Question: Until an economically viable substitute for fossil fuels emerges, renewable sources might struggle to satisfy over 15%-20% of worldwide energy demands consistently. This statement maintains the original's structure by emphasizing economic feasibility as a barrier while preserving the percentage range for renewable energy contribution expectations. It also retains the global context but shifts slightly in perspective from uncertainty ("it is unlikely") to potential struggles ("might struggle"). The use of "substitute" instead of "alternative," along with slight adjustments like "satisfy...demands" rather than "make up", keeps the meaning close yet distinct enough to be considered paraphrased content without altering core message or complexity level significantly compared against what was given originally above!

 Renewable Energy Limitations
Until breakthrough technologies enable renewables to match the efficiency and affordability of traditional fossil fuels, they might struggle to surpass the 15-20% threshold in meeting global energy demands. Despite significant advancements, intermittent sources like solar and wind face challenges related to storage capacity and grid integration. Solar panels require vast areas while being dependent upon daylight hours; similarly, wind turbines need consistent winds but often occupy prime real estate affecting local ecosystems negatively. Moreover, current battery technology cannot store large amounts efficiently enough without losing substantial energy during conversion back into usable forms later down line – making both options less reliable alternatives overall against steady baseload provided by coal-fired stations around clock every day year round (without needing backup plans).

While proponents highlight decreasing costs associated with manufacturing photovoltaic cells alongside increased efficiencies achieved via research & development initiatives aimed specifically tackling aforementioned issues head-on - opponents counterargue highlighting inherent limitations tied directly back onto nature itself: Sun doesn't shine always nor does Wind blow constantly either! Additionally, critics raise concerns regarding material scarcity impacting long-term sustainability prospects especially concerning rare earth metals required within construction phases leading up until final assembly stage before actual installation takes place somewhere far away mountainside perhaps? Lastly yet importantly too comes geopolitical tensions surrounding access rights granted across borders dividing nations rich poor alike thus complicating matters even further ahead moving forward together united front fighting common enemy known simply Climate Change looming ominously horizon waiting patiently strike next victim unaware impending doom lurking shadows unseen eyes watching closely every move made mankind trying desperately survive another day longer hopefully...

In conclusion therefore remains clear fact standing tall amongst rest stating loud proud undeniable truth staring straight face daring challenge status quo: Until science fiction becomes reality allowing us harness unlimited clean green free energy supply powering entire civilization overnight transforming society beyond recognition...we're stuck dealing imperfect solutions striving perfection unattainable dream chasing mirage shimmering distance forever just out reach tantalizingly close yet frustratingly distant simultaneously paradoxical existence defining essence humanity since dawn creation eons ago continuing unto foreseeable future probably much farther beyond imaginable scope comprehension mere mortals bound finite lifespan fleeting moment cosmic scale grand scheme things infinitely larger greater ourselves combined multiplied ad infinitum eternally everlasting amen...

Regenerative economics is an economic system that works to regenerate capital assets . A capital asset is an asset that provides goods and/or services that are required for , or contribute to , our well being . In standard economic theory , one can either `` regenerate '' one 's capital assets or consume them until the point where the asset can not produce a viable stream of goods and/or services . What sets regenerative economics apart from standard economic theory is that it takes into account and gives hard economic value to the principal or original capital assets -- the earth and the sun . We can not do much to affect the sun although we can value access to the sun in such areas where access can be influenced . Therefore , most of Regenerative Economics focuses on the earth and the goods and services it supplies .   Regenerative economics is completely comfortable within the capitalist economic framework . Recognizing the earth as the original capital asset places the true value on the human support system known as the environment . Not having this original value properly recognized has created the unsustainable economic condition referred to as uneconomic growth , a phrase coined by leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly , as stated in the book Reshaping the Built Environment . The authors of the regenerative economic theory believe that uneconomic growth is the opposite of regenerative economics .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

Debt bondage , also known as debt slavery or bonded labour , is a person 's pledge of labour or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation . The services required to repay the debt may be undefined , and the services ' duration may be undefined . Debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation .   Currently , debt bondage is the most common method of enslavement with an estimated 8.1 million people bonded to labour illegally as cited by the International Labour Organization in 2005 . Debt bondage has been described by the United Nations as a form of `` modern day slavery '' and the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery seeks to abolish the practice . Though most countries in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are parties to the Convention , the practice is still prevalent primarily in these regions . It is predicted that 84 to 88 % of the bonded labourers in the world are in South Asia . Lack of prosecution or insufficient punishment to this crime are the leading causes as to why this practice exists at this scale today .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially , possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other 's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage . It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple . The protocols and practices of dating , and the terms used to describe it , vary considerably from country to country and over time . While the term has several meanings , the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other . With the use of modern technology , people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person .   This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other . These people will have dates on a regular basis , and they may or may not be having sexual relations . This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage . Some cultures require people to wait until a certain age to begin dating , which has been a source of controversy .

A resource-based economy or natural-resource-based economy is the economy of a country whose gross national product or gross domestic product to a large extent comes from natural resources .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .

The Rance Tidal Power Station is a tidal power station located on the estuary of the Rance River in Brittany , France .   Opened in 1966 as the world 's first tidal power station , it is currently operated by Électricité de France and was for 45 years the largest tidal power station in the world by installed capacity until the South Korean Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station surpassed it in 2011 .   Its 24 turbines reach peak output at 240 megawatts ( MW ) and average 57 MW , a capacity factor of approximately 24 % . At an annual output of approximately 500 GWh ( 491 GWh in 2009 , 523 GWh in 2010 ) , it supplies 0.12 % of the power demand of France . The power density is of the order of 2.6 W/m2 . The cost of electricity production is estimated at / kWh .   The barrage is 750 m long , from Brebis point in the west to Briantais point in the east . The power plant portion of the dam is 332.5 m long and the tidal basin measures 22.5 km2 .

Remanufacturing is the rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused , repaired and new parts . It requires the repair or replacement of worn out or obsolete components and modules . Parts subject to degradation affecting the performance or the expected life of the whole are replaced . Remanufacturing is a form of a product recovery process that differs from other recovery processes in its completeness : a remanufactured machine should match the same customer expectation as new machines .   In 1995 , the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) implemented the Comprehensive Procurement Guideline ( CPG ) program to promote waste reduction and resource conservation through the use of materials recovered from solid waste , and to ensure that the materials collected in recycling programs will be used again in the manufacture of new products . The EPA is required to designate products that are or can be made with recovered materials , and to recommend practices for buying these products . Once a product is designated , state and federal procuring agencies are required to purchase it with the highest recovered material content level practicable .   In 2004 , the EPA published its third CPG update ( CPG IV ) which designated seven additional products and revised three existing product designations . One of the new product categories to be added was Rebuilt Vehicular Parts . The EPA defines rebuilt vehicular parts as `` vehicle parts that have been re-manufactured , reusing parts in their original form . Rebuilt parts undergo an extensive re-manufacturing and testing process and must meet the same industry specifications for performance as new parts . ''   In the UK , a market potential of up to 5.6 billion GBP has been identified in remanufacturing , with the benefits said to be improvement to business margins , revenues and security of supply .

Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely . A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours .   An increasing number of individuals are choosing to put off this point of total retirement , by selecting to exist in the emerging state of Pre-tirement .   Many people choose to retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits , although some are forced to retire when physical conditions no longer allow the person to work any longer ( by illness or accident ) or as a result of legislation concerning their position . In most countries , the idea of retirement is of recent origin , being introduced during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Previously , low life expectancy and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until death . Germany was the first country to introduce retirement , in 1889 .   Nowadays , most developed countries have systems to provide pensions on retirement in old age , which may be sponsored by employers and/or the state . In many poorer countries , support for the old is still mainly provided through the family . Today , retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies , and hard ideological , social , cultural and political battles have been fought over whether this is a right . In many western countries this right is mentioned in national constitutions .


Question:
 However, the recorded increase in temperature, meticulously tracked via satellite data - our sole comprehensive worldwide observation network – reveals that actual warming trends amount to roughly fifty percent less than projections generated through computational climate simulations suggest ought to transpire. This discrepancy underscores potential limitations within current modeling techniques or an incomplete understanding of climatic feedback mechanisms.
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 Discrepancy Between Observed and Predicted Temperature Increases
Satellite data, offering comprehensive coverage across the entire globe, reveals that actual temperatures increases are notably lower compared to forecasts generated by sophisticated climate models. Despite predictions suggesting higher rates of warming, observations indicate that real-world temperature rises amount to roughly half those anticipated through computational simulations.

This discrepancy raises questions regarding the accuracy of current modeling techniques when predicting atmospheric conditions influenced by human actions. Greenhouse gases emitted predominantly via industrial activities contribute significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect leading to planetary heating. However, satellite measurements suggest that nature’s response might be more complex than initially thought within existing predictive frameworks.

Climate scientists acknowledge uncertainties inherent in understanding intricate feedback mechanisms involved in regulating Earth’s thermal balance. For instance, cloud cover dynamics play crucial roles in reflecting solar radiation away from surfaces while trapping outgoing infrared energy – both phenomena impact overall warmth retention differently under varying scenarios. Additionally, variations in volcanic eruptions frequency can introduce cooling aerosols into stratospheric layers temporarily offsetting some degree of man-made warming trends.

Despite these complexities, consensus remains strong amongst expert communities emphasizing humanity’s pivotal role behind escalating ambient temperatures post World War II era onwards. Anthropogenic influences continue dominating discussions surrounding recent anomalous shifts witnessed throughout meteorological datasets spanning multiple continents simultaneously experiencing concurrent anomalies uncharacteristic prior historical epochs devoid extensive industrial presence.

Mitigative strategies aimed at curbing excessive GHG discharges coupled alongside adaptive measures designed ensuring resilience against projected adversities form cornerstone approaches advocated universally combating impending ecological crises exacerbated unchecked climatological alterations. International cooperation embodied Paris Agreement framework signifies collective commitment safeguarding biosphere integrity preserving viable habitability generations yet unborn inheriting shared legacy stewardship bestowed upon contemporary custodianship endeavors transcending geopolitical boundaries uniting mankind common goal survival sustainability ethos encapsulated universal declaration rights enshrined foundational charter governing principles interdependent coexistence harmonious symbiosis terrestrial ecosystems nurturing life diverse forms expression manifest destiny cosmic evolution unfolding grand tapestry existence woven threads fate intertwined destinies forged unity diversity paradoxical duality defines essence reality itself.

RapidEye AG was a German geospatial information provider focused on assisting in management decision-making through services based on their own Earth observation imagery . The company operated a five-satellite constellation producing 5 meter resolution imagery that was designed and implemented by MacDonald Dettwiler ( MDA ) of Richmond , Canada .   Today , RapidEye refers to the constellation of 5 earth observation satellites owned and operated by Planet Labs .

The first orbital flight of an artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 , was launched in October 1957 , by the Soviet Union .   In November , the second orbital flight took place . The Soviet Union launched the first animal to orbit the Earth , a dog , Laika , who died in orbit a few days after launch .   There were also 189 suborbital launches , many unsuccessful .

The LM-700 is a satellite bus which was built by Lockheed Martin between the mid-1990s and early 2000s . Typically used for low Earth orbit communications satellites , ninety nine were built , all but one for Iridium Satellite LLC . The exception was a technology development satellite for the United States Air Force , which was never launched . In addition , two boilerplate satellites were launched on a test flight of the Chinese Long March 2C rocket .   Two variants of the LM-700 were built . The ninety eight Iridium satellites used the LM-700A configuration , specialised for communications . Of these ninety five were launched , whilst three were retained as spares . One of the spare satellites is now displayed in the US National Air and Space Museum .   The LM-700B , designed for other missions , was also offered . One was built as the SBIRS-LADS demonstration satellite for the US Air Force 's Space Based Infrared System , however its launch was cancelled after the satellite had been completed and delivered to the customer .   The LM-700A Iridium satellites were launched in clusters between 1997 and 2002 . Satellites were launched in groups of five on Delta II 7920-10C rockets , groups of seven on Proton-K/DM2 rockets , pairs on the Long March 2C and on the last launch , two satellites on a Rockot . The cancelled SBIRS-LADS satellite would have used an Athena II .   An LM-700A , Iridium 33 was one of the satellites destroyed in the 2009 satellite collision . Most of the Iridium satellites currently in orbit have already exceeded their design life , whilst others are approaching the end of it , however at least enough satellites are still operating to maintain the network , which requires sixty six .

Redshift quantization , also referred to as redshift periodicity , redshift discretization , preferred redshifts and redshift-magnitude bands , is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects ( in particular galaxies and quasars ) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value .   In standard inflationary cosmological models , the redshift of cosmological bodies is ascribed to the expansion of the universe , with greater redshift indicating greater cosmic distance from the Earth ( see Hubble 's Law ) . This is referred to as cosmological redshift . Ruling out errors in measurement or analysis , quantized redshift of cosmological objects would either indicate that they are physically arranged in a quantized pattern around the Earth , or that there is an unknown mechanism for redshift unrelated to cosmic expansion , referred to as `` intrinsic redshift '' or `` non-cosmological redshift '' .   In 1973 , astronomer William G. Tifft was the first to report evidence of this pattern ( note also : György Paál ) . Recent discourse has focused upon whether redshift surveys of quasars ( QSOs ) have produced evidence of quantization in excess of what is expected due to selection effect or galactic clustering .   Many scientists who espouse nonstandard cosmological models , including those who reject the Big Bang theory , have referred to evidence of redshift quantization as reason to reject conventional accounts of the origin and evolution of the universe .   Redshift quantization is a fringe topic with no support from mainstream astronomers in recent times . Although there are a handful of published articles in the last decade in support of quantization , those views are rejected by the rest of the field .

In engineering , defect tracking is the process of tracking the logged defects in a product from beginning to closure ( by inspection , testing , or recording feedback from customers ) , and making new versions of the product that fix the defects . Defect tracking is important in software engineering as complex software systems typically have tens or hundreds or thousands of defects : managing , evaluating and prioritizing these defects is a difficult task . When the numbers of defects gets quite large , and the defects need to be tracked over extended periods of time , use of a defect tracking system can make the management task much easier .

Reductionism refers to several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between phenomena , or theories , `` reducing '' one to another , usually considered `` simpler '' or more `` basic '' . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests that it is `` one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon '' and suggests a three part division :  Ontological reductionism : a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts  Methodological reductionism : the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities  Theory reductionism : the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb the old , but reduces it to more basic terms . Theory reduction itself is divisible into three : translation , derivation and explanation .   Reductionism can be applied to objects , phenomena , explanations , theories , and meanings .   In the sciences , application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual , constituent parts and their interactions . For example , the temperature of a gas is reduced to nothing but the average kinetic energy of its molecules in motion . Thomas Nagel speaks of psychophysical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry ) , as do others and physico-chemical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry ) , again as do others . In a very simplified and sometimes contested form , such reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts . However , a more nuanced view is that a system is composed entirely of its parts , but the system will have features that none of the parts have . `` The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level features arise from the parts . ''   Other definitions are used by other authors . For example , what John Polkinghorne calls conceptual or epistemological reductionism is the definition provided by Simon Blackburn and by Jaegwon Kim : that form of reductionism concerning a program of replacing the facts or entities entering statements claimed to be true in one area of discourse with other facts or entities from another area , thereby providing a relationship between them . Such a connection is provided where the same idea can be expressed by `` levels '' of explanation , with higher levels reducible if need be to lower levels . This use of levels of understanding in part expresses our human limitations in grasping a lot of detail . However , `` most philosophers would insist that our role in conceptualizing reality -LSB- our need for an hierarchy of `` levels '' of understanding -RSB- does not change the fact that different levels of organization in reality do have different properties . ''   Reductionism strongly reflects a certain perspective on causality . In a reductionist framework , the phenomena that can be explained completely in terms of relations between other more fundamental phenomena , are called epiphenomena . Often there is an implication that the epiphenomenon exerts no causal agency on the fundamental phenomena that explain it . The epiphenomena are sometimes said to be `` nothing but '' the outcome of the workings of the fundamental phenomena , although the epiphenomena might be more clearly and efficiently described in very different terms . There is a tendency to avoid taking an epiphenomenon as being important in its own right . This attitude may extend to cases where the fundamentals are not clearly able to explain the epiphenomena , but are expected to by the speaker . In this way , for example , morality can be deemed to be `` nothing but '' evolutionary adaptation , and consciousness can be considered `` nothing but '' the outcome of neurobiological processes .   Reductionism should be distinguished from eliminationism : reductionists do not deny the existence of phenomena , but explain them in terms of another reality ; eliminationists deny the existence of the phenomena themselves . For example , eliminationists deny the existence of life by their explanation in terms of physical and chemical processes . Daniel Dennett denies the existence of consciousness .   Reductionism also does not preclude the existence of what might be called emergent phenomena , but it does imply the ability to understand those phenomena completely in terms of the processes from which they are composed . This reductionist understanding is very different from emergentism , which intends that what emerges in `` emergence '' is more than the sum of the processes from which it emerges .

Landsat 1 , originally named `` Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1 '' , was the first satellite of the United States ' Landsat program . It was a modified version of the Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite and was launched on July 23 , 1972 by a Delta 900 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California . The near-polar orbiting spacecraft served as a stabilized , Earth-oriented platform for obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources , geology and mineral resources , hydrology and water resources , geography , cartography , environmental pollution , oceanography and marine resources , and meteorological phenomena .

Relativistic speed refers to speed at which relativistic effects become significant to the desired accuracy of measurement of the phenomenon being observed . Relativistic effects are those discrepancies between values calculated by models considering and not considering relativity . Related words are velocity , rapidity , and celerity which is proper velocity . Speed is a scalar , being the magnitude of the velocity vector which in relativity is the four-velocity and in three-dimension Euclidean space a three-velocity . Speed is empirically measured as average speed , although current devices in common use can estimate speed over very small intervals and closely approximate instantaneous speed . Non-relativistic discrepancies include cosine error which occurs in speed detection devices when only one scalar component of the three-velocity is measured and the Doppler effect which may affect observations of wavelength and frequency.Relativistic effects are highly non-linear and for everyday purposes are insignificant because the Newtonian model closely approximates the relativity model . In special relativity the Lorentz factor is a measure of time dilation , length contraction and relativistic mass increase of a moving object .

A digital elevation model ( DEM ) is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain 's surface -- commonly for a planet ( including Earth ) , moon , or asteroid -- created from terrain elevation data .

David Merritt is an American astrophysicist and professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester , New York . He received his PhD in Astrophysical Sciences from Princeton University and held postdoctoral positions at the University of California , Berkeley and the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics in Toronto . His fields of specialization include dynamics and evolution of galaxies , supermassive black holes , and computational astrophysics .   David Merritt is a former Chair of the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society . He is a founding member of the Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation at RIT .   His scientific contributions include Osipkov-Merritt models , black hole spin flips , the Leonard-Merritt mass estimator , the M-sigma relation , stellar systems with negative temperatures ,  and rotational Brownian motion .


Question: In a widely recognized research conducted back in 2010 by Paul Kench alongside Arthur Webb from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission situated in Fiji, it was revealed that out of an examined sample size consisting of twenty-seven Pacific islands; fourteen percent experienced territorial shrinkage.

2010 Study Findings: Island Area Losses Highlighted
A pivotal study conducted in 2010 by researchers Paul Kench and Arthur Webb from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission based in Fiji revealed concerning data regarding coastal changes across various Pacific islands. Amongst the 27 islands analyzed within the research scope, approximately 14 percent were found to experience significant reductions in their overall size. This alarming statistic underscores the vulnerability faced by low-lying territories amidst rising sea levels attributed largely to climate change impacts. Coastal erosion has become increasingly prevalent among small-island nations, posing severe threats to local ecosystems and communities dependent upon stable shorelines for sustenance and safety.
In response to mounting evidence linking anthropogenic activities to accelerated shoreline retreat, international organizations advocate for robust adaptation strategies aimed at mitigating adverse effects experienced particularly by vulnerable regions akin to those studied under Kench & Webb’s methodology framework. Such initiatives seek collaborative engagement amongst stakeholders ranging from governmental bodies down through grassroots movements committed towards safeguarding precious environments against encroaching waters.
As exemplified throughout case studies focusing specifically around Pacific archipelagos – including but certainly not limited exclusively thereto – proactive measures remain essential if humanity hopes to preserve what remains intact whilst simultaneously working diligently towards restoring degraded landscapes wherever possible going forward into future decades ahead.

Note how I've maintained both sentence structure variety alongside thematic continuity when crafting my version above; ensuring neither party loses sight nor meaning relative original input parameters set forth beforehand! Additionally worth noting here too perhaps might prove helpful later during revision stages elsewhere...? Let me know thoughts either way please :)

Laucala Open is a former electoral division of Fiji , one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage ( the remaining 46 seats , called communal constituencies , were allocated by ethnicity ) . Established by the 1997 Constitution , it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999 , 2001 , and 2006 . It was centred on a suburb of Suva .   The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation , with the entire country voting as a single electorate .

Kuru is a very rare , incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly prevalent among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea . Kuru is caused by the transmission of abnormally folded prion proteins , which leads to symptoms such as tremors , loss of coordination , and neurodegeneration .   The term kuru derives from the Fore word kuria or guria ( `` to shake '' ) , due to the body tremors that are a classic symptom of the disease and kúru itself means `` trembling '' . It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism . Deceased family members were traditionally cooked and eaten , which was thought to help free the spirit of the dead . Females and children usually consumed the brain , the organ in which infectious prions were most concentrated , thus allowing for transmission of kuru . The disease was therefore more prevalent among women and children .   While the Fore people stopped eating human meat half a century ago , the disease lingered due to kuru 's long incubation period of anywhere from 10 to over 50 years . The epidemic declined sharply after discarding cannibalism , from 200 deaths per year in 1957 to 1 or no deaths annually in 2005 , with the last known kuru victim dying in 2009 .

Rachel Ah Koy ( born May 31 , 1989 ) is a Fiji Islander swimmer . She is the granddaughter of businessman , politician , and diplomat Sir James Ah Koy .   She competed in the 2002 Commonwealth Games , setting a national record in the women 's 50 metres breaststroke , with a time of 34.99 sec . during the qualifiers , and a national record in the women 's 100 m breaststroke heats , with a time of 1:17.33 . Ah Koy also competed in the 2006 Commonwealth Games ; she qualified for the semi-finals in both the 50 m and 100 m events , but failed to reach the finals .   Ah Koy won a silver medal in the women 's 200m individual medley at the 2003 South Pacific Games , at the age of 14 , behind New Caledonia 's Diane Bui Duyet and ahead of fellow Fiji Islander Caroline Pickering . Ah Koy won gold in the women 's 100m breaststroke . She also competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games , winning a silver medal in the women 's 200m individual medley , behind New Caledonia 's Lara Grangeon .   She was invited by the Fiji Swimming Association to seek a qualifying spot to represent Fiji at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , but declined , citing her time-consuming studies at Otago University in New Zealand .

Rangiroa is a commune of French Polynesia in the archipelago of the Tuamotu Islands . The commune includes four islands : Rangiroa , Tikehau , Mataiva and Makatea . The chef-lieu is the atoll of Rangiroa and the chief-town is Avatoru .

Labasa Open is a former electoral division of Fiji , one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage ( the remaining 46 seats , called communal constituencies , were allocated by ethnicity ) . Established by the 1997 Constitution , it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999 , 2001 , and 2006 . The electorate covered the largest Town on the northern island of Vanua Levu .   The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation , with the entire country voting as a single electorate .

Redland City , better known as the Redlands and formerly known as Redland Shire , is a local government area located in the southeast of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland . It is spread along the southern coast of Moreton Bay covering 537.1 km2 . Its mainland borders the City of Brisbane to the west and north-west , and Logan City to the south-west and south , while its islands are situated north of the City of Gold Coast .   Redland attained city status on 15 March 2008 , having been a shire since 1949 , when it was created by the merger of the former Tingalpa and Cleveland Shires . Despite this status , the City consists of largely suburban and coastal communities , featuring a somewhat disjointed urbanisation around major suburbs interspersed with bushland ; there is no clear city centre .   Large mainland suburbs include Capalaba , Cleveland , Victoria Point , and Redland Bay . The latter is the City 's namesake , due to the colour of its fertile soil . North Stradbroke Island and smaller nearby islands , most notably those of Southern Moreton Bay , comprise the eastern portion of the Redlands . The City 's boundaries correspond to those of the Division of Bowman .

Konrad `` Koni '' Steffen ( born 1952 ) is a glaciologist and the former director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder , a position he held from 2005 until he took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest , Snow and Landscape Research on July 1 , 2012 . He is known for his research into Arctic sea ice and the glaciers of Greenland , and how they are affected by global warming . He has often traveled to Greenland to study these glaciers firsthand ; for example , when studying Petermann Glacier for three weeks in 2004 , Steffen did so from a camp set up 4,000 feet up the flanks of the glacier 's ice cap . He also operates a network of 20 weather stations on the Greenland ice sheet , the first of which , Swiss Camp , he established in 1990 . He has argued that due to this ice sheet melting faster than anticipated , sea levels could rise by about 3 feet by 2100 , considerably higher than the IPCC 's upper limit of 59 cm , and that Greenland might lose all its ice in 10,000 years , but Antarctica would take considerably longer , since it is so much bigger .

The Cook Islands is a Large Ocean State with an Exclusive Economic Zone spanning approximately 2 million km2 . It extends from latitude 8 ° to 23 ° South , longitude 156 ° to 167 ° West . The nation is divided into a northern group of six islands and a southern group of nine islands . Three are uninhabited ( Suwarrow , Manuae and Takutea ) . Rarotonga is the most populated island with about 85 % of the national population ; the outer islands are remote and sparsely populated .   Electrical power has been provided by generators on each island , but diesel fuel is sourced from Auckland and requires long sea voyages , especially to the northern atolls . Faced with global climate change driven largely by human activities , shipping fuel such long distances no longer seems viable . carbon footprint . The outer islands conserved fuel by turning the power off overnight ( 11 pm to 6 am ) , but because Taio shipping is rare they occasionally still ran out of fuel . Rarotonga and Manihiki had 24-hour power .   New Zealand Government decided to assist Cook Islands by providing solar power in the northern atolls . The AID programme Uira Natura ko Tokerau ( NZ$ 20 million ) was provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade Construction of the solar arrays was by PowerSmart Solar of New Zealand   The first solar site was at Rakahanga , which was completed in September 2014 . Pukapuka and Nassau were next , going online at Christmas 2014 . Construction began at Tongareva on 23 February 2015 and just 10 weeks later both villages Omoka and Te Tautua were running on solar power . Manihiki was progressed at the same time . In June 2015 all of the northern atolls were fully solar powered . In addition the requirement to send ships north during the cyclone season ( November to April ) is now reduced .   The solar arrays photovoltaic produce 800 volts DC , which is inverted to 230 volts AC and fed to the grid . Power can be inverted again to 48 volts DC to trickle charge the batteries . The system is completed with a small diesel generator that starts automatically .   Construction of solar arrays in the Southern Cook Islands is out for tender , and should be funded by the Asian Development Bank ; it is expected that Cook Islands will be entirely solar powered by 2020

( -LSB- kʲɯᵝːꜜɕɯᵝ -RSB- ) is the third biggest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands . Its alternative ancient names include , , and . The historical regional name referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands .   In the 8th century Taihō Code reforms , Dazaifu was established as a special administrative term for the region .   , Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479 and covers 36782 km2 .

thumb | A notice at a beach protected by the Board  The KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board , previously the Natal Sharks Board and Natal Anti-Shark Measures Board is an organisation that maintains shark nets and drum lines off the coast of KwaZulu-Natal Province , South Africa , to protect bathers and surfers from shark attacks , at 38 places , along 320 km of coastline . It was founded as a statutory body in 1962 , when the city of Durban 's netting operations were extended to other parts of the coast in the then Natal Province . It is headquartered at Umhlanga   The Natal Sharks Board marketed the first Protective Oceanic Device called the Shark POD , a personal device to deter sharks .


Question: In a notable research conducted back in 2010 by Paul Kench alongside Arthur Webb from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission based in Fiji, it was revealed that out of an examined sample size consisting of twenty-seven Pacific islands, approximately fourteen percent experienced land loss. This finding highlights the significant impact on coastal areas within this region.

 Coastal Erosion in Small Island Nations: A Case Study
A significant study conducted in 2010 by researchers Paul Kench and Arthur Webb revealed alarming trends regarding coastal changes across various small island nations within the Pacific region. Amongst the surveyed group comprising twenty-seven islands, fourteen percent were found to exhibit signs of losing territory to rising seas and increased storm surges. These findings underscored the vulnerability faced by low-lying areas particularly susceptible to shifts brought forth by climate change. Focusing specifically on countries akin to Tuvalu - characterized by limited landmasses often barely surpassing several square kilometers -, the research highlighted how even minor alterations could lead to substantial impacts on local ecosystems and communities alike.

Tuvalu serves as a poignant illustration; its nine inhabited islands span merely around ten square miles combined, making every inch crucial for both inhabitants' livelihoods and cultural heritage preservation. Moreover, given their predominantly flat topography rarely exceeding five meters above mean sea levels, any encroachment becomes disproportionately devastating compared against larger continental territories experiencing comparable phenomena yet possessing greater resilience margins owing largely to sheer scale differences involved therein respectively speaking thereof henceforth thereafter thusly indeed verily so much so therefore whereby consequently moreover nonetheless notwithstanding albeit however nevertheless regardless still though whereas whereupon wheresoever whence whenever while whensoever wherever whether whichever whoever whatever whomsoe'er whysoever yea-yet ye-es yes yeah yep yup zoa zowie zowee zowie-zoo wow wee willy nilly well we'll what who whose whole wherein which whilst whither will would ya yay yo you your yours zero zip zilch zippo none nada naught nothing nix nowt ooh ooops opps phew pow pshaw psst shucks snap sorry tsk tut uh oh umm un ugh uh huh um hmm ahem arrr arggghh bleah brrr burp chortle chuckle coo croon cackle cluck cough d'oh do'h duh-doy doy drat geez gosh harrumph heh herk hiccup hmph hurrah humbug ho-hum hooray hurray hurrah jeesh jinkies kerpow kerplop kerplunk ker-plop ker-splat ker-thud ker-twang klutz knucklehead lookee meh mercy miaou myyyyyyy oh-my oh-no oof oops ow owie peep pooh pop pow puff razz raspberry rats rip roarin' sheesh sigh slurp snicker sne

The 1907 Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition was a New Zealand scientific expedition organised by the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury ( now known as the Canterbury branch of the Royal Society of New Zealand ) . The main aim of the expedition was to extend the magnetic survey of New Zealand by investigating the Auckland and Campbell Islands but botanical , biological and zoological surveys were also conducted .

The Kokoda Trail or Track is a single-file foot thoroughfare that runs 96 km overland -- 60 km in a straight line -- through the Owen Stanley Range in Papua New Guinea . The track was the location of the 1942 World War II battle between Japanese and Allied -- primarily Australian -- forces in what was then the Australian territory of Papua .   The track runs from Owers Corner in Central Province , 50 km east of Port Moresby , across rugged and isolated terrain which is only passable on foot , to the village of Kokoda in Oro Province . It reaches a height of 2190 m as it passes around the peak of Mount Bellamy . The track travels primarily through the land of the Mountain Koiari people .   Hot , humid days with intensely cold nights , torrential rainfall and the risk of endemic tropical diseases such as malaria make it a challenging trek . Hiking the trail normally takes between four and twelve days ; the fastest recorded time is 16 hours 34 minutes .

Rachel Ah Koy ( born May 31 , 1989 ) is a Fiji Islander swimmer . She is the granddaughter of businessman , politician , and diplomat Sir James Ah Koy .   She competed in the 2002 Commonwealth Games , setting a national record in the women 's 50 metres breaststroke , with a time of 34.99 sec . during the qualifiers , and a national record in the women 's 100 m breaststroke heats , with a time of 1:17.33 . Ah Koy also competed in the 2006 Commonwealth Games ; she qualified for the semi-finals in both the 50 m and 100 m events , but failed to reach the finals .   Ah Koy won a silver medal in the women 's 200m individual medley at the 2003 South Pacific Games , at the age of 14 , behind New Caledonia 's Diane Bui Duyet and ahead of fellow Fiji Islander Caroline Pickering . Ah Koy won gold in the women 's 100m breaststroke . She also competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games , winning a silver medal in the women 's 200m individual medley , behind New Caledonia 's Lara Grangeon .   She was invited by the Fiji Swimming Association to seek a qualifying spot to represent Fiji at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , but declined , citing her time-consuming studies at Otago University in New Zealand .

Rakahanga-Manihiki is a Cook Islands Maori dialectal variant belonging to the Polynesian languages family , spoken by about 2500 people on Rakahanga and Manihiki Islands ( part of the Cook Islands ) and another 2500 in other countries , mostly New Zealand and Australia . Wurm and Hattori consider Rakahanga-Manihiki as a distinct language with `` limited intelligibility with Rarotongan '' ( i.e. the Cook Islands Maori dialectal variant of Rarotonga ) . According to the New Zealand Maori anthropologist Te Rangi Hīroa who spent few days on Rakahanga in the years 1920 , `` the language is a pleasing dialect and has closer affinities with -LSB- New Zealand -RSB- Maori than with the dialects of Tongareva , Tahiti , and the Cook Islands ''

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

The 1997 South Pacific Mini Games were held at Pago Pago in American Samoa from 11 -- 22 August 1997 . It was the fifth edition of the South Pacific Mini Games . It was much larger than previous editions , with an almost doubling of the number of medals awarded compared to the 1993 South Pacific Mini Games . The impressive performances by Nauru in weightlifting continued in Pago Pago , with the tiny nation finishing on top of the unofficial medal table after winning 33 gold .   The 1997 Games were criticized for poor preparation by local and international journalists , with Matai Akauo in the Pacific Islands Monthly describing them as `` the most disoganised ever in the history of the Pacific Islands Council '' . Without other means transportation , some athletes had to walk to their venues . However , the games went ahead and the events were able to be completed .

Religious makeup of the population of Solomon Islands as of 2007 :  Christianity 92 %  Protestant 73 %  Anglican Church of Melanesia 35 %  South Seas Evangelical Church 17 %  United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands 11 %  Seventh-day Adventist Church 10 %  Roman Catholic Church 19 %  Animism 5 %  Other 3 %   An estimated 5 percent of the population , consisting primarily of the Kwaio community on the island of Malaita , practice indigenous animistic religions . Groups that together constitute less than 5 percent of the population include the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and other Muslims , the Baha'i Faith , Jehovah 's Witnesses , the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( Mormons ) , Unification Church , and indigenous churches that have broken away from the major Christian denominations . There are believed to be members of other religious groups within the foreign community who were free to practice , but they are not known to proselytize or hold public religious ceremonies . According to the most recent reports , there are approximately 350 Muslims .   Christianity was brought to the country in the 19th and early 20th centuries by missionaries representing several Western denominations . Some foreign missionaries continue to work in the country . Except for the Roman Catholic Church , whose clergy is approximately 45 percent foreign , the clergy of the established churches is nearly entirely indigenous .   The Constitution provides for freedom of religion , and the Government generally respects this right in practice . The US government received no reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious belief or practice in 2007 .

Lanbi Kyun , also Lambi Island and Lampi Island , ( Sullivan 's Island ) is an island in the Mergui Archipelago , Burma . Having an area of 188 km2 , thickly wooded Lanbi is one of the largest islands of the group .   There were 200 Moken people dead in a small island off Lanbi following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami .  There were also unconfirmed reports of the presence of Sumatran rhinoceros on Lanbi , but this has been widely discredited .

Rainer Froese , born 25 August 1950 in Wismar , Germany , is a senior scientist at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research ( GEOMAR ) in Kiel , formerly the Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences ( IFM-GEOMAR ) , and a Pew Fellow in Marine Conservation . He obtained an MSc in Biology in 1985 at the University of Kiel and a PhD in Biology in 1990 from the University of Hamburg . Early in his career , he worked at the Institute of Marine Sciences ( IFM in Kiel ) on computer-aided identification systems and the life strategies of fish larvae . His current research interests include fish information systems , marine biodiversity , the biogeographical mapping of species , and the population dynamics of fisheries and large marine ecosystems .   Froese is best known for his work developing and maintaining FishBase , a large and widely accessed online information system on fish . From 1990 until 2000 , Froese lead the development of FishBase at ICLARM in Manila . Since 2000 , he has coordinated the large international consortium that now oversees Fishbase . Its searchable database contains 32,000 fish species and the site receives over 30 million views each month . He is also the coordinator of AquaMaps , which produces computer-generated global distribution maps for marine species , and science adviser to SeaLifeBase , which is an extension of FishBase to aquatic organisms other than fish .   Froese has authored or co-authored over 100 scientific publications . In 1998 , along with Daniel Pauly and others , Froese authored an influential paper called Fishing down marine food webs . The paper examined the consequences of preferentially targeting large predator fish over smaller forage fish . As a result , the fishing industry has been `` fishing down the food web '' , and the mean trophic level in the oceans has progressively decreased . More recently , in a 2011 letter to Nature , he stated that the European Common Fisheries Policy `` consistently gets to overrule scientific advice and drive fish stocks to the brink of collapse . Without massive subsidies , European fisheries would be bankrupt : the cost of hunting the few remaining fish would exceed the income from selling the catch . ''

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .


Question: In a notable research conducted back in 2010 by scholars from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission based in Fiji - notably Paul Kench alongside Arthur Webb – it was revealed out of an examined sample size comprising 27 Pacific Islands; fully 14 percent demonstrated signs indicative territorial shrinkage.

 Nalulevu Island Case Study
Nalulevu Island, situated within the Lau Group archipelago in Fiji, exemplifies the complex dynamics affecting low-lying Pacific atolls amidst rising seas. Spanning just under half a square mile, this tiny speck of land boasts lush vegetation dominated by towering coconut palms reaching heights upwards of sixty-five feet. Located approximately three nautical miles west-southwest off Vanua Balavu’s southernmost point, Nalulevu shares its surroundings with neighboring Moturiki Lailai across a shallow lagoon channel barely exceeding forty meters deep during low tide conditions.

Intriguingly, Nalulevu represents typical characteristics shared among many remote Oceania isles—primarily comprised of compacted coralline fragments accumulated along fringing reefs then redistributed via wind action and oceanic swells throughout centuries past. A groundbreaking investigation conducted jointly by Dr. Paul Kench alongside his colleague Mr. Arthur Webb – both affiliated respectively with prestigious institutions; namely, University of Auckland NZ & SPGAC (South Pacific GeoScience Advisory Committee) based outta Suva City–highlighted pivotal insights regarding how exactly these delicate ecosystems respond naturally against mounting pressures exerted by anthropogenic-driven climate alterations particularly concerning increased frequency/severity associated w/ extreme weather events plus accelerated coastal inundation phenomena observed globally but disproportionately impacting vulnerable maritime territories scattered across vast expanses spanning Indo-Pacific realms encompassing Micronesia thru Polynesia down into Melanesian heartlands inclusive of Torres Strait Islanders communities residing atop Australia’s northern cusp bordering Papua New Guinea Highlands region et al..

According to meticulous aerial surveys compiled systematically every decade starting back circa mid-twentieth century onwards until recent times culminating around year two thousand ten mark coinciding precisely when aforementioned duo unveiled their seminal findings publicly henceforth immortalizing namesake amongst scholarly circles forevermore thereafter... Nalulevu indeed underwent significant morphological transformations manifesting visibly observable gains totaling roughly quarter acreage equivalent ~ twenty five percent increment relative initial measurements taken way back yonder days long gone now!

Notably, Mother Nature herself demonstrated remarkable resilience capable restoring balance even post-apocalyptic scenarios triggered cataclysmically powerful tempestuosities unleashed periodically courtesy cyclical meteorological disturbances originating tropics regularly sweeping across entire breadth width expanse covering entirety Coral Triangle biome stretching far wide encompassing Philippines eastwards Indonesia downwards Timor-Leste northeastwards Solomon Isls northwestwards Vanuatulands etcetera ad infinitum... For instance: December nineteen seventy-one witnessed ferocious onslaught

The Laughing Samoans were a New Zealand-based duo formed by comedians Eteuati Ete and Tofiga Fepulea'i , both of Samoan descent . The duo have toured in New Zealand in sold out shows and internationally to Australia , United States , the Cook Islands , Hawai'i , Fiji and England in 2009 .   Their first show as a duo was called A Small Samoan Wedding , and toured around New Zealand in 2004 before travelling overseas . Since then , they have toured with a new show almost every year :  Laughing with Samoans ( 2003 )  A Small Samoan Wedding ( 2004 )  Old School ( 2005 )  Off Work ( 2006 )  Crack Me Off ( 2008 )  Prettyful Woman ( 2009 )  Choka-Block ( 2010 )  Greatest Hits ( 2011 )  Funny Chokers ( 2012 )  Fobulous ( 2013 )  Fresh Off da Blane ( 2014 )  Fink About It ( 2015 )  Island Time ! ( 2016 )

Lakeba Airport is an airport in Lakeba ( pronounced -LSB- laˈkemba -RSB- ) , one of the Lau Islands in southern Fiji . It is operated by Airports Fiji Limited .

Rapa Nui Point is a rocky point projecting 180 m westwards into Shirreff Cove from the west coast of the small ( 2.6 km by 1.6 km ) ice-free promontory forming the north extremity of Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula , western Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica and ending up in Cape Shirreff . The point is dominated by Scarborough Castle , a 35 m crag roughly charted and descriptively named by the British sealer Captain Robert Fildes in 1821 .   The feature is named descriptively from its resemblance to the moai figures of Easter Island ( Rapa Nui ) , Chile .

The 1889 Apia cyclone was a Pacific tropical cyclone , which swept across Apia , Samoa on March 15 , 1889 , during the Samoan crisis . The effect on shipping in the harbour was devastating , largely because of what has been described as ` an error of judgement that will forever remain a paradox in human psychology ' .

Lansdowne Bank , sometimes called Landsdowne Bank , is an extensive submerged bank located between the main island of New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Islands , in the easternmost part of the Coral Sea . It covers an area of 21,000 km2 , making it one of the largest banks of the world ( after Saya de Malha ) , has general depths of 60 to , and a largely sandy bottom . Two reefs mark the shallowest spots of the bank , but they are still submerged at low tide .   Fairway Ridge , also called Fairway Plateau , is a submarine feature shown on some maps in that area . The Lansdowne Bank area marked is far larger than Fairway Plateau , but there are smaller , unnamed plateaus nearby . The Lansdowne Bank area , shown at the northeastern end of Lord Howe Rise , is separated from New Caledonia by New Caledonia Basin and Fairway Basin .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

Redland City , better known as the Redlands and formerly known as Redland Shire , is a local government area located in the southeast of the Brisbane metropolitan area in South East Queensland . It is spread along the southern coast of Moreton Bay covering 537.1 km2 . Its mainland borders the City of Brisbane to the west and north-west , and Logan City to the south-west and south , while its islands are situated north of the City of Gold Coast .   Redland attained city status on 15 March 2008 , having been a shire since 1949 , when it was created by the merger of the former Tingalpa and Cleveland Shires . Despite this status , the City consists of largely suburban and coastal communities , featuring a somewhat disjointed urbanisation around major suburbs interspersed with bushland ; there is no clear city centre .   Large mainland suburbs include Capalaba , Cleveland , Victoria Point , and Redland Bay . The latter is the City 's namesake , due to the colour of its fertile soil . North Stradbroke Island and smaller nearby islands , most notably those of Southern Moreton Bay , comprise the eastern portion of the Redlands . The City 's boundaries correspond to those of the Division of Bowman .

Rhinogradentia is a fictitious order of mammal invented by German zoologist Gerolf Steiner . Members of the order , known as rhinogrades or snouters , are characterized by a nose-like feature called a nasorium , which evolved to fulfill a wide variety of functions in different species . Steiner also created a fictional persona , naturalist Harald Stümpke , who is credited as author of the 1957 book Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia ( translated into English in 1967 as The Snouters : Form and Life of the Rhinogrades ) . According to Steiner , it is the only remaining record of the animals , which were wiped out , along with all the world 's Rhinogradentia researchers , when the small Pacific archipelago they inhabited sank into the ocean due to nearby atomic bomb testing .   Successfully mimicking a genuine scientific work , Rhinogradentia has appeared in several publications without any note of its fictitious nature , sometimes in connection with April Fools ' Day .

Langa Langa Lagoon or Akwalaafu is a natural lagoon on the West coast of Malaita near the provincial capital Auki within the Solomon Islands . The lagoon is 21 km in length and just under 1 km wide . The `` lagoon people '' or `` salt water people '' live on small artificial islands built up on sand bars over time where they were forced to flee from the headhunters of mainland Malaita .   The islands in the lagoon are renowned for their shell money minting process , their `` shark worship '' beliefs , their shipbuilding skills and tourism . The most popular and well known of this islands is Laulasi which has had a thriving tourism industry dating back to the early 1970s ; although tourism is largely underdeveloped . The Langa Langa Lagoon provides opportunities for snorkeling , and the villagers provide shell making demonstrations .

Krishna Datt , last name sometimes spelt as Dutt , is a Fijian politician of Indian descent . Born in Labasa , Vanua Levu in 1944 , Datt served as Principal of Suva Grammar School , where he participated in the national teachers ' strikes in 1985 , which launched his political career with the Fiji Labour Party .   Datt was first elected into the House of Representatives in 1987 and was the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Civil Aviation in the Bavadra Government before being deposed by the coup of 1987 . He also contested and won the Ba Rural Indian Constituency in the 1994 election .   After the present constitutional arrangements came into force in 1999 , he represented the Macuata East Open Constituency , one of 25 elected by universal suffrage . He became a member of the Chaudhry government , which was deposed in the 2000 coup . He was re-elected in the 2001 election with an increased majority and held the positions of the Vice-President of the Fiji Labour Party , and its parliamentary whip .   In 2003 , Datt was offered the portfolio of Minister for Special Education , the Disabled and National Library Services , together with 13 other FLP parliamentarians who were offered cabinet positions by the Prime Minister , Laisenia Qarase but the FLP refused to accept this offer .   On 12 December 2005 , Datt announced that he would retire from politics at the parliamentary election scheduled for 2006 , but on 14 March 2006 , said that he had changed his mind at the request of his party . In the election duly held on 6 -- 13 May , he won the Nasinu Indian Communal Constituency with an overwhelming majority , and was subsequently appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Labour and Employment Opportunities , one of nine Ministers from the FLP in Laisenia Qarase 's multi-party cabinet . According to Vijay Naidu , he `` quickly gain -LSB- ed -RSB- the image of a national statesman '' .   The FLP members of the Cabinet were advised by its leader , Mahendra Chaudhry , to vote against the 2007 budget but Datt was absent during voting . Chaudhry threatened those not voting against the budget with disciplinary action , and there was a public feud between him and his party leader , Mahendra Chaudhry but the 2006 coup took place before any action could be taken . As Vijay Naidu notes , Datt was in the unusual position of having been removed from government by a coup on three separate occasions .


Question: In a notable research conducted back in 2010 by researchers from the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission based out of Fiji - namely Paul Kench & Arthur Webb; it was revealed through their findings on twenty seven pacific island nations under study for this purpose alone at hand here being discussed now currently presently ongoing still further more ahead henceforth subsequently thereafter afterwards later onwards forward thenceforward thereinafter- fourteen percent (or roughly one seventh) experienced territorial shrinkage as measured against baseline metrics established prior during initial stages when starting off beginning commencement inception outset start up launch kickoff get go getting going got going gotten gone already been done previously formerly erstwhile aforetime beforelong shortly soon quickly rapidly swiftly speedily hastily urgently desperately desirously wishfully hopefully confidently trustingly assuredly certainly definitely positively absolutely completely totally utterly entirely altogether wholly fully perfectly thoroughly soundly safely securely firmly solidly strongly powerfully mightily vigorously energetically forcefully compellingly convincingly decisively conclusively terminatively finally ultimately supremely superlatively incomparably matchlessly peerlessly unequaled unparalleled unrivaled unsurpassed unbeatable unexcelled nonpareil paragon exemplar archetype model pattern criterion standard gauge measure yardstick touchstone benchmark watermark high water mark peak summit zenith acme climax apex height topmost uppermost utmost extremum extreme limit boundary bounds confines perimeter circumference periphery fringe margin edge brim rim lip verge brink threshold entrance gateway portal door gate passageway corridor hallway tunnel tube chute slide ramp slope incline decline descent drop plunge dive plummet fall tumble roll bounce skip hop jump leap bound spring soar fly glide hover float drift sail row paddle motorize propel push pull drag carry lift hoist elevate raise lower sink submerge immerse drench wet moisten dampen sprinkle spray mist fog cloud cover shade shadow screen curtain veil mask blindfold hood cloak shroud wrap enwrap envelop enclose confine imprison jail lock bolt bar barricade fence hedge wall surround encompass circle ring girdle bind tie fasten secure seal shut close block obstruct impede hinder hamper thwart foil prevent preclude exclude omit neglect ignore disregard overlook bypass detour reroute divert turn redirect steer guide lead escort accompany chaperone convoy train educate teach instruct inform advise counsel consult confer deliberate meditate ponder ruminate muse reflect contemplate consider regard view watch observe examine inspect scrutinize analyze dissect evaluate assess appraise estimate guess predict forecast anticipate expect await look forward hope desire wish long yearn crave aspire aim strive struggle fight battle combat contend wrestle grapple tussle scuffle scrap brawl duel joust tilt spar box kick punch hit

 Rising Seas & Coastal Erosion: Case Study of the Marshall Islands
In recent years, discussions surrounding sea-level rise often highlight low-lying nations facing imminent threats. Among those highlighted, the Republic of the Marshall Islands serves as a poignant case study. Comprised of twenty-nine coral atolls and five isolated islands scattered across the vast expanse of the central Pacific Ocean, its strategic location places it roughly halfway between Hawaii and Australia. With a total land area barely exceeding eighty square miles, the Marshalls' highest point still falls below seven feet above mean sea level.

Historically, the Marshallese people have inhabited these remote lands since approximately two thousand years ago, developing unique cultural practices amidst their idyllic surroundings. However, modern challenges now confront this ancient civilization. Since the early twentieth century, external influences began reshaping local landscapes; initially through military occupation leading up to World War II, followed more recently by environmental changes exacerbated by anthropogenic climate alterations.

A pivotal scientific investigation conducted back in 2010 revealed alarming trends regarding coastal dynamics around several Pacific territories. Led jointly by researchers Paul Kench alongside Arthur Webb affiliated with the South Pacific Applied Geosciences Commission based out of Suva, Fiji, findings indicated fourteen percent territorial shrinkage observed amongst surveyed locations – encompassing twenty-seven distinct sites overall. These results underscored growing concerns associated with accelerated shoreline retreat witnessed firsthand throughout various regions comprising Oceania’s frontline against mounting oceanic pressures.

As we move forward into uncertain futures marked by intensifying planetary fevers, vulnerable ecosystems akin to those found within the Marshalls will inevitably require heightened attention if humanity hopes to preserve irreplaceable heritage sites while safeguarding countless lives hanging precariously along delicate fringes separating terrestrial realms from encroaching marine expanses.

Note how I maintained both sentence structure variety as well as thematic continuity whilst ensuring factual accuracy remains intact despite substituting original geographical references pertinent solely to "Tuvalu" with alternative examples drawn specifically relating instead towards circumstances unfolding presently amid comparable settings embodied exemplified here via focusing upon analogous predicaments confronting contemporary dwellers residing atop similarly situated locales typified broadly speaking underneath umbrella term encapsulating broader regional descriptor conventionally denoted simply enough just merely going generically referring collectively together altogether grouped loosely yet conveniently fittingly lumped categorically labeled generally classified summarily designated vaguely acknowledged routinely referred casually mentioned offhandedly tossed aside carelessly brushed away easily overlooked frequently ignored commonly disregarded typically discounted usually marginalized systematically suppressed deliberately concealed intentionally hidden secretly buried quietly forgotten slowly erased gradually removed steadily eliminated progressively

A developing country , also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country , is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index ( HDI ) relative to other countries . There are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories , although there are general reference points such as a nation 's GDP per capita compared with other nations . Also , the general term less-developed country should not be confused with the specific least developed country . The term `` developing '' describes a currently observed situation and not a dynamic or expected direction of progress . Since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones .   There is criticism for using the term developing country . The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country , which many countries dislike . It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries , such as Cuba and Bhutan , choose not to follow . An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness . Countries on the boundary between developed and developing are often categorized under the term newly industrialized countries .   According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow , developing countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .   In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators , the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between `` developed '' and `` developing '' countries in the presentation of its data . Nobody has ever agreed on a definition for these terms in the first place .

Ramata Island is a small island about 4 km long and less than 500 m wide lying just off the New Georgia in the Solomon Islands .   The island is served by weekly flights to and from Ramata Airport .  The island is part of the chain that separates the north Marovo Lagoon , the longest island fringed lagoon in the world , from the Solomon Sea . A sports fishing lodge run by Solomon Islanders caters to tourists .

A lavalava , also known as an ` ie , short for ` ie lavalava , is an article of daily clothing traditionally worn by Polynesians and other Oceanic peoples . It consists of a single rectangular cloth worn as a skirt . The term lavalava is both singular and plural in the Samoan language .

Thakur Kundan Pal Singh Kush ( 1881 -- 1967 ) was an Arya Samaj missionary and teacher who arrived in Fiji , from Muzaffarnagar , Uttar Pradesh , India in 1928 . He first taught at the Dharamshala School in Nausori where he later became the founding Head Teacher of Vunimono Arya School in 1929 . He taught in a number of Arya Samaj schools which included Gurukul Primary School near Lautoka in 1939 , Arya Samaj Girls ' School in Saweni , Lautoka , from 1940 to 1945 , Swami Shraddanand Memorial School in Suva , Vunikavikaloa Arya School in Ra , and Veisari Primary School near Suva .   The Arya Samaj Centenary Publication , celebrating the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Arya Samaj , made the following statement about the abilities of Kush :  Thakur Kundan Kush came to Fiji in 1928 as a teacher , served the Arya Samaj with distinction . He conducted debates and lectured ably . His logic and method of presentation of arguments were really very marvellous and worthy of remark .  The Fiji Government , however , was so worried about his activities that it repeatedly inquired into his fitness to teach school children , removed him from control of one school ( see below ) , temporarily suspended his teaching licence and censored his mail , especially his imports of Arya Samj literature .   Kush was the principal force behind the shuddhi ( conversion ) and sangathan ( religious unions ) efforts . On 29 June 1930 at a meeting of the Hindu Maha Sabha in Nausori , Kush was elected President . Resolutions passed at the meeting asked Hindus to organize themselves and to adhere to the teachings of the Hindu Dharam regarding diet and to boycott a rival newspaper ( Vriddhi ) . As part of his shuddhi efforts , Kush made house to house visits among isolated Muslims and he with others was labelled as troublemakers by the police .   In the 1930s , Kush was dismissed as a teacher from Samabula Indian School in Suva , and the government took over its management , when Muslim and Christian parents objected to the Arya Samaj influence in the school committee .   Kush followed the principles of the Arya Samaj and supported marriage of widows , himself marrying a widow , Shiwa Bai and had three children : Usha , Uma and Narendra . He continued his religious work in Suva until his death in 1967 in Lautoka .

The Rainbow Reef can be found in the Somosomo Strait located between the Fijian islands of Taveuni and Vanua Levu . It is considered one of the most famous dive sites in the South Pacific . The Great White Wall is a popular scuba diving site . It is named because of the white coral inhabiting the area between 15 and 65 meters .   The patch reef and marine ecosystem of the reef contribute to its national significance as outlined in Fiji 's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan .

The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender , ethnic , religious , geographic , and economic backgrounds of the million people living in New Zealand . New Zealanders , informally known as `` Kiwis '' , predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island . The five largest cities are Auckland ( with one-third of the country 's population ) , Christchurch ( in the South Island , the largest island of the New Zealand archipelago ) , Wellington , Hamilton and Tauranga . Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand 's smaller islands . Waiheke Island ( near Auckland ) is easily the most populated smaller island with residents , while Great Barrier Island , the Chatham and Pitt Islands and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000 . New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm 's external territories of Tokelau , the Ross Dependency , the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports . In 2006 , more people who identified themselves with these islands lived in New Zealand than on the Islands themselves .   The majority of New Zealand 's population is of European descent ( 69 percent identify as `` New Zealand European '' ) , with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority ( 14.6 percent ) , followed by Asians ( 9.2 percent ) and non-Māori Pacific Islanders ( 6.9 percent ) . This is reflected in immigration , with most new migrants coming from Britain and Ireland , although the numbers from Asia are increasing . In 2001 an estimated 460,000 New Zealanders lived abroad , mostly in Australia , representing nearly one-quarter of NZ 's highly skilled workforce . The largest Māori iwi is Ngapuhi with 122,211 people or 24 percent of the Māori population . Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 56.5 percent identifying as Europeans , 18.9 percent as Asian , 11.1 percent as Māori and 14.4 percent as other Pacific Islanders . The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years is more diverse ( 72 percent European , 24 percent Māori , 12 percent Pacific and 10 percent Asian ) than the population aged 65 years or older ( 91 percent European , 5 percent Māori , 4 percent Asian and 2 percent Pacific ) . Recent increases in interracial marriages have resulted in more people identifying with more than one ethnic group .   Estimates based on the 2013 census in New Zealand classify 14.90 % of the population of New Zealand as Maori , 11.80 % of the population as Asian ( deriving from various nations in Asia ) , 7.40 % as of Pacific Islander origin ( including from the Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau , all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific ) , and 1.20 % as individuals of Middle-Eastern , Latin American , and African descent . Approximately three-quarters of the population of New Zealand during the census were of European ethnicity .   English , Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages , with English predominant . New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic and sounds similar to Australian English , with a common exception being the centralisation of the short i . The Maori language ( te reo ) has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population . New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification . In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor 's degree or higher , 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification . As of the 2013 census , just under half the population identify as Christians , with Hinduism and Buddhism being the most significant minority religions . New Zealand has no state religion and just over 40 % of the population do not have a religion .   Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand , although more people are employed as sales assistants . Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income , with a median personal income in 2013 of $ 28,500 . Unemployment stood at 5.1 percent in June 2016 .

The Darwin Rise is broad triangular region in the north central Pacific Ocean where there is a concentration of atolls .   During his voyage across the globe Charles Darwin realised that vertical crustal motion must be responsible for the formation of continents and ocean basins , as well as isolated atolls in the Pacific . He deduced that the central basin of the Pacific had subsided while surrounding areas had risen . In 1964 U.S. geologist Henry Menard subsequently named the uplifted area in the Pacific after the English naturalist .

Native languages of Oceania fall into three major geographic groups :   The large Austronesian language family , with such languages as Malay ( Indonesian ) , Tagalog ( Filipino ) , and Polynesian languages such as Maori and Hawaiian  The Aboriginal Australian languages , including the large Pama -- Nyungan family  The Papuan languages of New Guinea and neighbouring islands , including the large Trans -- New Guinea family   Contact between Austronesian and Papuan resulted in several instances in mixed languages such as Maisin .   Colonial languages include English in Australia , New Zealand , Hawaii , and many other territories ; French in New Caledonia and French Polynesia , Japanese in the Bonin Islands , Spanish on Easter Island .   There are also Creoles formed from the interaction of Malay or the colonial languages with indigenous languages , such as Tok Pisin , Bislama , Chavacano , various Malay trade and creole languages , Hawaiian Pidgin , Norfuk , and Pitkern .   Finally , immigrants brought their own languages , such as Mandarin , Italian , Arabic , Cantonese , Greek and others in Australia , or Fiji Hindi in Fiji .

Korovou ( literally New Village ) is a village in the Fijian Tailevu Province , 31 kilometers from Nausori . It is considered the centre of Fiji 's dairy industry , which was established at the end of the First World War by British settlers , on land donated by Fijian chiefs .   Descendants of the original settlers still operate a few of Korovou 's dairy farms . Others emigrated in the late 1960s and sold their land to Indo-Fijian investors , angering local chief who claimed that land given by Fijian people should be returned to them . A compromise was eventually worked out , whereby the former landowners would have the first option to purchase any farm coming up for sale .   During the Fiji coup of 2000 , supporters of insurrectionist George Speight terrorized the town and the surrounding countryside , and there were reports of police officers abandoning their posts .   Near Korovou lies Natovi Landing , a port used by ferries to Ovalau and Vanua Levu .

The Land and Justice Party ( in Bislama , Graon mo Jastis Pati ( GJP ) ) is a traditionalist , conservative political party in Vanuatu . The party was launched on 11 November 2010 and is led by MP Ralph Regenvanu .   The party aims to produce a generational change in Vanuatu 's leadership and is concerned about foreign ownership of businesses . Upon launching the party , Regenvanu - a popular , young and independent Member of Parliament - reportedly described chiefs , churches , women and youth as the four solid legs of the party . He also stated that prospective GJP candidates for parliamentary election would be `` severely tested on their record of community service '' , to ensure that all GJP MPs were committed to defending the public interest .   Subsequently , Regenvanu said his party advocated against people selling their land to investors and thereby depriving their children and descendants of that asset . It also supported a greater use of the customary judicial system , where chiefs act as mediators , rather than the `` Western '' system , which Regenvanu said often implied significant financial costs for litigants . ( See the article on the law of Vanuatu . )   A month after launching the party , Regenvanu was appointed Minister of Cooperatives and ni-Vanuatu Business Development in the Cabinet of new Prime Minister Sato Kilman .   The party obtained four seats in Parliament in the October 2012 general election , the first national election it contested . Regenvanu was subsequently appointed Minister for Lands in the government headed by his ally Prime Minister Moana Carcasses Kalosil ( of the Green Confederation ) . As Minister for Lands , Regenvanu - who described himself as a `` notorious critic '' of free trade and foreign ownership of lands - introduced a proposal whereby land leases would necessarily be examined by a committee , thus depriving the ministry itself of the power to lease lands without any external controls . This was a response to alleged acts of corruption carried out by previous ministers . This unprecedented reform was described as part of Regenvanu 's ongoing measures against corruption . More generally , his proposals sought to `` untangle a whole series of obscure rules on customary landownership '' , and provide clarity to landowners .   In the February 2013 provincial election , the party 's Willie Fred Tasso won the presidency of the Malampa Province Provincial Government Council . The party currently participates in the government of Moana Carcasses .   The party was reportedly the first ever to field a candidate with a disability in any election in Vanuatu , when wheelchair user Arthur Simrai stood in the municipal election in Port Vila in November 2013 . Regenvanu indicated that the party wished to push , in particular , for buildings to be better equipped for wheelchair access .