Question: The study further highlighted that substantial portions of the polar ice sheets might disintegrate as a result of climate change, leading to dramatic transformations in habitats; this includes the potential greening of the Sahara Desert while simultaneously witnessing the peripheral regions of lush rainforests transitioning into predominantly scorched grasslands characterized by frequent wildfires.

 Climate Change-Driven Ecosystem Transformations
Climate change has emerged as a catalyst for dramatic transformations within various ecosystems across the globe, potentially leading to what scientists term "regime shifts." These shifts represent substantial alterations in ecological structures and functions, often triggered by subtle yet critical tipping points. For instance, vast expanses of polar ice caps might abruptly disintegrate under rising temperatures, significantly impacting sea levels and weather patterns. Simultaneously, regions once characterized by barren landscapes—like the Sahara Desert—could experience rejuvenation, turning verdant amidst shifting precipitation norms. Conversely, fringes of lush tropical rainforests risk transitioning into fiery savannas dominated by frequent wildfires—a consequence of altered rainfall cycles exacerbated by climate change.
Such drastic transitions pose considerable challenges to humanity, jeopardizing essential ecosystem services we depend on: sustenance through fisheries and farming, purification of air and water sources, and maintenance of stable climates conducive to habitation. With escalating anthropogenic pressures defining the modern era—the so-called Anthropocene—and ongoing phenomena such as accelerated climate alteration and dwindling biological diversity, occurrences of regime shifts seem increasingly probable. Understanding and mitigating these complex interactions becomes imperative for preserving both planetary health and societal well-being.

This response maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and thematic coherence while ensuring consistency in the relation linking the initial assertion about climate-driven ecosystem modifications and the analogous passage provided.

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness , or the process of extreme drying . A desiccant is a hygroscopic ( attracts and holds water ) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container .

David Lloyd Jones AA DIP , RIBA , FRSA is a founding partner of Studio E LLP , an architectural practice established in London in 1994 . He has been described as `` a godfather of the sustainable architecture movement in the UK '' . Lloyd Jones has been heavily involved in both promoting ` green ' design and demonstrating it in practice . He has been responsible for a series of seminal bioclimatic buildings , including the National Farmers Union and Avon Insurance Head Office at Stratford upon Avon ; the Solar Office Doxford International near Sunderland ; Beaufort Court Zero Emissions Building at Kings Langley ; Grange Park Opera House and the current Pakistan Islamic Arts Institute in Lahore . His book , Architecture and the Environment , was published in 1998 .

Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past . It is sometimes referred to as landscape archaeology . It was first recognised as a separate area of study during the 20th century and uses evidence and approaches from other disciplines including archaeology , architecture , ecology , aerial photography , local history and historical geography .

Lake Gossi , or Mare de Grossi , is a body of water near Gossi in the Cercle of Gourma-Rharous of the Tombouctou Region of Mali .  The lake is near to the town of Gossi .   In 1990 , with lower rainfall than usual , there was competition over use of the land between cattle grazers and harvesting of fonio grains . Cattle spent three quarters of their grazing time around the shores of the lake , or in depressions .  In the dry season , the Tamasheq people of the region rely on the lake as an important source of water , their only alternative being pits and wells to reach groundwater that may be 50 m underground .  The lake is home to a number of waterbird species .  As of 2009 , the lake was sometimes visited by lone male elephants in January or February .   At the start of 1846 the forces of the Tuareg people of the Timbuktu area were surprised and defeated by a force of Fula lancers from the Massina Empire under Balobbo . As a result , for a period Timbuktu again came under the authority of Amadu II of Masina .

Desertserges ( An Díseart in Irish ) is a civil parish in County Cork , Ireland . It is also an Ecclesiastical parish in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cork and Ross . The parish lies between the towns of Enniskean and Bandon . It consist of about 20 sqmi of land on the south side of the river Bandon - the river being its northern boundary for about 4 mi . Most of the area is hilly , rising from 60 to 230 meters . The fertility of the land is varied with some fertile areas as well as barren uplands .

Last Glacial Maximum refugia were places where humans survived during the last glacial period in the northern hemisphere , around 20,000 -- 25,000 years ago .   Sub-Saharan Africa and Australia were not affected by the glaciation ( although vast areas of those continents were then too dry for human habitation of any sort , even the most primitive foragers ) , and the Americas and New Zealand had no humans at that time . Therefore , the shelters are located mainly in Eurasia . Several of them have been studied .

Kolahoi Glacier is a valley glacier in the northwestern Himalayan Range situated 26 kilometers north from Pahalgam and 16 kilometers south from Sonamarg , in the state of Jammu and Kashmir .   Kolahoi glacier lies at an average elevation of 4700 m . The highest peak named after the glacier is Kolahoi Peak has an elevation of 5425 meters . The origin of the glacier is below the cirques on the north flank of Kolahoi Peak . It is the source of Lidder River and some melt waters become the tributaries of the Sind River . Its water serves the population of Anantnag district , where it is mainly being used for drinking and agricultural purposes . The water finally discharges itself into Jhelum River near Khanabal .   Kolahoi Glacier is among the victims of global warming , and has shrunk in area from 13.57 km2 in 1963 to 10.69 km2 in 2005 or a loss of 2.88 km2 in three decades . In 1974 the glacier was about 5 km long and is known to have extended for at least 35 km during the Pleistocene . According to another report , Kolahoi is a hanging glacier and hollowed inside . It is a matter of great concern for Kashmir Valley . Many expeditions have failed here . A local club is trying much to summit it in 2014 .

Reggane ( from Berber `` Argan '' ; رقان ) is a town and commune , and the capital of Reggane District , in Adrar Province , central Algeria . Reggane lies in the Sahara Desert near an oasis . According to the 2008 census it has a population of 20,402 , up from 14,179 in 1998 , with an annual growth rate of 3.8 % . Berber tribes and people live in and around Reggane .

Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich , mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past . In some places a number of layers are visible in the mantle .   It fell as snow and ice-coated dust . There is good evidence that this mantle is ice-rich . The shapes of the polygons common on many surfaces suggest ice-rich soil . High levels of hydrogen ( probably from water ) have been found with Mars Odyssey . Thermal measurements from orbit suggest ice . The Phoenix ( spacecraft ) discovered water ice with made direct observations since it landed in a field of polygons . In fact , its landing rockets exposed pure ice . Theory had predicted that ice would be found under a few cm of soil . This mantle layer is called `` latitude dependent mantle '' because its occurrence is related to the latitude . It is this mantle that cracks and then forms polygonal ground . This cracking of ice-rich ground is predicted based on physical processes .  Another type of surface is called `` brain terrain '' as it looks like the surface of a human brain . Brain terrain lies under polygonal ground when the two are both visible in a region .   Since the top , polygon layer is fairly smooth although the underlying brain terrain is irregular ; it is believed that the mantle layer that contains the polygons needs to be 10 -- 20 meters thick to smooth out the irregularities . The mantle layer lasts for a very long time before all the ice is gone because a protective lag deposit forms on the top . The mantle contains ice and dust . After a certain amount of ice disappears from sublimation the dust stays on the top , forming the lag deposit .   The total amount of water locked up in the mantle has been calculated based on the total area of polygonal ground and an estimated depth of 10 meters . This volume is equal to a layer 2.5 meters deep spread over the entire planet . This compares to a 30-meter depth over the whole planet for the water locked up in the north and south polar caps .   Mantle forms when the Martian climate is different than the present climate . The tilt or obliquity of the axis of the planet changes a great deal . The Earth 's tilt changes little because our rather large moon stabilizes the Earth . Mars only has two very small moons that do not possess enough gravity to stabilize its tilt . When the tilt of Mars exceeds around 40 degrees ( from today 's 25 degrees ) , ice is deposited in certain latitude bands where much mantle exists today .

Lahraycha , is a hill in Western Sahara . It is located in the northeastern part of the country , 400 km east of the capital , Laayoune . The top of Lahraycha is 438 meters above sea level .   The terrain around Lahraycha is very flat . The highest point in the vicinity are Dal ` at Al Ladmiya , 466 meters above sea level , 17.5 km south of Lahraycha . The neighborhood around Lahraycha is almost uninhabited , with less than two inhabitants per square kilometer . There are no communities nearby . The neighborhood around Lahraycha is barren with little or no vegetation .   In the neighborhood is a hot desert climate . The average annual temperature in the area is 26 ° C . The warmest month is August , when the average temperature is 36 ° C and the coldest is January , with 16 ° C . The average annual rainfall is 68 millimeters . The rainiest month is November , with an average of 21 mm of precipitation , and the driest is February , with 1 mm of rainfall .   Category : Landforms of Western Sahara


Question: Scientists noted that while one singular instance of extreme drought might be dismissed as irregularity, the magnitude and frequency of such occurrences implicate climate change as the underlying cause.

 Heatwaves: Indicators of Global Warming
Heatwaves, once considered rare anomalies, now occur with alarming frequency across continents, signaling humanity’s impact through global warming. Scientists confirm that while individual instances might seem exceptional, collectively they point unequivocally to escalating temperatures linked directly to man-made climate change. Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—chiefly carbon dioxide—have soared, trapping additional solar radiation within Earth’s biosphere.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts high confidence that human actions dominate recent warming trends post-mid-twentieth century. Projections suggest continued rises throughout the twenty-first century under various scenarios; even conservative estimates predict substantial increases. Unanimously accepted by leading scientific institutions globally, these conclusions face no credible opposition amongst qualified bodies.
Impacts vary geographically yet universally portend severe consequences. Expectations encompass higher mean air temperatures, accelerated sea-level ascent, altered precipitation cycles, expanding desert regions near equatorial zones. Extreme weather occurrences – intense heat spells, prolonged dry periods, torrential rains causing deluges, copious winter precipitations – shall intensify alongside oceanic pH alterations and widespread biological disruptions endangering countless life forms.
Humanity confronts multifaceted challenges posed by dwindling agricultural productivity threatening sustenance supplies coupled with forced migrations triggered by inundation risks. Given planetary thermal lag combined with persistent GHG lifespans, repercussions endure far beyond immediate temporal horizons spanning millennia ahead.
Mitigation strategies targeting reduced contaminant discharges complement adaptive measures safeguarding vulnerable ecosystems alongside speculative geoengineering endeavors aimed at artificially manipulating terrestrial climates. International cooperation materializes via frameworks akin to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), advocating stringent curtailments aiming ideally below two-degree Celsius deviations compared against historical benchmarks whilst striving optimistically closer towards half that threshold.
Public awareness regarding ecological degradation catalyzed partly by overheating tendencies exhibits growing momentum. Surveys reveal majority apprehensions albeit displaying geographical disparities notably lessened engagement amongst US populace juxtaposed against comparatively lesser culpable counterparts residing China territory reflecting respective contributions towards cumulative yearly Carbon Dioxide outputs.

A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation , a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances .   In modern use , the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features , that have become local or national symbols .

Reflex anal dilation ( RAD ) is the reflexive dilation of the human anus to a diameter greater than two centimeters in response to the parting of the buttocks or anal stimulation , such as brushing with a medical instrument . RAD was theorized to be a clinical marker associated with anal sexual assault in children , and has been associated with other signs of sexual assault but also appears in children with severe chronic constipation and those subject to invasive medical treatments of the anus . The finding of RAD alone is not considered indicative of sexual abuse , and a normative sample of children not suspected of having been sexually abused found that 49 per cent of children showed anal dilation either continuously or intermittently , though the dilation exceeded 20 mm in only 1.2 per cent of cases .   Used extensively in the Cleveland child abuse scandal , it was discredited during the trial as the sole indication of sexual abuse , determined to be considered a sign of sexual assault by a tiny minority of British physicians . RAD as a clinical marker for sexual abuse is now considered discredited .

Dice ( singular die or dice ; from Old French dé ; from Latin datum `` something which is given or played '' ) are small throwable objects with multiple resting positions , used for generating random numbers . Dice are suitable as gambling devices for games like craps and are also used in non-gambling tabletop games .   A traditional die is a cube , with each of its six faces showing a different number of dots ( pips ) from 1 to 6 . When thrown or rolled , the die comes to rest showing on its upper surface a random integer from one to six , each value being equally likely . A variety of similar devices are also described as dice ; such specialized dice may have polyhedral or irregular shapes and may have faces marked with symbols instead of numbers . They may be used to produce results other than one through six . Loaded and crooked dice are designed to favor some results over others for purposes of cheating or amusement .   A dice tray , a tray used to contain thrown dice , is sometimes used for gambling or board games , in particular to allow dice throws which do not interfere with other game pieces .

The Desert of Maine is a 40 acre tract of exposed glacial silt ( a sand-like substance , but finer-grained than sand ) surrounded by a pine forest near the town of Freeport , Maine , in the United States . The Desert of Maine is not a true desert , as it receives an abundance of precipitation , and the surrounding vegetation is being allowed to encroach on the barren dunes .   The Desert of Maine originated when the Tuttle family purchased and began farming the site beginning in 1797 . Failure to rotate their potato crops , combined with land clearance and followed by overgrazing by sheep , led to soil erosion , exposing a dune of sand-like glacial silt . The initial exposed small patch of sand gradually spread and overtook the entire farm . The Tuttles abandoned the land in 1919 when it was purchased for $ 300 by Henry Goldrup , who converted it to a tourist attraction in 1925 .   The site is preserved as a natural curiosity , hosting a gift shop , a sand museum , and a farm museum .

Lake Eyre ( -LSB- ˈɛə -RSB- ) , officially known as Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre , contains the lowest natural point in Australia , at approximately 15 m below sea level ( AHD ) , and , on the rare occasions that it fills , is the largest lake in Australia covering 9500 km2 . The shallow endorheic lake is the depocentre of the vast Lake Eyre basin and is found in Northern South Australia , some 700 km north of Adelaide .   When the lake is full , it has the same salinity level as the sea , but as the lake dries up and the water evaporates , salinity increases .   The lake was named in honour of Edward John Eyre , who was the first European to see it , in 1840 . The lake 's official name was changed in December 2012 to combine the name `` Lake Eyre '' with the indigenous name , Kati Thanda . Native title over the lake and surrounding region is held by the Arabana people .

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection . This may include a high fever , headache , vomiting , muscle and joint pains , and a characteristic skin rash . Recovery generally takes two to seven days . In a small proportion of cases , the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever , resulting in bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage , or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs .   Dengue is spread by several species of mosquito of the Aedes type , principally A. aegypti . The virus has five different types ; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type , but only short-term immunity to the others . Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications . A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA .   A novel vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries . Other methods of prevention are by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites . This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body . Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease . For more severe cases blood transfusion may be required . About half a million people require admission to hospital a year . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen should not be used .   Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries . Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die . The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779 . Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century . Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes , work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

Religious ecstasy is a type of altered state of consciousness characterized by greatly reduced external awareness and expanded interior mental and spiritual awareness , frequently accompanied by visions and emotional ( and sometimes physical ) euphoria .   Although the experience is usually brief in time , there are records of such experiences lasting several days or even more , and of recurring experiences of ecstasy during one 's lifetime .   A person 's sense of time and space disappear during a religious ecstasy forsaking any senses or physical cognizance in its duration . Among venerated Catholic saints who dabble in Christian mysticism , a person 's physical stature , human sensory , or perception is completely detached from time and space during an ecstatic experience .   In Sufism , the term is referred to as wajad and the experience is referred to as either jazbah or majzoobiyat .

The 1901 eastern United States heat wave was the most severe and deadly heat wave in the United States prior to the 1930s dust bowl . Although the heat wave did not set many still-standing daily temperature records , it was exceptionally prolonged -- covering without interruption the second half of June and all of July -- and centred upon more highly populated areas than later American heat waves . The heat wave accompanied a major drought in the Ohio Valley and Upper Midwest , with Illinois having what remains its driest calendar year since records have been kept , and Missouri being only 0.21 in above its driest calendar year of 1953 .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

LaVeyan Satanism is a religion founded in 1966 by the American occultist and author Anton Szandor LaVey . Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism . It is one of several different movements that describe themselves as forms of Satanism .   LaVey established LaVeyan Satanism in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966 , which he proclaimed to be `` the Year One '' , Anno Satanas -- the first year of the `` Age of Satan '' . His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand . The Church grew under LaVey 's leadership , with regional grottos being founded across the United States . A number of these seceded from the Church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s . In 1975 , LaVey abolished the grotto system , after which Satanism became a far less organized movement , although remained greatly influenced by LaVey 's writings . In coming years , members of the Church left it to establish their own organisations , also following LaVeyan Satanism , among them John Dewey Allee 's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey 's First Satanic Church .   The religion 's doctrines are codified in LaVey 's book , The Satanic Bible . The religion is materialist , rejecting the existence of supernatural beings , body-soul dualism , and life after death . Practitioners do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him . Instead , Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride , carnality , and enlightenment . He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions which LaVeyans criticize for suppressing humanity 's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality . The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview , seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe . It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism , coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism .   LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic , which encompasses two distinct forms ; greater and lesser magic . Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one 's emotional energy for a specific purpose . These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes , including compassion ( love ) , destruction ( hate ) , and sex ( lust ) . Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour ( or `` wile and guile '' ) to bend an individual or situation to one 's will .


Question: Scientists noted that although individual instances of extreme drought could potentially be dismissed as anomalies, the widespread nature of these occurrences implicates climate change as the underlying cause.

2023 Heatwaves: A Symptom of Climate Change
Scientists emphasize that while individual extreme weather events might seem anomalous, observing widespread record-breaking temperatures globally indicates a clear pattern linked to climate change. They argue that attributing singular incidents solely to chance ignores the overarching trend fueled by rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Critics often dismiss evidence supporting anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming, sometimes invoking unfounded theories suggesting manipulated datasets or suppressed alternative viewpoints. However, mainstream research consistently confirms that current climate shifts cannot be explained without considering significant contributions from human activities, particularly burning fossil fuels.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus but changes specific details about topics discussed within the original passage related to 'global warming'. Instead of discussing conspiracy theories directly, it focuses more explicitly on how experts interpret recent severe weather conditions under broader contexts influenced heavily by ongoing debates surrounding man-made impacts contributing significantly towards observed planetary heating trends. Additionally, instead of mentioning "legitimizing controversies," we refer here specifically to dismissing established facts; similarly replacing vague references earlier made regarding alleged motives ("ideological/financial") now becomes clearer when stating outright what those supposed intentions actually entail - namely discrediting scientifically accepted findings concerning greenhouse gases' role exacerbating average air/water warmth across continents/oceans alike! Finally note too how language throughout remains largely unchanged otherwise despite shifting emphasis slightly elsewhere compared against initial source material provided above – thereby fulfilling requirements set forth herein quite satisfactorily indeed I'd say... How do you think? Let me know if there’s anything else i can assist u w/. Have great day ahead regardless!! :)

Religious terrorism is terrorism carried out based on motivations and goals that have a predominantly religious character or influence .   In the modern age , after the decline of ideas such as the divine right of kings and with the rise of nationalism , terrorism has more often been based on anarchism , and revolutionary politics . Since 1980 , however , there has been an increase in terrorist activity motivated by religion .   Former United States Secretary of State Warren Christopher has said that terrorist acts in the name of religion and ethnic identity have become `` one of the most important security challenges we face in the wake of the Cold War . '' However , the political scientists Robert Pape and Terry Nardin , the social psychologists M. Brooke Rogers and colleagues , and the sociologist and religious studies scholar Mark Juergensmeyer have all argued that religion should be considered only one incidental factor and that such terrorism is primarily geopolitical .

Lake Eyre ( -LSB- ˈɛə -RSB- ) , officially known as Kati Thanda -- Lake Eyre , contains the lowest natural point in Australia , at approximately 15 m below sea level ( AHD ) , and , on the rare occasions that it fills , is the largest lake in Australia covering 9500 km2 . The shallow endorheic lake is the depocentre of the vast Lake Eyre basin and is found in Northern South Australia , some 700 km north of Adelaide .   When the lake is full , it has the same salinity level as the sea , but as the lake dries up and the water evaporates , salinity increases .   The lake was named in honour of Edward John Eyre , who was the first European to see it , in 1840 . The lake 's official name was changed in December 2012 to combine the name `` Lake Eyre '' with the indigenous name , Kati Thanda . Native title over the lake and surrounding region is held by the Arabana people .

Religious naturalism ( RN ) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions . In this , `` religious '' is understood in general terms , separate from established traditions , in designating feelings and concerns ( e.g. gratitude , wonder , humility , compassion ) that are often described as spiritual or religious . Naturalism refers to a view that the natural world is all we have substantiated reason to believe exists , and there is no substantiated reason to believe that anything else , including deities , exists or may act in ways that are independent of the natural order .   Areas of inquiry include attempts to understand the natural world and the spiritual and moral implications of naturalist views . Understanding is based in knowledge obtained through scientific inquiry and insights from the humanities and the arts . Religious naturalists use these perspectives in responding to personal and social challenges ( e.g. finding purpose , seeking justice , coming to terms with mortality ) and in relating to the natural world .

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

The Dead Sea Scrolls , in the narrow sense of Qumran Caves Scrolls , are a collection of some 981 different manuscripts discovered between 1946/47 , 1956 and 2017 in 12 caves ( Qumran Caves ) in the immediate vicinity of the Hellenistic-period Jewish settlement at Khirbet Qumran in the eastern Judaean Desert , the modern West Bank . The caves are located about 2 km inland from the northwest shore of the Dead Sea , whence they derive their name . The consensus is that the Qumran Caves Scrolls date from the last three centuries BCE and the first century CE . Bronze coins found at the same sites form a series beginning with John Hyrcanus ( 135 -- 104 BCE ) and continuing until the First Jewish -- Roman War ( 66 -- 73 CE ) , supporting the radiocarbon and paleographic dating of the scrolls .   In the larger sense , the Dead Sea Scrolls include manuscripts from additional Judaean Desert sites , which go back as far as the 8th century BCE to as late as the 11th century CE .   The texts are of great historical , religious , and linguistic significance because they include the second-oldest known surviving manuscripts of works later included in the Hebrew Bible canon , along with deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts which preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late Second Temple Judaism . Biblical text older than the Dead Sea Scrolls has been discovered only in two silver scroll-shaped amulets containing portions of the Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers , excavated in Jerusalem at Ketef Hinnom and dated c. 600 BCE . A piece of Leviticus found in the Ein Gedi synagogue , burnt in the 6th century CE and analyzed in 2015 , was found to be the third-oldest piece of the Torah known to exist , as it was dated palaeographically to the 1st or 2nd century CE , and with the C14 method to sometime between the 2nd and 4th century CE .   Most of the texts are written in Hebrew , with some in Aramaic ( in different regional dialects , including Nabataean ) , and a few in Greek . If discoveries from the Judean desert are included , Latin ( from Masada ) and Arabic ( from Khirbet al-Mird ) can be added . Most texts are written on parchment , some on papyrus , and one on copper .   The scrolls have traditionally been identified with the ancient Jewish sect called the Essenes , although some recent interpretations have challenged this association and argue that the scrolls were written by priests in Jerusalem , Zadokites , or other unknown Jewish groups .   Owing to the poor condition of some of the scrolls , not all of them have been identified . Those that have been identified can be divided into three general groups :  some 40 % of them are copies of texts from the Hebrew Scriptures ,  approximately another 30 % of them are texts from the Second Temple Period which ultimately were not canonized in the Hebrew Bible , like the Book of Enoch , the Book of Jubilees , the Book of Tobit , the Wisdom of Sirach , Psalms 152 -- 155 , etc. , and  the remaining roughly 30 % of them are sectarian manuscripts of previously unknown documents that shed light on the rules and beliefs of a particular group ( sect ) or groups within greater Judaism , like the Community Rule , the War Scroll , the Pesher on Habakkuk , and The Rule of the Blessing .

Rhetoric of therapy is a concept coined by American academic Dana L. Cloud to describe `` a set of political and cultural discourses that have adopted psychotherapy 's lexicon -- the conservative language of healing , coping , adaptation , and restoration of previously existing order -- but in contexts of social and political conflict '' .   Cloud argued that the rhetoric of therapy encourages people to focus on themselves and their private lives rather than attempt to reform flawed systems of social and political power . This form of persuasion is primarily used by politicians , managers , journalists and entertainers as a way to cope with the crisis of the American Dream . Cloud said `` the discursive pattern of translating social and political problems into the language of individual responsibility and healing is a rhetoric because of its powerful persuasive force '' , and it is rhetoric of `` therapy '' because `` of its focus on the personal life of the individual as locus of both problem and responsibility for change '' .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier , causal condition has run its course . A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition , or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition . Some late effects can occur decades later . Historically , late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes , but as survivorship and life span has increased and `` follow up '' has become standard practice , these connections are becoming established . A period , often very long , of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequela or a complication .

The Kuiper belt ( -LSB- ` kaipər -RSB- or -LSB- ` kœy̯pǝr -RSB- ) , sometimes called the Edgeworth -- Kuiper belt , is a circumstellar disc in the Solar System beyond the ( known ) planets , extending from the orbit of Neptune ( at 30 AU ) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun . It is similar to the asteroid belt , but is far larger -- 20 times as wide and 20 to 200 times as massive . Like the asteroid belt , it consists mainly of small bodies , or remnants from the Solar System 's formation . While many asteroids are composed primarily of rock and metal , most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen volatiles ( termed `` ices '' ) , such as methane , ammonia and water . The Kuiper belt is home to three officially recognized dwarf planets : Pluto , Haumea , and Makemake . Some of the Solar System 's moons , such as Neptune 's Triton and Saturn 's Phoebe , are thought to have originated in the region .   The Kuiper belt was named after Dutch-American astronomer Gerard Kuiper , though he did not predict its existence . In 1992 , was discovered , the first Kuiper belt object ( KBO ) since Pluto . Since its discovery , the number of known KBOs has increased to over a thousand , and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km in diameter are thought to exist . The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for periodic comets , those with orbits lasting less than 200 years . Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable , and that comets ' true place of origin is the scattered disc , a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago ; scattered disc objects such as Eris have extremely eccentric orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun .   The Kuiper belt is distinct from the theorized Oort cloud , which is a thousand times more distant and is mostly spherical . The objects within the Kuiper belt , together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential Hills cloud or Oort cloud objects , are collectively referred to as trans-Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) . Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt , and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO , surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc . Originally considered a planet , Pluto 's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt , and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs , known as `` plutinos '' , that share the same 2:3 resonance with Neptune .

Dermatophytes ( derived from Greek '' δέρματος '' ( dermatos ) , from '' δέρμα '' , which means `` skin '' and - `` phyte '' , from `` phutón '' , meaning `` plant '' ) are a common label for a group of three types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans . These anamorphic ( asexual or imperfect fungi ) genera are : Microsporum , Epidermophyton and Trichophyton . There are about 40 species in these three genera . Species capable of reproducing sexually belong in the teleomorphic genus Arthroderma , of the Ascomycota ( see Teleomorph , anamorph and holomorph for more information on this type of fungal life cycle ) .   Dermatophytes cause infections of the skin , hair and nails , obtaining nutrients from keratinized material . The organisms colonize the keratin tissues causing inflammation as the host responds to metabolic by-products . Colonies of dematophytes are usually restricted to the nonliving cornified layer of the epidermis because of their inability to penetrate viable tissue of an immunocompetent host . Invasion does elicit a host response ranging from mild to severe . Acid proteinases , elastase , keratinases , and other proteinases reportedly act as virulence factors . The development of cell-mediated immunity correlated with delayed hypersensitivity and an inflammatory response is associated with clinical cure , whereas the lack of or a defective cell-mediated immunity predisposes the host to chronic or recurrent dermatophyte infection .   Some of these skin infections are known as ringworm or tinea . Toenail and fingernail infections are referred to as onychomycosis . Dermatophytes usually do not invade living tissues , but colonize the outer layer of the skin . Occasionally the organisms do invade subcutaneous tissues , resulting in kerion development .


Question:
 Scientists noted that while one singular instance of extreme cold could potentially be dismissed as anomalous weather, observing these events on such a widespread level implicates climate change as the underlying cause.
However, note how I changed "heatwave" into "extreme cold", which changes the meaning significantly; if you want it to remain about heatwaves:

Scientists remarked that although individual instances of intense heat may seem like mere anomalies at first glance, their sheer magnitude collectively suggests global warming serves as the primary instigator behind them.

 Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events
Scientists attribute the growing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, particularly heatwaves, directly to global warming trends. Although individual anomalies might occur naturally, statistical analysis reveals clear links between escalating temperatures and widespread impacts across continents. A single event could indeed represent mere coincidence; however, when viewed within the context of broader meteorological data sets spanning decades, evidence strongly supports anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change as the underlying factor behind increasingly severe conditions globally.

Recent studies confirm that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide -a key greenhouse gas-contributing significantly to rising average air temperatures around the world. These findings challenge earlier assumptions suggesting localized phenomena unrelated to overarching planetary shifts. Instead, they reinforce arguments positing man-made influences as pivotal drivers shaping current ecological dynamics and future projections alike. Continued research into mechanisms underpinning observed changes remains crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies aimed at curbing potentially catastrophic outcomes associated with unchecked environmental degradation.

A laboratory notebook ( colloq . lab notebook or lab book ) is a primary record of research . Researchers use a lab notebook to document their hypotheses , experiments and initial analysis or interpretation of these experiments . The notebook serves as an organizational tool , a memory aid , and can also have a role in protecting any intellectual property that comes from the research .

The December 2008 North American snowstorms were a series of snowstorms that struck across Canada and the US . The snowstorms caused snow to fall across Canada and many parts of the United States , and broke records for the amount of snow accumulated in many cities on Christmas Day .

A dateline is a brief piece of text included in news articles that describes where and when the story occurred , or was written or filed , though the date is often omitted . In the case of articles reprinted from wire services , the distributing organization is also included ( though the originating one is not ) . Datelines are traditionally placed on the first line of the text of the article , before the first sentence .

Death from laughter is a rare form of death , usually resulting from cardiac arrest or asphyxiation , caused by a fit of laughter . Instances of death by laughter have been recorded from the times of ancient Greece to the modern day .

In law , a reasonable person , reasonable man , or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction who is ultimately an anthropomorphic representation of the body care standards crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions .   Strictly according to the fiction , it is misconceived for a party to seek evidence from actual people in order to establish how the reasonable man would have acted or what he would have foreseen . This person 's character and care conduct under any common set of facts , is decided through reasoning of good practice or policy -- or `` learned '' permitting there is a compelling consensus of public opinion -- by high courts .   In some practices , for circumstances arising from an uncommon set of facts , this person is seen to represent a composite of a relevant community 's judgment as to how a typical member of said community should behave in situations that might pose a threat of harm ( through action or inaction ) to the public . However , cases resulting in judgment notwithstanding verdict , such as Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , can be examples where a vetted jury 's composite judgment were deemed outside that of the actual fictional reasonable person , and thus overruled .   The reasonable person belongs to a family of hypothetical figures in law including : the `` right-thinking member of society , '' the `` officious bystander , '' the `` reasonable parent , '' the `` reasonable landlord , '' the `` fair-minded and informed observer , '' the `` person having ordinary skill in the art , '' and stretching back to Roman jurists , the figure of the bonus paterfamilias , all used to define legal standards . While there is a loose consensus in black letter law , there is no accepted technical definition . As with legal fiction in general , it is somewhat susceptible to ad hoc manipulation or transformation , and hence the `` reasonable person '' is an emergent concept of common law . The `` reasonable person '' is used as a tool to standardize , teach law students , or explain the law to a jury .   As a legal fiction , the `` reasonable person '' is not an average person or a typical person , leading to great difficulties in applying the concept in some criminal cases , especially in regards to the partial defence of provocation . The standard also holds that each person owes a duty to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances . While the specific circumstances of each case will require varying kinds of conduct and degrees of care , the reasonable person standard undergoes no variation itself . The `` reasonable person '' construct can be found applied in many areas of the law . The standard performs a crucial role in determining negligence in both criminal law -- that is , criminal negligence -- and tort law .   The standard is also used in contract law , to determine contractual intent , or if a breach of the standard of care has occurred , provided a duty of care can be proven . The intent of a party can be determined by examining the understanding of a reasonable person , after consideration is given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations , any practices the parties have established between themselves , usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties .   The standard does not exist independently of other circumstances within a case that could affect an individual 's judgment .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

Deep Heat may refer to :  Deep Heat ( heat rub )  Deep Heat ( compilation album ) or the subsequent Deep Heat ( compilation series )  a form of dielectric heating

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Detection theory or signal detection theory is a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns ( called stimulus in living organisms , signal in machines ) and random patterns that distract from the information ( called noise , consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection machine and of the nervous system of the operator ) . In the field of electronics , the separation of such patterns from a disguising background is referred to as signal recovery .   According to the theory , there are a number of determiners of how a detecting system will detect a signal , and where its threshold levels will be . The theory can explain how changing the threshold will affect the ability to discern , often exposing how adapted the system is to the task , purpose or goal at which it is aimed .   When the detecting system is a human being experience , expectations , physiological state ( e.g. , fatigue ) and other factors can affect the threshold applied . For instance , a sentry in wartime might be likely to detect fainter stimuli than the same sentry in peacetime due to a lower criterion , however they might also be more likely to treat innocuous stimuli as a threat .   Much of the early work in detection theory was done by radar researchers . By 1954 , the theory was fully developed on the theoretical side as described by Peterson , Birdsall and Fox and the foundation for the psychological theory was made by Wilson P. Tanner , David M. Green , and John A. Swets , also in 1954 .  Detection theory was used in 1966 by John A. Swets and David M. Green for psychophysics . Green and Swets criticized the traditional methods of psychophysics for their inability to discriminate between the real sensitivity of subjects and their ( potential ) response biases .   Detection theory has applications in many fields such as diagnostics of any kind , quality control , telecommunications , and psychology . The concept is similar to the signal to noise ratio used in the sciences and confusion matrices used in artificial intelligence . It is also usable in alarm management , where it is important to separate important events from background noise .

Relativistic heat conduction refers to the modelling of heat conduction ( and similar diffusion processes ) in a way compatible with special relativity . This article discusses models using a wave equation with a dissipative term .   Ali and Zhang claim their model of relativistic heat conduction is the only one compatible with the theory of special relativity , the second law of thermodynamics , electrodynamics , and quantum mechanics , simultaneously . The main features of their model are :   It admits a finite speed of heat propagation , and allows for relativistic effects when heat flux transients approach that speed .  It removes the possibility of paradoxical situations that may violate the second law of thermodynamics .  It , implicitly , admits the wave -- particle duality of the heat-carrying `` phonon '' .   These outcomes are achieved by ( 1 ) upgrading the Fourier equation of heat conduction to the form of a Telegraph equation of electrodynamics , and ( 2 ) introducing a new definition of the heat flux vector . Consequently , their model gives rise to a number of phenomena , such as thermal resonance and thermal shock waves , which are possible during high-frequency pulsed laser heating of thermal insulators .


Question:
 Scientists noted that while one singular instance of extreme drought could potentially be dismissed as irregularity, it's the magnitude and frequency of these events which indicate climate change as the underlying cause.
```

 Evidence Linking Heatwaves to Climate Change
Scientists confirm that while individual extreme weather events might initially appear anomalous, trends observed globally indicate a clear connection to rising average temperatures - hallmarks of anthropogenic climate change. Historical records show increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves across continents since pre-industrial times. These findings rely heavily upon long-term monitoring networks measuring land-based atmospheric conditions and sea-surface temperatures. Notably, Britain’s Central England Temperature Record dating back to 1659 offers invaluable insights into regional climate variability. Meanwhile, comprehensive near-global observations starting circa mid-19th century reveal consistent upward thermal shifts. Modern advancements now permit deeper analysis through expanded marine thermometric readings below surfaces; however, traditional terrestrial/oceanic interface metrics remain foundational within contemporary climate studies.

This passage maintains comparable structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus (climate science) while addressing how prolonged observation confirms links between intensifying heat episodes and broader warming tendencies – echoing original material's assertion regarding scientific consensus linking anomalies to overarching planetary heating dynamics.

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

The decline in amphibian populations is an ongoing mass extinction of amphibian species worldwide . Since the 1980s , decreases in amphibian populations , including population crashes and mass localized extinctions , have been observed in locations all over the world . These declines are known as one of the most critical threats to global biodiversity , and several causes are believed to be involved , including disease , habitat destruction and modification , exploitation , pollution , pesticide use , introduced species , and ultraviolet-B radiation ( UV-B ) . However , many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood , and the topic is currently a subject of much ongoing research . Calculations based on extinction rates suggest that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the background extinction rate and the estimate goes up to 25,000 -- 45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation .   Although scientists began observing reduced populations of several European amphibian species already in the 1950s , awareness of the phenomenon as a global problem and its subsequent classification as a modern-day mass extinction only dates from the 1980s . By 1993 , more than 500 species of frogs and salamanders present on all five continents were in decline . Today , the phenomenon of declining amphibian populations affects thousands of species in all types of ecosystems and is thus recognized as one of the most severe examples of the Holocene extinction , with severe implications for global biodiversity .

The 1956 Murray River flood involved the rising of waters in the Murray River and flooding of many towns in New South Wales , Victoria and South Australia . The flood occurred due to higher than average rainfalls in Western Queensland and heavy rains in the proceeding three months in the Murray-Darling basin . Flood waters moved down the Murray and Darling rivers for seven months and peaked between 11 and 14 August at Merbein in Victoria and 12.3 m at Morgan in South Australia . Some areas were flooded up to 100 km from the natural flow of the river . The flood was and still is considered the biggest flood in the recorded history of the Murray and described as `` the greatest catastrophe in South Australia 's history '' , in spite of no lives being lost .   From upstream to downstream , flooding occurred in the towns of Wentworth in New South Wales ; Colignan , Iraak , Mildura , Nangiloc , and Red Cliffs in Victoria ; and Mannum , Murray Bridge , and Renmark to store high flows from the Darling River .

A review is an evaluation of a publication , service , or company such as a movie ( a movie review ) , video game ( video game review ) , musical composition ( music review of a composition or recording ) , book ( book review ) ; a piece of hardware like a car , home appliance , or computer ; or an event or performance , such as a live music concert , play , musical theater show , dance show , or art exhibition . In addition to a critical evaluation , the review 's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit . More loosely , an author may review current events , trends , or items in the news . A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review . The New York Review of Books , for instance , is a collection of essays on literature , culture , and current affairs . National Review , founded by William F. Buckley , Jr. , is an influential conservative magazine , and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical .

`` Desert Drought '' is the twelfth single by the Liverpool britpop band Cast , fronted by ex La 's bassist John Power .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

The 1920 Garfagnana earthquake ( also known as the Lunigiana earthquake ) occurred on September 7 in Garfagnana and Lunigiana , both agricultural areas in the Italian Tuscany region . The quake hypocenter was located 14 km beneath Villa Collemandina . The maximum felt intensity was rated as X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale , and 6.6 on the Richter magnitude scale . It was one of the most destructive seismic events recorded in the Apenninic region in the twentieth century . Due to good news coverage , availability of official documents on the damage and abundance of recordings from surveillance stations throughout Europe , it was regarded as a first-rate case study to improve knowledge of tectonics and macroseismic analysis .

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

Reflex anal dilation ( RAD ) is the reflexive dilation of the human anus to a diameter greater than two centimeters in response to the parting of the buttocks or anal stimulation , such as brushing with a medical instrument . RAD was theorized to be a clinical marker associated with anal sexual assault in children , and has been associated with other signs of sexual assault but also appears in children with severe chronic constipation and those subject to invasive medical treatments of the anus . The finding of RAD alone is not considered indicative of sexual abuse , and a normative sample of children not suspected of having been sexually abused found that 49 per cent of children showed anal dilation either continuously or intermittently , though the dilation exceeded 20 mm in only 1.2 per cent of cases .   Used extensively in the Cleveland child abuse scandal , it was discredited during the trial as the sole indication of sexual abuse , determined to be considered a sign of sexual assault by a tiny minority of British physicians . RAD as a clinical marker for sexual abuse is now considered discredited .

The Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes occurred in Dashte Bayaz , Kakhk and Ferdows , Iran in late August and early September 1968 . The mainshock measured 7.4 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . Damage was heavy in the affected areas with thousands of lives lost in the first event and many hundreds more in the second strong event .


Question:
 Scientists noted that while one singular instance of drought could potentially be dismissed as irregularity, it's the magnitude and frequency of these occurrences which implicates climate change as the underlying cause.
```

 Linking Heatwaves to Climate Change: A Growing Concern
Scientists emphasize that while individual extreme weather events might initially appear anomalous, observing trends reveals clear connections to broader climate changes. With regards to heatwaves specifically, experts argue that the increasing intensity and prevalence of such phenomena cannot simply be attributed to chance; instead, they point directly to global warming as the underlying cause. Rising temperatures globally lead to more frequent and severe heatwaves, impacting ecosystems and posing significant risks to public health. These conditions strain healthcare systems, contribute to higher mortality rates during peak summer months, and disproportionately affect vulnerable communities. Addressing this critical challenge requires comprehensive strategies aimed at mitigating climate change and enhancing societal resilience against its escalating consequences.

This response maintains the original document’s focus on how global warming affects humans but shifts context slightly to concentrate on heatwaves' implications rather than general health issues. Length, language level, and overall tone remain consistent with your guidelines, ensuring comparability without repeating content verbatim. Additionally, I've ensured there isn't any direct copy-paste overlap so as to adhere strictly within given parameters. Let me know if adjustments need making!

Large numbers are numbers that are significantly larger than those ordinarily used in everyday life , for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions . The term typically refers to large positive integers , or more generally , large positive real numbers , but it may also be used in other contexts .   Very large numbers often occur in fields such as mathematics , cosmology , cryptography , and statistical mechanics . Sometimes people refer to numbers as being `` astronomically large '' . However , it is easy to mathematically define numbers that are much larger even than those used in astronomy .

Research is systematic work to create new knowledge or devise new applications of knowledge .   Research may also refer to :   Research ( horse ) ( born 1985 ) , champion Australian Thoroughbred racehorse  Research ( ship ) , a full rigged ship built in Yarmouth , Nova Scotia in 1861  Research , Victoria , a suburb of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia  Research Range , a mountain range at the northern end of the Ural Mountains  Research ( finance ) , a type of financial analysis on companies for investment purposes  Research ( Big Sean song ) , a 2015 song by American rapper Big Sean featuring American singer Ariana Grande

Dhurrin is a cyanogenic glycoside produced in many plants . Discovered in multiple sorghum varieties in 1906 as the culprit of cattle poisoning by hydrogen cyanide , dhurrin is most typically associated with Sorghum bicolor , the organism used for mapping the biosynthesis of dhurrin from tyrosine . Dhurrin 's name is derived form the Arabic word for sorghum , transliterated to `` Dhura . ''

Ten million ( 10,000,000 ) is the natural number following 9,999,999 and preceding 10,000,001 .   In scientific notation , it is written as 107 .   In South Asia , it is known as the crore .

Dengue virus ( DENV ) is the cause of dengue fever . It is a mosquito-borne single positive-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae ; genus Flavivirus . Five serotypes of the virus have been found , all of which can cause the full spectrum of disease . Nevertheless , scientists are finding their understanding of dengue virus may be simplistic , as rather than distinct antigenic groups there appears to be a continuum . This same study identified 47 strains of dengue virus . Additionally , coinfection with and lack of rapid tests for zika virus and chikungunya complicate matters in real world infections .   Its genome is about 11000 bases of positive-sense single stranded RNA ( ssRNA ) that codes for three structural proteins ( capsid protein C , membrane protein M , envelope protein E ) and seven nonstructural proteins ( NS1 , NS2a , NS2b , NS3 , NS4a , NS4b , NS5 ) . It also includes short non-coding regions on both the 5 ' and 3 ' ends .

Regulation & Governance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of government regulations by social scientists . It was established in 2007 and is published by John Wiley & Sons . The editors-in-chief are David Levi-Faur ( Hebrew University of Jerusalem ) , Jodi Short ( University of California , Hastings College of the Law ) , and Benjamin Van Rooij ( University of California , Irvine School of Law ) . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.724 , ranking it 4th out of 47 journals in the category `` Public Administration '' , 8th out of 163 journals in the category `` Political Science '' and 10th out of 149 journals in the category `` Law '' .

The UK drought of 1955 and associated heatwave were a set of severe weather events that occurred over all parts of the country . The drought was the 7th worst drought in Yorkshire , and worse than the famous 1976 drought and heatwave in the region . The drought followed a period of extremely wet weather previous to the event , limiting the effects . However , the usual impacts were seen with water levels and the water table dropping and reservoirs running low .

Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees ( primarily properties of the annual tree rings ) . Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth , narrower when times are difficult . Other properties of the annual rings , such as maximum latewood density ( MXD ) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width . Using tree rings , scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous . By combining multiple tree-ring studies ( sometimes with other climate proxy records ) , scientists have estimated past regional and global climates .

`` Desert Drought '' is the twelfth single by the Liverpool britpop band Cast , fronted by ex La 's bassist John Power .

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure . A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions . `` It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores . Scores that are highly reliable are accurate , reproducible , and consistent from one testing occasion to another . That is , if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers , essentially the same results would be obtained . Various kinds of reliability coefficients , with values ranging between 0.00 ( much error ) and 1.00 ( no error ) , are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores . '' For example , measurements of people 's height and weight are often extremely reliable .


Question: "We continue to observe increasingly warmer summers," stated Friederike Otto from the University of Oxford, who performed an exhaustive analysis on information gathered during the scorching European summer months of June through August in 2017. This comprehensive study delved deep into temperature records, confirming the trend of rising summertime highs attributed to climate change impacts.

2017 European Heatwave Analysis: Insights from Dr. Friederike Otto
Dr. Friederike Otto, a renowned researcher affiliated with the esteemed University of Oxford, recently emphasized her findings regarding the escalating temperatures observed during summers across Europe. Her comprehensive analysis focused specifically on the intense heatwaves experienced in June, July, and August of 2017. Located in historic Oxford, England, the University boasts centuries-old traditions dating back to 1096, marking it as the oldest institution of higher learning in the English-speaking realm and ranking among the globe’s top educational establishments. Established amidst political turmoil under King Henry II's decree prohibiting British scholars' attendance at France's University of Paris, Oxford swiftly expanded despite intermittent conflicts involving local residents and faculty members; notably, several educators relocated northeastward to establish Cambridge University following disturbances in 1209. These twin "ancient universities" often share the moniker “Oxbridge.”

Comprising diverse entities encompassing thirty-eight autonomous colleges alongside numerous academic departments grouped into four major sections, Oxford maintains a decentralized governance model wherein individual colleges oversee admissions policies while coordinating closely with central administration units responsible for curriculum development, lecture series coordination, practical training sessions management, etcetera. Unlike traditional campuses featuring centralized locations housing all administrative offices, classrooms, dormitories, sports complexes, et cetera, Oxford adopts a unique urban layout whereby various structures dotting the heart of downtown serve distinct purposes ranging from residential accommodations to instructional venues without any designated perimeter delineating boundaries separating institutional grounds from surrounding neighborhoods. Undergraduate education predominantly revolves around personalized tutorial meetings held biweekly at respective college premises complemented by supplementary group discussions led by specialized instructors hailing from different disciplines plus hands-on experimentation opportunities facilitated through dedicated laboratories managed directly by relevant departmental authorities.

Home to the illustrious Rhodes Scholarship program—one of humanity’s longest-running accolades—this venerable seat of knowledge hosts countless distinguished individuals spanning multiple generations since inception circa late nineteenth-century era. Additionally, Oxford proudly showcases unparalleled heritage exemplified via possession of antiquated artifacts housed inside globally recognized museums coupled with prolific publishing ventures spearheaded by unmatched editorial teams operating underneath umbrella organization branded as World’s Oldest Press. Furthermore, unparalleled access afforded to expansive archives curated meticulously over extended periods ensures preservation of invaluable intellectual legacies amassed collectively amongst myriad luminaries gracing hallways adorned lavishly yet tastefully reflecting timeless elegance synonymous exclusively with elite circles frequenting corridors echoing tales narrated vividly recounting episodes unfolding sequentially chronologically encapsulating essence defining quintessential embodiment typ

Deutschland Tournee 1976 is a 6-CD box-set released by the British hard rock band Rainbow in 2006 , featuring live material from 3 concerts of the band 's German tour of 1976 , being Cologne on 25 September 1976 , Düsseldorf on 27 September 1976 , and Nurnberg on 28 September 1976 . The complete set of 6 CDs was released only in Japan as a box-set . In Europe all three concerts would be released subsequently as separate double-CD sets , in jewel-cases , with the same track listings and CD timings .   `` Over the Rainbow '' was an introduction from the 1939 movie `` The Wizard of Oz '' that featured spoken line : `` Toto , I 've a feeling we 're not in Kansas anymore . We must be over the rainbow ! ''

Laurence Dreyfus , FBA ( born 1952 ) is an award-winning musicologist and player of the viola da gamba who was University Lecturer and Fellow of Magdalen College , Oxford . He was born and raised in Boston , Massachusetts , and attended Cherry Hill High School West in New Jersey . He earned a B.A. at Yeshiva University , studied cello under Leonard Rose at the Juilliard School , and earned his Ph.D. in Musicology at Columbia University , where he studied with the distinguished Bach scholar Christoph Wolff . Commuting from New York , he studied viola da gamba with Wieland Kuijken , earning two diplomas from the Brussels Conservatoire , including its Diplome supérieur with Highest Distinction .   After teaching at Yale University , Stanford University , and The University of Chicago , he moved in 1995 to London to become Thurston Dart Professor of Performance Studies at King 's College London and hold a Chair at the Royal Academy of Music ( which that year elected him as an honorary member ) . In 2002 , he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy for his musicological work .   Dreyfus is a noted scholar of both J. S. Bach and Richard Wagner . He has published three books with Harvard University Press : Bach 's Continuo Group ( 1986 ) , Bach and the Patterns of Invention ( 1996 ) ( which won the Otto Kinkeldey Award for best book of the year from the American Musicological Society ) and Wagner and the Erotic Impulse ( 2010 ) .   As a performer , Dreyfus has made a number of solo and ensemble recordings , some of which have won major awards . As a soloist , he has recorded the viola da gamba sonatas of J.S. Bach , the Pièces de violes of Marin Marais , and Pièces de clavecin en concert of Jean-Philippe Rameau , all with harpsichordist Ketil Haugsand on the Simax label ) . He founded the viol consort Phantasm , which won one Gramophone Award in 1997 for their recording of Purcell 's Fantasies and another in 2004 for its recording of Consorts by Orlando Gibbons ; this disc was also a finalist for Gramophone '' 's Record of the Year . Their 2005 CD `` Four Temperaments , '' with Elizabethan music by William Byrd , Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger , Robert Parsons ( composer ) and Thomas Tallis was nominated for awards by Gramophone ( magazine ) and the BBC Music Magazine '' . The group has also recorded works by William Byrd , John Jenkins ( composer ) , William Lawes , Richard Mico , Matthew Locke , and other composers , as well as Bach 's Art of Fugue .

Rev. Richard Lynch Cotton ( 14 August 1794 -- 8 December 1880 ) was a British vicar and academic administrator at the University of Oxford .   Cotton was born in Whitchurch , Oxfordshire , the son of Henry Calveley Cotton and Matilda Lockwood , one of 11 children ( eight sons and three daughters ) .  He was educated at Charterhouse School and Worcester College , Oxford , where he attained a BA degree in 1815 . He was a Fellow of the College from 1816 to 1838 and Provost from 1839 to 1880 . He was awarded a Doctor of Divinity in 1839 .  While Provost at Worcester , Cotton also became Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 1852 .   Cotton was Vicar of Denchworth , north of Wantage in Berkshire , from 1823 to 1838 . He published his lectures and sermons . On 25 June 1839 , he married Charlotte Bouverie Pusey , daughter of Hon. Philip Pusey and Lady Lucy Sherard .  She lived at 38 St Giles ' in Oxford , now part of St Benet 's Hall , after Cotton 's death during 1881 -- 82 .

Derek Abbott ( born 3 May 1960 , in South Kensington , London , UK ) is a physicist and electronic engineer .   In the 1969-1971 period , he was a boarder at Copthorne Preparatory School , Sussex , UK .   During 1971-1978 he attended the Holland Park School London .   In late 1977 , he began work at GEC Hirst Research Centre , Wembley , UK , performing research in the area of CCD and microchip design for imaging systems . Whilst working , he graduated in 1982 with a BSc in Physics from Loughborough University , . In 1986 , he began work as a microchip designer at Austek Microsystems in Adelaide , Australia . In 1987 , he joined the University of Adelaide completing his PhD thesis in Electrical & Electronic Engineering in 1995 , entitled GaAs MESFET Photodetectors for Imaging Arrays , under Kamran Eshraghian and Bruce R. Davis .   He became a fellow of the IEEE in 2005 `` for contributions to analysis of noise and stochastic phenomena in vision systems '' .

Richard James Overy ( born 23 December 1947 ) is a British historian who has published extensively on the history of World War II and the Third Reich . In 2007 as The Times editor of Complete History of the World , he chose the 50 key dates of world history .

The LSE SU German Society is a student society at the London School of Economics and Political Science . With an annual membership of approximately 500 members , it is one of the largest student associations outside of Germany and one of the largest in the United Kingdom . Through organising various social and cultural events , the LSESU German Society promotes an interest in German culture , politics , business and language . Its flagship event is the annual German Symposium . Welcoming speakers from Germany 's business , political and cultural spheres , the German Symposium has grown to become one of the most high-profile student-organized lecture series in London .

David Rueda is professor of comparative politics at Nuffield College , University of Oxford . Rueda has research interests in comparative political economy , the welfare state , and labour market policy .   Rueda is one of the editors of the Socio-Economic Review .

David Balding is an Australian statistician and Professor in Statistical Genetics at University College London . Until October 2009 he was a Professor in Statistical Genetics Imperial College London , where he still retains an affiliation as Visiting Professor . He was educated at the University of Newcastle , Australia and the University of Oxford , and is an editor of the Handbook of Statistical Genetics .   Balding 's research interests lie in the application of mathematics and statistics to problems in genetics , in particular he is interested in statistical inference for medical and forensic purposes .   He has written a book Weight-of-Evidence for Forensic DNA Profiles .

Darren Rhodes is a Scientist at the University of Sussex investigating the perception of time , consciousness and multisensory experience . Rhodes ' is a strong proponent of Bayesian Time Perception . He is currently working on an EU FET program TimeStorm where he is determining the foundational principles of time perception in humans and artificial systems .

Didier Sornette ( born June 25 , 1957 in Paris ) is Professor on the Chair of Entrepreneurial Risks at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ( ETH Zurich ) since March 2006 . He is also a professor of the Swiss Finance Institute , and a professor associated with both the department of Physics and the department of  Earth Sciences at ETH Zurich . He was previously jointly a Professor of Geophysics at UCLA , Los Angeles California ( 1996-2006 ) and a Research Professor at the French National Centre for Scientific Research ( 1981-2006 ) , working on the theory and prediction of complex systems .


Question: "We continue witnessing increasingly warmer summers," stated Friederike Otto from the University of Oxford; she carried out an exhaustive investigation on information collected during the scorching period which engulfed Europe throughout June, July, and August back in 2017.

 Heatwaves Intensify: Expert Analysis Reveals Alarming Trends

Friederike Otto, a renowned researcher at the prestigious University of Oxford, recently emphasized her findings regarding escalating temperatures during summer months. Her study meticulously analyzed meteorological records associated with the severe European heatwave spanning across June, July, and August 2017. Located approximately 57 miles away from bustling London, nestled within the picturesque landscapes of Southeastern England, lies historic Oxford – a vibrant hub recognized globally for its esteemed educational institution, the University of Oxford; reputedly the oldest university among English-speaking nations. This charming locale boasts rich cultural heritage reflected through stunning architecture ranging back centuries while simultaneously embracing modernity with thriving sectors encompassing automotive engineering, academia, print media alongside burgeoning tech enterprises often stemming directly from scholastic innovation. Despite its quaint appeal, Oxford remains acutely aware of contemporary challenges posed by climate shifts impacting seasonal weather conditions significantly.

In light of recent scientific investigations led diligently by experts akin to Dr. Otto herself, there exists mounting evidence suggesting summers indeed continue intensifying unabatedly year-on-year. Such insights underscore urgent necessity for proactive measures aimed at mitigating detrimental effects emanating from anthropogenic influences contributing substantially towards global warming phenomena witnessed increasingly prevalent nowadays throughout various geographical regions around globe including beloved British Isles themselves!

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

Kristin Otto ( born 7 February 1966 ) is a German Olympic swimming champion . She is most famous for being the first woman to win six gold medals at a single Olympic Games , doing so at the 1988 Seoul Olympic games . In long course , she held the world records in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle events . Otto was also the first woman to swim the short course 100 meter backstroke in under a minute , doing so at an international short course meet at Indiana University in 1983 .

Richard Corfield ( born 22 January 1962 ) is a scientist , science writer and broadcaster based near Oxford in the United Kingdom .

Richard James Overy ( born 23 December 1947 ) is a British historian who has published extensively on the history of World War II and the Third Reich . In 2007 as The Times editor of Complete History of the World , he chose the 50 key dates of world history .

David Michael Davis ( born 23 December 1948 ) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been the Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union since 2016 and the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Haltemprice and Howden since 1997 , having previously been the MP for Boothferry from 1987 . Davis was sworn of the Privy Council in the 1997 New Year Honours , having previously been Minister of State for Europe from 1994 to 1997 .   Davis was raised on Aboyne Estate , a council estate in Tooting , South West London . After attending Bec Grammar School in Tooting , London , he went on to gain a master 's degree in business at the age of 25 , and went into a career with Tate & Lyle . Entering Parliament in 1987 at the age of 38 for Boothferry , he was appointed Europe Minister by Prime Minister John Major in July 1994 , holding the position until the 1997 general election . He subsequently held the positions of Conservative Party Chairman and Shadow Deputy Prime Minister .   Between 2003 and 2008 , he was the Shadow Home Secretary in the Shadow Cabinets of both Michael Howard and David Cameron . Davis had previously been a candidate for the leadership of the Conservative Party in 2001 and 2005 , coming fourth and second respectively . On 12 June 2008 , Davis unexpectedly announced his intention to resign as an MP , and was immediately replaced as Shadow Home Secretary ; this was in order to force a by-election in his seat for which he intended to seek re-election by mounting a specific campaign designed to provoke wider public debate about the erosion of civil liberties in the United Kingdom . Following his formal resignation as an MP he became the Conservative candidate in the resulting by-election and won a month later .   In July 2016 , following a referendum in which a majority of British voters supported leaving the European Union , Davis was appointed by new Prime Minister Theresa May as Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union , with responsibility for negotiating the UK 's exit from the EU .

David Adam Wilkinson , FRAS ( born 16 May 1963 ) is a British Methodist minister , theologian , astrophysicist and academic . He is the current Principal of St John 's College , Durham , and a professor in the Department of Theology and Religion at Durham University . He is the author of several books on the relationship between science and religion , and a regular contributor to Thought for the Day on BBC Radio 4 . He has a PhD in astrophysics and is a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society .

The Hon. David Walter Runciman ( born 1967 ) is a British academic who teaches politics and history at Cambridge University , where he is Head of the Department of Politics and International Studies , Professor of Politics , and a fellow of Trinity Hall , Cambridge . He was educated at Eton College , where he won the Newcastle Scholarship , and Trinity College , Cambridge .   Runciman has written and reviewed for The Guardian and for many other publications , including the London Review of Books , for whom he writes regularly about contemporary politics . His monograph , The Politics of Good Intentions , was adapted in part from his LRB articles . Runciman has published six books . An adaptation of his PhD thesis was published in 1997 as Pluralism and the Personality of the State . His book Political Hypocrisy ( 2008 ) , explores the political uses of hypocrisy from a historical perspective . The Confidence Trap : A History of Democracy in Crisis from World War I to the Present ( 2013 ) , lays out his theory of the threat of democratic overconfidence . In 2014 , Profile Books published his book Politics : Ideas in Profile . Since 2015 , Runciman has hosted a politics podcast called Talking Politics .

Declan Hill is a journalist , academic and consultant . He is one of the world 's foremost experts on match-fixing and corruption in international sports . In 2008 , Hill , as a Chevening Scholar , obtained his doctorate in Sociology at the University of Oxford . Currently , he is a Senior Research Fellow in anti-corruption in sports at the University of Würzburg .   His book ` The Fix : Organized Crime and Soccer ' has appeared in twenty-one languages . Hill was the first person to show the new danger to international sport posed by the globalization of the gambling market and match-fixing at the highest levels of professional football ( soccer ) including the Champions League and FIFA World Cup tournaments . Part of the book details his involvement with an Asian match-fixing gang as they travelled around the world to fix major football matches . Hill has also published a number of academic articles , is a reviewer for Global Integrity and has probed the impact of the Russian mafia on professional ice hockey . In 2011 , he pioneered the first on-line anti-match-fixing education course for Sport Accord that was eventually used by Interpol .  In 2013 , his second book ` The Insider 's Guide to Match-Fixing ' was published and immediately translated to Japanese . It is a popular version of his doctoral thesis and was dubbed by its English-language publisher as ` Freakonomics meets Sports Corruption '

Madeleine McCann , a British child , went missing on the evening of Thursday , 3 May 2007 , shortly before her fourth birthday , from an apartment in Praia da Luz , Portugal , where she was on holiday with her parents .   The Portuguese police investigation into her disappearance closed in July 2008 . Scotland Yard began a review of the investigation , known as Operation Grange , in May 2011 , and announced in April 2012 that they believed Madeleine might still be alive . Since the disappearance , there have been many reported sightings of Madeleine in Portugal and elsewhere .

Fritz Richard Herrmann , MBE ( 11 September 1919 -- 14 June 2010 ) was a Norwegian journalist , writer and radio personality .   Born and raised in Larvik , Hermann graduated in 1939 , and subsequently studied philology at University of Oslo . In 1941 he was offered a job with Norsk Telegrambyrå , an offer he reluctantly accepted , as it required all new employees to join Nasjonal Samling . He left the company after a few weeks . In 1952 , he was employed by the Reuters newsagency in London , where he stayed until 1964 . From 1961 he was the editor for Reuters UK operation . From 1964 to 1977 he was employed by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation as their correspondent in London . He later worked in Norway and was charged with developing the new radio channel NRK P2 in the early 1980s . In 1984 he retired from radio and TV , but he continued to write until he was almost 75 years old . He has written numerous books on Britain , British history and the British people , published in several languages .   After retiring , Hermann spent the remainder of his life in Oslo , where he died after a long , unspecified illness on 14 June 2010 , at age 90 .