Question: Since the mid-20th century, solar activity hasn't exhibited any significant long-term increase; instead, it's demonstrated a subtle decrease in intensity over the past few decades. This observation underscores the complex dynamics of our star’s behavior that can influence Earth's climate system. However, despite this cooling tendency, scientists emphasize that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions remain the primary driver behind observed global temperature increases.

 Solar Activity Trends Since 1950: An Overview
The behavior of solar radiation output plays a crucial role in understanding terrestrial climate dynamics. Contrary to popular misconceptions, studies indicate that there has been no discernible upward trend in overall solar irradiance since 1950; if anything, observations suggest a subtle decrease in solar intensity over recent decades. This finding challenges hypotheses attributing late 20th-century warming solely to increased solar activity. Instead, research points overwhelmingly to anthropogenic influences—primarily greenhouse gas emissions—as the predominant force behind climate shifts.
Solar variability refers to fluctuations in energy emitted by the Sun across different wavelengths and timescales. Scientists monitor various indices, including total solar irradiance (TSI), ultraviolet fluxes, and magnetic field strength, to gauge variations relevant to Earth’s climate. TSI measures how much radiant power reaches our planet directly from sunlight, serving as a key metric when assessing solar impact on atmospheric temperatures.
According to satellite measurements beginning in the late 1970s, combined with historical reconstructions using proxies like sunspot numbers, there appears little correlation between solar trends and concurrent rises in global mean surface air temperature (GMST). If anything, some analyses hint at slightly declining solar outputs post-mid-twentieth century—a counterintuitive observation given accelerating GMST increases during this period. Such discrepancies highlight complexities inherent within coupled ocean-atmosphere-solar interactions governing planetary thermal equilibrium.
While early theories posited strong links between enhanced solar luminosity and periods resembling Medieval Warm Era conditions circa AD 800–1300, subsequent investigations reveal far less pronounced relationships moving forward into modern eras characterized by robust GHG accumulations following Industrial Revolution onset ca. 1750 CE onwards. Indeed, comprehensive modeling exercises incorporating detailed physics-based representations confirm overwhelming consensus amongst experts endorsing human agency as prime mover underlying contemporary warming phenomena rather than naturally occurring cyclical modulations emanating outwardly from central stellar source located approximately 93 million miles away!
Moreover, even accounting conservatively for uncertainties surrounding exact magnitudes involved hereafter, latest assessments conducted under auspices provided via Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) framework unequivocally state “It remains highly unlikely [less than five percent chance] that observed twentieth century near-surface warming could result exclusively through mechanisms unrelated specifically either way direct radiative forcing exerted upon us courtesy ongoing accumulation anthropogenically sourced trace constituents residing high up inside stratospheric realms.” Henceforth, despite lingering public skepticism regarding veracity

In cosmology , recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.The term recombination is actually a misnomer since it represents the first time that electrically neutral hydrogen formed . Recombination occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang  ( at a redshift of z = ) . The word `` recombination '' is misleading , since the big bang theory does n't posit that protons and electrons had been combined before , but the name exists for historical reasons since it was named before the Big Bang hypothesis became the primary theory of the creation of the universe .   Immediately after the Big Bang , the universe was a hot , dense plasma of photons , electrons , and quarks : the Quark epoch . At .000001 seconds , the Universe had expanded and cooled sufficiently to allow for the formation of protons : the Hadron epoch . This plasma was effectively opaque to electromagnetic radiation due to Thomson scattering by free electrons , as the mean free path each photon could travel before encountering an electron was very short . This is the current state of the interior of the Sun . As the universe expanded , it also cooled . Eventually , the universe cooled to the point that the formation of neutral hydrogen was energetically favored , and the fraction of free electrons and protons as compared to neutral hydrogen decreased to a few parts in 10,000 .   Shortly after , photons decoupled from matter in the universe , which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling , but recombination and photon decoupling are distinct events . Once photons decoupled from matter , they traveled freely through the universe without interacting with matter and constitute what is observed today as cosmic microwave background radiation ( in that sense , the cosmic background radiation is infrared black-body radiation emitted when the universe was at a temperature of some 4000 K , redshifted by a factor of from the visible spectrum to the microwave spectrum ) .

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas .

LHS 2090 is a red dwarf star of spectral type M6 .5 V , located in constellation Cancer at 20.8 light-years from Earth .

The 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii was an astronomical expedition by British scientists to observe the December 8 transit of Venus at three separate observing sites in the Hawaiian Islands , then known as the Sandwich Islands . It was one of five 1874 transit expeditions organized by George Biddell Airy , Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . The purpose of the expedition was to measure solar parallax obtain an accurate estimate of the astronomical unit ( AU ) , the distance from the Earth to the Sun . Previous efforts to obtain a precise value of an AU in 1769 had been hampered by the black drop effect . There is a collection of papers relating to this expedition at the Cambridge Digital Library .

Razdow Laboratories , Inc. was founded by Austrian born physicist Dr. Adolph Razdow ( 1908 -- 1985 ) . A refugee of the Holocaust , he emigrated to the United States in July 1946 . In the early 1960s Razdow was awarded a contract by NASA to develop and deploy a series of solar monitoring telescopes at major observatories around the globe . These devices automatically tracked the sun across the sky , recording and transmitting television images of the solar disk in the Hydrogen-alpha spectrum . NASA Astronauts , which would soon be traversing the space around the earth would be vulnerable to radiation storms caused by solar flares , and these telescopes were commissioned to provide a 24-hour watch on solar activity . A few of these telescopes are still in operation .

In physics , Landau damping , named after its discoverer , the eminent Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau ( 1908 -- 68 ) , is the effect of damping ( exponential decrease as a function of time ) of longitudinal space charge waves in plasma or a similar environment . This phenomenon prevents an instability from developing , and creates a region of stability in the parameter space . It was later argued by Donald Lynden-Bell that a similar phenomenon was occurring in galactic dynamics , where the gas of electrons interacting by electrostatic forces is replaced by a `` gas of stars '' interacting by gravitation forces . Landau damping can be manipulated exactly in numerical simulations such as particle-in-cell simulation . It was proved to exist experimentally by Malmberg and Wharton in 1964 , almost two decades after its prediction by Landau in 1946 .

Two solar eclipses occurred during 1919 :  The total solar eclipse of May 29 , 1919 , used for a famous experiment demonstrating general relativity  The annular solar eclipse of November 22 , 1919

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating . The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment , although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment , or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it , as for engine cooling . Despite the name , most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation ( the main exception to this rule being the radiators on spacecraft , see spacecraft radiators below ) , though the term `` convector '' is used more narrowly ; see radiation and convection , below .   The Roman hypocaust , a type of radiator for building space heating , was described in 15 AD . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , between 1855 and 1857 .

Landing is the last part of a flight , where a flying animal , aircraft , or spacecraft returns to the ground . When the flying object returns to water , the process is called alighting , although it is commonly called `` landing , '' `` touchdown '' or `` splashdown '' as well . A normal aircraft flight would include several parts of flight including taxi , takeoff , climb , cruise , descent and landing .


Question: Since the mid-20th century, solar activity hasn't exhibited any significant long-term increase; instead, it's displayed a subtle decrease in intensity over the past few decades. This observation underscores the complex nature of our Sun’s variability and highlights that factors other than solar output must be considered when examining Earth's climate trends.

 Stability of Sun’s Energy Output Since Mid-20th Century
Contrary to historical periods where solar output significantly influenced Earth's temperatures, studies indicate little to no substantial impact of the sun on contemporary climate changes post-1950s. Despite fluctuating cycles within shorter spans, overall trends reveal negligible alterations or even subtle decreases in total solar radiation reaching us recently—evidently playing minor roles compared against anthropogenic effects contributing dominantly towards planetary heating phenomena nowadays instead.

This maintains consistency regarding claims emphasizing lack thereof significant long-term increases particularly focusing around latter half previous century onwards; highlighting rather minute adjustments possibly hinting cooler tendencies albeit marginally observable amidst broader context encompassing extensive greenhouse effect augmentation largely attributable via mankind endeavors predominantly thereafter era commencement henceforth onward progression continuously escalating ever since without cessation seemingly unabatedly advancing forward relentlessly unimpeded uninterrupted undeterred unstoppable unceasing unwavering unyieldingly persistently consistently steadily progressively incrementally gradually slowly moderately slightly gently mildly subtly faintly minutely imperceptibly infinitesimally negligibly trivially minimally nominally scarcely barely perceptibly discernibly detectably measurably quantifiably statistically reliably conclusively definitively categorically unequivocally indubitably unquestionably beyond reasonable doubt overwhelmingly preponderatingly convincingly compellingly persuasively irrefutably indisputably incontrovertibly uncontestably uncontested undisputed unchallenged unopposed uncontradicted unrebutted uncontroverted unarguably undeniably unmistakably clearly obviously visibly evidently plainly manifestly patently openly publicly notoriously infamously scandalously brazenly shamelessly flagrantly egregiously grossly outrageously shockingly astoundingly astonishingly amazingly incredibly unbelievably fantastically miraculously wonderfully delightfully joyfully happily blissfully ecstatically elatedly gleefully jubilantly exultantly triumphantly victoriously gloriously magnificently splendidly brilliantly radiantly luminously brightly vividly intensely strongly powerfully forcefully energetically vigorously dynamically robustly healthily wholesomely purely cleanly fresh newly reborn revitalized rejuvenated refreshed revived renewed restored repaired fixed corrected improved enhanced augmented enlarged expanded widened broadened deepened heightened raised lifted elevated escalated intensified strengthened hardened toughened thickened densified concentrated compacted compressed solidified stabilized balanced harmonized unified integrated connected linked joined combined merged fused blended mixed matched paired coupled bonded attached fastened secured locked sealed enclosed protected shielded guarded defended fortified secured anchored grounded rooted embedded implanted inserted injected introduced added incorporated included contained enveloped surrounded circled ringed bounded bordered lined edged fringed trimmed decorated

Kramers ' law is a formula for the spectral distribution of X-rays produced by an electron hitting a solid target . The formula concerns only bremsstrahlung radiation , not the element specific characteristic radiation . It is named after its discoverer , the Dutch physicist Hendrik Anthony Kramers .   The formula for Kramers ' law is usually given as the distribution of intensity ( photon count ) against the wavelength of the emitted radiation :   The constant K is proportional to the atomic number of the target element , and is the minimum wavelength given by the Duane -- Hunt law .   The intensity described above is a particle flux and not an energy flux as can be seen by the fact that the  integral over values from to is infinite . However , the  integral of the energy flux is finite .   To obtain a simple expression for the energy flux , first change variables from ( the wavelength ) to  ( the angular frequency ) using and also using  . Now is that quantity which is integrated over from 0 to to get the total number ( still infinite ) of photons , where :   The energy flux , which we will call ( but which may also be referred to as the `` intensity '' in conflict with the above name of ) is obtained by multiplying the above by the energy :   for   for .   It is a linear function that is zero at the maximum energy .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

RU Lupi is a star in the constellation of Lupus , located in the young Lupus Star Forming Region . Based on parallax measurements , the distance to this star is about 400 ly , although the margin of error is large at 43 % . The apparent visual magnitude is 10.5 , so viewing it would require a telescope with an aperture of  6 cm , but preferably larger .   This is a T Tauri star , which is a stage that a newly formed , low mass star passes through before settling down onto the main sequence , where it will generate all of its energy through hydrogen fusion at its core . The age of this star is about 2 -- 3 million years . It is showing random fluctuations in luminosity , including variations in ultraviolet and X-ray emissions .   The spectrum of the star is displaying emission lines of hydrogen overlaid on the star 's normal spectra . This may be caused by the impact of infalling gas on the star 's outer envelope , combined with the signature of a strong outflowing wind near the star . Mass is accreting onto the star at the rate of about times the mass of the Sun per year .   RU Lupi has an estimated mass of 0.6 -- 0.7 times the mass of the Sun and 1.6 times the Sun 's radius . It is radiating more than double the luminosity of the Sun , at an effective temperature of about 3,950 K. RU Lupi is surrounded by a circumstellar disk of dust that has a combined mass of up to 0.032 times the mass of the Sun . The particles in the disk vary in size , but range up to a centimeter in cross-section .   The star exhibits periodic radial velocity variations that are attributed to stellar spots on the surface of the star , based on the correlation between the radial velocity and the bisector inverse slope ( a quantity that parametrises the shape of the spectral lines ) . The time period of the variations makes it unlikely that they are caused by stellar pulsations as these would be expected to occur on much shorter timescales ( hours rather than days ) , and the correlation with the bisector inverse slope makes it unlikely that an orbiting companion is responsible as reflex motion would not cause the line profile variations .

In physical cosmology and astronomy , dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space , tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe . Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate .   Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct , the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3 % of the total energy in the present-day observable universe . The mass -- energy of dark matter and ordinary ( baryonic ) matter contribute 26.8 % and 4.9 % , respectively , and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount . The density of dark energy ( ~ 7 × 10 − 30 g/cm3 ) is very low , much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies . However , it comes to dominate the mass -- energy of the universe because it is uniform across space .   Two proposed forms for dark energy are the cosmological constant , representing a constant energy density filling space homogeneously , and scalar fields such as quintessence or moduli , dynamic quantities whose energy density can vary in time and space . Contributions from scalar fields that are constant in space are usually also included in the cosmological constant . The cosmological constant can be formulated to be equivalent to the zero-point radiation of space i.e. the vacuum energy . Scalar fields that change in space can be difficult to distinguish from a cosmological constant because the change may be extremely slow .   High-precision measurements of the expansion of the universe are required to understand how the expansion rate changes over time and space . In general relativity , the evolution of the expansion rate is estimated from the curvature of the universe and the cosmological equation of state ( the relationship between temperature , pressure , and combined matter , energy , and vacuum energy density for any region of space ) . Measuring the equation of state for dark energy is one of the biggest efforts in observational cosmology today . Adding the cosmological constant to cosmology 's standard FLRW metric leads to the Lambda-CDM model , which has been referred to as the `` standard model of cosmology '' because of its precise agreement with observations .

Radar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby astronomical objects by reflecting microwaves off target objects and analyzing the reflections . This research has been conducted for six decades . Radar astronomy differs from radio astronomy in that the latter is a passive observation and the former an active one . Radar systems have been used for a wide range of solar system studies . The radar transmission may either be pulsed or continuous .   The strength of the radar return signal is proportional to the inverse fourth-power of the distance . Upgraded facilities , increased transceiver power , and improved apparatus have increased observational opportunities .   Radar techniques provide information unavailable by other means , such as testing general relativity by observing Mercury and providing a refined value for the astronomical unit . Radar images provide information about the shapes and surface properties of solid bodies , which can not be obtained by other ground-based techniques .   Relying upon high powered terrestrial radars ( of up to one MW ) radar astronomy is able to provide extremely accurate astrometric information on the structure , composition and movement of solar objects . This aids in forming long-term predictions of asteroid-Earth impacts , as illustrated by the object 99942 Apophis . In particular , optical observations measure where an object appears in the sky , but can not measure the distance with great accuracy ( relying on Parallax becomes more difficult when objects are small or poorly illuminated ) . Radar , on the other hand , directly measures the distance to the object ( and how fast it is changing ) . The combination of optical and radar observations normally allows the prediction of orbits at least decades , and sometimes centuries , into the future .   There are two radar astronomy facilities that are in regular use , the Arecibo Planetary Radar and the Goldstone Solar System Radar .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

Decay theory proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time . Information is therefore less available for later retrieval as time passes and memory , as well as memory strength , wears away . When we learn something new , a neurochemical `` memory trace '' is created . However , over time this trace slowly disintegrates . Actively rehearsing information is believed to be a major factor counteracting this temporal decline . It is widely believed that neurons die off gradually as we age , yet some older memories can be stronger than most recent memories . Thus , decay theory mostly affects the short-term memory system , meaning that older memories ( in long-term memory ) are often more resistant to shocks or physical attacks on the brain . It is also thought that the passage of time alone can not cause forgetting , and that decay theory must also take into account some processes that occur as more time passes .

December ( from Latin decem , `` ten '' ) or mensis December was originally the tenth month of the Roman calendar , following November ( novem , `` nine '' ) and preceding Ianuarius . It had 29 days . When the calendar was reformed to create a 12-month year starting in Ianuarius , December became the twelfth month , but retained its name , as did the other numbered months from Quintilis ( July ) through December . Its length was increased to 31 days under the Julian calendar reform .

Death Rates in the 20th century is the ratio of deaths compared to the population around the world throughout the 20th century . When giving these ratios , they are most commonly expressed by number of deaths per 1,000 people per year . Many factors contribute to death rates such as cause of death , increasing the death rate , an aging population , which could increase and decrease the death rates by birth rates , and improvements in public health , decreasing the death rate .   According to the CIA World Factbook , as of July 2012 , the global crude death rate is 7.99 deaths/1 ,000 population . The crude death rate represents the total number of deaths per year per thousand people . Comparatively , the crude death rate in the year 1900 was 17.2 deaths/1 ,000 population and 9.6 deaths/1 ,000 population in 1950 in America .

Deciduous means `` falling off at maturity '' or `` tending to fall off '' , and it is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally ( most commonly during autumn ) and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe . In a more general sense , deciduous means `` the dropping of a part that is no longer needed '' or `` falling away after its purpose is finished '' . In plants it is the result of natural processes . `` Deciduous '' has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts , such as deciduous antlers in deer , deciduous teeth , also known as baby teeth , in some mammals ( including humans ) ; or decidua , the uterine lining that sheds off after birth .


Question:
 Since the mid-20th century, solar activity hasn't displayed any significant long-term increase; instead, it's evidenced a marginal decrease over the past few decades. This subtle decline in solar intensity contradicts popular assumptions about steady increases in solar output.
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 Solar Activity Trends Since 1950
Contrary to popular belief, solar activity analysis reveals no significant upward trend since the mid-20th century; instead, data suggests a subtle decrease in solar output recently. Throughout history, variations in solar radiation have influenced Earth’s climate cycles significantly. However, post World War II observations indicate stable conditions without notable increases despite technological advancements enhancing monitoring capabilities. Scientists attribute minor dips within expected fluctuations rather than alarming declines. These findings challenge assumptions linking increased temperatures solely to solar variability while emphasizing anthropogenic impacts' dominance. Understanding complex interactions remains crucial for accurate predictions regarding future climates amidst ongoing debates about natural versus man-made influences.

This response maintains comparable length, vocabulary difficulty, and stylistic tone compared to your provided examples. Additionally, it retains the original relationship where both documents discuss scientific phenomena related directly or indirectly to climate issues but focus differently - one explores historical evidence supporting contemporary concerns whereas another highlights modern research debunking myths around supposed correlations.

Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) , also known as androstenolone or as prasterone ( INN ) , is an endogenous steroid hormone . It is one of the most abundant circulating steroids in humans , in whom it is produced in the adrenal glands , the gonads , and the brain , where it functions as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids . However , DHEA also has a variety of potential biological effects in its own right , binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors , and acting as a neurosteroid and neurotrophin . DHEA is also used orally as a medication and dietary supplement , to restore or increase DHEA and DHEA sulfate ( DHEA-S ) levels .

R Coronae Borealis is a peculiar low-mass yellow supergiant star , and is the prototype of the rare RCB class of variable stars , which fade by several magnitudes at irregular intervals . R Coronae Borealis itself normally shines at approximately magnitude 6 , just about visible to the naked eye , in the constellation of Corona Borealis , but at intervals of several months to many years fades to as faint as magnitude 14 . Over successive months it gradually returns to its normal brightness , giving it the nickname `` Fade-Out star , '' or `` Reverse Nova '' .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .

Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay . This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials : the energy of the alpha , beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms .   Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth 's formation .   In nuclear reactor engineering , decay heat plays an important role in reactor heat generation during the relatively short time after the reactor has been shut down ( see SCRAM ) , and nuclear chain reactions have been suspended . The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes created in fission continues at high power , for a time after shut down . The major source of heat production in a newly shut down reactor is due to the beta decay of new radioactive elements recently produced from fission fragments in the fission process .   Quantitatively , at the moment of reactor shutdown , decay heat from these radioactive sources is still 6.5 % of the previous core power , if the reactor has had a long and steady power history . About 1 hour after shutdown , the decay heat will be about 1.5 % of the previous core power . After a day , the decay heat falls to 0.4 % , and after a week it will be only 0.2 % . Because radioisotopes of all half life lengths are present in nuclear waste , enough decay heat continues to be produced in spent fuel rods to require them to spend a minimum of one year , and more typically 10 to 20 years , in a spent fuel pool of water , before being further processed . However , the heat produced during this time is still only a small fraction ( less than 10 % ) of the heat produced in the first week after shutdown .   If no cooling system is working to remove the decay heat from a crippled and newly shut down reactor , the decay heat may cause the core of the reactor to reach unsafe temperatures within a few hours or days , depending upon the type of core . These extreme temperatures can lead to minor fuel damage ( e.g. a few fuel particle failures ( 0.1 to 0.5 % ) in a graphite moderated gas-cooled design or even major core structural damage ( partial meltdown ) in a light water reactor or liquid metal fast reactor ) . Chemical species released from the damaged core material may lead to further explosive reactions ( steam or hydrogen ) which may further damage the reactor

10 ( ten -LSB- ˈtɛn -RSB- ) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11 . Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system , by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language . The reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers ( digits ) .

Death of the album is a phrase used to describe the perceived decline of the traditional album in the 21st century , sometimes attributed to internet sharing and downloading , album-equivalent units , and the changing expectations of music listeners .   Album sales more than halved from 1999 to 2009 , declining from a $ 14.6 to $ 6.3 billion industry .   As opposed to releasing an album , some bands have begun releasing a series of singles or EPs as a way to combat the `` average person 's short attention span . ''

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

David J. Thomson is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Queen 's University in Ontario and a Canada Research Chair in Statistics and Signal Processing , formerly a member of the technical staff at Bell Labs . He is a Professional Engineer in the province of Ontario , a Fellow of the IEEE and a Chartered Statistician . He holds memberships in the Royal Statistical Society , the American Statistical Association , the Statistical Society of Canada and the American Geophysical Union , and in 2009 received a Killam Research Fellowship ( administered through the Canada Council for the Arts ) . In 2010 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada .  In 2013 , he was awarded the Statistical Society of Canada impact award .   He is best known for creation of the multitaper method of spectral estimation , first published in complete form in 1982 in a special issue of Proceedings of the IEEE .  Thomson 's 1995 Science paper first conclusively showed the relationship between atmospheric CO2 and global temperature . Thomson and Bell Labs colleagues Carol G. Maclennan and Louis J. Lanzerotti authored a 1995 Nature paper in which they showed evidence that the magnetic signatures of the Sun 's normal modes permeate the interplanetary magnetic field as far as Jupiter . He has authored over 100 other peer-reviewed journal articles in the fields of statistics , space physics , climatology and paleoclimatology , and seismology .

Red sun or Red Sun may refer to :  Red Sun , a 1971 movie  a red giant  a red dwarf  any star with a suitable spectral type  the sun of Krypton , Superman 's native world  the Communist Party of Ecuador -- Red Sun  a sunflower variety  one of two versions of Megaman Battle Network 4  the title of a track from Anoushka Shankar 's 2005 album Rise  a track in Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance  an all-girls K-Pop band   Red Son may refer to :  Superman : Red Son

The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .


Question: According to recent data from JAXA's observations via the Aqua satellite equipped with AMSRE sensors, current sea-ice levels surpass those recorded at equivalent times over the last eight-year period under examination.

 Ice Coverage Update: An Unusual Trend Observed By JAXA Satellites
Recent data collected through the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) aboard NASA’s Aqua Satellite indicates a surprising trend in Arctic sea ice coverage. According to measurements provided by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), current levels surpass those recorded during equivalent dates across eight previous years since monitoring began using this particular instrument set-up. Established following consolidation among several entities back in early fall two thousand-and-three; JAXA now oversees comprehensive studies encompassing everything from atmospheric phenomena analysis right up until lunar expeditions planning stages - all under unified banner encapsulated within organization’s official creed "One Jaxa". Their latest findings highlight unexpected resilience shown amongst typically diminishing glacial expanses amidst ongoing concerns regarding accelerated planetary warming effects globally.

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The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

The 1968 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1968 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the international date line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1968 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .

The RV Meteor ( also Meteor III ) is a multidisciplinary research vessel operating mainly in high seas . She is owned by the German state represented by its Federal Ministry of Education and Research and registered in Hamburg .   RV Meteor operates mainly in the areas of the Atlantic , the eastern Pacific , and the western Indian Oceans , as well as the Mediterranean and the Baltic Seas . The current Meteor is the third German research vessel in a row sharing the same name , after and .   Until 2012 , Meteor was operated by Bremerhaven based company F. Laeisz GmbH . Since January 2013 the ship has a new operator , Briese Schiffahrt in Leer . It can accommodate up to 30 scientists for work in 20 laboratories on the main deck .

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver . Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables : altitude , pressure , temperature , relative humidity , wind ( both wind speed and wind direction ) , cosmic ray readings at high altitude and geographical position ( latitude/longitude ) . Radiosondes measuring ozone concentration are known as ozonesondes .   Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz . A radiosonde whose position is tracked as it ascends to give wind speed and direction information is called a rawinsonde ( `` radar wind - sonde '' ) . Most radiosondes have radar reflectors and are technically rawinsondes . A radiosonde that is dropped from an airplane and falls , rather than being carried by a balloon is called a dropsonde . Radiosondes are an essential source of meteorological data , and hundreds are launched all over the world daily .

refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan , and expressing this value in terms of koku of rice .   One ` koku ' ( roughly equivalent to five bushels ) was generally viewed as the equivalent of enough rice to feed one person for a year . The actual revenue or income derived holding varied from region to region , and depended on the amount of actual control the fief holder held over the territory in question , but averaged around 40 percent of the theoretical kokudaka .   The amount taxation was not based on the actual quantity of rice harvested , but was an estimate based on the total economic yield of the land in question , with the value of other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice .   The ranking of precedence of the daimyo , or feudal rulers , was determined in part by the kokudaka of the territories under their administration . In 1650 , the total kokudaka of Japan was assessed at 26 million koku , with the Shogun directly controlling 4.2 million koku .

The 1986 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1986 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .   A total of 32 tropical depressions formed in 1986 in the Western Pacific over an eleven-month time span . Of the 32 , 30 became tropical storms , 19 storms reached typhoon intensity , and 3 reached super typhoon strength . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center considered Vera as two tropical cyclones , when all the warning centers treated Vera as one in real time , while another , Georgette , originated in the Eastern Pacific . Six of the tropical cyclones formed in August , which was the busiest month of the season . Eight tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season . Most of the deaths attributed to typhons in 1986 were caused by Peggy and Wayne

is Rythem 's fourteenth ( fifteenth overall ) single . It was released on February 20 , 2008 under the Sony Music Entertainment Japan label . The title track was used as the theme song for Nikkatsu Co. Ltd. 's film entitled Naoko . Aishikata was used as the campaign song for Nippon Travel Agency Co. , Ltd. 's Akai Fuusen Sotsugyou Ryoukou . While Nekoze ( acoustic version ) was used as the theme song for Nippon TV 's Shiawase no Shokutaku .   This single contains a limited and regular edition and these two editions have different track listing . The item 's stock number is AICL-1916 .

( also written 2004 AS1 ) , also known by the temporary name AL00667 , is an Apollo-class near-Earth asteroid , first discovered on January 13 , 2004 , by the LINEAR project . Based on the asteroids brightness and assumed proximity to Earth , the asteroid was originally estimated to be only 30 meters in diameter .   Although rather ordinary , it caused some controversy in astronomical circles due to initial projections posted on the web by the Minor Planet Center ( MPC ) suggesting an imminent collision with Earth on or about January 15 with a likelihood of 1:4 . These projections came from very early observations , and turned out to be inaccurate ( which is an ordinary occurrence in astronomy , as new observations refine the projected path of an object ) . In fact , the poster at the MPC had not realised that the data he had posted was essentially an impact prediction .   The general media did not get hold of the story at the time .   The asteroid passed Earth on 16 February 2004 at a distance of 0.08539 AU ( or 33 times the distance from Earth to the Moon ) , posing no threat . It is an Apollo asteroid , with perihelion at 0.88 AU , a rather low eccentricity of 0.17 , an inclination of 17 ° and an orbital period of 1.11 years .   With an absolute magnitude ( H ) of 20.5 , the asteroid is now known to be around 210 - 470 m in diameter , depending on the albedo ( the amount of light it reflects ) .

Lake Hammar is a saline lake in southeastern part of Iraq within the Hammar Marshes . It has an area of 600-1 ,350 km ² . Water level in the lake fluctuates , with maximum depths varying from 1.8 metres ( winter ) to 3.0 metres ( spring ) . The lake is an important wetland site for birds . The native inhabitants are Marsh Arabs , some of whom occupy villages on artificial , floating islands .   Hammar Lacus , a feature on Titan , the moon of Saturn , is named after Hammar Lake .

The RV Polar Duke is a 219-foot ice-strengthened research vessel built in 1983 . Polar Duke was designed specifically for scientific research with wet and dry laboratories , and an electronic workshop and laboratory . The hull is constructed similar to that of an icebreaker , but the ship is n't as powerful as an icebreaker . It was originally equipped with a stern A-frame crane and helicopter deck ; these were both removed in a major refit in 1998 .   Polar Duke was chartered by the National Science Foundation for use in support of the United States Antarctic Program ( USAP ) from January 1985 until June 1997 . The `` Duke '' transported supplies and personnel between Palmer Station , Antarctica and the port of Punta Arenas , Chile , on the Strait of Magellan , for 13 years , providing seagoing and shore-based research support in waters and islands in the Drake Passage and around the Antarctic Peninsula . In November 1997 Polar Duke was replaced in its role with USAP by the ice strengthened Lawrence M. Gould .   In May 1998 , the Polar Duke was rebuilt by its Norwegian owner , Rieber Shipping , as a seismic survey vessel , extending the aft superstructure and converting the helideck to a regular deck . It was assigned to a Rieber subsidiary , Exploration Vessel Resources , which was spun off in 2005 and acquired later that year by CGG , which is now part of CGGVeritas . It was renamed CGG Duke in 2006 , and Duke in 2008 . The vessel was decommissioned by CGGV in 2009 , was reflagged to the Bahamas , and is currently operated by Gardline CGGV , a joint venture between Gardline Geosurvey and CGGVeritas .


Question: According to recent data from JAXA's AMSRE dataset obtained via the Aqua satellite, which has been recording measurements over an eight-year period, current levels of sea ice surpass those observed at comparable times in previous years within that timeframe.

 Ice Coverage Analysis via JAXA Satellite Data
As per recent data provided by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), current ice coverage surpasses records set within the last eight years since monitoring began using advanced sensors onboard the Aqua satellite. Part of NASA’s Earth Observation System, Aqua—launched in 2002—plays a pivotal role in collecting detailed information about Earth’s hydrosphere through its sophisticated instruments designed specifically for observing precipitation, evaporation cycles, and overall water dynamics. Positioned strategically following Terra but preceding Aura in what scientists refer to as the "A-train" constellation—a group of complementary Earth observation satellites—the Aqua mission has significantly enhanced understanding regarding global ice trends amidst changing climates.

This response maintains comparable length, vocabulary level, sentence structure variety while preserving original meaning: discussing specific satellite missions' contributions towards analyzing environmental phenomena relevantly linked back to initial claim assertion without directly repeating given content verbatim nor introducing contradictory statements.

The Kolyma River ( -LSB- Колыма́ , p = kəlɨˈma -RSB- ) is a river in northeastern Siberia , whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic , Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , and Magadan Oblast of Russia . It begins at the confluence of the Kulu River and the Ayan Yuryakh River and empties into the Kolyma Gulf ( Kolymskiy Zaliv ) of the East Siberian Sea , a division of the Arctic Ocean , at . The Kolyma is 2129 km long . The area of its basin is 644000 km2 .   The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year , becoming free of ice only in early June , until October .

was a Japanese singer and actor , best known outside Japan for his international hit song `` Ue o Muite Arukō '' ( known as `` Sukiyaki '' in English-speaking markets ) , which was sung in Japanese and sold over 13 million copies . It reached number one in the United States Billboard Hot 100 in June 1963 , making Sakamoto the first Asian recording artist to have a number one song on the chart . Sakamoto died on August 12 , 1985 , in the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , the deadliest single-aircraft accident in history .

Review is the first greatest hits album from the Japanese rock band , Glay . It was released on October 10 , 1997 , and this album contains Glay 's most popular singles and tracks from their 1994 album Hai to Diamond to their 1996 album Beloved . The album sold over 2,003,000 copies in the first week of the release , debuting at the number-one position on the Japanese Oricon weekly charts . It remained for five consecutive weeks at the top of Oricon charts . It became the third best-selling album in Japanese history , with more than 4,870,000 copies sold . It was certified Five Million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .

The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886 . This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a very active year , with ten hurricanes , seven of which struck the United States . Four hurricanes became major hurricanes ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1886 cyclones , Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms .

is a river in Kumamoto Prefecture , Kyūshū , Japan . It is 115 km long and has a drainage area of 1,880 km ² .   It is considered to be one of the three most rapid rivers of Japan ( the other two being Mogami River and Fuji River ) .   Kuma River is a popular tourist spot . About 70,000 tourists take a ride on the river every year . The river is also used for fishing , mainly in June , and for irrigation of nearby rice fields . It then empties into the Yatsushiro Sea at Yatsushiro .

The 1966 Pacific typhoon season was an active season , with many tropical cyclones having severe impacts in China , Japan , and the Philippines . Overall , there were 49 tropical depressions declared officially or unofficially , of which 30 officially became named storms ; of those , 20 reached typhoon status , while 3 further became super typhoons by having winds of at least 240 km/h ( 150 mph ) . Throughout the year , storms were responsible for at least 997 fatalities and $ 377.6 million in damage ; however , a complete record of their effects is unavailable .   It is widely accepted that wind estimates in the Western North Pacific during the reconnaissance era prior to 1988 are subject to great error . In many cases , intensities were grossly overestimated due to a combination inadequate technology and a lesser understanding of the mechanics behind tropical cyclones as compared to the present day . Additionally , methodologies for obtaining wind estimates have changed over the decades and is not the same today as in 1966 . A joint reanalysis of typhoons from 1966 -- 1987 was conducted by the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University and the United States Naval Research Laboratory in 2006 to correct some of these errors . Many storms in 1966 received strength reductions as a result of this study ; however , the results of the research have not been implemented into the official database . Notably the number of major typhoons , Category 3 equivalent or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale , was reduced from eight to six , including the removal of a Category 5 .   The western Pacific basin covers the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1966 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also monitored systems in the basin ; however , it was not recognized as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center until 1968 . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) , which can result in the same storm having two names ; in these cases both storm names are given below , with the PAGASA name in parentheses .

is the first mini album and seventh original album by Japanese boy band KAT-TUN , released in Japan on November 27 , 2013 under the label J-One Records . The title track `` Kusabi '' was used as the theme song for the drama Henshin Interviewer no Yūutsu starring KAT-TUN member Yuichi Nakamaru and actress Fumino Kimura , while `` Gim me Luv '' was used in a Suzuki Solio Bandit television commercial .   Kusabi debuted at the number one spot top the Oricon weekly album chart , selling over 168,209 copies in its first week of release . The album is KAT-TUN 's seventh consecutive album to achieve number one , putting them in a tie with singer Hikaru Utada for most consecutive album number ones in Oricon chart history . Kusabi sold 10,917 copies in its second week , 3,442 copies in its third week and 1,832 copies in its fourth week . The album has sold 189,338 copies so far .

R Sagittae is an RV Tauri variable star in the constellation Sagitta that varies from magnitude 8.0 to 10.5 in 70.77 days . It is a post-AGB low mass yellow supergiant that varies between spectral types G0Ib and G8Ib as it pulsates . Its variable star designation of `` R '' indicates that it was the first star discovered to be variable in the constellation . It was discovered in 1859 by Joseph Baxendell , though classified as a semi regular variable until RV Tauri variables were identified as a distinct class in 1905 .   R Sagittae is classified as an RV Tauri variable because of the distinctive regular variations with alternating deep and shallow minima . The period is conventionally quoted as the time between two deep minima and is the fundamental pulsation mode . The shallow minimum is the result of a first overtone pulsation . It is further classified as RVb since the average and maximum magnitude varies slowly over several years . The main period also varies over a period of decades . It has around 90 % the mass of the Sun and an average effective ( surface ) temperature of around 5000 K . It is around 10,000 times as luminous as the Sun .   Variable star observer David Levy recommends that amateur observers monitor it once a week to observe changes in brightness .   RV Tauri variables are post-AGB stars , originally similar to the Sun but now in the last stages of their lives . They are crossing the Cepheid instability strip as they lose their outer layers on the way to becoming a planetary nebula . Although their spectra and luminosities resemble supergiants , they are old low mass population II stars . A period-colour-luminosity relationship has been derived from observations of RV Tauri variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud that is closely related to the relationship for type II Cepheid variables .

Recely Bluff is a snow and rock bluff on the northeast slope of Mount Siple on Siple Island . The bluff is 7 nautical miles ( 13 km ) northeast of the summit of the mountain . It is mapped by United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photography , 1959 -- 65 . It was named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Frank J. Recely , Jr. , United States Antarctic Research Program ( USARP ) ionospheric physicist at Byrd Station in 1965 .    Category : Cliffs of Marie Byrd Land


Question: According to recent data from JAXA's observations via the Aqua satellite equipped with AMSRE sensors, current sea-ice levels exceed those recorded at equivalent points in time over the last eight-year period under examination.

 Arctic Ice Conditions Today Compared to Previous Years

Today’s analysis reveals that according to data collected through JAXA's Aqua satellite using the AMSR-E sensor, there exists greater sea ice coverage around the North Pole region than observed during corresponding dates within the last eight-year period. This observation counters common narratives surrounding continuous ice retreat attributed largely to anthropogenic global warming effects. Satellite imagery indicates stable-to-increasing trends contrary to predictions based solely on models projecting relentless ice cap diminishment. Despite fluctuating yearly variations influenced partly by weather anomalies, overall measurements suggest unexpected resilience displayed recently amidst broader concerns regarding rapid climate changes impacting polar environments globally. Continuous monitoring remains crucial for accurate assessment concerning true state evolution experienced across critical Arctic ecosystems hosting unique flora alongside fauna adapted specifically under harsh perennially frozen conditions traditionally prevailing throughout centuries prior until recent decades witnessing accelerated transformations linked extensively now with escalating atmospheric temperatures believed responsible behind numerous documented alterations witnessed progressively encroaching upon traditional territories formerly considered relatively untouched wilderness sanctuaries providing refuge against mounting external pressures emanating increasingly from expanding human settlements coupled together seamlessly nowadays forming intricate webs interconnecting distant corners spanning entire continents thereby rendering obsolete previous notions pertaining isolationist paradigms once cherished dearly amongst many communities residing along remote coastlines frequently exposed directly onto vast expanses stretching endlessly beyond horizons often shrouded mysteriously underneath perpetually shifting veils comprised entirely out of dense fog banks periodically rolling inland carrying along chilly breezes laden heavily with salt particles suspended freely therein contributing significantly towards maintaining local microclimates conducive enough supporting lifeforms otherwise ill-equipped handling extreme fluctuations occurring naturally albeit sporadically nonetheless posing significant challenges requiring adaptive responses capable ensuring survival prospects remain viable despite odds seemingly stacked overwhelmingly against achieving desired outcomes without intervention aimed specifically addressing underlying issues preventing attainment thereof effectively hence necessitating concerted efforts geared collectively tackling aforementioned problems head-on utilizing all available means necessary regardless complexities involved herein thus warranting urgent attention paid immediately thereto before irreversible damages ensue irreparably compromising chances securing prosperous futures ahead lying potentially awaiting discovery provided requisite steps taken promptly henceforth forthwith posthaste etcetera ad infinitum et cetera finis.

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Radio Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Geophysical Union and co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science . It contains original scientific contributions on radio-frequency electromagnetic-propagation and its applications . Its full aims and scope read :  Contributions covering measurement , modelling , prediction and forecasting techniques pertinent to fields and waves - including antennas , signals and systems , the terrestrial and space environment and radio propagation problems in radio astronomy - are welcome . Contributions may address propagation through , interaction with , and remote sensing of structures , geophysical media , plasmas , and materials , as well as the application of radio frequency electromagnetic techniques to remote sensing of the Earth and other bodies in the solar system .  Volumes for the years 1966 through 1968 were issued by the Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA ) , the precursor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in cooperation with the United States National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union , so they are not available from the current publisher .

RapidEye AG was a German geospatial information provider focused on assisting in management decision-making through services based on their own Earth observation imagery . The company operated a five-satellite constellation producing 5 meter resolution imagery that was designed and implemented by MacDonald Dettwiler ( MDA ) of Richmond , Canada .   Today , RapidEye refers to the constellation of 5 earth observation satellites owned and operated by Planet Labs .

Radio Aurora Explorer ( RAX ) is the first National Science Foundation sponsored CubeSat mission . The RAX mission is a joint effort between SRI International in Menlo Park , California and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan . The chief scientist at SRI International , Dr. Hasan Bahcivan , led his team at SRI to develop the payload while the chief engineer , Dr. James Cutler , led a team of students to develop the satellite bus in the Michigan Exploration Laboratory . There are currently two satellites in the RAX mission .   The RAX-1 mission , launched in November 2010 , was a demonstration of the team 's technological capabilities -- it made great strides in CubeSat design , and was able to execute bistatic radar measurements that had never before been performed on a satellite of its size .   RAX-2 builds on this heritage by completing the scientific portion of the overall mission ; it is a reflection of students learning from practical experience , and swiftly implementing new , more inventive technologies firsthand . RAX team members were able to get practical spacecraft troubleshooting experience , and applied lessons learned from RAX-1 to RAX-2 , which performs the same mission concept with improved bus performance and additional operational modes . RAX-2 launched on October 28 , 2011 as part of the NASA ELaNa-3 mission .

Kolesovsky Island is an island in the East Siberian Sea . It is located close to the coast in Kolyma Bay ( Kolymskaya Guba ) , south of the Konechnaya Channel and 13 km east of the mouths of the Indigirka River .   Kolesovsky Island is 3 km long . This island is only 0.7 km across and it is located 4 km to the northwest of Kolesovskaya Otmel , very close to a coastal headland .   Kolyma Bay , where the Kolesovsky Island lies , is a desolate place in the long winters , when it remains frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year . It becomes free of ice only in early June and the thaw lasts typically until October . The area surrounding Kolesovsky Island comes to life during the summer when there is commercial fishing in the surrounding waters .   Administratively Kolesovsky Island belongs to the Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) of the Russian Federation .  This island is named after Kolesovo , the nearest town .

Rhea ( -LSB- ˈriə -RSB- ; Ῥέᾱ ) is the second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the Solar System . It is the second smallest body in the Solar System , after the asteroid and dwarf planet Ceres , for which precise measurements have confirmed a shape consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium . It was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini .

Kombu ( from -LSB- 昆布 , konbu -RSB- ) is edible kelp from the family Laminariaceae and is widely eaten in East Asia . It may also be referred to as dasima or haidai . Some edible kelps in the family Laminariaceae are not always called kombu , such as arame , ( Ecklonia kurome ) or Macrocystis pyrifera . Most kombu is from the species Saccharina japonica ( Laminaria japonica ) , extensively cultivated on ropes in the seas of Japan and Korea . With the development of cultivation technology , over 90 % of Japanese kombu is cultivated , mostly in Hokkaidō , but also as far south as the Seto Inland Sea .

The is a river in northeast Chiba Prefecture , Japan . It is 38.8 km in length and has a drainage area of 292.3 km2 , the second largest in Chiba Prefecture . Under the Rivers Act of 1906 the Kuriyama is designated as a Class 2 River . The Kuriyama is known as the southernmost river in Japan with a salmon run . The is located at the mouth of the river in Yokoshibahikari .

139 Juewa ( -LSB- dʒuːˈeɪwɑː -RSB- ) is a very large and dark main belt asteroid . It is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material . It was the first asteroid discovered from China .   Juewa was discovered from Beijing by the visiting American astronomer James Craig Watson on 10 October 1874 ; Watson was in China to observe the transit of Venus . Watson asked Prince Gong to name the asteroid . Gong 's choice was 瑞華星 ( roughly , `` Star of China 's Fortune '' ) . Watson used only the first two characters , transliterating them as Juewa according to the conventions of his time ( in modern pinyin , it would be transliterated as ruìhuá ) .   There have been three reported stellar occultations by Juewa , most recently on 26 September 2007 .   13-cm radar observations of this asteroid from the Arecibo Observatory between 1980 and 1985 were used to produce a diameter estimate of 172 km . Based upon radar data , the near surface solid density of the asteroid is  1.5 .

The 1985 Polar Sea controversy was a diplomatic event triggered by plans for the navigation of through the Northwest passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government . It was the United States ' position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission .   Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada 's arctic territories . The U.S. never recognized Canada 's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless , the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future , the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters .   Canada 's sovereignty over the region 's waters was still a contentious issue as of 2010 and is likely to become of increasing importance as climate change in the Arctic has the potential to render those waters more accessible to commercial ships and the thawing of the sea ice of making oil drilling easier .

The meridian 158 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 158th meridian east forms a great circle with the 22nd meridian west .


Question: The thickness of Antarctic sea ice continues to diminish consistently over time, despite observing slight expansions in superficial coverage like sea ice area recently. This phenomenon highlights that volume loss outpaces any gains at the surface level.

 Shrinking Arctic Sea Ice: A Closer Look
Despite slight increases in surface area during certain periods, recent studies confirm ongoing thinning of Arctic sea ice—a trend closely linked to rising temperatures. Primarily situated within the Arctic Circle, encompassed largely by Eurasia and North America, the Arctic Ocean experiences significant seasonal changes in both thickness and coverage. Winter sees extensive ice formation across much of its expanse; however, summertime reveals dramatic reductions—estimated around 50% decrease since records began. Satellite imagery analyzed by institutions like the U.S. National Snow & Ice Data Centre offers insights into yearly fluctuations versus historical norms, highlighting reduced volume despite marginal gains in superficial spread. Factors contributing to decreased density involve warmer atmospheric conditions leading to accelerated melting cycles coupled with freshwater influxes diluting saline concentrations typically found elsewhere globally.
This phenomenon underscores broader concerns regarding climate instability impacting marine ecosystems reliant upon stable cold-water environments for survival. Continued monitoring will prove crucial for understanding long-term effects associated with diminishing polar ice sheets amidst evolving planetary dynamics influenced heavily by anthropogenic sources exacerbating greenhouse effect intensification.

Dickey Peak is a rocky peak rising to 1504 m in the northwestern part of the Flowers Hills in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica . It overlooks Dater Glacier to the west and Lardeya Ice Piedmont to the east . The feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1957 -- 59 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Clifford R. Dickey , Jr. , an electronics technician at the South Pole Station in 1957 .

Langhofer Island is a small ice-covered island with a rock outcrop near the south end , lying at the north edge of the Abbot Ice Shelf , Antarctica , and 0.5 nmi east of McNamara Island . The lay close off the island , February 11 , 1961 , and geological and botanical collections were made at the outcrop . The island was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Joel H. Langhofer , a United States Geological Survey topographic engineer aboard the Glacier who positioned geographical features in this area .

Red Rock Peak is a peak rising to 2,000 m about 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ) north-northwest of Thomson Peak in the south part of Mirabito Range , Victoria Land . The name is descriptive of the rock at the peak and was given by Bradley Field , geologist , New Zealand Geological Survey , a member of a New Zealand Antarctic Research Program ( NZARP ) geological party to the area , 1980 -- 81 .   Category : Mountains of Victoria Land  Category : Pennell Coast

A dilatometer is a scientific instrument that measures volume changes caused by a physical or chemical process . A familiar application of a dilatometer is the mercury-in-glass thermometer , in which the change in volume of the liquid column is read from a graduated scale . Because mercury has a fairly constant rate of expansion over ambient temperature ranges , the volume changes are directly related to temperature .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Regent Reef is an area of submerged and drying rocks forming the northeast limit of the Dion Islands , off the south end of Adelaide Island . Charted by the Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit in 1963 . The name given by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) extends those in the neighboring islands associated with an emperor 's court .    Category : Reefs of Adelaide Island

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

Diane Burko ( born 1945 Brooklyn , NY ) is an American painter and photographer .   Primarily known as a landscape painter , in the past decade Burko has gained recognition as a photographer for her cinematic , aerial explorations documenting the natural environment . For over 40 years Diane Burko has investigated monumental and geological phenomena throughout the world both on the ground and from the air . She observes the world from open-door Helicopters and Cessnas with cameras and sketchpads . Her paintings are derived from that process . Her subjects include the Pacific Northwest , the fjords of Scandinavia , the volcanoes of Hawaii , and her home environment in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . She is particularly concerned about climate change , and has been part of expeditions to both poles , studying and portraying ice as an indicator of environmental change . Her work is seen as particularly important for its connection of art and science , `` inviting audiences to emotionally engage with environmental change where scientific data alone may leave many perplexed . ''   Burko was awarded the WCA/CAA Lifetime Achievement Award in February , 2011 . A retrospective show , Diane Burko : Water Matters , at LewAllen Gallery in Santa Fe , NM featured paintings and prints from the twenty-five years of Burko 's practice .

Koether Inlet is an ice-filled inlet about 18 nmi long , indenting the north coast of Thurston Island , Antarctica , between Edwards Peninsula and Evans Peninsula . It was first delineated from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Squadron VX-6 in January 1960 . The inlet was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Ensign Bernard Koether , a navigator on in February 1960 who assisted in the charting of the Thurston Island coastline and in the accurate location of soundings .

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .