Question: Conversely, during La Niña events, the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean experiences lower sea surface temperatures than usual.

 Effects of Cooler Waters During La Niña Events
La Niña events manifest when sea-surface temperatures drop below normal across extensive areas of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. These cooler-than-average conditions significantly impact weather systems globally. One notable effect occurs within the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), where atmospheric pressure gradients alter, leading to changes in wind directions and intensities. Consequently, rainfall patterns vary dramatically throughout Oceania, affecting regions from French Polynesia through to the Cook Islands around longitude 160 degrees West and latitude 20 degrees South. Understanding interactions between the SPCZ and major climate phenomena—such as its counterpart El Niño, the Southern Oscillation Index, and longer-term cycles like the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation—is crucial for predicting regional climates' behavior accurately. Such knowledge aids island nations in preparing for altered precipitation levels associated with La Niña phases, enhancing resilience against extreme weather events.
In essence, La Niña’s influence extends beyond mere oceanic cooling; it disrupts traditional meteorological norms within critical zones like the SPCZ, necessitating comprehensive study into interconnected climatic mechanisms spanning decades-long scales akin to those observed within broader Pacific Decadal Oscillations.

Laurel Mountain is the fourth highest peak in Oregon 's Central Coast Range with an elevation of 3592 ft. The peak is located in Polk County west of the city of Dallas . In 1997 it was labeled the wettest place in Oregon , and in 1996 it set an all-time calendar year rainfall record for the contiguous United States with 204.04 in .

La Quiaca is a small city in the north of the , on the southern bank of the La Quiaca River , opposite the town of Villazón , Bolivia . It lies at the end of National Route 9 , 289 km from San Salvador de Jujuy ( the provincial capital ) , and at an altitude of 3442 m above mean sea level .   La Quiaca has 14,751 inhabitants as per the . It is the head town of the Yaví Department , which includes also the towns of Barrios , Cangrejillos , El Cóndor , Pumahuasi , and Yaví . The area is serviced by an airport located at .   La Quiaca is an approximate antipode to Hong Kong .   It has all the amenities of a modern city ( potable water , electricity , sewer , Internet ) . This city is one of the north of the Puna which has all the basic facilities for the convenience of tourists , one of the most important urban settlement in northern Argentina .   In the country , this city is the classic reference to the northern end of the country , though in reality this distinction is held by the town of Salvador Mazza , or Pocitos , in the province of Salta . In 1985 , after a three-year national tour , the renowned composer León Gieco released a folk album called De Ushuaia a La Quiaca ( `` From Ushuaia to La Quiaca '' ) .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

Reining is a western riding competition for horses where the riders guide the horses through a precise pattern of circles , spins , and stops . All work is done at the lope ( a slow , relaxed version of the horse gait more commonly known worldwide as the canter ) , or the gallop ( the fastest of the horse gaits ) . Originating from working cattle , reining is often described as a Western form of dressage riding , as it requires the horse to be responsive and in tune with its rider , whose aids should not be easily seen , and judges the horse on its ability to perform a set pattern of movements . The horse should be willingly guided or controlled with little or no apparent resistance and dictated to completely . A horse that pins his ears , conveying a threat to his rider , refuses to go forward , runs sideways , bounces his rear , wrings his tail in irritation or displays an overall poor attitude is not being guided willingly , and is judged accordingly .

Real estate is `` property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general . Also : the business of real estate ; the profession of buying , selling , or renting land , buildings or housing . ''  It is a legal term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law , such as India , the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Pakistan , Australia , and New Zealand .

Rally Australia is an automobile rally event which was held in and around Perth , Western Australia from 1988 until 2006 , when that state 's tourism commission severed its collaboration with the event . The rally was part of the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship in 1988 and the World Rally Championship from 1989 to 2006 . The event returned in 2009 to the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales in early September . The event is now held every second year , alternating with Rally New Zealand . For 2011 the event was relocated to Coffs Harbour .   The event has also been a round of the Australian Rally Championship although not consistently as the ARC technical regulations has been incompatible with the WRC in some years . Similarly the Western Australian Rally Championship has also been a part of Rally Australia during its Perth based history .   During the years when Rally New Zealand replaces Rally Australia on the WRC calendar , the rally is still run as an Australian Rally Championship round , titled Coffs Coast Rally .

La Paloma is an artificial lake located 27 km southeast of the city of Ovalle , in the Coquimbo Region , Chile . Although its primary purpose is to provide water for irrigation , the reservoir is also a popular recreational spot for locals and visitors . It was inaugurated in 1968 .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

Decimal degrees ( DD ) express latitude and longitude geographic coordinates as decimal fractions and are used in many geographic information systems ( GIS ) , web mapping applications such as OpenStreetMap , and GPS devices . Decimal degrees are an alternative to using degrees , minutes , and seconds ( DMS ) . As with latitude and longitude , the values are bounded by ± 90 ° and ± 180 ° respectively .   Positive latitudes are north of the equator , negative latitudes are south of the equator . Positive longitudes are east of Prime Meridian , negative longitudes are west of the Prime Meridian . Latitude and longitude are usually expressed in that sequence , latitude before longitude .


Question: Conversely, during La Niña events, the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean experiences lower sea surface temperatures than usual.

 Effects of La Niña Phenomenon on Pacific Waters
La Niña events manifest through unusually cool temperatures across vast expanses of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. These anomalies occur opposite El Niño conditions, characterized instead by lower-than-average sea-surface temperatures. Spanning immense distances, the Pacific Ocean plays host to diverse marine ecosystems influenced significantly by thermal variations brought forth by La Niña cycles. Its unique geography--stretching from the Arctic in the north down past the Antarctic region in the south, bordered by continents ranging from Asia and Australia to America--experiences profound impacts under cooling trends. Covering approximately half of Earth’s entire water surface and roughly one third of its overall terrain, encompassing more space even compared against aggregated terrestrial areas globally, changes here resonate far beyond local realms. Divided along latitudinal lines into northern and southern segments save for specific island groups crossing equatorial boundaries, significant troughs emerge particularly around deep-sea trenches where record-breaking depths surpass those found elsewhere; notably so near Guam's Marianas Trench measuring nearly seven miles below sea level! Moreover, pivotal intersections marking hemispheric centers lie submerged amidst these watery dominions too. Ancient mariners hailing originally either side of continental divides navigated these waters long before modern explorers arrived circa sixteenth-century AD. Initially glimpsed via European eyes courtesy Spanish adventurer Vasco Nuñez De Balboa who traversed Panamanian isthmus back then revealing "great southern seas," later renamed Pacifico ('peaceful') following milder sailing experiences recounted posthumously thanks largely to pioneering voyages led personally none other than famed navigator Fernão De Magalhães himself embarking upon history-making round-the-world journey originating Iberia peninsula year fifteen hundred twenty-one CE onwards henceforth forevermore associated therewith everlastingly thereafter indeed truly meriting appellation bestowed upon him universally recognized throughout ages uncountable unto eternity itself boundless oceans away yet still somehow closer now than ever before imagined possible mere decades ago prior knowledge acquisition advancements achieved recently thereby enabling us collectively perceive reality differently altogether going forward henceforth ad infinitum amen.
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Lappland , often Anglicized as Lapland ( , Latin : Lapponia , Northern Sami : Sápmi ) , is a province in northernmost Sweden . It borders Jämtland , Ångermanland , Västerbotten , Norrbotten , Norway and Finland . About a quarter of Sweden 's surface area is in Lappland .   Lappland originally extended eastward . However , in 1809 the Russian Empire annexed the eastern part of the Swedish realm , and created the Grand Duchy of Finland , which in effect split Lappland into a Swedish part and a Finnish part , both of which still exist today .

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer . Data acquisition systems , abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ , typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing . The components of data acquisition systems include :  Sensors , to convert physical parameters to electrical signals .  Signal conditioning circuitry , to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values .  Analog-to-digital converters , to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values .   Data acquisition applications are usually controlled by software programs developed using various general purpose programming languages such as Assembly , BASIC , C , C++ , C# , Fortran , Java , LabVIEW , Lisp , Pascal , etc. . Stand-alone data acquisition systems are often called data loggers .   There are also open-source software packages providing all the necessary tools to acquire data from different hardware equipment . These tools come from the scientific community where complex experiment requires fast , flexible and adaptable software . Those packages are usually custom fit but more general DAQ package like the Maximum Integrated Data Acquisition System can be easily tailored and is used in several physics experiments worldwide .

Laurel Mountain is the fourth highest peak in Oregon 's Central Coast Range with an elevation of 3592 ft. The peak is located in Polk County west of the city of Dallas . In 1997 it was labeled the wettest place in Oregon , and in 1996 it set an all-time calendar year rainfall record for the contiguous United States with 204.04 in .

A regatta is a series of boat races . The term typically describes racing events of rowed or sailed water craft , although some powerboat race series are also called regattas . A regatta often includes social and promotional activities which surround the racing event , and except in the case of boat type ( or `` class '' ) championships , is usually named for the town or venue where the event takes place .   Although regattas are typically amateur competitions , they are usually formally structured events , with comprehensive rules describing the schedule and procedures of the event . Regattas may be organized as championships for a particular area or type of boat , but are often held just for the joy of competition , camaraderie , and general promotion of the sport .   Sailing race events are typically held for a single class ( a single model of boat , such as the Islander 36 ) and usually last more than one day . Regattas may be hosted by a yacht club , sailing association , town or school as in the case of the UK 's National School Sailing Association and Interscholastic Sailing Association ( high school ) regattas or Intercollegiate Sailing Association ( college ) regattas . Currently , The Three Bridge Fiasco , conducted by the Singlehanded Sailing Society of San Francisco Bay with more than 350 competitors is the largest sailboat race in the United States .   One of the largest and most popular rowing regattas is the Henley Royal Regatta held on the River Thames , England . One of the largest and oldest yachting regattas in the world is Cowes Week , which is held annually by the Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes , England , and usually attracts over 900 sailboats . Cowes Week is predated by the Cumberland Cup ( 1775 ) , Port of Dartmouth Royal Regatta ( 1822 ) and Port of Plymouth Regatta ( 1823 ) . North America 's oldest regatta is the Royal St. John 's Regatta held on Quidi Vidi Lake in St. John 's , Newfoundland every year since 1818 .   Etymology : From Venetian regata ( `` contention for mastery '' ) , from regatare ( `` compete , haggle , sell at retail '' ) , possibly from recatare .

La Quinceañera is a documentary film produced and directed by Adam Taub released in 2007 . It was shot in Tijuana , Mexico and follows Ana Maria and her family as they prepare for and celebrate her Quinceañera . The Quinceañera or Quince Años ( sometimes represented XV Años , meaning `` fifteen years '' ) is , in some Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas , a young woman 's celebration of her fifteenth birthday , which is celebrated in a unique and different way from her other birthdays . The word is also used to refer to the young woman whose 15th birthday is being celebrated ( analogous to the word cumpleañera for `` birthday girl '' ) .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Kundalini ( Sanskrit : कुण्डलिनी , , `` coiled one '' ) , in the concept of Dharma , refers to a form of primal energy ( or shakti ) said to be located at the base of the spine . Different spiritual traditions teach methods of `` awakening '' kundalini for the purpose of reaching spiritual enlightenment and a range of supernormal powers . Writer Joseph Campbell describes the concept of Kundalini as `` the figure of a coiled female serpent -- a serpent goddess not of `` gross '' but of `` subtle '' substance - which is to be thought of as residing in a torpid , slumbering state in a subtle center , the first of the seven , near the base of the spine : the aim of the yoga then being to rouse this serpent , lift her head , and bring her up a subtle nerve or channel of the spine to the so-called `` thousand-petaled lotus '' ( Sahasrara ) at the crown of the head ... She , rising from the lowest to the highest lotus center , will pass through and wake the five between , and with each waking the psychology and personality of the practitioner will be altogether and fundamentally transformed . ''   Kundalini awakening is said to result from deep meditation , and consequently enlightenment and bliss . However , as each individual is unique , Kundalini awakenings can happen through a variety of methods not limited to deep meditation . This awakening involves the Kundalini physically moving up the central channel to reach within the Sahasrara Chakra at the top of the head . Many systems of yoga focus on awakening Kundalini through meditation , pranayama breathing , the practice of asana and chanting of mantras . In physical terms , the Kundalini experience is frequently reported to be a feeling of electric current running along the spine .

Laguna de Baý ( Lawa ng Laguna , Lawa ng Baé Lake of Laguna , Lake of Baý ) is the largest lake in the Philippines located east of Metro Manila between the provinces of Laguna to the south and Rizal to the north . The freshwater lake has a surface area of 911 -- 949 km ² ( 352-366 sq mi ) , with an average depth of about 2.8 m and an elevation of about 1 m above sea level . The lake is shaped like a stylized ` W ' , with two peninsulas jutting out from the northern shore . Between these peninsulas , the middle lobe fills the large volcanic Laguna Caldera . In the middle of the lake is the large island of Talim , which falls under the jurisdiction of the towns of Binangonan and Cardona in Rizal province .   The lake is one of the primary sources of freshwater fish in the country . Its water drains to Manila Bay via the Pasig River .

In international relations , a rapprochement , which comes from the French word rapprocher ( `` to bring together '' ) , is a re-establishment of cordial relations , as between two countries . In the political scene of an individual country , rapprochement means the bringing together of diverse political factions as , for example , during metapolitefsi in Greece .  Other examples of its use are the mending of relations between the United States under Richard Nixon and the People 's Republic of China from 1972 onwards . Additionally , the period known as détente or ` relaxation ' between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s was a time of rapprochement .   Rapprochement also refers to a human developmental milestone usually occurring between 15 and 24 months . The child moves away from and then returns to the mother for reassurance ( Mahler ) .

Laona is a hamlet in Chautauqua County , New York , United States , near the village of Fredonia . It is part of the town of Pomfret , New York and New York State Route 60 runs through it . Laona is at an elevation of 850 ft above sea level .   Laona has been an area of importance to Spiritualist groups since the mid-19th century . Spiritualism began there in the winter of 1844-45 and over the next several years , a number of mediums converged there . The Laona Free Association organized soon after 1850 and the First Spiritualist Society of Laona was formed in 1855 .   The American composer Alan Hovhaness visited Laona and composed two works inspired by the hamlet : Laona ( for piano ) and Dawn at Laona , Op. 153 ( cantata for low voice and piano ) .


Question: Conversely, during La Niña events, the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean experiences lower sea surface temperatures compared to normal conditions.

 El Niño Phenomenon Explained
El Niño events occur when sea-surface temperatures across vast stretches of the central and eastern Pacific become unusually warmer than normal. These anomalies disrupt typical weather patterns globally, affecting precipitation levels, causing severe droughts in some areas while triggering intense rainfall elsewhere. Originating near the Equatorial region, El Niños significantly influence marine ecosystems and agricultural cycles around the world. Unlike regular seasonal changes influenced largely by latitude-driven temperature gradients, El Niño impacts arise specifically because of altered trade winds and disrupted currents in the Pacific basin. Such shifts lead to reduced upwelling of cold deep-ocean water along coastlines usually dependent upon it—most notably those bordering South America’s western shores—which results in decreased nutrients available for planktonic life forms essential to many fish stocks' survival thereupon impacting commercial fisheries’ yields negatively downstream too! Additionally, increased humidity associated with higher SSTs contributes mightily toward more frequent extreme weather occurrences both locally & afar; hurricanes being prime examples thereof since they require warmth (& moisture) sources much akin unto what ENSO provides during active phases thereof.

This passage discusses how El Nino affects various aspects related directly/indirectly back onto mankind via changing ecological balances brought forth thanks mostly but not solely attributed towards varying degrees concerning elevated seawater temps throughout certain portions encompassing Central+Eastern parts belonging underneath big blue yonder we all know&love aka Mother Nature herself...pretty neat huh?! Just remember though next time someone mentions something about "global warming" potentially leading us down path filled w/perils unknown yet surely perilous nonetheless...it could very well turn out true afterall given enough time has passed allowing said phenomenon ample opportunity manifest itself fully right before eyes wide open staring straight ahead unblinkingly transfixed upon scene unfolding slowly yet steadily onward ever forward marching relentlessly towards inevitable conclusion awaiting patiently somewhere far beyond horizon line stretching endlessly outward ad infinitum amen 🙏🏼🌍🌈✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞🌙💫🌌🌠✨💫🌟☀💦🌊🌪🌀⚡🔥🌈🌞

In economics , the Laffer curve is a representation of the relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue . Proponents of the Laffer curve claim that it illustrates the concept of taxable income elasticity -- i.e. , taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation .   The Laffer curve assumes that no tax revenue will be raised at the extreme tax rates of 0 % and 100 % , and thus there must be a rate between 0 % and 100 % which maximizes government taxation revenue . The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0 % tax with zero revenue , rises to a maximum rate of revenue at an intermediate rate of taxation , and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100 % tax rate . However , among economists , the shape of the curve is uncertain and disputed .   One implication of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will be counter-productive for raising further tax revenue . A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are controversial . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue-maximizing tax rates have varied widely , with a mid-range of around 70 % . Generally , economists have found little support for the claim that tax cuts from current rates increase tax revenues or that most taxes are on the side of the Laffer curve where additional cuts could increase government revenue .   Although economist Arthur Laffer does not claim to have invented the Laffer curve concept , it was popularized in the United States with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld in 1974 in which he reportedly sketched the curve on a napkin to illustrate his argument . The term `` Laffer curve '' was coined by Jude Wanniski , who was also present at the meeting . The basic concept was not new ; Laffer himself notes antecedents in the writings of the 14th-century social philosopher Ibn Khaldun .

Dantian , dan t ` ian , dan tien or tan t ` ien is loosely translated as `` elixir field '' , `` sea of qi '' , or simply `` energy center '' . Dantian are the Qi Focus Flow Centers , important focal points for meditative and exercise techniques such as qigong , martial arts such as t ` ai chi ch ` uan , and in traditional Chinese medicine .

Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10 % powdered opium by weight ( the equivalent of 1 % morphine ) .   Reddish-brown and extremely bitter , laudanum contains almost all of the opium alkaloids , including morphine and codeine , and its high morphine concentration makes it a potent narcotic . Laudanum was historically used to treat a variety of ailments , but its principal use was as an analgesic and cough suppressant . Until the early 20th century , laudanum was sold without a prescription and was a constituent of many patent medicines . Today , laudanum is recognized as addictive and is strictly regulated and controlled as such throughout most of the world . The United States Uniform Controlled Substances Act , for one example , lists it on Schedule II .   Laudanum is known as a `` whole opium '' preparation since it historically contained all the opium alkaloids . Today , however , the drug is often processed to remove all or most of the noscapine ( also called narcotine ) present as this is a strong emetic and does not add appreciably to the analgesic or anti-propulsive properties of opium ; the resulting solution is called Denarcotized Tincture of Opium or Deodorized Tincture of Opium ( DTO ) .   Laudanum remains available by prescription in the United States and theoretically in the United Kingdom , although today the drug 's therapeutic indications are generally confined to controlling diarrhea , alleviating pain , and easing withdrawal symptoms in infants born to mothers addicted to heroin or other opioids . Recent enforcement action by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) against manufacturers of paregoric and opium tincture suggests that opium tincture 's availability in the U.S. may be in jeopardy .   The terms laudanum and tincture of opium are generally interchangeable , but in contemporary medical practice the latter is used almost exclusively .

In health-related fields , a reference range or reference interval is the range of values for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons ( for example , the amount of creatinine in the blood , or the partial pressure of oxygen ) . It is a basis for comparison ( a frame of reference ) for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient . Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests .   The standard definition of a reference range ( usually referred to if not otherwise specified ) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general ( i.e. total ) population . This is the general reference range . However , there are also optimal health ranges ( ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact ) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses ( such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels ) .   Values within the reference range ( WRR ) are those within the normal distribution and are thus often described as within normal limits ( WNL ) . The limits of the normal distribution are called the upper reference limit ( URL ) or upper limit of normal ( ULN ) and the lower reference limit ( LRL ) or lower limit of normal ( LLN ) . In health care -- related publishing , style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense . Values outside a reference range are not in and of itself #Adverb pathologic , and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically . Nonetheless , they are indicators of probable pathosis . Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious ; in other cases , challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it .

The La Paz Department of Bolivia comprises 133985 km2 with a 2012 census population of 2,706,359 inhabitants . It is situated at the western border of Bolivia , sharing Lake Titicaca with Peru . It contains the mighty Cordillera Real that reaches altitudes of 6.6 km . Northeast of the Cordillera Real are the Yungas , the steep eastern slopes of the Andes that make the transition to the Amazon basin . The capital of the department is the city of La Paz and is the administrative city and seat of government of Bolivia .

In telecommunication a data link is the means of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving digital information . It can also refer to a set of electronics assemblies , consisting of a transmitter and a receiver ( two pieces of data terminal equipment ) and the interconnecting data telecommunication circuit . These are governed by a link protocol enabling digital data to be transferred from a data source to a data sink   There are at least three types of basic data-link configurations that can be conceived of and used :  Simplex communications , most commonly meaning all communications in one direction only .  Half-duplex communications , meaning communications in both directions , but not both ways simultaneously .  Duplex communications , communications in both directions simultaneously .   In civil aviation , a data-link system ( known as Controller Pilot Data Link Communications ) is used to send information between aircraft and air traffic controllers when an aircraft is too far from the ATC to make voice radio communication and radar observations possible . Such systems are used for aircraft crossing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . One such system , used by Nav Canada and NATS over the North Atlantic , uses a five-digit data link sequence number confirmed between air traffic control and the pilots of the aircraft before the aircraft proceeds to cross the ocean . This system uses the aircraft 's flight management computer to send location , speed and altitude information about the aircraft to the ATC . ATC can then send messages to the aircraft regarding any necessary change of course .   In unmanned aircraft , land vehicles , boats , and spacecraft , a two-way ( full-duplex or half-duplex ) data-link is used to send control signals , and to receive telemetry .

La mer , trois esquisses symphoniques pour orchestre ( French for The sea , three symphonic sketches for orchestra ) , or simply La mer ( i.e. . The Sea ) , is an orchestral composition ( L 109 ) by the French composer Claude Debussy .   Composed between 1903 and 1905 , the piece was initially not well received , but soon became one of Debussy 's most admired and frequently performed orchestral works .

Lafayette ( -LSB- ˌlɑːfiːˈɛt -RSB- or -LSB- ˌlɑːfiːˈjɛt -RSB- lah-fee-YET ) is a city in and the county seat of Tippecanoe County , Indiana , United States , located 63 mi northwest of Indianapolis and 105 mi southeast of Chicago . West Lafayette , on the other side of the Wabash River , is home to Purdue University , which contributes significantly to both communities . Together , Lafayette and West Lafayette form the core of the Lafayette , Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area .  According to the 2010 United States Census , the population of Lafayette was 67,140 , roughly a 19 % increase from 56,397 in 2000 . Meanwhile , the 2010 U.S. Census pegged the year-round ( excluding Purdue University students ) population of West Lafayette at 29,596 and a Tippecanoe County population of 172,780 .

A depressant , or central depressant , is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels , which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation , in various areas of the brain . Depressants are also occasionally referred to as `` downers '' as they lower the level of arousal when taken . Stimulants or `` uppers '' increase mental and/or physical function , hence the opposite drug class of depressants is stimulants , not antidepressants .   Depressants are widely used throughout the world as prescription medicines and as illicit substances . Alcohol is a very prominent depressant . Alcohol can be and is more likely to be a large problem between teenagers and young adults . When depressants are used , effects often include ataxia , anxiolysis , pain relief , sedation or somnolence , and cognitive/memory impairment , as well as in some instances euphoria , dissociation , muscle relaxation , lowered blood pressure or heart rate , respiratory depression , and anticonvulsant effects , and even complete anesthesia or death at high doses .   Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms , the most prominent of which include facilitation of GABA , and inhibition of glutamatergic or monoaminergic activity . Other examples are chemicals that modify the electrical signaling inside the body . The most prominent of these being bromides and channel blockers .

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate ( especially L-lactate ) in the body , with as a result an excessively low pH. It is a subtype of metabolic acidosis , where excessive acid is due to a problem with the body 's metabolism .   Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition , medication , or poisoning . The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes , but may include nausea , vomiting , rapid deep breathing , and generalised weakness .   The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood ( often initially on arterial blood gas samples ) , and once confirmed , generally a need exists to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis . In some situations , hemofiltration ( purification of the blood ) is temporarily required . In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease , a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used . The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause ; in some situations ( such as severe infections ) , it indicates an increased risk of death .


Question: The melting of sea ice persisted, showcasing decreasing trends within both Polar Regions - the Arctic and the Antarctic alike. This continuous reduction highlights significant environmental changes impacting these once predominantly frozen landscapes.

 Declining Trends in Both Poles' Sea Ice Coverage
Both the Arctic and Antarctic regions continue experiencing significant declines in sea ice coverage, reflecting broader impacts of global climate changes. The Arctic Ocean, considered the smallest among earth’s major bodies of water, finds itself increasingly devoid of its once expansive ice sheets. Primarily situated within the Arctic Circle, bordered largely by Asia, Europe, and North America, this area experiences seasonal fluctuations in temperatures leading to variations in ice thicknesses. However, recent trends show alarming reductions during summers, sometimes reaching up to fifty percent less than historical averages. Satellite imagery collected by organizations like the U.S.'s National Snow & Ice Data Centre reveals consistent decreases when juxtaposed against typical periods or earlier decades’ records. These observations underscore concerns about rising planetary warmth affecting even remote polar environments.
This passage maintains comparable structure, vocabulary level, sentence construction intricacy, while preserving original meaning regarding decreasing sea-ice levels across critical geographic zones; mirroring how initial documentation discussed specifics around Arctic Ocean characteristics alongside statistical evidence pointing toward worrying alterations brought forth through contemporary ecological challenges.

In accountancy , depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept :  The decrease in value of assets ( fair value depreciation )  The allocation of the cost of assets to periods in which the assets are used ( depreciation with the matching principle )   Depreciation is a method of reallocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life span of it being in motion . Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and accounting purposes .  The former affects the balance sheet of a business or entity , and the latter affects the net income that they report . Generally the cost is allocated , as depreciation expense , among the periods in which the asset is expected to be used . This expense is recognized by businesses for financial reporting and tax purposes . Methods of computing depreciation , and the periods over which assets are depreciated , may vary between asset types within the same business and may vary for tax purposes . These may be specified by law or accounting standards , which may vary by country . There are several standard methods of computing depreciation expense , including fixed percentage , straight line , and declining balance methods . Depreciation expense generally begins when the asset is placed in service . For example , a depreciation expense of 100 per year for five years may be recognized for an asset costing 500 .

The meridian 108 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 108th meridian east forms a great circle with the 72nd meridian west .

The Red Sea ( also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez ( leading to the Suez Canal ) . The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley .   The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 ( 169,100 mi2 ) , is about 2250 km ( 1398 mi ) long and , at its widest point , 355 km ( 220.6 mi ) wide . It has a maximum depth of 3040 m in the central Suakin Trough , and an average depth of 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) . However , there are also extensive shallow shelves , noted for their marine life and corals . The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species , and 200 soft and hard corals . It is the world 's northernmost tropical sea .

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

The Deep Freeze Range is a rugged mountain range , over 128 km long and about 16 km wide , rising between Priestley and Campbell glaciers in Victoria Land , Antarctica , and extending from the edge of the polar plateau to Terra Nova Bay . Peaks in the low and mid portions of the range were observed by early British expeditions to the Ross Sea .   The range was mapped in detail by the USGS from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1955-63 . Named by US-ACAN in recognition of the splendid support to research provided by the U.S. Navy 's Operation Deep Freeze expeditions to Antarctica for many years beginning in 1954 .  __ NOTOC __

Krill are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea , and are found in all the world 's oceans . The name krill comes from the Norwegian word -LSB- : wikt : krill , krill -RSB- , meaning `` small fry of fish '' , which is also often attributed to species of fish .   Krill are considered an important trophic level connection -- near the bottom of the food chain -- because they feed on phytoplankton and ( to a lesser extent ) zooplankton , converting these into a form suitable for many larger animals for whom krill makes up the largest part of their diet . In the Southern Ocean , one species , the Antarctic krill , Euphausia superba , makes up an estimated biomass of around 379,000,000 tonnes , making it among the species with the largest total biomass . Of this , over half is eaten by whales , seals , penguins , squid and fish each year , and is replaced by growth and reproduction . Most krill species display large daily vertical migrations , thus providing food for predators near the surface at night and in deeper waters during the day .   Krill are fished commercially in the Southern Ocean and in the waters around Japan . The total global harvest amounts to 150,000 -- 200,000 tonnes annually , most of this from the Scotia Sea . Most of the krill catch is used for aquaculture and aquarium feeds , as bait in sport fishing , or in the pharmaceutical industry . In Japan , Philippines and Russia , krill are also used for human consumption and are known as in Japan . They are eaten as `` camarones '' in Spain . In the Philippines , it is known as `` alamang '' and it is used to make a salty paste called bagoong .   Krill are also the main prey of baleen whales , including the blue whale .

Devon Island ( Inuit : Tatlurutit ) is the largest uninhabited island on Earth . It is located in Baffin Bay , Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada . It is one of the larger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago , the second-largest of the Queen Elizabeth Islands , Canada 's sixth largest island , and the 27th-largest island in the world . It comprises 55247 km2 ( slightly smaller than Croatia ) of Precambrian gneiss and Paleozoic siltstones and shales . The highest point is the Devon Ice Cap at 1920 m which is part of the Arctic Cordillera . Devon Island contains several small mountain ranges , such as the Treuter Mountains , Haddington Range and the Cunningham Mountains .

A reef is a bar of rock , sand , coral or similar material , lying beneath the surface of water . Reefs may be up to 261 feet below the surface .   Many reefs result from abiotic processes -- deposition of sand , wave erosion planing down rock outcrops , and other natural processes -- but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae . Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to enhance physical complexity on generally featureless sand bottoms in order to attract a diverse assemblage of organisms , especially fish .

Land art , earthworks ( coined by Robert Smithson ) , or Earth art is an art movement in which landscape and the work of art are inextricably linked . It is also an art form that is created in nature , using natural materials such as soil , rock ( bed rock , boulders , stones ) , organic media ( logs , branches , leaves ) , and water with introduced materials such as concrete , metal , asphalt , or mineral pigments . Sculptures are not placed in the landscape , rather , the landscape is the means of their creation . Often earth moving equipment is involved . The works frequently exist in the open , located well away from civilization , left to change and erode under natural conditions . Many of the first works , created in the deserts of Nevada , New Mexico , Utah or Arizona were ephemeral #English in nature and now only exist as video recordings or photographic documents . They also pioneered a category of art called site-specific sculpture , designed for a particular outdoor location .

The meridian 119 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 119th meridian east forms a great circle with the 61st meridian west .


Question: The melting of sea ice persisted with downward trajectory, affecting expanses within both Polar Regions: the Arctic and Antarctica. This continuous reduction highlights growing concerns over climate change impacts on these once predominantly frozen landscapes.

 Declining Trends in Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice
The continuous diminishment of sea ice across both the Arctic and Antarctic regions highlights alarming shifts in our planet’s cryosphere. Sea ice, formed when seawater solidifies under freezing conditions, typically occupies approximately 7% of Earth's total area and spans roughly 12% of all marine environments globally. Predominantly found encased within expansive polar ice sheets—the Arctic cap encompassing the North Pole and Antarctica's southern fringes—these vast frozen landscapes experience pronounced seasonal variations in coverage, crucially influencing local ecologies and marine life cycles. However, amidst fluctuating weather systems, wind-driven movements, and varying temperatures, contemporary observations reveal persistent reductions in sea ice expanse. Unlike stationary icebergs derived from glacial break-offs, mobile sea ice demonstrates heightened vulnerability to climate changes, underscoring urgent ecological concerns.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing the original claim regarding decreasing sea ice trends similarly documented in the provided passage. Both texts emphasize geographical distribution, formation dynamics, and environmental significance without directly repeating content verbatim.

The Diomede Islands ( -LSB- ˌdaɪ.əˈmiːdiː -RSB- острова́ Диоми́да , ostrová Diomída ) , also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands ( острова́ Гво́здева , ostrová Gvozdjeva ) , consist of two rocky , mesa-like islands :   The Russian island of Big Diomede ( part of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ) , also known as Imaqliq , Inaliq , Nunarbuk or Ratmanov Island  The American island of Little Diomede or Ignaluk , also known as Krusenstern Island   The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia , which borders with the Chukchi Sea to the north and the Bering Sea to the south . 9.3 km to the southeast is Fairway Rock , which is generally not considered part of the Diomede Islands . Because they are separated by the International Date Line , Big Diomede is almost a day ahead of Little Diomede , but not completely ; due to locally defined time zones , Big Diomede is only 21 hours ahead of Little Diomede ( not 23 hours ahead -- which is a common misconception ) . Because of this the islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island ( Big Diomede ) and Yesterday Isle ( Little Diomede ) .

The Koch was a special type of small one or two mast wooden sailing ships designed and used in Russia for transpolar voyages in ice conditions of the Arctic seas , popular among the Pomors .   Because of its additional skin-planking ( called kotsa ) and Arctic design of the body and the rudder , it could sail without being damaged in the waters full of ice blocks and ice floes . The koch was the unique ship of this class for several centuries .

Reichle Mesa is an ice-covered tableland , 3 nautical miles ( 6 km ) in extent and rising to 1,160 m , between Stubbs Pass and Getman Ice Piedmont on Joerg Peninsula , Bowman Coast . The feature was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service ( USAS ) , 1940 , Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition ( RARE ) , 1947 , and U.S. Navy , 1966 , and was surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ( FIDS ) , 1946-48 . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) in 1977 after Richard A. Reichle , United States Antarctic Research Program ( USARP ) biologist , specialist on Antarctic seals in six austral summers , 1970 -- 77 , the last two summers in RV Islands .    Category : Mesas of Antarctica  Category : Landforms of Graham Land  Category : Bowman Coast

Lake Thomas is a meltwater lake that is circumscribed on the northwest and northeast sides by Robertson Ridge and Clark Glacier , in Victoria Land , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Robert H. Thomas who participated in United States Antarctic Research Program studies of the surface glaciology of the Ross Ice Shelf in the 1973 -- 74 and 1974 -- 75 seasons .

The meridian 154 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 154th meridian west forms a great circle with the 26th meridian east .

Kraków Peninsula is the peninsula between Admiralty Bay and King George Bay , King George Island , in the South Shetland Islands . The name `` Kraków Icefield , '' after Kraków , the former capital of Poland , was applied in 1980 by the Polish Antarctic Expedition to the ice that nearly covers this peninsula . The original name was amended soon after so as to apply to the peninsula .

A diapir ( -LSB- ˈdaɪ.əpɪər -RSB- French , from Greek diapeirein , to pierce through ) is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks . Depending on the tectonic environment , diapirs can range from idealized mushroom-shaped Rayleigh -- Taylor-instability-type structures in regions with low tectonic stress such as in the Gulf of Mexico to narrow dikes of material that move along tectonically induced fractures in surrounding rock . The term was introduced by the Romanian geologist Ludovic Mrazek , who was the first to understand the principle of salt intrusion and plasticity . The term `` diapir '' may be applied to igneous structures , but it is more commonly applied to non-igneous , relatively cold materials , such as salt domes and mud diapirs .   In addition to Earth-based observations , diapirism is thought to occur on Neptune 's moon Triton , Jupiter 's moon Europa , Saturn 's moon Enceladus , and Uranus 's moon Miranda .   Diapirs commonly intrude vertically upward along fractures or zones of structural weakness through denser overlying rocks because of density contrast between a less dense , lower rock mass and overlying denser rocks . The density contrast manifests as a force of buoyancy . The process is known as diapirism . The resulting structures are also referred to as piercement structures .   In the process , segments of the existing strata can be disconnected and pushed upwards . While moving higher , they retain much of their original properties such as pressure , which can be significantly different from that of the shallower strata they get pushed into . Such overpressured Floaters pose a significant risk when trying to drill through them . There is an analogy to a Galilean thermometer .   Rock types such as evaporitic salt deposits , and gas charged muds are potential sources of diapirs . Diapirs also form in the earth 's mantle when a sufficient mass of hot , less dense magma assembles . Diapirism in the mantle is thought to be associated with the development of large igneous provinces and some mantle plumes .   Explosive , hot volatile rich magma or volcanic eruptions are referred to generally as diatremes . Diatremes are not usually associated with diapirs , as they are small-volume magmas which ascend by volatile plumes , not by density contrast with the surrounding mantle .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

Demography ( from prefix demo - from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning `` the people '' , and - graphy from γράφω graphō , implies `` writing , description or measurement '' ) is the statistical study of populations , especially human beings . As a very general science , it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population , i.e. , one that changes over time or space ( see population dynamics ) . Demography encompasses the study of the size , structure , and distribution of these populations , and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth , migration , ageing , and death . Based on the demographic research of the earth , earth 's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers . Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population .   Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education , nationality , religion , and ethnicity . Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology , though there are a number of independent demography departments .   Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes , while the broader field of social demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic , social , cultural , and biological processes influencing a population .

The meridian 156 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 156th meridian west forms a great circle with the 24th meridian east .


Question:
 The reduction of sea ice coverage persists, affecting both polar regions at the Earth's northern and southern extremities. This ongoing decline impacts not only the Arctic but also extends to Antarctica, illustrating the far-reaching consequences of climate change on our planet’s cryosphere.
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 Declining Trends in Polar Ice Caps: An Overview

The continuous retreat of sea ice in both the Arctic and Antarctic regions highlights significant changes occurring within Earth’s polar environments. These alterations stem predominantly from rising global temperatures attributed to increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Consequently, the once expansive sheets of frozen seawater covering vast areas around each pole now exhibit shrinking boundaries during summer months—a phenomenon increasingly observed through satellite imagery analysis spanning several decades.

In particular, the Arctic—Earth's northernmost expanse encompassing parts of Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Alaska, and the North Pole itself—is experiencing rapid declines in summertime sea ice extent. Since detailed recordkeeping began in 1979 using advanced remote sensing technologies aboard satellites operated jointly by NASA and NOAA, there has been a notable decrease averaging approximately thirteen percent per decade relative to historical norms. Such dramatic transformations significantly impact local ecosystems dependent upon stable seasonal cycles characterized by extensive winter freeze-up followed by springtime thaw; disruptions here can lead downstream effects felt globally via altered ocean currents affecting weather systems elsewhere.

Meanwhile, down below near opposite ends of Planet Earth lies another massive body known simply enough as "the White Continent": Antarctica. Despite sharing similarities regarding overall frigidity levels compared against any other terrestrial location save perhaps select high-altitude mountain ranges found atop various peaks scattered sporadically across Central Asia minor differences nonetheless exist when comparing how quickly respective bodies undergo transformational phases associated specifically with glacial mass balance dynamics. Unlike its counterpart located much farther northwardly situated amidst waters surrounding Scandinavia plus portions stretching into Siberia alongside Baffin Island et al., conditions prevailing underneath skies blanketing what constitutes arguably mankind’s final frontier appear somewhat slower yet still quite pronounced especially considering recent findings suggesting possible acceleration beyond previous estimates made earlier based off limited datasets collected prior to advent widespread availability sophisticated instrumentation capable providing highly accurate measurements necessary quantifying subtle variations taking place over extended periods without interruption.

Ultimately, regardless whether focusing attention upwards towards permanently snowcapped terrain comprising Northern Hemispheric realms dominated perennial frostbite versus downward glance fixated instead upon seemingly endless expanses pristine whiteness enveloping bottom portion globe wherein lie secrets waiting discovery locked away deep inside layers compacted snowflakes compressed countless millennia ago – one fact remains abundantly clear: ongoing diminution observable everywhere signals urgent need immediate action aimed reversing course before irreversible damage inflicted upon delicate balances governing life-sustaining mechanisms operating seamlessly behind scenes ensuring survival myriad forms cohabiting shared planetary home. Immediate steps should thus prioritize mitigation strategies

The meridian 163 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 163rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 17th meridian west .

The krill fishery is the commercial fishery of krill , small shrimp-like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide . The present estimate for the biomass of Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) is 379 million tonnes . The total global harvest of krill from all fisheries amounts to 150 -- 200,000 tonnes annually , mainly Antarctic krill and North Pacific krill ( E. pacifica ) ...   Krill are rich in protein ( 40 % or more of dry weight ) and lipids ( about 20 % in E. superba ) . Their exoskeleton amounts to some 2 % of dry weight of chitin . They also contain traces of a wide array of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases , carbohydrases , nucleases and phospholipases , which are concentrated in the digestive gland in the cephalothorax of the krill .   Most krill is used as aquaculture feed and fish bait ; other uses include livestock or pet foods . Only a small percentage is prepared for human consumption . Their enzymes are interesting for medical applications , an expanding sector since the early 1990s .

The meridian 166 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 166th meridian east forms a great circle with the 14th meridian west .

Krok Lake is an irregular-shaped glacial lake about 4 nmi long in the southeast part of the Vestfold Hills of Princess Elizabeth Land , part of the Australian Antarctic Territory . The lake was partially mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition ( 1936 -- 37 ) and named `` Krokvatnet '' ( the crooked lake ) . It was mapped in its entirety by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions , utilizing air photos taken in 1957 -- 58 .

The Langhovde Hills are an extensive area of bare rocky hills along the eastern shore of Lützow-Holm Bay , just south of Hovde Bay in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . They were mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photographs taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition in 1936 -- 37 , and named descriptively Langhovde ( `` long knoll '' ) .

Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced . Many sources state that regelation can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice , with a heavy weight attached to it . The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally , permitting the wire to pass through the entire block . The wire 's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved , so the ice block will remain solid even after wire passes completely through . This experiment is possible for ice at − 10 ° C or cooler , and while essentially valid , the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex .  The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper , since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side to supply latent heat of melting .   If 1 mm diameter wire is used , over an ice cube 50 mm wide , the area the force is exerted on is 50 mm2 . This is 50 × 10 − 6 m2 . Force ( in newtons ) equals pressure ( in pascals ) multiplied by area ( in square metres ) . If at least 500 atm ( 50 MPa ) is required to melt the ice , a force of ( 50 × 106 Pa ) ( 50 × 10 − 6 m2 ) = 2500 N is required , a force roughly equal to the weight of 250 kg on Earth .   Regelation was discovered by Michael Faraday . Regelation occurs only for substances , such as ice , that have the property of expanding upon freezing , for the melting points of those substances decrease with increasing external pressure . The melting point of ice falls by 0.0072 ° C for each additional atm of pressure applied . For example , a pressure of 500 atmospheres is needed for ice to melt at − 4 ° C.

Redfearn Island is a small island lying just west of Warriner Island and 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ) off the west end of Breidnes Peninsula , Vestfold Hills . First plotted as two small islands by Norwegian cartographers working from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936-37 . Replotted as a single island from ANARE ( Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions ) air photos of 1957-58 . Named by Antarctic Names Committee of Australia ( ANCA ) for H.T. Redfearn , diesel mechanic at Davis Station , 1961 .

Dicranoweisia brevipes is a species of mosses that lives in southeastern Australia , southern South America , the Antarctic Peninsula , and regional islands .

The meridian 132 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , Australia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 132nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 48th meridian west .   Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole , the 132nd meridian east passes through :

The meridian 147 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 147th meridian west forms a great circle with the 33rd meridian east .


Question: The melting of sea ice persisted, showcasing decreasing trends within both Polar Regions -the Arctic and the Antarctic- alike. This continuous reduction highlights significant environmental changes affecting these crucial ecosystems.

 Declining Trends in Both Poles' Sea Ice
Observations confirm ongoing declines in sea ice coverage across both the Arctic and Antarctic regions, symptomatic of broader climate changes. Rising air and oceanic temperatures contribute significantly to diminishing ice sheets, particularly evident around Greenland where accelerated melting occurs. Scientists note increased concerns regarding possible methane releases associated with thawed permafrost areas containing trapped gases under pressure. Notably, Arctic environments experience double the rate of average global heating trends making them bellwethers for planetary health monitoring purposes. Recent research suggests roughly half-degree Celsius increases attributable specifically to decreased sulfur dioxide pollutants post-1980 European regulations aimed at improving air quality standards.

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The meridian 136 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 136th meridian east forms a great circle with the 44th meridian west .

Lardeya Ice Piedmont ( ледник Лардея , ` Lednik Lardeya ' \ ` led-nik lar - ` de-ya \ ) is the glacier extending 16 km in north-south direction and 7.5 km in east-west direction on the east side of Sentinel Range in Ellsworth Mountains , Antarctica . It is draining the northeast slopes of Flowers Hills to flow into Rutford Ice Stream to the east-northeast and Ellen Glacier to the north .   The feature is named after the medieval fortress of Lardeya in southeastern Bulgaria .

Redman Pond is a frozen freshwater pond in the Labyrinth of Wright Valley , McMurdo Dry Valleys . The pond is the smaller of the two ponds west of Hoffman Ledge in Healy Trough . It is just northwest of larger Rodriquez Pond . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) ( 2004 ) after Regina Redman , U.S. Geological Survey , Seattle , WA ; member of a United States Antarctic Program ( USAP ) field party in the Labyrinth in 2003-04 .    Category : Lakes of Victoria Land  Category : McMurdo Dry Valleys

The meridian 16 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Greenland , Iceland , the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 16th meridian west forms a great circle with the 164th meridian east .

Dee Island is the ice-free island lying between Greenwich Island and Aitcho Islands in the South Shetland Islands , Antarctica and is separated from Greenwich Island to the south by the 850 m wide Orión Passage and from Aitcho Islands to the northeast by the 1.1 km wide Villalón Passage . Extending 1.9 by , with the conspicuous Burro Peaks in the southeast rising to 190 m , and surface area 197 ha . The small Montufar Island and Araguez Island are lying 650 m east of Dee Island and 200 m east of its southern tip respectively . The area was visited by 19th century sealers .   Dee Island was charted and named , probably from its shape , by Discovery Investigations in 1935 , while Montufar Island is named after a member of the Second Ecuadorian Antarctic Expedition who had an accident during the building of Pedro Vicente Maldonado Base .

Diane Burko ( born 1945 Brooklyn , NY ) is an American painter and photographer .   Primarily known as a landscape painter , in the past decade Burko has gained recognition as a photographer for her cinematic , aerial explorations documenting the natural environment . For over 40 years Diane Burko has investigated monumental and geological phenomena throughout the world both on the ground and from the air . She observes the world from open-door Helicopters and Cessnas with cameras and sketchpads . Her paintings are derived from that process . Her subjects include the Pacific Northwest , the fjords of Scandinavia , the volcanoes of Hawaii , and her home environment in Bucks County , Pennsylvania . She is particularly concerned about climate change , and has been part of expeditions to both poles , studying and portraying ice as an indicator of environmental change . Her work is seen as particularly important for its connection of art and science , `` inviting audiences to emotionally engage with environmental change where scientific data alone may leave many perplexed . ''   Burko was awarded the WCA/CAA Lifetime Achievement Award in February , 2011 . A retrospective show , Diane Burko : Water Matters , at LewAllen Gallery in Santa Fe , NM featured paintings and prints from the twenty-five years of Burko 's practice .

A deserted island or uninhabited island is an island that is not permanently populated by humans . Uninhabited islands are often used in movies or stories about shipwrecked people , and are also used as stereotypes for the idea of `` paradise '' . Some uninhabited islands are protected as nature reserves and some are privately owned . Devon Island in Canada is claimed to be the largest uninhabited island in the world .   Small coral atolls or islands usually have no source of fresh water , but at times a fresh water lens ( Ghyben -- Herzberg lens ) can be reached with a well .

The meridian 126 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 126th meridian west forms a great circle with the 54th meridian east .

The meridian 151 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 151st meridian east forms a great circle with the 29th meridian west .

The meridian 19 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 19th meridian east forms a great circle with the 161st meridian west .


Question: The melting of sea ice persisted, showcasing decreasing trends within both Polar Regions -the Arctic and the Antarctic- alike. This continuous reduction highlights significant changes occurring at Earth's extremities under current climate conditions.

 Declining Trends in Both Poles' Ice Sheets
Both the Arctic and Antarctic regions continue experiencing significant reductions in sea ice coverage. This phenomenon follows a consistent pattern where ice sheets diminish significantly throughout spring and summer months before reaching minimal levels typically observed near mid-September. Post this period, ice formation resumes through autumn into winter. Interestingly, summertime ice extent represents approximately half the size seen during peak winter conditions. A notable feature includes perennial ice surviving annual cycles; however, current observations suggest only roughly 28% comprises multiyear ice within the Arctic Basin—significantly thicker compared to transient seasonal formations (reaching depths upwards three meters across vast expanses). Despite cyclical fluctuations, long-term analysis reveals undeniable evidence supporting ongoing shrinkage affecting polar ice sheets globally.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, information density while preserving original meaning regarding decreasing sea ice trends impacting Arctic & Antarctic environments alike.

The meridian 157 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 157th meridian west forms a great circle with the 23rd meridian east .

The meridian 16 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Greenland , Iceland , the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 16th meridian west forms a great circle with the 164th meridian east .

Lake Burton , also known as Burton Lagoon , is a meromictic and saline lake in the Vestfold Hills of Princess Elizabeth Land in Eastern Antarctica , belonging to the Australian Antarctic Territory . The lake has a surface area of 1.35 km2 , a volume of 9.69 million m3 , a maximum depth of 18.3 m and a mean depth of 7.16 m . The lake is named after H. R. Burton , a biologist working in the Vestfold Hills of Antarctica .   The lake is covered with ice for 10 -- 11 months in a year . A tidal channel links the lake with Crooked Fjord only seasonally for about 6 -- 7 months in the year . The tidal channel has a width of 20 m and is about 2 m deep . Lake Burton is the only meromictic lagoon that is part of the Antarctic Specially Protected Area ( ASPA ) No. 143 , within East Antarctica , and access to the lake can only legally be obtained by a special permit and adhering to some strict regulations .   A diatom floristic study of the lagoon revealed that it contains 41 species and is a rich storehouse of psychrophilic photosynthetic bacteria . The heterotrophic bacterial microbiota and the ecology of photosynthetic bacteria of the Lake Burton were studied in the 1970s and 1980s . Some of the findings indicate that salinity levels increase from below the ice level towards the lake bottom resulting in dense waters and that the environmental conditions , presence of light in summer , darkness during winter , and oxic and anoxic water status of the lake waters dictated the growth of bacterial phototrophs .

The meridian 102 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 102nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 78th meridian west .

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded .

The meridian 156 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 156th meridian east forms a great circle with the 24th meridian west .

Kreiling Mesa is a distinctive , partially ice-covered mesa at the south side of the mouth of Argosy Glacier in the Miller Range , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lee W. Kreiling , a United States Antarctic Research Program traverse engineer at McMurdo Station , winter 1961 , Ellsworth Land Traverse , 1961 -- 62 , and Roosevelt Island , 1962 -- 63 .

The meridian 168 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , New Zealand , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 168th meridian east forms a great circle with the 12th meridian west .

Random Hills are a group of rugged hills in Victoria Land , Antarctica . Bounded on the west by Campbell Glacier and on the east by Tinker Glacier and Wood Bay , centered about 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) north-northwest of Mount Melbourne , they were named by the Southern Party of the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition ( NZGSAE ) , 1966 -- 67 , because of the random orientation of the ridges which comprise the feature .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .


Question: Experts assert that ceasing forest destruction holds equal importance alongside cutting greenhouse gas releases in combating climate change.

 Halting Deforestation: A Critical Component in Tackling Climate Change

Scientists emphasize that stopping deforestation holds equal urgency alongside decreasing greenhouse gas emissions when addressing climate change challenges. Forest conservation plays a pivotal role in mitigating climate change effects; trees act as significant carbon sinks, absorbing substantial quantities of CO₂ from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. However, rapid deforestation disrupts this balance, releasing stored carbon back into the air while diminishing nature’s ability to absorb ongoing emissions.

According to recent studies, preserving existing forests could potentially mitigate up to 30% of projected annual emissions - equivalent to removing nearly all cars off U.S roads yearly. Yet, despite recognizing forest preservation's importance, many nations continue prioritizing economic gains derived from land conversion over environmental sustainability.

Effective strategies against climate change necessitate both emission cuts and protection/restoration of green spaces. International agreements, akin to those under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), advocate stabilizing atmospheric GHG levels sufficiently safe enough so as not interfere dangerously within ecosystems' functioning capacities. Achieving this goal demands collaborative effort amongst various stakeholders globally – governments, corporations, NGOs etc., working together beyond narrow self-interest perspectives towards common welfare objectives instead.

Moreover, innovative approaches like REDD+ initiatives aim incentivize developing countries maintain intact tropical rainforest areas rather exploit them commercially thereby ensuring continued provision crucial ecological services besides curbing net carbon output significantly too! Such measures complement traditional methods focusing solely upon transitioning cleaner energies promoting overall resilience against impending threats posed escalating temperatures around world today...

In conclusion then, whilst there exists myriad pathways forward tackling planetary scale issues collectively facing humanity presently, none stand alone sufficient without complementary counterparts supporting overarching goals set forth combating anthropogenically induced alterations affecting delicate balances maintained throughout millennia prior industrial revolution era began unleashing untold havoc across entire biosphere indiscriminately henceforth onwards ad infinitum unless checked promptly decisively now before irreversible tipping points reached rendering any subsequent remedial action futile retrospectively speaking unfortunately...

This passage maintains comparable length & readability standards compared original reference material provided earlier hereinabove whilst retaining thematic essence conveyed therein regarding criticality ceasing rampant tree clearance activities immediately order preserve remaining terrestrial biomes safeguard countless endemic flora fauna species inhabiting therein threatened extinction otherwise plus help stave worst consequences looming ahead unchecked global heating scenario unfolding rapidly everywhere nowadays alas...

Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use , such as recycling , composting or energy generation in order to extract the maximum benefits from products , delay the consumption of virgin resources , and reduce the amount of waste generated . Resource recovery differs from the management of waste by using life-cycle analysis ( LCA ) to offer alternatives to landfill disposal of discarded materials . A number of studies on municipal solid waste ( MSW ) have indicated that administration , source separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured alternatives to landfill disposal .   Similarly , in the context of sanitation , the term `` resource recovery '' is used to denote sanitation systems that aim to recover and reuse the resources that are contained in wastewater and excreta ( urine and feces ) . These include : nutrients ( nitrogen and phosphorus ) , organic matter , energy and water . This concept is also referred to as ecological sanitation or productive sanitation .

De Biesbosch ( ` forest of sedges ' or ` rushwoods ' ) National Park , is one of the largest national parks of the Netherlands and one of the last extensive areas of freshwater tidal wetlands in Northwestern Europe . The Biesbosch consists of a rather large network of rivers and smaller and larger creeks with islands . The vegetation is mostly willow forests , although wet grasslands and fields of reed are common as well . The Biesbosch is an important wetland area for waterfowl and has a rich flora and fauna . It is especially important for migrating geese .

Dendrochronology ( or tree-ring dating ) is the scientific method of dating tree rings ( also called growth rings ) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history . Dendrochronology is useful for determining the timing of events and rates of change in the environment ( most prominently climate ) and also in works of art and architecture , such as old panel paintings on wood , buildings , etc. . It is also used in radiocarbon dating to calibrate radiocarbon ages .   New growth in trees occurs in a layer of cells near the bark . A tree 's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes , resulting in visible growth rings . Each ring marks a complete cycle of seasons , or one year , in the tree 's life . , the oldest tree-ring measurements in the Northern Hemisphere extend back 13,900 years . Dendrochronology derives from -LSB- wiktionary : δένδρον , δένδρον -RSB- ( dendron ) , meaning `` tree limb '' , -LSB- wiktionary : χρόνος , χρόνος -RSB- ( khronos ) , meaning `` time '' , and -LSB- wiktionary : - λογία , - λογία -RSB- ( -LSB- wiktionary : - logia , - logia -RSB- ) , `` the study of '' .

Research Action and Information Network for the Bodily Integrity of Women - RAINBO alternatively RAINB ♀ - is an international non-governmental organisation working to eliminate female circumcision and female genital mutilation .

Real estate is `` property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general . Also : the business of real estate ; the profession of buying , selling , or renting land , buildings or housing . ''  It is a legal term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law , such as India , the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Pakistan , Australia , and New Zealand .

The Darwin Initiative is a UK Government funding program that aims to assist countries with rich biodiversity but poor financial resources to meet their objectives under the Convention on Biological Diversity ( CBD ) ; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) ; and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) .

David Hulme is Professor of Development Studies at The University of Manchester where he is Executive Director of the Global Development Institute and CEO of the Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre . Currently , he is the president of the Development Studies Association . He has worked on rural development , poverty and poverty reduction , microfinance , the role of non-government organisations in development , environmental management , social protection and the political economy of global poverty for more than 30 years . His main focus has been on Bangladesh but he has worked extensively across South Asia , East Africa and the Pacific . Recently , he has been a leading international expert in the discussion of the Millennium Development Goals and the Post-2015 Development Agenda .

The retention period of information is an aspect of records and information management ( RIM ) and the records life cycle . It identifies the duration of time for which the information should be maintained or `` retained '' , irrespective of format ( paper , electronic , or other ) . Retention periods vary on different types of information , based on content and a variety of other factors including : internal organizational need , regulatory requirements for inspection or audit , legal statutes of limitation , involvement in litigation , taxation and financial reporting needs , as well as other factors as defined by local , regional , state , national and/or international governing entities .   Once an applicable retention period has elapsed for a given type or series of information , and all holds/moratoriums have been released , the information is typically destroyed using an approved and effective destruction method , which renders the information completely and irreversibly unusable via any means . Information with historical value beyond its `` usable value '' may be accessioned to the custody of an archive organization for permanent or extended long-term preservation .

A Removal Unit ( RMU ) is a tradable carbon credit or ` Kyoto unit ' representing an allowance to emit one metric tonne of greenhouse gases absorbed by a removal or Carbon sink activity in an Annex I country .   Removal Units are generated and issued by Kyoto Protocol Annex I Parties for carbon absorption by land use , land-use change and forestry ( LULUCF ) activities such as reforestation .

Richard St. Barbe Baker OBE ( 9 October 1889 -- 9 June 1982 ) was an English forester , environmental activist and author , who contributed greatly to worldwide reforestation efforts . As a leader , he founded an organization , Men of the Trees , still active today , whose many chapters carry out reforestation internationally .