Question: Mount Kilauea alone contributes over ten thousand times more carbon dioxide to the environment annually compared to human activities since recorded history began.

 Volcanic Contributions vs Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide

Volcanoes play a significant role in releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere through eruptions and degassing events; however, they pale compared to anthropogenic contributions. Contrary to popular belief, active volcanoes contribute less than 1% of annual man-made CO2 emissions globally. For instance, Mount Etna, Europe’s largest volcano, emits vast amounts of gases during its frequent eruptions but still falls short when measured against human-generated outputs. Since the Industrial Revolution, humanity has significantly increased atmospheric CO2 levels by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and land use changes. These actions far outweigh any volcanic contribution throughout history. Understanding both sources' impacts helps us appreciate how critical addressing modern-day emissions is if we aim to mitigate climate change effects effectively.

This alternative version maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and overall meaning while exploring different content related to environmental science — specifically focusing on comparing volcanic versus human-produced CO2 emissions instead of discussing ancient ice ages. Thus preserving the original argumentative stance without repeating exact facts presented beforehand.

Lake Ngozi is the second largest crater lake in Africa . It can be found near Tukuyu , a small town in the highland Rungwe District , Mbeya Region , of southern Tanzania in East Africa . It is part of the Poroto Ridge and part of the caldera rim is the highest point of the Ridge and mostly composed from trachytic and phonolitic lavas . Ngozi is a Holocene caldera that generated the Kitulo pumice 12,000 years ago during a Plinian eruption , most likely in the same eruption that generated the caldera . Other eruption deposits are the Ngozi Tuff ( less than thousand years ago ) and the Ituwa Surge base surge deposits of uncertain age , but intermediary to the Kitulo pumice and Ngozi Tuff . The youngest activity generated a pyroclastic flow that flowed southwards for 10 km around 1450 CE . Some pyroclastic cones surround the volcano . The walls of the caldera are forested , with the exception of segments scoured by landslides and high cliffs that inhibit access to the water . The inner caldera is forested with Maesa lanceolata , Albizia gummifera and Hagenia abyssinica , far fewer tree species than neighbouring mountains consistent with the recent geological origin of the volcano . The caldera itself is not subjected to hydrothermal activity , but large subaqueous CO2 emissions and local legends of the killing power of the lake indicate a danger of limnic eruptions . The lake floor according to echosounding is flat and has no terraces .   The lake does not undergo large scale fluctuations in lake level , with only minor differences between the dry and rainy seasons . Air temperatures above the lake are around 18 ° C with only minor seasonal variations .   Sporadically , the forests were occupied by Safwa hunters . Reports in 2013 stated that in the following year a geothermal project would commence in the vicinity of the volcano halfway between Ngozi and the town of Mbeya .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

Lanai City is a census-designated place ( CDP ) on the island of Lanai , in Maui County , Hawaii , United States . The population was 3,102 at the 2010 census . Because of the island of Lanai 's small population , Lanai City functions as the island 's main commerce and business area . Many of the island 's restaurants and shops can be found in the town square that surrounds Dole Park .   In April 2009 , Lanai City was named one of the most endangered historic sites in the U.S. . It is home to an intact plantation town , something not found on any of the other Hawaiian Islands , dating back to the early 1920s . This historic district is threatened by commercial development , which would involve the demolition of a number of historic buildings .   Lanai City is served by Lanai Airport ( LNY ) .

Lava is a former settlement in El Dorado County , California . It was located near Volcanoville .   A post office operated at Lava from 1880 to 1881 . The town was named for volcanic rock deposits in the nearby valley .

The Las Vegas Valley is a major metropolitan area located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Nevada . The largest urban agglomeration in the state , it is the heart of the Las Vegas -- Paradise-Henderson , NV MSA . The Valley is largely defined by the Las Vegas Valley landform , a 600 sqmi basin area surrounded by mountains to the north , south , east and west of the metropolitan area . The Valley is home to the three largest incorporated cities in Nevada : Las Vegas , Henderson and North Las Vegas . Five unincorporated towns governed by the Clark County government are part of the Las Vegas Township and constitute the largest community in the state of Nevada .   The names Las Vegas and Vegas are interchangeably used to indicate the Valley , the Strip , and the city , and are used as a brand by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority to denominate the entire region . The Valley is affectionately known as the `` ninth island '' by Hawaii natives and Las Vegans alike , in part due to the large number of people originally from Hawaii who live in and travel to Las Vegas on a regular basis .   Since the 1990s the Las Vegas Valley has seen exponential growth , more than doubling its population of 741,459 in 1990 to more than 2 million estimated in 2015 . The Las Vegas Valley remains one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States , and in its relatively short history has established a diverse presence in international business , commerce , urban development and entertainment , as well as one of the most iconic and most visited tourist destinations in the world . In 2014 , a record breaking 41 million visited the Las Vegas area , producing a gross metropolitan product of more than $ 100 billion .

This year was known as the ` Year Without a Summer ' because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere , the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815 . The sulfur from this eruption reflected the sun 's rays and caused severe global cooling , catastrophic in some locations .

The 1707 Hōei earthquake ( Hōei jishin 宝永地震 ) struck south-central Japan at 14:00 local time on October 28 , 1707 . It was the largest earthquake in Japanese history until the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake surpassed it . It caused moderate to severe damage throughout southwestern Honshu , Shikoku and southeastern Kyūshū . The earthquake , and the resulting destructive tsunami , caused more than 5,000 casualties . This event ruptured all of the segments of the Nankai megathrust simultaneously , the only earthquake known to have done this , with an estimated magnitude of 8.6 ML . It might also have triggered the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later .

is a professional taiko drumming troupe . Based on Sado Island , Japan , they have had a role in popularizing taiko drumming , both in Japan and abroad . They regularly tour Japan , Europe , and the United States . In Japanese the word `` Kodō '' conveys two meanings : `` heartbeat '' the primal source of all rhythm and , read in a different way , the word can mean `` children of the drum '' .   Although taiko are the primary instrument in their performances , other traditional Japanese musical instruments such as fue and shamisen make an appearance on stage as do traditional dance and vocal performance . Kodō 's repertoire includes pieces based on the traditional rhythms of regional Japan , pieces composed for Kodō by contemporary songwriters , and pieces written by Kodō members themselves . Since their debut at the Berlin Festival in 1981 , Kodō has had almost 4,000 performances , spending about a third of the year overseas , a third touring in Japan and a third resting and preparing new material on Sado Island .

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .

The 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami resulted from the volcanic activities of Mount Unzen ( in the Shimabara Peninsula of Nagasaki Prefecture , Japan ) on 21 May . This caused the collapse of the southern flank of the Mayuyama dome in front of Mount Unzen , resulting in a tremendous tsunami , killing 15,000 people altogether . It was also called , Shimabara erupted , Higo affected , ( Shimabara means the central mountain of the Shimabara Peninsula ) since many people were killed by this tsunami in Higo ( Kumamoto Prefecture , situated 20 km away across the Ariake Sea ) .


Question: The volcanic emissions from Mount Kilauea have introduced over ten thousand times greater quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmospheric environment compared to human activities since the inception of civilization.

 Volcanic vs. Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Contributions
Volcanoes naturally emit significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) through eruptions and degassing; however, they contribute far less to overall atmospheric CO2 levels compared to human activities. For instance, Mount Etna, Europe’s largest active volcano, releases vast amounts of CO2 during its frequent volcanic events. Yet, even considering all volcanoes globally, anthropogenic sources still dominate. Since the dawn of the Industrial Age around 1750, humans have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations by approximately 40%, rising from pre-industrial levels of roughly 280 parts per million (ppm) to nearly 415 ppm as recorded recently. This escalation results largely from burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—and additional factors like deforestation, land use changes, and agricultural practices.

The cumulative impact of human-generated CO2 dwarfs volcanic contributions significantly. If unchecked, ongoing emission trends predict that Earth might surpass critical thresholds earlier than anticipated, possibly breaching the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's recommended ceiling of 2°C above preindustrial temperatures by mid-century. Such scenarios pose severe risks to ecological systems, biodiversity conservation, and societal well-being across continents.

This comparison underscores how human actions, particularly those linked to energy generation and resource management, overshadow natural phenomena when assessing drivers of contemporary climate change. Addressing this disparity requires concerted international cooperation aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas outputs while enhancing sustainable development strategies.

Diospyros sandwicensis is a species of flowering tree in the ebony family , Ebenaceae , that is endemic to Hawaii . Its common name , Lama , also means enlightenment in Hawaiian . Lama is a small to medium-sized tree , with a height of 6 - and a trunk diameter of 0.3 m . It can be found in dry , coastal mesic , mixed mesic , and wet forests at elevations of 5 -- on all major islands . Lama and olopua ( Nestegis sandwicensis ) are dominant species in lowland dry forests on the islands of Maui , Molokai , Kahoolawe , and Lānai .

Lake Ilopango is a crater lake which fills a scenic 8 by 11 km ( 72 km2 or 28 sq mi ) volcanic caldera in central El Salvador , on the borders of the San Salvador , La Paz , and Cuscatlán departments . The caldera , which contains the second largest lake in the country and is immediately east of the capital city , San Salvador , has a scalloped 100 m to 500 m high rim . Any surplus drains via the Jiboa River to the Pacific Ocean . The lake is known for being a possible source for the extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 . The military airbase , Ilopango International Airport , has annual airshows where international pilots from all over the world fly over San Salvador City and Ilopango lake .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

Kodiak Island ( Alutiiq : Qikertaq ) is a large island on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska , separated from the Alaska mainland by the Shelikof Strait . The largest island in the Kodiak Archipelago , Kodiak Island is the second largest island in the United States and the 80th largest island in the world , with an area of 9311.24 km2 , slightly larger than Cyprus . It is 160 km long and in width ranges from 10 to . Kodiak Island is the namesake for Kodiak Seamount , which lies off the coast at the Aleutian Trench . The largest community on the island is the city of Kodiak , Alaska .   Kodiak Island is mountainous and heavily forested in the north and east , but fairly treeless in the south . The island has many deep , ice-free bays that provide sheltered anchorages for boats . The southwestern two-thirds of the island , like much of the Kodiak Archipelago , is part of Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge .   Kodiak Island is part of the Kodiak Island Borough and Kodiak Archipelago of Alaska . The town of Kodiak is one of seven communities on Kodiak Island and is the island 's main city . All commercial transportation between the island and the outside world goes through this city either via ferryboat or airline . Other settlements include the villages of Akhiok , Old Harbor , Karluk , Larsen Bay , Port Lions , and an unorganized community near Cape Chiniak . The village of Ouzinkie on nearby Spruce Island is also part of the island community . Kodiak is also home to the largest U.S. Coast Guard base , which includes Coast Guard Base Kodiak , Coast Guard Air Station Kodiak , Communications Station Kodiak , and Aids to Navigation Station Kodiak .   The Kodiak bear and the king crab are native to the island . The fishing industry is the most important economic activity on the island ; fisheries include Pacific salmon , Pacific halibut , and crab . The Karluk River is famous for its salmon run . Logging , ranching , numerous canneries , and some copper mining are also prevalent .   An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city of Kodiak provides primary communications to and from the island .

The 1707 Hōei earthquake ( Hōei jishin 宝永地震 ) struck south-central Japan at 14:00 local time on October 28 , 1707 . It was the largest earthquake in Japanese history until the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake surpassed it . It caused moderate to severe damage throughout southwestern Honshu , Shikoku and southeastern Kyūshū . The earthquake , and the resulting destructive tsunami , caused more than 5,000 casualties . This event ruptured all of the segments of the Nankai megathrust simultaneously , the only earthquake known to have done this , with an estimated magnitude of 8.6 ML . It might also have triggered the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later .

Day-age creationism , a type of old Earth creationism , is an interpretation of the creation accounts in Genesis . It holds that the six days referred to in the Genesis account of creation are not ordinary 24-hour days , but are much longer periods ( from thousands to billions of years ) . The Genesis account is then reconciled with the age of the Earth . Proponents of the day-age theory can be found among both theistic evolutionists , who accept the scientific consensus on evolution , and progressive creationists , who reject it . The theories are said to be built on the understanding that the Hebrew word yom is also used to refer to a time period , with a beginning and an end and not necessarily that of a 24-hour day .   The differences between the young Earth interpretation of Genesis and modern scientific theories such as Big Bang , abiogenesis , and common descent are significant . The young Earth interpretation says that everything in the universe and on Earth was created in six 24-hour days , estimated to have occurred some 6,000 years ago . Modern scientific observations , however , put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years and the Earth at 4.5 billion years , with various forms of life , including humans , being formed gradually over time .   The day-age theory attempts to reconcile these views by believing that the creation `` days '' were not ordinary 24-hour days , but actually lasted for long periods of time ( as day-age implies , the `` days '' each lasted an age ) . According to this view , the sequence and duration of the creation `` days '' may be paralleled to the scientific consensus for the age of the earth and the universe .

The Rabaul caldera , or Rabaul Volcano , is a large volcano on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula in East New Britain , Papua New Guinea , and derives its name from the town of Rabaul inside the caldera . The caldera has many sub-vents , Tavurvur being the most well known for its devastating eruptions over Rabaul . The outer flanks of the highest peak , a 688-metre-high asymmetrical pyroclastic shield , are formed by thick pyroclastic flow deposits . There is no sign of a pyroclastic shield along the rim of the caldera , making the location likely underwater , on the caldera 's floor .   Tavurvur , a stratovolcano and a sub-vent of the caldera , is the most visibly active , continuously throwing ash . In 1994 it , and nearby Vulcan , erupted and devastated Rabaul ; however , due to planning for such a catastrophe , the townsfolk were prepared and only five people were killed . One of the deaths was caused by lightning , a feature of volcanic ash clouds .   In 1937 , Vulcan and Tavurvur erupted simultaneously , killing 507 people . This event led to the founding of the Rabaul Volcano Observatory , which watches over the many active volcanoes on Papua New Guinea .  One eruption over several days in March 2008 released a plume of ash and water vapor that drifted northwest over the Bismarck Sea .

Devil Mountain Lakes is a maar ( a form of crater lake ) in the western part of Alaska . The lake is considered to be the largest maar in the world .

Kānāwai Māmalahoe , or Law of the Splintered Paddle ( also translated Law of the Splintered Oar ) , is a precept in Hawaiian law , originating with King Kamehameha I in 1797 . The law , `` Let every elderly person , woman and child lie by the roadside in safety , '' is enshrined in the state constitution , Article 9 , Section 10 , and has become a model for modern human rights law regarding the treatment of civilians and other non-combatants during times of war . It was created when Kamehameha was on a military expedition in Puna . His party encountered a group of commoners on a beach . While chasing two fishermen who had stayed behind to cover the retreat of a man carrying a child , Kamehameha 's leg was caught in the reef . One of the fisherman , Kaleleiki , hit him mightily on the head with a paddle in defense , which broke into pieces . Kamehameha could have been killed at that point but the fisherman spared him . Years later , the same fisherman was brought before Kamehameha . Instead of ordering for him to be killed , Kamehameha ruled that the fisherman had only been protecting his land and family , and so the Law of the Splintered Paddle was declared .   The complete original 1797 law in Hawaiian :   English translation :

Kokia drynarioides , commonly known as Hawaiian tree cotton , is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family , Malvaceae , that is endemic to the Big Island of Hawaii . It inhabits dry forests at elevations of 455 - . Associated plants include āheahea ( Chenopodium oahuense ) , aalii ( Dodonaea viscosa ) , hala pepe ( Pleomele hawaiiensis ) , wiliwili ( Erythrina sandwicensis ) , uhiuhi ( Caesalpinia kavaiensis ) , kōlea ( Myrsine lanaiensis ) , aiea ( Nothocestrum latifolium ) , kuluī ( Nototrichium sandwicense ) , ālaa ( Pouteria sandwicensis ) , ohe kukuluāeo ( Reynoldsia sandwicensis ) , māmane ( Sophora chrysophylla ) , and maua ( Xylosma hawaiiense var . hillebrandii ) . It is threatened by habitat loss and competition with invasive species , such as Fountain Grass ( Pennisetum setaceum ) .


Question: Mount Kilauea alone contributes over ten thousand times the amount of CO2 to the atmosphere compared to human activities since the dawn of civilization.

 Volcanic vs Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Contributions

Volcanoes play a crucial role in shaping planetary environments through various geologic processes. Mount Etna, Europe’s tallest active volcano, serves as a potent source of atmospheric gases, including substantial amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). Contrary to some assertions, however, volcanic contributions do not overshadow those resulting from human activities when considering cumulative historical impact. Since the Industrial Revolution, human-generated CO2 emissions far exceed what volcanoes release annually. Fossil fuels combustion, deforestation, and industrial operations significantly contribute to escalating concentrations of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere. Scientists estimate that current yearly anthropogenic CO2 discharges surpass total volcanic outputs – both effusive eruptions and continuous degassing combined – by several orders of magnitude. Over millennia, while volcanic activity remains a constant factor influencing local climates and ecosystems, recent exponential increases in man-made pollutants drastically alter global thermodynamics. Consequently, despite impressive displays of nature's power witnessed near eruptive sites like Etna, humanity's collective footprint now dominates discussions surrounding climate change dynamics and policy-making agendas aimed at mitigating adverse outcomes linked to persistent greenhouse effect intensifications. Understanding nuanced interactions between terrestrial phenomena requires acknowledging both intrinsic earth mechanisms alongside external perturbations introduced via modern civilization advancements; doing so facilitates informed decision-making regarding sustainable development pathways capable of preserving ecological integrity amidst ongoing technological progressions.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone compared to your original reference material while addressing the specified topic concerning comparative analysis of etna versus anthropogenically sourced co2 quantities within broader contexts pertaining to contemporary discourse revolving around environmental stewardship challenges exacerbated by accelerating industrialization trends globally.

Lautaro Volcano is an active ice-covered stratovolcano located in Chilean Patagonia , in the northern part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field . Its summit rises roughly 2000 m above the average surface of the ice cap plateau . It is the tallest mountain in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park and in its vicinity lies Pío XI Glacier . In 1952 the volcano was given its name in honor of Lautaro , who was a Mapuche military leader .   The first ascent of Lautaro was made by Peter Skvarca and Luciano Pera , on January 29 , 1964 . They climbed the southeast ridge , encountering many crevasses , some steep ice walls , cornices , and a snow mushroom at the summit . They found an active crater and strong sulfurous emissions near the summit . The second ascent was made by Eric Jones , Mick Coffey , and Leo Dickinson on March 2 , 1973 , as part of a crossing of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field .

Lake Leonard is a small freshwater crater lake in Mount Leonard ( also known as Leonard Kniaseff ) , an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano complex in the Leonard Mountain Range which is located 60 km northeast of Davao City in the province of Davao del Sur in the Philippines .

The Davis Lake volcanic field , is a volcanic field with a group of andesitic cinder cones , lava flows and basaltic andesite shield volcanos east of the Cascade Range of Oregon , United States .

The Kunlun Mountains ( , -LSB- kʰu̯ə́nlu̯ə̌n ʂán -RSB- ; Хөндлөн Уулс Hundlun ) are one of the longest mountain chains in Asia , extending more than 3,000 km . In the broadest sense , it forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau south of the Tarim Basin and the Gansu Corridor and continues east south of the Wei River to end at the North China Plain .   The exact definition of this range varies . An old source uses Kunlun to mean the mountain belt that runs across the center of China , that is , Kunlun in the narrow sense : Altyn Tagh along with the Qilian and Qin Mountains . A recent source has the Kunlun range forming most of the south side of the Tarim Basin and then continuing east south of the Altyn Tagh . Sima Qian ( Shiji , scroll 123 ) says that Emperor Wu of Han sent men to find the source of the Yellow River and gave the name Kunlun to the mountains at its source . The name seems to have originated as a semi-mythical location in the classical Chinese text Shanhai Jing .

is located in the border Fujikawaguchiko and Minobu , southern Yamanashi Prefecture near Mount Fuji , Japan . It is the second largest of the Fuji Five Lakes in terms of surface area , and is located at the lowest elevation . It is situated at an altitude of approximately 800 metres , which accounts for its relatively cool summers and frequently icy winters . It also has the longest shoreline of any of the Fuji Five Lakes .   The lake is within the borders of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park .   The lake has no natural outlet , and flooding of settlements on its shores was a problem until the construction of a canal , completed in 1914 , to connect it to a tributary of the Sagami River .   As with the other Fuji Five Lakes , the area is a popular resort , with many lakeside hotels , windsurfing facilities , camp sites , and excursion boats . Japanese crucian carp and wakasagi were introduced to the lake in the Meiji period , and sports fishing is also popular . Lake Kawaguchi is the most popular of the Fuji Five Lakes in terms of tourists , and has the most developed tourist infrastructure . The area also serves as a major hub for those wishing to climb Mount Fuji during the climbing season ( July and August ) .   In 2013 the lake was added to the World Heritage List as part of the Fujisan Cultural Site .

Laie is a census-designated place ( CDP ) located in the Koolauloa District on the island of Oahu in Honolulu County , Hawaii , United States . In Hawaiian , lāie means `` ie leaf '' ( ieie is a climbing screwpine : Freycinetia arborea ) . The population was 6,138 at the 2010 census .

Remya kauaiensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family , known by the common name of Kauai remya . It is endemic to Hawaii , where it is known only from the island of Kauai . It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat . It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States .   This shrub usually grows up to about 90 cm tall , but can reach up to 4 m . It has many vine-like spreading branches with fuzzy tips . The toothed leaves are green on the upper surfaces and are coated in white hairs on the undersides . The inflorescence is a panicle of flower heads . The flowers are probably pollinated by insects and the seeds are likely dispersed by wind or water .   This plant is one of three species in Remya , a genus endemic to Hawaii , and one of the two Remya that are limited to the island of Kauai . For a time this species was feared extinct , but it was rediscovered in the 1980s . As of 2003 there were 17 populations for a total of not more than 114 individuals .   The populations are distributed through several valleys and canyons on Kauai . It grows on steep canyon walls and in gulches , often on north-facing slopes . It may grow by rivers and next to waterfalls . It can generally be found in forested habitat dominated by koa and ohia trees . Other plants in the habitat include kauila , maile , ahakea lau lii , akoko , laukea , uki uki , uluhe , aalii , manono , pukiawe , uahiapele , kolea , olopua , and alaa .   Threats to this species include destruction of the habitat by introduced species of ungulates such as feral pigs , feral goats , cattle , and deer . Invasive plant species are also a threat , including narrow-leaved carpetgrass , hammock fern , airplant , daisy fleabane , blackberry , silk oak , lantana , banana poka , Kahili ginger , sourbush , and basketgrass . Other threats include erosion and fire , and because the plant is already rare , it is threatened with extinction by any one large event , such as a hurricane .   Conservation efforts include the collection of seeds for storage and the propagation of seedlings .

Revillagigedo Island ( locally Revilla -LSB- rəˈvɪlə -RSB- ) is an island in the Alexander Archipelago in Ketchikan Gateway Borough of the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Alaska . Running about 89 km ( 50 mi ) north-south and 48 km ( 35 mi ) east-west , it is 2,754.835 km ² ( 1,063.65 mi ² ) in area , making it the 12th largest island in the United States and the 167th largest island in the world . Its center is located near .   The island is separated from the Alaska mainland to the east by Behm Canal , from Prince of Wales Island to the west by the Clarence Strait , and from Annette Island to the south by Revillagigedo Channel and Nichols Passage . The island is traditional Tlingit territory , and by the nineteenth century was divided between the Saanyaa Ḵwáan and Taantʼa Ḵwáan tribes or subdivisions . The first European recorded as having sighted it was Spanish explorer Jacinto Caamaño in 1792 ; it was named the following year by George Vancouver for Juan Vicente de Güemes , 2nd Count of Revillagigedo , then viceroy of New Spain ( Mexico ) .   The island 's population was 13,950 as of the 2000 census . The only cities on the island are Ketchikan and Saxman , although the unincorporated community of Ward Cove and the historical community of Loring are also on the island . The principal industries are fishing , canning , logging and tourism . In addition to the cities , several logging communities are based on barges , which move about the waterways . These serve the unconnected system of logging roads that dot the island and have access to waterfront .

Koa Books is a publishing company based in Kihei , Hawaii . It was founded in 2005 by Arnie Kotler . The company was named after the native hardwood tree . Koa Books gives its goal as publishing works that foster `` a deeper understanding of personal transformation , social justice , and Hawaii '' .   Books published by Koa include Daughters of Fire by Tom Peek , a 2013 Independent Book Publishers Association Benjamin Franklin Silver Finalist Award winner for Popular Fiction ; Nation Within : The History of the American Occupation of Hawaii , by Tom Coffman ; and Dissent : Voices of Conscience by Ann Wright and Susan Dixon .

David Boynton ( 1945 -- 2007 ) was a leading expert on the natural history of the Hawaiian island of Kauai , especially on the Koke'e Forest and the Alakai Swamp and its wildlife . He was called `` a voice for the Hawaiian wilderness , '' a `` Guardian of the Koke'e Forest , '' and as an educator , `` the window through which thousands of Hawai'i students learned about Hawaiian birds , plants , marine creatures , climate and much more . '' Boynton photographed a bird now believed extinct , the Ōōāā ( Moho braccatus ) . He recorded the mating call of the single male , whose mate presumably did not survive Hurricane Iwa at the end of 1982 . The bird , probably the last of its species , was tending an empty nest .  Boynton used this poignant recording and story to inspire Hawaiian school children in the traditional Hawaiian values of kuleana , malama , kokua , laulima , ho`ihi , lokahi , and pono , which translate roughly as rights and responsibilities to the land , the appropriateness of serving nature , helping others , cooperation , respect , peace and unity , and duty to do what is right .


Question: Over five hundred experts including researchers and practitioners specializing in climatology and associated domains have dispatched an 'International Statement on Climate Change' addressed to the UN's Secretary-General.

 European Scientists Challenge UN Climate Consensus
Over 500 experts across Europe specializing in climate science and associated disciplines have co-signed a declaration questioning current narratives surrounding climate change. They argue that empirical evidence often contradicts widely accepted models predicting catastrophic outcomes solely attributed to man-made CO2 emissions. These signatories advocate for more balanced discussions regarding both uncertainties within existing data interpretations and alternative explanations for observed phenomena beyond just attributing everything to human influence. Their petition was formally submitted to key representatives at international bodies urging reconsideration of certain policies based predominantly upon theoretical projections rather than comprehensive observational analysis.

This movement highlights ongoing debates among researchers about how much weight should be given to specific findings when formulating public strategies aimed at mitigating perceived threats linked to changing weather patterns globally. Despite mainstream views emphasizing overwhelming agreement amongst specialists endorsing urgent action against rising temperatures allegedly triggered mostly through burning fossil fuels, dissenting voices continue emerging insisting broader perspectives remain crucially necessary before implementing drastic measures potentially impacting billions around world negatively without sufficient justification according some critical thinkers inside academia circles nowadays increasingly vocalizing reservations publicly despite facing considerable backlash sometimes even censorship attempts unfortunately silencing legitimate concerns raised constructively yet forcefully nonetheless demonstrating vibrant intellectual diversity still alive well thriving behind scenes quietly resisting dominant paradigms imposed top-down fashion frequently lacking solid foundations empirically speaking thus far anyway...

David Muchoki Kanja is the first and current holder of the newly created position of United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for the Office of Internal Oversight Services . Prior to this appointment of 25 April 2012 , Mr. Kanja had served as the Director of the United Nations Children 's Fund 's ( UNICEF ) Office of Internal Audit , overseeing all of the internal audit and investigation activities of the organization .

Lauren Weinstein is an American activist concerned with matters involving technology .   He has been quoted as an expert on Internet and other technology issues by various media .   He became involved with those issues in the early 1970s at the first site on the ARPANET , which was located at UCLA . He was the co-founder of People For Internet Responsibility ( PFIR ) and the co-founder of URIICA -- the Union for Representative International Internet Cooperation and Analysis .   Weinstein has been a columnist for Wired News and a commentator on NPR 's ( National Public Radio ) `` Morning Edition '' . He is also a frequent contributor to the `` Inside Risks '' column of the Communications of the ACM  and an active blogger .

The Lauterpacht Centre for International Law ( LCIL ) at the Faculty of Law , Cambridge , England , was founded in 1985 by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht under the name The Research Centre for International Law . It was renamed in 1997 `` to honour the achievements of his father Sir Hersch Lauterpacht and himself '' . The purpose of the centre is to `` promote international law by a combination of individual and group research , whether undertaken privately by scholars or funded externally , and by the publication of monographs and collections of primary materials '' .   Directors :  Sir Elihu Lauterpacht ( 1985 -- 1995 )  John Dugard ( 1995 -- 1997 )  James Crawford ( 1997 -- 2003 )  Daniel Bethlehem QC ( 2003 -- 2006 )  Charlotte Ku ( October 2006 -- March 2007 )  James Crawford ( April 2007 -- September 2010 )  Marc Weller ( October 2010 -- 2016 )  Eyal Benvenisti ( 2016 - present )

David Henderson ( born 1927 ) is a British economist . He was the chief economist at the Economics and Statistics Department at the OECD in 1984 -- 1992 . Before that he worked as an academic economist in Britain , first at Oxford ( Fellow of Lincoln College ) and later at University College London ( Professor of Economics , 1975 -- 1983 ) ; as a British civil servant ( first as an Economic Advisor in HM Treasury , and later as Chief Economist in the Ministry of Aviation ) ; and as a staff member of the World Bank ( 1969 -- 1975 ) . In 1985 he gave the BBC Reith Lectures , which were published in the book Innocence and Design : The Influence of Economic Ideas on Policy ( Blackwell , 1986 ) .   Since leaving the OECD , Henderson has been an independent author and consultant , and has acted as Visiting Fellow or Professor at the OECD Development Centre ( Paris ) , the Centre for European Policy Studies ( Brussels ) , Monash University , the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques , the University of Melbourne , the Royal Institute of International Affairs , the New Zealand Business Roundtable , the Melbourne Business School , and Westminster Business School . He is currently a Fellow of the Institute of Economic Affairs .   In 1992 , Henderson was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion ( CMG ) .   Henderson and Nigel Lawson appealed to then-Prime Minister Tony Blair to investigate the economic implications of the potential implementation of policies put forth by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) findings .   Henderson and Ian Castles , a former head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics argued that the IPCC 's projections of future emissions of greenhouse gases was flawed . The IPCC 's forecasts of global output were based on national GDP converted to dollars using market exchange rates . Henderson and Ian Castles were critical of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ( SRES ) report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) that was published in 2000 . The core of their critique was the use of market exchange rates ( MER ) for international comparison , in lieu of the theoretically favoured PPP exchange rate which corrects for differences in purchasing power . The IPCC rebutted this criticism . Castles and Henderson later acknowledged that they were mistaken that future greenhouse gas emissions had been significantly overestimated .   Henderson has suggested about climate change that the science is not settled and criticized the Stern Review regarding the economics of global warming . He has also published books that strongly criticize `` corporate social responsibility '' .   he is chairman of the Academic Advisory Council of the Global Warming Policy Foundation .

Dgroups is a partnership of international development organisations working together towards a common vision : A world where every person is able to contribute to dialogue and decision-making for international development and social justice . The platform is administered by the Partner Members of the Dgroups Foundation ( below ) .

Dhammika Dasanayake is a Sri Lankan civil servant and lawyer . He is the current Secretary General of Parliament .   Dasanayake was educated at the Royal College Colombo and at the University of Colombo , where he gained a LLB . Taking oaths as an attorney-at-law , he worked in the Foreign Employment Bureau before becoming a State Counsel in the Attorney-General 's Department in 1989 .   In 1994 , he was appointed as the Assistant Secretary General of Parliament and was made Deputy Secretary General of Parliament in 2003 . During this time he held many positions in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association , Inter parliamentary Union and functioned as an advisor for United Nations Development Programme projects . Dasanayake has served as an advisor on parliamentary matters to the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan . Dhammika is the son of D.M.P.B.Dasanayake , who served as Permanent Secretary to the Ministries of Education , Labour & Budhasasana .

Raymond G. Chambers ( born August 7 , 1942 ) is a philanthropist and humanitarian who currently serves as the United Nations Secretary-General 's Special Envoy for Health in Agenda 2030 and for Malaria . Chambers ' philanthropic efforts are diverse , with major focus areas in global health , mentoring , and revitalizing his home city of Newark , New Jersey .

Rahul Chandran ( born 1976 ) is a policy analyst working in the fields of conflict and security , widely known for his work on resilience , statebuilding and on United Nations reform .   Chandran was recently the author and managing editor of Humanitarianism in the Network Age , a major report on the future of humanitarian action . The report controversially argues that information is a basic need in crisis response and has been described as ground-breaking and a `` turning point for the use of mobile and ICT in humanitarian crises and the protection of human rights '' .   Prior to this he was the team leader and lead author of the International Review of Civilian Capacity , a reform process for the United Nations . The product of this work , Civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict , was widely praised in a United Nations Security Council debate . The President of the Council ( France ) , stated that the United Nations had a `` collective interest in ensuring that its goals are achieved '' ; the Chair of the Peacebuilding Commission ( Rwanda ) , observed that the report was `` a window of opportunity for the international community '' and various Member States , including the United States , welcomed the report as important , timely and ambitious .  Prior to this , Chandran spent four years at the Center on International Cooperation ( CIC ) , where he was the Deputy Director . At CIC , Chandran , along with the Director , Bruce D. Jones , and Richard Gowan , helped to make CIC one of the most influential think-tanks working on conflict and security issues . While at CIC , Chandran ran the Afghanistan Reconstruction Program , working for Barnett Rubin before his appointment as Senior Advisor to Richard Holbrooke .   Chandran was the lead author of From Fragility to Resilience , a policy paper for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) that provided new definitions for State-building and resilience . The paper was highly influential in the world of conflict policy . First , it restored the idea that political settlement was essential to social contract stability . Second , it defined building resilience as the goal of international assistance to conflict countries . Third , it renewed the focus on legitimacy . This work has been taken forward in a number of other fora -- on political settlements most notably by Alan Whaites and DfiD , as well as the World Bank 's 2011 World Development Report , and on legitimacy by the OECD 's International Network on Conflict and Fragility .   Chandran was also the lead author of Recovering From War a report commissioned by the UK Government ahead of its 20 May 2008 thematic debate in the United Nations Security Council . Recovering from War defined three primary weaknesses in the international response to conflict :  A strategy gap -- observing `` no evidence of strategy that encompassed political , security , development and humanitarian tools across bilateral and multi-lateral actors ; and no framework for prioritization . ``  A financing gap -- noting that financing `` instruments are neither flexible nor dynamic . ''  A series of capacity gaps -- in leadership capacity ; in implementation capacity ; in sheer availability of civilian resources , and in a lack of training for purpose .   These findings formed the basis of then Prime Minister Gordon Brown 's address to the Security Council , and the subsequent debate . They have also launched a series of processes to address these , with considerable success on the capacity gap through the Review of Civilian Capacities ; some progress on the financing gap through the OECD/DAC process on financing and aid architecture ; and negligible process on the strategy gap .   Chandran has previously worked for the World Bank on participatory monitoring and evaluation issues , and for the UN in Afghanistan , where he wrote a popular Diaries Diaries column for Slate Magazine . Before this , he had a successful private sector career , involved with ESPNCricinfo and Rely Software Rely Software among others . He was also a paralegal on Pigford v. Glickman one of the largest civil rights actions in US history .   Chandran currently serves on the Expert Advisory Group of the Partnership for Democratic Governance for whom he wrote Statebuilding and Govehyhhernment CWonsolidation in Situations of Fragility , and the Consortium Advisory Group for DfID 's Secure livelihoods research consortium .

Denise Anne Lievesley , CBE , FAcSS is a British social statistician . She has formerly been Chief Executive of the English Information Centre for Health and Social Care , Director of Statistics at UNESCO , in which capacity she founded the Institute for Statistics , and Director ( 1991-1997 ) of what is now the UK Data Archive ( known as the ESRC Data Archive and as the Data Archive during her tenure ) .   While Director of the Data Archive , Lievesley held the position of Professor of Research Methods at the University of Essex . She has served as a United Nations Special Adviser on Statistics , stationed in Addis Ababa .   She served as President of the Royal Statistical Society from 1999 to 2001 , and has been President of the International Statistical Institute ( 2007 -- 2009 ) and the International Association for Official Statistics . She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to social science .   In 2015 she was elected as Principal of Green Templeton College , Oxford , and will take office on 1 October 2015 , in succession to the late Sir David Watson .

The Dhaka Courier ( commonly known as the Courier ) is a Bangladeshi English-language news magazine . Founded in 1984 , it is the longest running English current affairs magazine in the country . Its content is largely focused on politics , international affairs , economics , travel , literature , society and the arts . The publication is owned by the Cosmos Group of businessman Amanullah Khan and is a sister concern of United News of Bangladesh ( UNB ) , one of the country 's leading news agencies .   The current editor of the magazine is Shayan S Khan . Its previous editors have included Syed Badrul Ahsan , Afsan Chowdhury and M Harunur Rashid .


Question: Over five hundred experts including researchers and practitioners specializing in climatology and associated domains have dispatched an 'International Statement on Climate Change' to the UN's Secretary-General.

 European Climate Declaration: A Call for Reasoned Debate

Over five hundred experts across various scientific disciplines within climate-related areas have jointly signed the "European Climate Declaration," addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. These signatories express concern about the current narrative surrounding anthropogenic climate change and advocate for open-minded discourse based on empirical evidence rather than alarmist predictions. They argue that policies aimed at mitigating climate change need robust scrutiny regarding both their effectiveness and unintended consequences.

Sustainability remains central to discussions around ecological balance and productivity maintenance indefinitely. Wetland preservation and forest health exemplify successful models of sustainable biological systems. To foster sustainability, principles encompassing ecology, economy, governance, and cultural aspects form its foundational pillars. Scientific inquiry into sustainable development and environmental issues falls under the umbrella of sustainability science.

Aiming for sustainability involves pursuing ideals that might seem unachievable but serve as guiding stars leading to resilient systems through continuous progress. Environmental integrity is crucial for sustaining life; thus, strategies focusing on responsible chemical engineering, resource stewardship, and protective measures against ecological harm become essential tools. Insights derived from green chemistry, geoscience, environmental sciences, and conservation biology inform effective approaches.

Achieving sustainability presents multifaceted challenges requiring coordinated action at multiple levels - legal frameworks, spatial design, transportation infrastructure, community lifestyle choices, and conscientious consumption habits. Innovations range from communal living arrangements promoting harmony with nature (such as ecovillages) to greener alternatives in construction methods, agricultural techniques, architectural designs utilizing recycled materials, technological advancements harnessing clean energies, and nuclear power innovations emphasizing safety protocols. Embracing flexibility and reversibility ensures adaptable pathways forward without compromising future generations’ needs.

The concept of “sustainability” embodies aspirations for harmonized coexistence between humans and ecosystems akin to maintaining stable internal body temperatures despite external fluctuations—termed homeostasis. Meanwhile, “sustainable development” encompasses strategic actions facilitating transition journeys toward achieving long-term stability goals. Amidst ongoing debates concerning environmental deterioration, atmospheric alterations linked to excessive consumption, demographic pressures, and insatiable quests for exponential economic expansion within finite planetary boundaries, genuine commitment toward fostering viable solutions becomes imperative.

Critiques highlight uncertainties associated with attaining absolute environmental resilience amidst prevailing trends exacerbating ecological fragility. Nevertheless, acknowledging complexities inherent within sustainability pursuits encourages embracing nuanced perspectives grounded in rigorous analysis before endorsing sweeping policy reforms impacting societal well-being significantly.

Rani Dhavan Shankardass is an Indian social historian and global expert on prison reform . She is the Secretary General of Penal Reform and Justice Association ( PRAJA ) and the President of Penal Reform International .

Dr. David V. Barrett is a British sociologist of religion who has widely written on topics pertaining to new religious movements and western esotericism . He is also a regular contributor to The Independent , Fortean Times , and the Catholic Herald .   The backflap of one of his books claims he was an intelligence analyst for the UK Government Communications Headquarters and the United States ' government 's National Security Agency prior to his career as a writer . He is a regular book critic and his critiques have appeared in Literary Review , New Scientist , and others .   He has been involved in science fiction critique , having edited Vector , the critical journal of the British Science Fiction Association in the late 1980s , and organized and chaired the Arthur C. Clarke Award for three years .

The Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW or RAW ) is the primary foreign intelligence agency of India . It was established in 1968 following the intelligence failures of the Sino-Indian and Indo-Pakistani wars , which persuaded the Government of India to create a specialised , independent agency dedicated to foreign intelligence gathering ; previously , both domestic and foreign intelligence had been the purview of the Intelligence Bureau .   During the nine-year tenure of its first Director , Rameshwar Nath Kao , R&AW quickly came to prominence in the global intelligence community , playing a role in major events such as the independence of Bangladesh and the accession of the state of Sikkim to India . The agency 's primary function is gathering foreign intelligence , engaging in counter-terrorism , promoting counter-proliferation , advising Indian policymakers , and advancing India 's foreign strategic interests . It is also involved in the security of India 's nuclear programme . Many foreign analysts consider the R&AW to be an effective organisation and identify it as one of the primary instruments of India 's national power .   Headquartered in New Delhi , R&AW 's current chief is Anil Dhasmana . The head of RAW is designated `` Secretary ( Research ) '' in the Cabinet Secretariat , and is under the direct command of the Prime Minister and reports on an administrative basis to the Cabinet Secretary of India , who reports to the Prime Minister .

The Declaration for Healthy Food and Agriculture ( also known as the Food Declaration ) is a declaration , endorsed by 200 national leaders of the sustainable food movement , outlining 12 principles that these leaders believe should frame a healthy food and agriculture policy . Initiated by Roots of Change ( a San Francisco-based non-profit organization ) and developed by a national team of thinkers , producers and activists , the stated goal of the declaration is to promote food and agriculture policies that benefit all Americans . It was launched at the 2008 Slow Food Nation event at San Francisco City Hall .   138,298 individuals had endorsed the petition as of November 3 , 2013 .  Notable endorsers include Wendell Berry , Michael Pollan and Alice Waters .   The full text is available on their website and begins ,   `` We , the undersigned , believe that a healthy food system is necessary to meet the urgent challenges of our time . Behind us stands a half-century of industrial food production , underwritten by cheap fossil fuels , abundant land and water resources , and a drive to maximize the global harvest of cheap calories . Ahead lie rising energy and food costs , a changing climate , declining water supplies , a growing population , and the paradox of widespread hunger and obesity . ''   It then goes on to define twelve principles which they believe will help to frame the discussion in improving food and agricultural policy .

Recovery from Cults : Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse a 1995 book edited by Michael Langone , director of the anti-cult group International Cultic Studies Association ( formerly the American Family Foundation ) , published by W. W. Norton & Company , treats the theories of mind control as related to cults .   The book has 22 contributors , primarily from the International Cultic Studies Association . Designed as a reference for people seeking help past New Religious Movements/Cults/Sects experiences .

Raymond G. Chambers ( born August 7 , 1942 ) is a philanthropist and humanitarian who currently serves as the United Nations Secretary-General 's Special Envoy for Health in Agenda 2030 and for Malaria . Chambers ' philanthropic efforts are diverse , with major focus areas in global health , mentoring , and revitalizing his home city of Newark , New Jersey .

Organizations from around the world responded to the West African Ebola virus epidemic . In July 2014 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) convened an emergency meeting with health ministers from eleven countries and announced collaboration on a strategy to co-ordinate technical support to combat the epidemic . In August , they declared the outbreak an international public health emergency and published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response to the outbreak , aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide within 6 -- 9 months . In September , the United Nations Security Council declared the Ebola virus outbreak in the West Africa subregion a `` threat to international peace and security '' and unanimously adopted a resolution urging UN member states to provide more resources to fight the outbreak ; the WHO stated that the cost for combating the epidemic will be a minimum of $ 1 billion .   The Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and the World Bank Group have pledged aid money and the World Food Programme announced plans to mobilize food assistance for an estimated 1 million people living in restricted access areas . Several Non-Governmental Organizations have provided assistance in the efforts to control the spread of the disease . Up until the end of September , the humanitarian aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) is the leading organization responding to the crisis , with several treatment centers in the area . Samaritan 's Purse has also provided direct patient care and medical support in Liberia ; many nations and charitable organizations , foundations , and individuals have also pledged assistance to control the epidemic .   , a massive international response to the crisis is under way . The United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response ( UNMEER ) has the task of overall planning and coordination , directing the efforts of the UN agencies , national governments , and other humanitarian actors to the areas where they are most needed .   Calling Ebola healthcare workers `` the ones who answered the call '' , in December the editors of Time magazine named the Ebola health workers as Person of the Year . Editor Nancy Gibbs said , `` The rest of the world can sleep at night because a group of men and women are willing to stand and fight . For tireless acts of courage and mercy , for buying the world time to boost its defenses , for risking , for persisting , for sacrificing and saving , the Ebola fighters are Time 's 2014 Person of the Year . '' Both Médecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) and Samaritan 's Purse were singled out as organisations that responded very early in the epidemic with especially dedicated workers who had worked alongside local caregivers .

Reporters Without Borders ( RWB ) , or Reporters Sans Frontières ( RSF ) , is an international non-profit , non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press . The organization , with a head office in Paris , France , has consultant status at the United Nations .   Reporters Without Borders has two primary spheres of activity : one is focused on Internet censorship and the new media , and the other on providing material , financial and psychological assistance to journalists assigned to dangerous areas . Its missions are to :  continuously monitor attacks on freedom of information worldwide ;  denounce any such attacks in the media ;  act in cooperation with governments to fight censorship and laws aimed at restricting freedom of information ;  morally and financially assist persecuted journalists , as well as their families ; and  offer material assistance to war correspondents in order to enhance their safety .

Desmond Travers ( born 1941 ) is a retired Irish Army colonel . During his years with the army he served with various United Nations and European Union peacekeeping forces . Since his retirement from the army in 2001 , he has taught military affairs at the Institute for International Criminal Investigations in The Hague . He also served on the institutes board of directors . In 2009 together with Richard Goldstone , Christine Chinkin , and Hina Jilani , he was appointed to the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict . The report that the mission subsequently published is commonly referred to as the Goldstone Report and Travers is credited as one of the four co-authors .

Reading Research Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell . The current editors are Linda Gambrell ( Clemson University ) and Susan Neuman ( New York University ) . The journal is one of three journals published on behalf of the International Literacy Association .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 2.697 , ranking it 5th out of 203 journals in the category `` Education & Educational Research '' and 5th out of 51 journals in the category `` Psychology , Educational '' .


Question: There's an agreement amongst experts in science and governance that crossing the critical threshold will be inevitable should the worldwide average temperature escalate beyond a surplus of two degrees Celsius. This signals a tipping point with irreversible consequences for our climate system.

 Two-Degree Threshold: A Critical Line in Climate Change
Experts warn that crossing the critical threshold of a two-degree Celsius rise in average global temperatures could trigger irreversible consequences, leading us into uncharted territory fraught with severe ecological disruptions. This pivotal mark serves as a red line beyond which the impacts of climate change become increasingly catastrophic and uncontrollable. Scientists emphasize that only through immediate action can humanity hope to avoid surpassing this tipping point. International agreements aim to limit global warming below this level, recognizing its significance in preventing widespread disasters associated with higher temperatures. Achieving this goal requires collective effort, stringent policies, and innovative solutions to mitigate carbon emissions effectively.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and semantic style while ensuring that the relationship between the claim and the generated document remains consistent. Both documents discuss aspects related to climate science consensus and crucial thresholds concerning global temperature increases.

Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules . The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental , although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives , as defined by national governments . Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making , or a combination of both .   Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region , increasing the free movement of people , labour , goods , and capital across national borders , reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict ( for example , through Confidence and Security-Building Measures ) , and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues , such as the environment , climate change and migration .   Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone . In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity .

A resignation is the formal act of giving up or quitting one 's office or position .   Resignation may also refer to :  Resignation ( psychology ) , state of uncomplaining , utter frustration  `` Resignation '' ( House ) , the twenty-second episode of the third season of House  The Resignation , an Rx Bandits album   Resign may also refer to :  Resign ( chess ) : the concession of a loss of a game of chess before it proceeds to checkmate , traditionally by tipping over one 's king .

A research proposal is a document proposal a research project , generally in the sciences or academia , and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research . Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research , and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out . Research proposals generally address several key points :  What research question ( s ) will be addressed , and how they will be addressed  How much time and expense will be required for the research  What prior research has been done on the topic  How the results of the research will be evaluated  How the research will benefit the sponsoring organization and other parties

Rehabilitation International ( RI Global ) is an international disability rights organization with member organizations in every region of the world . The RI secretariat is located in New York City .   Founded in 1922 , RI is a network of people with disabilities , service providers , government agencies , academics , researchers and advocates working to improve the quality of life of people with disabilities . A major focus of its activity since 1999 has been establishing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities .   In the late 1960s , RI created the ubiquitous International Symbol of Access , featuring a stylized person in a wheelchair on a blue background .

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

Demarcation is the act of creating a boundary around a place or thing   Demarcation may also refer to :  Demarcation line , a temporary border between the countries  Demarcation problem , the question of which practices of doing science permit the resulting theories to lie within the boundaries of knowledge  Demarcation dispute , may arise when two different trade unions both claim the right to represent the same class or group of workers  Demarcation point , in telephony , the point at which the telephone company network ends and connects with the wiring at the customer premises  Demarcation transactions , starting and ending database transactions using begin , commit , and rollback methods

In international relations , a rapprochement , which comes from the French word rapprocher ( `` to bring together '' ) , is a re-establishment of cordial relations , as between two countries . In the political scene of an individual country , rapprochement means the bringing together of diverse political factions as , for example , during metapolitefsi in Greece .  Other examples of its use are the mending of relations between the United States under Richard Nixon and the People 's Republic of China from 1972 onwards . Additionally , the period known as détente or ` relaxation ' between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s was a time of rapprochement .   Rapprochement also refers to a human developmental milestone usually occurring between 15 and 24 months . The child moves away from and then returns to the mother for reassurance ( Mahler ) .

Knocking on wood - in Britain and Australia the phrase is touch wood - is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching , tapping , or knocking on wood , or merely stating that one is doing or intend to do so , in order to avoid `` tempting fate '' after making a favourable observation , a boast , or declaration concerning one 's own death or other unfavorable situation beyond one 's control .   The origin of the custom may be in Germanic folklore , wherein supernatural beings are thought to live in trees , and can be invoked for protection .

Raghuram Govind Rajan ( born 3 February 1963 ) is an Indian economist who is the Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business . He was the 23rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India between September 2013 and September 2016 . Between 2003 and 2006 , Rajan was the Chief Economist and Director of Research at the International Monetary Fund . In 2015 , during his tenure at the Indian Reserve Bank he also became Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements .   At the Federal Reserve annual Jackson Hole conference in 2005 , Rajan warned about the growing risks in the financial system and proposed policies that would reduce such risks . Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers called the warnings `` misguided '' and Rajan himself a `` luddite '' . However , following the 2008 economic crisis , Rajan 's views came to be seen as prescient and he was extensively interviewed for the Oscar-winning documentary Inside Job ( 2010 ) .   In 2003 Rajan received the inaugural Fischer Black Prize , given every two years by the American Finance Association to the financial economist younger than 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the theory and practice of finance . His book , Fault Lines : How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy , won the Financial Times/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year award in 2010 . In 2016 , he was named by Time ( magazine ) in its list of the ` 100 Most Influential People in the World ' .

A ratchet effect is an instance of the restrained ability of human processes to be reversed once a specific thing has happened , analogous with the mechanical ratchet that holds the spring tight as a clock is wound up . It is related to the phenomena of featuritis and scope creep in the manufacture of various consumer goods , and of mission creep in military planning .   Ratchet effect in sociology :  `` Ratchet effects refer to the tendency for central controllers to base next year 's targets on last year 's performance , meaning that managers who expect still to be in place in the next target period have a perverse incentive not to exceed targets even if they could easily do '' . ( Bevan and Hood 2006 , p. 521 )


Question: There's an agreement amongst experts in science and governance that exceeding a planetary average warmth increase beyond a threshold of two degrees Celsius will lead us into irreversible environmental damage territory. This echoes the critical stance on climate change severity as outlined within various scientific studies and international agreements aiming at curbing greenhouse gas emissions significantly.

2°C: A Critical Threshold for Climate Change
The scientific community widely agrees that surpassing a global average temperature increase of two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels marks a perilous turning point in Earth’s climate trajectory. Beyond this critical boundary lies heightened vulnerability to catastrophic shifts within various interconnected systems. Historical data reveals how delicate balances—like those governing ice ages versus warmer epochs—are susceptible to disruption through mechanisms akin to positive feedback loops. Today, concern centers around amplifying effects linked to atmospheric composition alterations (chiefly CO₂) catalyzed by anthropogenic sources. Research indicates multiple scenarios where crossing key thresholds might unleash runaway dynamics capable of transforming entire biomes or triggering widespread oceanic circulation disruptions. Among pivotal flashpoints recognized under current understanding:

- **Ice Sheets & Sea Level Surge:** Accelerated melting across vast expanses covering Greenland and Antarctica holds potential for precipitating dramatic elevations in baseline sea heights – potentially swamping low-lying regions globally.

These phenomena don’t necessarily unfold instantaneously upon breaching specific markers; rather they represent long-term commitments unfolding over extended durations post-trigger event(s). Yet identifying early warning signs becomes paramount given inherent challenges associated with reversing certain outcomes once momentum gathers pace. Consequently, international agreements emphasize stringent emission targets aiming to curb worst-case projections while fostering resilience-building strategies amongst nations facing disproportionate impacts.

Regulatory economics is the economics of regulation . It is the application of law by government or independent administrative agencies for various purposes , including remedying market failure , protecting the environment , centrally-planning an economy , enriching well-connected firms , or benefiting politicians ( see Regulatory capture ) . It is not considered to include voluntary regulation in the private sphere .

Diplomatic law is that area of international law that governs permanent and temporary diplomatic missions . A fundamental concept of diplomatic law is that of diplomatic immunity , which derives from state immunity .   Key elements of diplomatic law are the immunity of diplomatic staff , the inviolability of the diplomatic mission and its grounds , and the security of diplomatic correspondence and diplomatic bags . Famous cases involving the breaking of diplomatic laws includes the Iran hostage crisis in 1979 , the shooting of a British police woman from the Libyan Embassy in London in 1984 , and the discovery of a former Nigerian Minister in a diplomatic crate at Stansted airport in 1984 .   It is also an accepted principle of customary international law and is recognised between countries as a matter of practicality . Diplomatic law is often strictly adhered to by states because it works on reciprocity . For example , if you expel diplomats from a certain country , then your diplomats will most likely be expelled from that country .

Raynaud syndrome , also known as Raynaud 's phenomenon , is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow . Typically , the fingers , and less commonly the toes , are involved . Rarely , the nose , ears , or lips are affected . The episodes result in the affected part turning white and then blue . Often , there is numbness or pain . As blood flow returns , the area turns red and burns . The episodes typically last minutes , but can last up to several hours .   Episodes are often triggered by cold or emotional stress . There are two main types : primary Raynaud 's , when the cause is unknown , and secondary Raynaud 's , which occurs as a result of another condition . Secondary Raynaud 's can occur due a connective tissue disorder , such as scleroderma or lupus , injuries to the hands , smoking , thyroid problems , and certain medications , such as birth control pills . Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms .   The primary treatment is avoiding the cold . Other measures include the discontinuation of nicotine or stimulants use . Medications for treatment of cases that do not improve include calcium channel blockers and iloprost . Little evidence supports alternative medicine . Severe disease may rarely be complicated by skin sores or gangrene .   About 4 % of people have the condition . Onset of the primary form is typically between ages 15 and 30 and occurs more frequently in females . The secondary form usually affects older people . Both forms are more common in cold climates . It is named after the French physician Maurice Raynaud , who described the condition in 1862 .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

In geometry , a degenerate conic is a conic ( a second-degree plane curve , defined by a polynomial equation of degree two ) that fails to be an irreducible curve . This means that the defining equation is factorable over the complex numbers ( or more generally over an algebraically closed field ) as the product of two linear polynomials.Some authors consider conics without real points as degenerate , but this is not a commonly accepted convention .   Using the alternative definition of the conic as the intersection in three-dimensional space of a plane and a double cone , a conic is degenerate if the plane goes through the vertex of the cones .   In the real plane , a degenerate conic can be two lines that may or may not be parallel , a single line ( either two coinciding lines or the union of a line and the line at infinity ) , a single point ( in fact , two complex conjugate lines ) , or the null set ( twice the line at infinity or two parallel complex conjugate lines ) .   All these degenerate conics may occur in pencils of conics . That is , if two real non-degenerated conics are defined by quadratic polynomial equations and , the conics of equations form a pencil , which contains one or three degenerate conics . For any degenerate conic in the real plane , one may choose and so that the given degenerate conic belongs to the pencil they determine .

In logic , reductio ad absurdum ( -LSB- , Latin , `` reduction to absurdity '' , links = no -RSB- or argumentum ad absurdum , `` argument to absurdity '' ) is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous , absurd , or impractical conclusion , or to prove one by showing that if it were not true , the result would be absurd or impossible . Traced back to classical Greek philosophy in Aristotle 's Prior Analytics ( -LSB- ἡ Εις άτοπον απαγωγή , hê eis atopon apagôgê , reduction to the impossible , links = no -RSB- ) , this technique has been used throughout history in both formal mathematical and philosophical reasoning , as well as in debate .   Examples of arguments using reductio ad absurdum are as follows :  The Earth can not be flat , otherwise we would find people falling off the edge .  There is no smallest positive rational number , because if there were , then it could be divided by two to get a smaller one .  The first example shows that it would be absurd to argue that the Earth is flat , because it would lead to an outcome that is impossible since it contradicts a law of nature . The second example is a mathematical proof by contradiction , arguing that the denial of the premise would result in a logical contradiction ( there is a `` smallest '' number and yet there is a number smaller than it ) .

Large numbers are numbers that are significantly larger than those ordinarily used in everyday life , for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions . The term typically refers to large positive integers , or more generally , large positive real numbers , but it may also be used in other contexts .   Very large numbers often occur in fields such as mathematics , cosmology , cryptography , and statistical mechanics . Sometimes people refer to numbers as being `` astronomically large '' . However , it is easy to mathematically define numbers that are much larger even than those used in astronomy .

In United States law , a reversible error is an error of sufficient gravity to warrant reversal of a judgment on appeal . It is an error by the trier of law ( judge ) , or the trier of fact ( the jury , or the judge if it is a bench trial ) , or malfeasance by one of the trying attorneys , which results in an unfair trial . It is to be distinguished from harmless errors which do not rise to a level which brings the validity of the judgment into question and thus do not lead to a reversal upon appeal .   A finding of reversible error requires that one or more of the appellant 's `` substantial rights '' be affected , or the evidence in question be of such character as to have affected the outcome of the trial . ( See e.g. , Montana Petroleum Tank Release Compensation Bd . v. Crumley 's , Inc. , 174 P. 3d 948 ( Mont. 2008 ) . ) The criteria for determining what constitutes a `` substantial right '' is somewhat vague however , being that it varies from case to case , each presenting a slightly different interpretation of which rights are essential , or significant enough to warrant this sort of legal protection . Therefore , reversible errors resulting from the violation of an individual 's `` substantial right ( s ) '' must be considered on an individual basis .   Reversible errors include , but are not limited to :  seating a juror who has manifested impermissible bias to one party or the other ,  admitting evidence which should have been excluded under the rules of evidence .  excluding evidence which a party was entitled to have admitted ,  giving an incorrect legal instruction to a jury ,  failure to declare a mistrial when continuing with trial amounts to a denial of due process , or  conversely , granting a mistrial in a criminal case if the defendant objects , unless the grant was necessary to correct manifest injustice .   If an appellate court determines that reversible error occurred , it may reverse the judgment of the lower court and order a new trial on such terms and conditions as are found to be just .   Technically , attorney misconduct is not reversible error . Failure of the judge to remedy it during the trial is reversible error . In cases such as unfairly or illegally concealing evidence , there is no error on the part of the court but the court 's decision may still be vacated and the matter returned for a new trial , because there is no other way for justice to be granted .

Refrigerator mother theory is a widely discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth . Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors and exposure to environmental agents predominate in the cause of autism .   The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia . When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943 , he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children . Parents , particularly mothers , were often blamed for their children 's atypical behavior , which included rigid rituals , speech difficulty , and self-isolation . Kanner later rejected the `` refrigerator mother '' theory , instead focusing on brain mechanisms .

The Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) is the government department responsible for environmental protection , food production and standards , agriculture , fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Concordats set out agreed frameworks for co operation , between it and the Scottish Government , Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive , which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations .   Defra also leads for Britain at the EU on agricultural , fisheries and environment matters and in other international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change , although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility .