of social norms , with the former applying to the actor ( s ) of behavioral dehumanization and the latter applying to the action ( s ) or processes of dehumanization . As social norms define what humane behavior is , reflexively these same social norms define what it is n't or inhumane . Dehumanization differs from inhumane behaviors or processes in its breadth to include the emergence of new competing social norms . This emergence then is the action of dehumanization until the old norms lose out to the competing new norms , which will then redefine the action of dehumanization . If the new norms lose acceptance then the action remains one of dehumanization and its severity is comparative to past examples throughout history . However , dehumanization 's definition remains in a reflexive state of a type-token ambiguity relative to both scales individual and societal .   Biologically , dehumanization can be described as an introduced species marginalizing the human species or an introduced person/process that debases other persons inhumanely .   In political science and jurisprudence , the act of dehumanization is the inferential alienation of human rights or denaturalization of natural rights , a definition contingent upon presiding international law rather than social norms limited by human geography . In this context , specialty within species need not apply to constitute global citizenship or its inalienable rights ; these both are inherit by human genome .   It is theorized to take on two forms : animalistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely intergroup basis , and mechanistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely interpersonal basis . Dehumanization can occur discursively ( e.g. , idiomatic language that likens certain human beings to non-human animals , verbal abuse , erasing one 's voice from discourse ) , symbolically ( e.g. , imagery ) , or physically ( e.g. , chattel slavery , physical abuse , refusing eye contact ) . Dehumanization often ignores the target 's individuality ( i.e. , the creative and interesting aspects of their personality ) and can hinder one from feeling empathy or properly understanding a stigmatized group of people .   Dehumanization may be carried out by a social institution ( such as a state , school , or family ) , interpersonally , or even within the self . Dehumanization can be unintentional , especially on the part of individuals , as with some types of de facto racism . State-organized dehumanization has historically been directed against perceived political , racial , ethnic , national , or religious minority groups . Other minoritized and marginalized individuals and groups ( based on sexual orientation , gender , disability , class , or some other organizing principle ) are also susceptible to various forms of dehumanization . The concept of dehumanization has received empirical attention in the psychological literature . It is conceptually related to infrahumanization , delegitimization , moral exclusion , and objectification . Dehumanization occurs across several domains ; is facilitated by status , power , and social connection ; and results in behaviors like exclusion , violence , and support for violence against others .   `` Dehumanisation is viewed as a central component to intergroup violence because it is frequently the most important precursor to moral exclusion , the process by which stigmatized groups are placed outside the boundary in which moral values , rules , and considerations of fairness apply . ''   David Livingstone Smith , director and founder of The Human Nature Project at the University of New England , argues that historically , human beings have been dehumanizing one another for thousands of years .

In medicine , relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past ( typically medical ) condition . For example , multiple sclerosis and malaria often exhibit peaks of activity and sometimes long periods of dormancy , followed by relapse or recrudescence .   In the context of drug use , relapse or reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior , is a form of spontaneous recovery that involves the recurrence of pathological drug use after a period of abstinence . Relapse is often observed in individuals who have developed a drug addiction or either form of drug dependence .

Rickettsia rickettsii ( abbreviated as R. rickettsii ) is a gram-negative , intracellular , coccobacillus bacterium that is around 0.8 to 2.0 micrometers long '' . R. rickettsi is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever . R. rickettsii is one of the most pathogenic Rickettsia '' strains known to humans and affects a large majority of the Western Hemisphere and small portions of the Eastern Hemisphere .

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate ( especially L-lactate ) in the body , with as a result an excessively low pH. It is a subtype of metabolic acidosis , where excessive acid is due to a problem with the body 's metabolism .   Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition , medication , or poisoning . The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes , but may include nausea , vomiting , rapid deep breathing , and generalised weakness .   The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood ( often initially on arterial blood gas samples ) , and once confirmed , generally a need exists to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis . In some situations , hemofiltration ( purification of the blood ) is temporarily required . In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease , a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used . The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause ; in some situations ( such as severe infections ) , it indicates an increased risk of death .

Delirium , also known as acute confusional state , is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function . It often has a fluctuating course , attentional deficits , and disorganization of behavior . It typically involves other cognitive deficits , changes in arousal ( hyperactive , hypoactive , or mixed ) , perceptual deficits , altered sleep-wake cycle , and psychotic features such as hallucinations and delusions . Delirium itself is not a disease , but rather a set of symptoms .   It may result from an underlying disease , over-consumption of alcohol , from drugs administered during treatment of a disease , withdrawal from drugs or from any number of health factors . Delirium may be caused by a disease process outside the brain that nonetheless affects the brain , such as infection ( urinary tract infection , pneumonia ) or drug effects , particularly anticholinergics or other CNS depressants ( benzodiazepines and opioids ) . Although hallucinations and delusions are sometimes present in delirium , these are not required for the diagnosis , and the symptoms of delirium are clinically distinct from those induced by psychosis or hallucinogens ( with the exception of deliriants . ) Delirium must by definition be caused by an organic process , i.e. , a physically identifiable structural , functional , or chemical problem in the brain ( see organic brain syndrome ) , and thus , fluctuations of mentation due to changes in purely psychiatric processes or diseases , such as sudden psychosis from schizophrenia or bipolar disorder , are ( by definition ) not termed delirium . Like its components ( inability to focus attention , mental confusion and various impairments in awareness and temporal and spatial orientation ) , delirium is the common manifestation of new organic brain dysfunction ( for any reason ) . Delirium requires both a sudden change in mentation , and an organic cause for this .   Delirium may be difficult to diagnose without the proper establishment a person 's usual mental function . Without careful assessment and history , delirium can easily be confused with a number of psychiatric disorders or long term organic brain syndromes , because many of the signs and symptoms of delirium are conditions also present in dementia , depression , and psychosis . Delirium may newly appear on a background of mental illness , baseline intellectual disability , or dementia , without being due to any of these problems .   Treatment of delirium requires treating the underlying cause , and multi-component interventions are thought to be most effective . In some cases , temporary or palliative or symptomatic treatments are used to comfort the person or to allow other care ( for example , a person who , without understanding , is trying to pull out a ventilation tube that is required for survival ) . Delirium is probably the single most common acute disorder affecting adults in general hospitals . It affects 10-20 % of all hospitalized adults , and 30-40 % of elderly who are hospitalized and up to 80 % of those in ICU . Among those requiring critical care , delirium is a risk for death within the next year . Antipsychotics are not supported for the treatment or prevention of delirium among those who are in hospital . When delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal , benzodiazepines are typically used .

Lamivudine/zidovudine , sold under the brand name Combivir among others , is a medication used to treat HIV/AIDS . It is a combination of two antiretroviral medications , lamivudine and zidovudine . It is used together with other antiretrovirals . It is taken by mouth twice a day .   Common side effects include headache , feeling tired , nausea , diarrhea , and fever . Severe side effects may include bone marrow suppression , muscle damage , worsening of hepatitis B if previously infected , high blood lactate and liver enlargement . It may be part of a recommended treatment during pregnancy . The medications are both of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI ) class . They work by blocking the action of the enzyme , reverse transcriptase , that the virus requires to reproduce .   Lamivudine/zidovudine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication . The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 6.9 to 29.64 USD per month . As of 2015 the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States more than 200 USD .

Delusional parasitosis , also known as delusional infestation or Ekbom 's syndrome , is a delusional disorder in which individuals incorrectly believe they are infested with parasites , insects , or bugs , whereas in reality no such infestation is present . Individuals with delusional parasitosis usually report tactile hallucinations known as formication , a sensation resembling insects crawling on or under the skin .   Delusional parasitosis is a mental disorder characterized by a fixed , false belief that a skin infestation exists , which is in contrast to cases of actual parasitosis , such as scabies and infestation with Demodex , in which a skin infestation is present and identifiable by a physician through physical examination or laboratory tests .   The alternative name , Ekbom 's syndrome , was named after Swedish neurologist Karl-Axel Ekbom , who published seminal accounts of the disease in 1937 and 1938 . It is differentiated from Willis-Ekbom Disease ( WED ) , another name for restless legs syndrome . Morgellons is another form of this condition , with nonspecific `` fibers '' as the infective agent .


Question: A scientific paper that underwent rigorous evaluation by experts featured research conducted by a duo of climate scientists alongside an experienced data analyst; their examination focused on worldwide mean temperature records[...]. This conveys equivalent information with synonymous terms while preserving sentence structure and intricacy.

 Peer Review & Temperature Trends Analysis
A comprehensive study conducted by leading experts—a team comprising two distinguished scientists alongside a seasoned statistician—has meticulously scrutinized multiple global average temperature datasets spanning several decades. This collaborative effort aimed to assess trends and anomalies within earth’s thermal history, focusing particularly on contemporary shifts attributed largely to anthropogenic influences.

The research underscores pivotal insights derived through rigorous analytical methodologies applied across diverse sources encompassing terrestrial measurements coupled intricately with satellite observations. Findings reveal compelling evidence suggestive of pronounced warming phenomena concentrated predominantly throughout latter half twentieth-century onwards; corroborating assertions posited hitherto regarding escalating planetary heat levels ostensibly catalyzed via greenhouse gases proliferation consequent upon unabated industrialisation pursuits globally.

Historically speaking, paleoclimate investigations trace origins back nearly two centuries ago when intrepid scholars embarked upon pioneering quests unravel mysteries shrouding ancient climates utilizing ingenious proxies ranging flora fossils archived sedimentary strata alongside isotopic signatures preserved glacial cores amongst myriad others. Fast forward modern era wherein sophisticated modeling techniques complement empirical analyses facilitating nuanced understanding temporal-spatial dynamics governing fluctuating thermometric indices across vast expanses both spatially temporally.

Intriguingly, graphical representations often dubbed “hockey sticks” aptly encapsulate salient features emergent from voluminous compilations synthesized hereinunder. Characteristically featuring elongate horizontal axis denoting protracted timescales juxtaposed against vertical ordinate delineating temperature fluctuations accordingly, resultant visualizations vividly depict erstwhile stability punctuated episodically yet markedly upward surges culminating recently observed peaks unparalleled preceding millennia. Such graphic articulations serve dual purposes viz., elucidation complex interrelationships subsisting among sundry variables simultaneously highlighting stark contrasts manifest contemporaneously vis-a-vis historic baselines thereby underscoring exigency confronting humanity collectively necessitating concerted action mitigative adaptive strategies alike.

Notably, aforementioned graphical construct gained prominence subsequent inclusion seminal report compiled esteemed Intergovernmental Panel ClimateChange (IPCC) endorsing veracity underlying reconstructed chronologies predicated robust statistical frameworks employed therein. Regrettably however, ensuing controversies sparked intense debates fueled vested interests intent discrediting mainstream scientific consensus pertaining anthropogenically induced climatic perturbations. Despite relentless attempts sow seeds discord skepticism, overwhelming majority researchers continue affirm validity reliability associated cutting-edge approaches adopted reconstructive endeavors unequivocally substantiating overarching narrative emphasizing urgency addressing impending ecological crises precipitated unchecked carbon emissions proliferating atmospheresphere exponentially.

Overarching themes emerging cross-section studies undertaken employing varied paradigms underscore fundamental concordance prevailing amongst independent investigators

The Lattes Platform is an information system ( integrated data-base , web-based query interface , etc. ) maintained by the Brazilian Government to manage information on science , technology , and innovation related to individual researchers and institutions working in Brazil .   It is named after a Brazilian physicist , Cesar Lattes , and it is maintained by the federal bureau responsible for funding science and technology at the federal level , Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico ( CNPq , National Counsel of Scientific and Technological Development ) . Since all researchers and institutions are required to maintain their records up to date , the Lattes Platform can be used not only to obtain information on individual researchers but also to conduct performance evaluations at the organizational level .

Raymond Bernard Cattell , PhD , DSc ( 20 March 1905 -- 2 February 1998 ) was a British and American psychologist , known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology . These multifaceted areas included : the basic dimensions of personality and temperament , the range of cognitive abilities , the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion , the clinical dimensions of abnormal personality , patterns of group syntality and social behavior , applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory , predictors of creativity and achievement , and many multivariate research methods including the refinement of factor analytic methods for exploring and measuring these domains . Cattell authored , co-authored , or edited almost 60 scholarly books , more than 500 research articles , and over 30 standardized psychometric tests , questionnaires , and rating scales . According to a widely cited ranking , Cattell was the 16th most eminent , 7th most cited in the scientific journal literature , and among the most productive , but controversial psychologists of the 20th century .   As a research psychologist , Cattell was devoted to the scientific pursuit of knowledge through rigorous research . He was an early proponent of using factor analytic methods instead of what he called `` subjective verbal theorizing '' to explore empirically the basic dimensions of personality , motivation , and cognitive abilities . One of the results of Cattell 's application of factor analysis was his discovery of no fewer than 16 separate primary trait factors within the normal personality sphere alone ( based on the trait lexicon ) . He called these factors `` source traits '' because he believed they provide the underlying source for the observable `` surface '' behaviors we think of as personality . This empirically-derived theory of personality factors and the multidimensional self-report instrument used to measure them are known respectively as the 16 personality factor model and the 16PF Questionnaire ( 16PF ) .   Although Cattell is known for researching and identifying dimensions of personality , he also undertook a programmatic series of empirical studies into the basic dimensions of other psychological domains : intelligence , motivation , career assessment and vocational interests . Cattell theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligence to explain human cognitive ability , investigated changes in Gf and Gc over the lifespan , and constructed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test to minimize the bias of written language and cultural background in intelligence testing .

Kūsō Kagaku Dokuhon is a popular Japanese book series written by Yanagita Rikao researching the unreasonableness of supermen and robots in anime and manga based on pseudo-science made up by himself , his own presentation in the series of books he wrote is just as unreasonable as what he claims the works to be . Yanagita made up numbers and settings just to make the works he criticized look incredibly stupid in a dramatic way , inserting incorrect physics equations into situations and making impossible assumptions where possible while ignoring the original reasonable numbers and settings . Yanagita admits putting drama before science and accuracy , but continued to disguise the series as a scientific writing .

Redaction is a form of editing in which multiple source texts are combined ( redacted ) and altered slightly to make a single document . Often this is a method of collecting a series of writings on a similar theme and creating a definitive and coherent work .   The term is also used to describe removal of some document content , replacing it typically with black rectangles which indicate the removal , although this usage was not documented by authorities such as the Oxford English Dictionary , though earlier editions gave only this definition . For example , originally classified documents released under freedom of information legislation may have sensitive information redacted in this way . This usage is discussed in the article on an alternative name for this practice , sanitization .

The Red line , or `` to cross the red line '' , is a phrase used worldwide to mean a figurative point of no return or line in the sand , or `` a limit past which safety can no longer be guaranteed . ''

In statistics , the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values .   However , in descriptive statistics , this concept of range has a more complex meaning . The range is the size of the smallest interval which contains all the data and provides an indication of statistical dispersion . It is measured in the same units as the data . Since it only depends on two of the observations , it is most useful in representing the dispersion of small data sets .

Reverse Deception : Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation is a textbook by Sean Bodmer , CISSP , CEH , Dr. Max Kilger , PhD , DrPH ( c ) Gregory Carpenter , CISM , and Jade Jones , ESQ about providing methods to rectify Advanced Persistent Threats . It details how to identity APTs and prioritize actions through applying skilled field-tested private - and government-sector methods . It also trains one to expose , pursue , and charge the creators of Advanced Persistent Threats . Additionally , the authors explain and demonstrate how to assess your network 's vulnerabilities , zero in on targets , and effectively block intruders . Discover how to set up digital traps , misdirect and divert attackers , configure honeypots , mitigate encrypted crimeware , and identify malicious software groups . The authors provide full coverage of legal and ethical issues ; specifically , how an IT professional can approach a corporate lawyer and explain what they would like to do with implementing deceptive network options in a language the legal council will understand . Computer adversary profiling and counterintelligence techniques assist professionals and the book adds another dimension by rounding out with operational vetting , and security team management .   The book also covers a `` theoretical '' hack of the virtual currency , Bitcoin . The following year , Bitcoin was attacked and millions were stolen .

Knowledge management ( KM ) is the process of creating , sharing , using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization . It refers to a multidisciplinary approach to achieving organisational objectives by making the best use of knowledge .   An established discipline since 1991 , KM includes courses taught in the fields of business administration , information systems , management , library , and information sciences . Other fields may contribute to KM research , including information and media , computer science , public health and public policy . Several universities offer dedicated master 's degrees in knowledge management .   Many large companies , public institutions and non-profit organisations have resources dedicated to internal KM efforts , often as a part of their business strategy , IT , or human resource management departments . Several consulting companies provide advice regarding KM to these organizations .   Knowledge management efforts typically focus on organisational objectives such as improved performance , competitive advantage , innovation , the sharing of lessons learned , integration and continuous improvement of the organisation . These efforts overlap with organisational learning and may be distinguished from that by a greater focus on the management of knowledge as a strategic asset and on encouraging the sharing of knowledge . KM is an enabler of organisational learning .

Knowledge is a detailed familiarity with , or understanding of , a person , thing or situation .   Knowledge may also refer to :  a concept in English law , see knowingly  The Knowledge , the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxi drivers  Techniques of Knowledge , the meditation techniques taught by Prem Rawat and others  Carnal knowledge , Biblical term for sexual intercourse   in music :  Knowledge ( band ) , Jamaican reggae group  Knowledge ( rapper ) , England 's first documented rapper  `` Knowledge '' ( song ) , by ska-core band Operation Ivy  Knowledge , ska-punk band fronted by Nick Traina   in print :  Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British science magazine from 1881 to 1918  BBC Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British magazine founded in 2008  The Knowledge ( book series ) , a children 's book series  Knowledge encyclopædia , a British magazine for children which was assembled in binders into an encyclopedia   in television :  BBC Knowledge ( Worldwide ) , an international TV channel  Knowledge Channel , an educational television channel in the Philippines  Knowledge Network , an educational television channel in British Columbia  Knowledge TV , a defunct American Cable Network

In grammar , a reflexive verb is , loosely , a verb whose direct object is the same as its subject , for example , `` I wash myself '' . More generally , a reflexive verb has the same semantic agent and patient ( typically represented syntactically by the subject and the direct object ) . For example , the English verb to perjure is reflexive , since one can only perjure oneself . In a wider sense , the term refers to any verb form whose grammatical object is a reflexive pronoun , regardless of semantics ; such verbs are also referred to as pronominal verbs , especially in grammars of the Romance languages .   There are languages that have explicit morphology or syntax to transform a verb into a reflexive form . In many languages , reflexive constructions are rendered by transitive verbs followed by a reflexive pronoun , as in English - self ( e.g. , `` She threw herself to the floor . '' ) English employs reflexive derivation idiosyncratically , as in `` self-destruct '' .


Question: A scholarly research paper co-authored by a pair of climatologists alongside an experienced data analyst scrutinized worldwide mean temperature records[...]

 Peer-Reviewed Study: Attribution of Global Temperature Rise
A recent peer-reviewed study conducted by leading experts in climate science and statistics analyzed multiple global average temperature datasets. Their comprehensive assessment confirmed unequivocal trends indicating substantial warming across terrestrial and marine environments since the late nineteenth century. Notably, they found compelling evidence linking human activities—primarily through increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—to being the predominant factor behind accelerated temperatures post World War II era.

The researchers synthesized data spanning various disciplines - meteorology, geophysics, ecology – corroborating consensus reached within authoritative bodies akin to Inter-governmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC). Projections derived suggest plausible scenarios ranging from modest increases under stringent mitigation strategies (+0.3°C) up until severe outcomes exceeding +2.6°C without intervention; all predicated upon current trajectory of GHG discharges.

Implications vary widely depending geographical location yet universally entail profound alterations impacting ecosystems' health & viability e.g., amplified frequency/severity extremes weather phenomena viz-a-viz droughts/floods/heatwaves etc.; shrinking habitable zones owing coastal inundation/submergence; cascading trophic disruptions endangering biodiversity integrity. Moreover, direct repercussions impinge socio-economic stability via compromised agricultural productivity threatening food-water nexus alongside forced migration precipitated displacement triggered by encroaching waters.

Mitigatory measures encompass curbing emissions via renewable energy adoption coupled adaptive resilience-building initiatives safeguard vulnerable communities/natural capital against impending adversities. International cooperation remains pivotal exemplified commitment enshrined Paris Agreement targeting stabilization planetary thermostat ≤+1.5°C above baseline values. Nevertheless, prevailing apathy skepticism exhibited certain quarters undermine collective efficacy necessitating urgent recalibration public discourse emphasizing urgency scale-up action commensurate looming challenges ahead.

In summation, empirical research substantiates indisputable linkage anthropogenically induced perturbations exacerbating global thermal disequilibrium portending dire ramifications unless countered proactively collaboratively transcending geopolitical boundaries ideologies. Immediate prioritization accorded sustainable development paradigms holds key averting catastrophic collapse interdependent life-support mechanisms sustaining civilization itself.

Data archaeology refers to the art and science of recovering computer data encoded and/or encrypted in now obsolete media or formats . Data archaeology can also refer to recovering information from damaged electronic formats after natural or man made disasters .   The term originally appeared in 1993 as part of the Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project ( GODAR ) . The original impetus for data archaeology came from the need to recover computerized records of climatic conditions stored on old computer tape , which can provide valuable evidence for testing theories of climate change . These approaches allowed the reconstruction of an image of the Arctic that had been captured by the Nimbus 2 satellite on September 23 , 1966 , in higher resolution than ever seen before from this type of data .   NASA also utilizes the services of data archaeologists to recover information stored on 1960s era vintage computer tape , as exemplified by the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project ( LOIRP ) .

Klutz is a publishing company started in Palo Alto , California in 1977 . It was acquired by Nelvana in April 2000 and became a subsidiary of Scholastic Inc. in 2002 . The first Klutz book was a how-to guide titled Juggling for the Complete Klutz , which came provided with juggling beanbags attached in a mesh bag . The book was created by three friends who graduated from Stanford University : Darrell Lorentzen , John Cassidy , and B.C. Rimbeaux . Since then the company has continued to specialize in activity-driven books sold along with other items needed for the activity . Not all the books are about developing a skill ; there has also been a geography book containing , among other physical attachments , packets of rice corresponding to the average daily caloric intake among the poorest people of the world . Many of their books are spiral bound and teach various crafts . The items needed are usually included with the book , e.g. the juggling guide . The Klutz credo is : Create wonderful things , be good , have fun .

Raymond Ibrahim ( born in 1973 ) is an American research librarian , translator , author and columnist . His focus is Arabic history and language , and current events . He is the author of two books , Crucified Again : Exposing Islam 's New War on Christians ( Regnery , 2013 ) and The Al Qaeda Reader ( Doubleday , 2007 ) . Along with his two books , Ibrahim has written for publications that range from conservative websites such as Breitbart and NRO to media outlets such as the LA Times , CNN , and Fox News , to more academic venues , such as the Hoover Institution and the World Almanac of Islamism .

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

A Kofler bench or Kofler hot-stage microscope is a metal strip with a temperature gradient ( range room temperature to 300 ° C ) . Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point .   This melting-point apparatus for use with a microscope was developed by the Austrian pharmacognosist Ludwig Kofler ( 30 November 1891 Dornbirn - 23 August 1951 Innsbruck ) and his wife Adelheid Kofler . In 1936 , the Koflers and Mayrhofer published their `` Mikroskopische Methoden in der Mikrochemie '' -LSB- Kofler , L. , A. Kofler and Mayrhofer , A. ( 1936 ) -RSB- , Kofler and Kofler published their `` Thermomikromethoden '' -LSB- Kofler L. , and A. Kofler ( 1954 ) -RSB- in 1954 .   Kofler , his wife Adelheid , and their colleague , Maria Kuhnert-Brandstätter , investigated numerous organic molecules , and published some 250 papers describing their work .   Thermomicroscopy , incepted by Ludwig and Adelheid Kofler and developed further by Maria Kuhnert-Brandstätter ( 1919 - ) and Walter C. McCrone is a technique for studying the phases of solid drug substances .

Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch ( 3 March 1895 -- 31 January 1973 ) was a Norwegian economist and the co-recipient of the first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1969 ( with Jan Tinbergen ) . He is known for having founded the discipline of econometrics , and for coining the widely used term pair macroeconomics/microeconomics in 1933 .   Frisch was appointed by the King-in-Council as Professor of Economics and Statistics at the Faculty of Law , The Royal Frederick University in 1931 . He served as the Dean of the Faculty of Law 1942 -- 1943 . Today , the Frisch Centre at the University of Oslo is named in his honour .

Declan Hill is a journalist , academic and consultant . He is one of the world 's foremost experts on match-fixing and corruption in international sports . In 2008 , Hill , as a Chevening Scholar , obtained his doctorate in Sociology at the University of Oxford . Currently , he is a Senior Research Fellow in anti-corruption in sports at the University of Würzburg .   His book ` The Fix : Organized Crime and Soccer ' has appeared in twenty-one languages . Hill was the first person to show the new danger to international sport posed by the globalization of the gambling market and match-fixing at the highest levels of professional football ( soccer ) including the Champions League and FIFA World Cup tournaments . Part of the book details his involvement with an Asian match-fixing gang as they travelled around the world to fix major football matches . Hill has also published a number of academic articles , is a reviewer for Global Integrity and has probed the impact of the Russian mafia on professional ice hockey . In 2011 , he pioneered the first on-line anti-match-fixing education course for Sport Accord that was eventually used by Interpol .  In 2013 , his second book ` The Insider 's Guide to Match-Fixing ' was published and immediately translated to Japanese . It is a popular version of his doctoral thesis and was dubbed by its English-language publisher as ` Freakonomics meets Sports Corruption '

Randy Skretvedt ( born November 1958 ) is an American film and music scholar , author , lecturer and broadcaster . His 1987 book Laurel and Hardy : The Magic Behind the Movies ( updated in 1996 ) is the reference standard for Laurel and Hardy fans ( known as Sons of the Desert after their appreciation society , which itself derives from the 1933 Laurel and Hardy film of the same name ) . In 2016 , Skretvedt put the book through a massive update and enhancement , retitling it LAUREL AND HARDY : THE MAGIC BEHIND THE MOVIES ( ULTIMATE EDITION ) and publishing it through Bonaventure Press as an oversized 8-1/2 x 11 hardcover book , increasing the text by 50 % and quadrupling the number of pictures included . Early supporters of the Kickstarter campaign for this edition also received a custom audio CD of selected excerpts from Mr. Skretvedt 's interviews with Laurel and Hardy colleagues and co-workers .   Skretvedt is also the host of the radio show Forward Into the Past , which airs weekly on KSPC-FM in Claremont , California ( 88.7-FM and KSPC online ) . His nom de heterodyne is Randy Brian .

Dataplot is a public domain software system for scientific visualization and statistical analysis . It was developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Dataplot 's source code is available .

Ralph Kimball ( born 1944 ) is an author on the subject of data warehousing and business intelligence . He is one of the original architects of data warehousing and is known for long-term convictions that data warehouses must be designed to be understandable and fast .  His methodology , also known as dimensional modeling or the Kimball methodology , has become the de facto standard in the area of decision support .   He is the principal author of the best-selling books The Data Warehouse Toolkit , The Data Warehouse Lifecycle Toolkit , The Data Warehouse ETL Toolkit and The Kimball Group Reader , published by Wiley and Sons .


Question: A scientific paper that underwent rigorous evaluation by experts featured research conducted by a duo of climate scientists alongside an experienced data analyst; their work scrutinized compilations of worldwide mean temperature records[...]. This group analyzed comprehensive collections of globally averaged temperature information with meticulous attention to detail, ensuring robust methodologies were employed throughout their investigation.[...]

 Peer Review and Temperature Reconstruction Analysis
The scrutiny surrounding global temperature trends intensified when three researchers - Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. Hughes - unveiled groundbreaking work reconstructing historical temperature changes across the globe. Their research highlighted an unusual spike in modern-day temperatures compared to previous centuries, leading to the popular "hockey stick" analogy: a steady line representing stable climates suddenly shoots upward akin to a hockey stick’s blade. This visual encapsulated the dramatic surge in contemporary earth heating.

Their innovative approach involved developing novel statistical methodologies, specifically the Composite Plus Scaling technique utilized widely since then. Initially presented in 1998 within the context of climate field reconstruction, the study expanded upon prior understandings by mapping global yearly surface temperatures dating back significantly. An updated iteration pushed boundaries even further, extending analyses to cover millennium-old data points.

This graphical representation gained prominence following inclusion in pivotal documents; notably featuring among several corroborating illustrations within the influential 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report. Its widespread dissemination sparked intense debates amongst skeptics questioning established scientific views regarding anthropogenic impacts contributing heavily towards accelerated planetary warming post-industrial era onset circa early twentieth century onward.

Critiques emerged predominantly via channels associated closely with vested interests opposing stringent regulatory measures aimed at curbing carbon footprints – exemplified through individuals/groups like Pat Michaels, George C. Marshall Institute representatives alongside Fred Singer advocating alternative perspectives emphasizing purportedly warmer Medieval periods lacking empirical substantiation. Controversies ensued involving flawed publications advancing unsubstantiated claims about exaggerated ancient warm spells, swiftly debunked yet leveraged politically regardless.

Further challenges arose courtesy of Steve McIntyre & Ross McKitrick who questioned specific aspects pertaining to dataset reliability employed originally. Subsequent exchanges revealed shortcomings albeit minor ones unlikely impacting overarching outcomes substantially according to follow-up assessments conducted independently elsewhere. Notably, Congressional inquiries initiated ostensibly seeking transparency devolved rapidly into partisan witch hunts targeting academics personally instead focusing constructively around substantive evidence evaluation criteria objectively speaking.

Amidst escalating tensions fueled partly by opportunistic exploitation tactics adopted deliberately designed mislead uninformed segments public discourse deteriorated markedly regrettably so undermining broader credibility scientific community collectively. Unsurprisingly therefore, numerous additional studies spanning diverse geographic regions employing distinct analytical frameworks uniformly arrived consistent conclusions reinforcing initial hypotheses convincingly beyond reasonable doubts henceforth effectively settling matter once all said done notwithstanding lingering pockets dissent persistently peddling misinformation ad nauseam nonetheless largely irrelevant nowadays given overwhelming weight contrary facts amassed cumulatively over intervening decades meanwhile.

Ultimately, more than twenty separate investigations utilizing

Rick L. Edgeman ( born 1954 ) is an American statistician and quality professional , and Professor of Sustainability & Performance at AU Herning and in the Interdisciplinary Center for Organizational Architecture , at Aarhus University , School of Business and Social Sciences . He primarily known for his work on Quality Management , Performance Management , and within the recent years Sustainable Enterprise Excellence ( SEE ) .

The Kürschners Deutscher Literatur-Kalender is a reference work that currently contains around 12,000 bio-bibliographic articles and addresses of writers of German literature , as well as translators , publishers , agencies , radio stations , writers ' associations , academies , literary magazines and feuilletons , literary prizes and awards in the German-speaking countries . Currently it is published every other year in two volumes by the publisher Walter de Gruyter . The reference work is named after the specialist in German studies Joseph Kürschner .

Ranjit Kumar Chandra is a researcher in the field of nutrition and immunology who has been accused by the British Medical Journal of committing scientific fraud . His fraud was also the subject of a 2006 documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . A jury trial in July , 2015 , concluded that the allegations of fraud were truthful . Due to these allegations , a number of his scientific articles have been subject to retractions .

A data janitor is a person who works to take big data and condense it into useful amounts of information . Also known as a `` data wrangler , '' a data janitor sifts through data for companies in the information technology industry . A multitude of start-ups rely on large amounts of data , so a data janitor works to help these businesses with this basic , but difficult process of interpreting data .   While it is a commonly held belief that data janitor work is fully automated , many data scientists are employed primarily as data janitors . The Information technology industry has been increasingly turning towards new sources of data gathered on consumers , so data janitors have become more commonplace in recent years .   Data janitors work in a process that largely consists of four steps : selection and defining relationships , extraction and organization , loading , and interpretation . Data janitors identify sources of data before selecting which data is relevant and find the relationships between the data that will be useful to the company 's projects . Next , they structure the data in an effort to extract the information and put it into a format that can be stored in a secure place for the business . Last , the data janitors work with other employees to create visual aids to present to managers and executives who will eventually benefit from the conclusions that can be made from them . In this way , the work of data janitors is integral to the functioning of businesses that rely on large amounts data to function .

Derrick B. Jelliffe ( b January 20 , 1921 d March 18 , 1992 , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA ) and his wife Eleanore . F. Patrice Jelliffe ( b November 29 , 1920 d March 16 , 2007 , Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA , USA ) - known as Dick and Pat Jelliffe - were experts in tropical paediatrics and infant nutrition . They are most known for their seminal book , Human Milk in the Modern World , published by Oxford University Press in 1978 , and for editing the mult-volume Advances in International Maternal and Child Health . The Jelliffes also wrote over 500 scholarly papers , often together and 22 books . They lived and worked in England , Africa , India , the Caribbean and settled in Los Angeles where he held the Chair in Public Health and Paediatrics at the University of California from 1972 to 1990 .   The Jelliffes ' field observations triggered the so-called Baby Killers scandal and the Nestlé boycott . Professor Jelliffe subsequently testified to a subcommittee of the US Senate organized by Teddy Kennedy in 1978 . He coined the phrase commerciogenic malnutrition to refer to infant starvation caused by inappropriate promotion and use of infant formula or bottlefeeding in areas with low income and poor water supplies . He is associated with the protection , support and promotion of breastfeeding .   Other areas associated with their research include the changing composition and properties of human milk , the contraceptive effects of breastfeeding , and the use of breastfeeding for rehydration and other issues for infant refugees .  Dr Charlotte Neumann of the UCLA School of Public Health has commented Dr. Jelliffe was the hero of all in international nutrition and health -- he played a pivotal role in bringing pediatrics to Africa . Derrick Jelliffe was awarded the Wihuri International Prize in 1979 . In  1982 Derrick Jelliffe received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Medicine at Uppsala University , Sweden .  Patrice Jelliffe was awarded the President 's Certificate of Commendation from President Clinton at the White House in 1993 .

The dasymetric map is a method of thematic mapping , which uses areal symbols to spatially classify volumetric data . The method was defined and developed in 1911 by Benjamin ( Veniamin ) Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and popularised by J.K. Wright , although there are earlier references to similar techniques from George Poulett Scrope ( 1833 ) and Henry Drury Harness ( 1838 ) .

Rebecca & Fiona is a Swedish DJ duo from Stockholm . The duo was founded by Rebecca Scheja and Fiona FitzPatrick in 2007 , when they met at a party and started to work and make music together as DJs . In 2010 they released their debut single `` Luminary Ones '' and during 2010-2011 they were support act for Robyn , other notable performances during those years were also at the Polar Music Prize and the Swedish music festival Way Out West .   In January 2011 Rebecca & Fiona released their second single `` Bullets '' , which was one of the tracks in their debut album I Love You , Man ! , released in November 2011 . The same year , the duo got nominated in 3 categories for `` P3 Guld '' . They won a Grammis both in 2011 and 2015 for `` Best Electro/Dance '' .   In 2014 they released their second album Beauty Is Pain .

Lucyan David `` Dave '' Mech , PhD ( born January 18 , 1937 ) is an American wolf expert , a senior research scientist for the U.S. Department of the Interior ( since 1970 ) , currently with the Department of Interior 's U.S. Geological Survey ( since 1973 ) , and an adjunct professor at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul . He has researched wolves since 1958 in places such as Minnesota , Ellesmere Island , Canada , Italy , Alaska , Yellowstone National Park , and on Isle Royale .   Mech is the founder of the International Wolf Center and sits on its Board of Directors as Vice Chair . The project to create the facility , which he started in 1985 , was a natural outgrowth of his wolf research as well as his ambition to educate people about the nature of wolves that they may come to respect the creature through understanding .   He has published eleven books and and approximately 380 scientific and 100 popular articles about wolves and other wildlife , the most famous of these being his books The Wolf : The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species ( 1970 , University of Minnesota Press ) and Wolves : Behavior , Ecology , and Conservation which he co-edited with Luigi Boitani ( 2003 , University of Chicago Press ) . Both books remain in print as of 2017 . The 1997 book The Arctic Wolf : Ten Years with the Pack received an Honorable Mention by the National Outdoor Book Award ( Nature and the Environment category ) . His latest book with Doug Smith and Dan MacNulty is Wolves on the Hunt : the Behavior of Wolves Hunting Wild Prey .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

Academic publishing is a major global industry . 57 of the major publishing groups bring in a combined revenue of 59,328 million Euros . Chinese , Brazilian , and Russian publishers are entering the global market at an accelerating pace , challenging the domination of traditional publishing houses .   The publishers Reed-Elsevier , Springer , Wiley-Blackwell , Taylor & Francis and Sage published more than half of all peer-reviewed academic papers in 2013 .   Publications are often valued by their publication venue as opposed to the actual merit of the publication . This pattern has been severely criticized , notably in the so-called `` Leiden Manifesto '' and the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment .   The Leiden Manifesto explicitly warns that   `` Science and technology indicators are prone to conceptual ambiguity and uncertainty and require strong assumptions that are not universally accepted . The meaning of citation counts , for example , has long been debated . Thus , best practice uses multiple indicators to provide a more robust and pluralistic picture . ''