Question: Upon examining the precise statements made by Phil Jones, it becomes evident that he acknowledges the existence of an upward temperature trajectory.

 Understanding Phil Jones’ Perspective: A Closer Look at His Statements
In examining Phil Jones' statements closely, we gain insight into his stance on global warming trends. He asserts that evidence points unequivocally to rising global temperatures—a reality attributed largely to anthropogenic influences. Despite some skepticism surrounding climate research findings, prominent scientific bodies affirmatively back assertions linking contemporary warming phenomena directly to human actions—primarily through emission release mechanisms. Contrary opinions exist but predominantly originate outside recognized academic circles; instead finding voice among certain commercial entities vested interest-wise differently.

Mainstream scientific discourse acknowledges past fluctuations yet maintains firm conviction regarding current observed shifts being distinctively man-made. Controversies persist pertaining specifically to projected impacts magnitude alongside uncertainties inherent when modeling future scenarios under varying degrees intensity mitigation strategies implementation success rate considerations included therein too. Nevertheless, overarching agreement persists amongst experts endorsing urgent need act collectively mitigate impending crisis severity implications otherwise foreseen potentially catastrophic outcomes loom large horizon ahead us all together now facing shared challenge humanity’s survival depends upon addressing adequately sooner rather later indeed!

Political divides continue manifest themselves prominently across various nations particularly USA context wherein partisan affiliations heavily influence individual perceptions associated matters discussed hereinbefore elaborately explained already above paragraphs preceding this concluding segment hereby presented succinctly summarize entire treatise briefly recapitulating salient points made throughout foregoing exposition henceforth terminating discussion gracefully albeit hopefully thought-provoking manner nonetheless! Notwithstanding aforementioned complexities entailing multifaceted dimensions encompassed broad spectrum ranging politics economics ethics morality etcetera ad infinitum... suffice say sufficient grounds exist warrant serious consideration accorded matter utmost priority deservedly commands attention highest levels governance structure everywhere around globe irrespective geographical boundaries cultural differences religious beliefs linguistic barriers economic disparities social stratifications whatsoever impediments encountered path progress towards achieving common goal safeguarding precious environment bestowed mankind providence divine wisdom manifested creation universe itself!!! Amen 🙏🌍🌈✨💫🌟☀🌙💫🌌🔥💧🌱🍃🍂🍁🍄🍎🍊🍋🍉🍇🍓🍑🥝🍅🍆🥔🥕🧄🧅🧉🍵☕🍰🎂🧁🥧🍦🍧🍨🍩🍪🍫🍬🍭🍯🥜🌰🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯🍯

Ragnar E. Löfstedt is the Professor of Risk Management at King 's College London and the Director of King 's Centre for Risk Management ( KCRM ) . Alongside his deputy Henry Rothstein at KCRM , Löfstedt lectures in risk analysis at King 's College London . An academic variously described as Swedish and American ,  he authored and served as editor of several well-known Risk books especially on risk communication . He is currently the editor-in-chief of Journal of Risk Research .   Professor Löfstedt has been appointed by the UK Coalition Government to look at occupational safety and health and in particular , the bureaucracy faced by those self-employed whose work activities do not pose a risk to others . The review named after him has been published by the Department for Work and Pensions in 2011 .   Löfstedt also holds adjunct faculty status at Carnegie Mellon university in the US and Gothenburg in Sweden . He was at one time adjunct faculty at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis where he was responsible for an executive education course . He is the editor-in-chief for Journal of Risk Research and editor of the Risk in Society book series from Earthscan . He also serves on the editorial boards of International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management , European Journal of Risk Regulation , Journal of Health Communication , Risk Management , and SAPIENS . Previously , Professor Löfstedt was a reader at the Centre for Environmental Strategy , University of Surrey where he worked with University of California at Berkeley academic David Vogel . Their paper was published in the Journal of Risk Management .   Aside from academia , Löfstedt owns 900 acres of forest in his native Sweden . Löfstedt grew up in Los Angeles to parents who were professors of medieval languages and currently resides in Surrey .

Lauren B. Alloy is a professor of psychology at Temple University and is recognized in the area of mood disorders . Her research focuses on cognitive , interpersonal , and biopsychosocial processes in the onset and maintenance of depression and bipolar disorder . In the late 1970s , Alloy and her longtime collaborator Lyn Yvonne Abramson demonstrated that depressed individuals held a more accurate view than their non-depressed counterparts in a test which measured illusion of control . This finding held true even when the depression was manipulated experimentally ( see also depressive realism ) .

( Do n't ) touch me on my studio is a South African meme that developed out of an e.tv television interview , 7 April 2010 , with André Visagie , former Secretary General of the far right group , the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging ( AWB ) , and political analyst , Lebohang Pheko . The two were discussing race relations in South Africa in the aftermath of AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche 's murder . Pheko confronted Visagie about the alleged abuse of farm workers in South Africa , and the anchor of the show , Chris Maroleng had to intervene when Visagie lost his temper , ripping off his microphone and storming off the set before returning and saying : `` You wo n't dare interrupting me ... I am not finished with you ( sic ) . ''   Maroleng 's repeated statement to Visagie , '' ( Do n't ) touch me on my studio , ( do n't ) touch me on my studio ( sic ) , '' and the AWB member 's adamant response , `` I 'll touch you on your studio '' , became a focus of jokes on Twitter , email , Facebook , forums and video remixes on YouTube . The Broadcasting Complaints Commission received 19 complaints about Maroleng 's handling of the issue but these complaints were rejected .   Antjie Krog , South African poet and academic , has expressed misgivings about the meme ; `` an Afrikaner and a black man 's inability to use correct English has become the laughing stock of the country '' .

Raghuram Govind Rajan ( born 3 February 1963 ) is an Indian economist who is the Katherine Dusak Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business . He was the 23rd Governor of the Reserve Bank of India between September 2013 and September 2016 . Between 2003 and 2006 , Rajan was the Chief Economist and Director of Research at the International Monetary Fund . In 2015 , during his tenure at the Indian Reserve Bank he also became Vice-Chairman of the Bank for International Settlements .   At the Federal Reserve annual Jackson Hole conference in 2005 , Rajan warned about the growing risks in the financial system and proposed policies that would reduce such risks . Former U.S. Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers called the warnings `` misguided '' and Rajan himself a `` luddite '' . However , following the 2008 economic crisis , Rajan 's views came to be seen as prescient and he was extensively interviewed for the Oscar-winning documentary Inside Job ( 2010 ) .   In 2003 Rajan received the inaugural Fischer Black Prize , given every two years by the American Finance Association to the financial economist younger than 40 who has made the most significant contribution to the theory and practice of finance . His book , Fault Lines : How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy , won the Financial Times/Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year award in 2010 . In 2016 , he was named by Time ( magazine ) in its list of the ` 100 Most Influential People in the World ' .

Richard Rogers ( born 15 March 1965 , Lawrence , Massachusetts ) is New Media Professor at the University of Amsterdam , Director of the Govcom.org Foundation , Visiting Professor in Science Studies at the University of Vienna , and founder of the Digital Methods Initiative . His academic work focuses on web epistemology , an area of study where the main claim is that the Web is a knowledge culture distinct from other media . He is author of Information Politics on the Web ( MIT Press , 2004/2005 ) , `` the 2005 Best Information Science Book of the Year Award presented by the American Society for Information Science and Technology ( ASIS&T ) . ''

Ramsay Wedge is a narrow rock spur , 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) long , with talus slopes rising to about 1,200 m , located 2 nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) southwest of Mount Absalom in the southwest portion of the Herbert Mountains , Shackleton Range . Photographed from the air by the U.S. Navy , 1967 , and surveyed by British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) , 1968-71 . In association with the names of glacial geologists grouped in this area , named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) after Sir Andrew C. Ramsay ( 1814 -- 91 ) , Scottish geologist who first recognized the glacial origin of rock basins in 1862 ; Director-General , Geological Survey of Great Britain , 1871-81 .   Category : Ridges of Coats Land

Laboratory Life : The Construction of Scientific Facts is a 1979 book by sociologists of science Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar .   This influential book in the field of science studies presents an anthropological study of Roger Guillemin 's scientific laboratory at the Salk Institute . It advances a number of observations regarding how scientific work is conducted , including descriptions of the complex relationship between the routine lab practices performed by scientists , the publication of papers , scientific prestige , research finances and other elements of laboratory life .   The book is considered to be one of the most influential works in the laboratory studies tradition within Science and Technology Studies . It is inspired but not entirely dependent on the ethnomethodological approach . In turn , it served as the inspiration for Actor-Network Theory ( or ANT ) ; many of ANT 's core concepts ( like transcription , inscription , translation , and the deployment of networks ) are present in Laboratory Life .

According to the redundancy theory of truth ( or the disquotational theory of truth ) , asserting that a statement is true is completely equivalent to asserting the statement itself . For example , asserting the sentence '' ` Snow is white ' is true '' is equivalent to asserting the sentence `` Snow is white '' . Redundancy theorists infer from this premise that truth is a redundant concept , in other words , that `` truth '' is a mere word that is conventional to use in certain contexts of discourse but not a word that points to anything in reality . The theory is commonly attributed to Frank P. Ramsey , who argued that the use of words like fact and truth was nothing but a roundabout way of asserting a proposition , and that treating these words as separate problems in isolation from judgment was merely a `` linguistic muddle '' , though there remains some debate as to the correct interpretation of his position ( Le Morvan 2004 ) .   Redundancy theorists begin by inquiring into the function of the predicate '' __ is true '' in sentences like '' ` Snow is white ' is true '' . They reason that asserting the longer sentence is equivalent to asserting the shorter sentence `` Snow is white '' . From this they infer that nothing is added to the assertion of the sentence `` Snow is white '' by quoting it , appending the predicate '' __ is true '' , and then asserting the result .   Most predicates attribute properties to their subjects , but the redundancy theory denies that the predicate is true does so . Instead , it treats the predicate is true as empty , adding nothing to an assertion except to convert its use to its mention . That is , the predicate '' ___ is true '' merely asserts the proposition contained in the sentential clause to which it is applied but does not ascribe any additional property to that proposition or sentence , and in Ramsey 's British lexicon , `` is true '' is redundant .   The redundancy theory of truth is a deflationary theory of truth .

Reuben Hersh ( born 1927 ) is an American mathematician and academic , best known for his writings on the nature , practice , and social impact of mathematics . This work challenges and complements mainstream philosophy of mathematics . ( `` Hersh '' is his professional or `` pen '' name . His family name is Reuben Laznovsky . )   After receiving a B.A. in English literature from Harvard University in 1946 , Hersh spent a decade writing for Scientific American and working as a machinist . After losing his right thumb when working with a band saw he decided to study mathematics at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences . In 1962 , he was awarded a Ph.D. in mathematics from New York University ; his advisor was P.D. Lax . He has been affiliated with the University of New Mexico since 1964 , where he is now professor emeritus .   Hersh has written a number of technical articles on partial differential equations , probability , random evolutions , and linear operator equations . He is the ( co ) author of four articles in Scientific American , and 12 articles in the Mathematical Intelligencer .   Hersh is best known as the coauthor with Philip J. Davis of The Mathematical Experience ( 1981 ) , which won a National Book Award in Science.This was the 1983 award for paperback Science .  From 1980 to 1983 in National Book Award history there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories , and several nonfiction subcategories including General Nonfiction . Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints , including this one .   Hersh advocates what he calls a `` humanist '' philosophy of mathematics , opposed to both Platonism ( so-called `` realism '' ) and its rivals nominalism/fictionalism/formalism . He holds that mathematics is real , and its reality is social-cultural-historical , located in the shared thoughts of those who learn it , teach it , and create it . His article `` The Kingdom of Math is Within You '' ( a chapter in his `` Experiencing Mathematics , 2014 ) explains how mathematicians ' proofs compel agreement , even when they are inadequate as formal logic . He sympathizes with the perspectives on mathematics of Imre Lakatos and Where Mathematics Comes From , George Lakoff and Rafael Nunez , Basic Books .

Religulous ( -LSB- rᵻˈlɪgjᵿləs , _ rᵻˈlɪdʒᵿləs -RSB- ) is a 2008 American documentary film written by and starring comedian Bill Maher and directed by Larry Charles . The title of the film is a portmanteau derived from the words religious and ridiculous . The documentary examines and challenges religion and religious belief .


Question: Phil Jones stated that over the last fifteen-year period, temperature increases have not reached levels considered statistically substantial in terms of climate change.

 Recent Temperature Trends: An Examination

The assertion made by Phil Jones regarding the absence of statistically substantial global warming within the last fifteen years invites scrutiny into contemporary temperature trends. Despite fluctuating yearly averages, the overall trajectory since the mid-twentieth century indicates rising global temperatures attributed largely to anthropogenic influences—primarily carbon dioxide emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels. However, focusing specifically on short intervals can obscure broader climate dynamics; thus, while Jones' statement highlights variability, it should not overshadow the overarching trend of increasing planetary heat absorption documented through comprehensive datasets compiled by multiple international agencies specializing in meteorological research.

Climate researchers often emphasize multi-decadal perspectives when analyzing changes because shorter periods might misrepresent underlying tendencies influenced heavily by cyclical atmospheric phenomena unrelated directly to greenhouse gases concentrations. For instance, solar irradiance fluctuations alongside volcanic eruptions significantly impact regional climates without necessarily reflecting long-term alterations induced exclusively via human intervention. Therefore, evaluating isolated temporal segments risks overlooking critical aspects shaping earth’s thermal equilibrium over more expansive durations.

Moreover, attributing causality solely based upon immediate observations neglects intricate feedback mechanisms operating across diverse ecosystems responding differently according to specific parameters governing local conditions. Consequently, even if localized measurements suggest stabilization or slight cooling phases temporarily interrupting upward trajectories observed globally, such instances do not negate overwhelming evidence corroborating escalating mean surface temperatures linked unequivocally to enhanced radiative forcing attributable predominantly to CO₂ accumulation following Industrial Revolution onset circa late-eighteenth/early-nineteenth centuries.

To contextualize assertions concerning apparent hiatuses amidst accelerating thermometric indices, scholars frequently invoke paleoclimate proxies derived from sedimentary archives, tree rings, corals etc., capable revealing historical baselines preceding instrumental era inception around early-to-mid nineteenth century mark. By cross-referencing reconstructed series encompassing millennia prior current epoch with modern-day recordings, analysts ascertain relative anomalies characterizing recent epochs vis-a-vis antecedent eras devoid pronounced anthropic perturbations. Such comparative exercises typically underscore unparalleled magnitude velocity exhibited post-industrialisation phase compared analogous occurrences throughout Holocene interglacial period (~11 ka BP).

Thus, notwithstanding intermittent lulls punctuating otherwise ascendant curves charted continuously upwards since roughly ~1850 AD – coinciding closely concurrent acceleration industrial output concomitant exponential surge GHG levels – empirical substantiation overwhelmingly vindicates prevailing narrative positing humans’ pivotal role catalysing anomalous heating witnessed hitherto unmatched pace scale throughout geologic annals extending far beyond mere centennial timescales conventionally employed assessing transient oscillations. Hence

David Coleman ( born 1946 ) has been the Professor of Demography at the Department of Social Policy and Intervention , University of Oxford since October 2002 , and a lecturer since 1980 .   Between 1985 and 1987 he worked for the British Government , as the Special Adviser to the Home Secretary , and then to the Ministers of Housing and of the Environment . He is a fellow of St John 's College , Oxford .   He has published over 90 papers and eight books and was the joint editor of the European Journal of Population from 1992 to 2000 . In 1997 he was elected to the Council of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population . He is also an advisor to Migration Watch UK which he helped to found , and is a member of the Galton Institute , formerly known as the Eugenics Society .   In 2013 , Coleman 's analysis said that White British people would be a minority in the UK by 2070 if current immigration trends continued .

The 1992 UK Championship was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place at the Guild Hall in Preston , England . The event started on 13 November 1992 and the televised stages were shown on BBC between 21 and 29 November 1992 .   It was the last UK Final to be staged over two days and to use the best of 31 frames format . The highest break of the televised stages was 136 made by James Wattana and the same of the non-televised stages was 147 made by Peter Ebdon .   Jimmy White won his first and only UK Championship title by defeating defending champion John Parrott 16 -- 9 in the final , winning back-to-back ranking events after winning the Grand Prix a month earlier .

David John Acheson ( born 1946 ) is a British applied mathematician at Jesus College , Oxford .   He was educated at Highgate School , King 's College London ( BSc Mathematics and Physics , 1967 ) and the University of East Anglia ( PhD , 1971 ) . He was appointed a Fellow in Mathematics at Jesus College , Oxford in 1977 and became an Emeritus Fellow in 2008 . He served at President of the Mathematical Association from 2010 to 2011 . He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of East Anglia in 2013 .   His early research was on geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics , beginning with the discovery in 1972 of a magnetic ` field gradient ' instability in rotating fluids . In 1976 , he discovered the first examples of wave over-reflection ( i.e. reflection coefficient greater than unity ) in a stable system . In 1978 his research focused on magnetic fields and differential rotation in stars , with new results on magnetic buoyancy , the Taylor instability , Goldreich-Schubert instability , and , ` magnetorotational ' instability . In 1992 he discovered the ` upside-down pendulums theorem ' ( which is very loosely connected with the Indian Rope Trick ) .

Sir David Neil Payne CBE FRS FREng ( born 13 August 1944 ) is a British professor of photonics who is director of the Optoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Southampton . He has made several contributions in areas of optical fibre communications over the last fifty years and his work has affected telecommunications and laser technology . Payne 's work spans diverse areas of photonics , from telecommunications and optical sensors to nanophotonics and optical materials , including the introduction of the first optical fibre drawing tower in a university .

Randall Collins ( born 1941 ) is an American sociologist who has been influential in both his teaching and writing . He has taught in many notable universities around the world and his academic works have been translated into various languages . Collins is currently Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania . He is a leading contemporary social theorist whose areas of expertise include the macro-historical sociology of political and economic change ; micro-sociology , including face-to-face interaction ; and the sociology of intellectuals and social conflict . He is considered to be one of the leading non-Marxist conflict theorists in the United States , and served as the president of the American Sociological Association from 2010 to 2011 .

David Ian Jones ( born 22 March 1952 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Clwyd West . He was appointed Secretary of State for Wales on 4 September 2012 , following David Cameron 's first Cabinet reshuffle , and removed from office in another reshuffle on 14 July 2014 . After Theresa May 's appointment as Prime Minister , he was appointed as a Minister of State at the Department for Exiting the European Union .   He is the first Welsh secretary to have served as an Assembly Member , and the first Conservative Welsh Secretary to represent a Welsh constituency since Nicholas Edwards ( 1979 -- 87 ) .

Reto Knutti ( born 1973 ) is a Swiss climate scientist and professor of climate physics at ETH Zurich 's Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science . He is known for his research involving climate models , and has been a key member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

Sir David Lloyd Jones ( born 31 January 1952 ) is a member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales and a former Chairman of the Law Commission .

Sir Richard O'Brien , ( 15 February 1920 -- 11 December 2009 ) was a British engineer , industrial relations expert , civil servant , and decorated British Army officer . He was Chairman of the Manpower Services Commission from 1976 to 1982 , Chairman of the Archbishop of Canterbury 's Commission on Urban Priority Areas that published the controversial Faith in the City report in 1985 , and Chairman of the Policy Studies Institute from 1984 to 1990 .

The Lakatos Award is given annually for a contribution to the philosophy of science which is widely interpreted as outstanding . The contribution must be in the form of a book published in English during the previous six years .   The Award is in memory of Imre Lakatos and has been endowed by the Latsis Foundation . It is administered by the following committee :   The Director of the London School of Economics ( Chairman )  Professor John Worrall ( Convenor )  Professor Hans Albert  Professor Nancy Cartwright  Professor Adolf Grünbaum  Professor Philip Kitcher  Professor Alan Musgrave  Professor Michael Redhead   The Committee makes the Award on the advice of an independent and anonymous panel of selectors . The value of the Award is # 10,000 .   To take up an Award a successful candidate must visit the LSE and deliver a public lecture .


Question: According to Phil Jones, over the last fifteen-year period, temperature changes have not shown any statistically substantial increase in warmth.

 Recent Temperature Trends: Analysis and Context

Recent studies indicate that while global temperatures continue to rise overall, Phil Jones noted a period within the last fifteen years where statistically significant warming paused temporarily. Despite this observation, experts emphasize that short-term fluctuations do not negate the overarching trend of rising global temperatures attributed largely to anthropogenic influences—primarily carbon dioxide emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels.

The context behind this statement involves understanding complex interactions among multiple datasets spanning several decades. Scientists rely heavily upon paleoclimate research when reconstructing historic temperature trends prior to modern instrumentation availability; methodologies employed here often involve analyzing proxies such as ice cores, sediment layers, tree ring widths, coral reefs, cave formations known as speleothems, etc., each providing unique insights about varying aspects related specifically either regionally-specific conditions experienced throughout history—or more broadly concerning hemispheric/global scales depending precisely what type(s) information being sought after through investigation thereof.

One famous graphical representation illustrating reconstructed northern hemisphere surface air temperatures since AD 1000—the so-called “hockey stick” curve—originated from work conducted jointly amongst researchers Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley & Malcolm K. Hughes circa late ‘90’s timeframe. This particular depiction gained widespread attention following inclusion within United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC)'s third assessment report released early twenty-first century era. Subsequent analyses corroborating initial findings continued reinforcing notion whereby current levels witnessed represent anomaly compared against preceding millennium-long baseline characterized predominantly cooler climates interspersed occasionally warmer intervals albeit never reaching magnitude observed recently.

However, critics argue certain assumptions underlying statistical approaches utilized constructing aforementioned visualizations potentially introduce biases leading exaggerated perception regarding extent anomalous contemporary readings actually appear relative ancient benchmarks established millennia ago. Such concerns prompted additional scrutiny aimed validating robustness associated previous results obtained utilizing alternative strategies designed mitigating perceived shortcomings inherent predecessor models. Ultimately, despite ongoing debates surrounding minutiae involved technical details pertaining specific implementation nuances across differing analytical frameworks adopted successive generations investigators tackling subject matter question, overwhelming majority expert opinion remains firmly entrenched supporting core thesis positing humanity-driven alterations atmospheric composition indeed responsible accelerating pace thermal expansion observable planetary system-wide scope unprecedented fashion recorded annals geologic timescales encompassing entirety Holocene epoch thus far traversed terrestrial evolutionary timeline.

In summary then, notwithstanding brief hiatus documented ostensibly contradicting prevailing narrative emphasizing relentless upward trajectory exhibited global thermometer readings lately, comprehensive examination comprising both empirical observations gathered via direct measurement campaigns coupled theoretical projections derived sophisticated computational simulations powered cutting-edge supercomputers collectively paint compelling picture underscoring urgent need addressing

David William Donald Cameron ( -LSB- ˈkæmrən , _ - mərən -RSB- born 9 October 1966 ) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2005 to 2016 . He was Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Witney from 2001 to 2016 . Cameron identifies as a One-Nation Conservative , and has been associated with both economically liberal and socially liberal policies .   Born in London to wealthy upper middle-class parents , Cameron was educated at Heatherdown School , Eton College , and Brasenose College , Oxford . From 1988 to 1993 he worked at the Conservative Research Department , assisting the Conservative Prime Minister John Major , before leaving politics to work for Carlton Communications in 1994 . Becoming an MP in 2001 , he served in the opposition shadow cabinet under Conservative leader Michael Howard , succeeding Howard in 2005 . Cameron sought to rebrand the Conservatives , embracing an increasingly socially liberal position . The 2010 general election led to Cameron becoming Prime Minister as the head of a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats . His premiership was marked by the ongoing effects of the late-2000s financial crisis ; these involved a large deficit in government finances that his government sought to reduce through austerity measures . His administration introduced large-scale changes to welfare , immigration policy , education , and healthcare . It privatised the Royal Mail and some other state assets , and legalised same-sex marriage .   Internationally , his government militarily intervened in the Libyan Civil War and later authorised the bombing of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ; domestically , his government oversaw the referendum on voting reform and Scottish independence referendum , both of which confirmed Cameron 's favoured outcome . When the Conservatives secured an unexpected majority in the 2015 general election he remained as Prime Minister , this time leading a Conservative-only government . To fulfil a manifesto pledge , he introduced a referendum on the UK 's continuing membership of the EU . Cameron supported continued membership ; following the success of the Leave vote , he resigned to make way for a new Prime Minister and was succeeded by Theresa May .   Cameron has been praised for modernising the Conservative Party and for decreasing the United Kingdom 's national deficit . Conversely , he has been criticised by figures on both the left and right , and has been accused of political opportunism and elitism .

Professor Lane P. Hughston , M.A. , D. Phil . ( born 24 December 1951 ) is an American mathematician . Born in Corpus Christi , Texas , and raised in Dallas , Texas , he is the son of Edward Wallace Hughston and the late Joan Lorraine Palmer Hughston . He was awarded a doctoral degree in mathematics by the University of Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar and a student of Professor Roger Penrose . Following the completion of his doctorate he held a Junior Research Fellowship at Wolfson College , Oxford , and then was Fellow and Tutor in Applied Mathematics at Lincoln College , Oxford . He has worked as a financial engineer and risk manager at Merrill Lynch , London , as Professor of Financial Mathematics at King 's College London , as Professor of Mathematical Finance at Imperial College London , and as Professor of Mathematics at Brunel University . He has , among other areas , carried out work in general relativity , cosmology , twistor theory , quantum mechanics , statistical mechanics , and in various aspects of mathematical finance , including the theory of interest rate derivatives and the theory of information-based asset pricing . Lane P. Hughston is Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance . He is a member of the London Mathematical Society , the European Mathematical Society , the Bachelier Finance Society , the American Finance Association , and the American Physical Society . He is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications , and is a lifetime member of the American Mathematical Society and the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation . He has held visiting professorships at the University of Texas at Austin , King 's College London , the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , and University College London .

David Coleman ( born 1946 ) has been the Professor of Demography at the Department of Social Policy and Intervention , University of Oxford since October 2002 , and a lecturer since 1980 .   Between 1985 and 1987 he worked for the British Government , as the Special Adviser to the Home Secretary , and then to the Ministers of Housing and of the Environment . He is a fellow of St John 's College , Oxford .   He has published over 90 papers and eight books and was the joint editor of the European Journal of Population from 1992 to 2000 . In 1997 he was elected to the Council of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population . He is also an advisor to Migration Watch UK which he helped to found , and is a member of the Galton Institute , formerly known as the Eugenics Society .   In 2013 , Coleman 's analysis said that White British people would be a minority in the UK by 2070 if current immigration trends continued .

Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism is a UK-based research centre and think tank .   The Institute is the University of Oxford 's research centre and think tank on issues affecting news media globally .   The Institute was founded in the Department of Politics and International Relations at University of Oxford in 2006 to conduct scholarly and professional research on news media , operate the Thomson Reuters Fellowship Programme , and host academic research fellows . The institute works to bridge daily working journalism and academic study and is a university research center of excellence . The institute regularly holds seminars and events and has an extensive publication program . Recent publications have included The Survival is Success : Journalistic Online Start-ups in Western Europe , Poles Apart : The International Reporting of Climate Scepticism , Is There a Better Structure for News Providers ? The Potential in Charitable and Trust Ownership , Are Foreign Correspondents Redundant ? , and The Changing Business of Journalism and Its Implications for Democracy .   The Thomson Reuters Fellowship will celebrate its 30th anniversary in 2013 and is jointly based in The University of Oxford 's Department of Politics and International Relations and Green Templeton College . It has hosted 500 fellows from 90 countries . The fellowship is open to selected mid-career journalists from all over the world , who are funded to produce an academic paper on topics of their choice at Oxford .   The institute also hosts scholars working on funded research projects on issues of significance to the news industry . Its central interests included journalism practices , standards , accountability , media policy , and the business of news .   The institute receives core funding from the Thomson Reuters Foundation and additional funding from media companies , foundations , and science academies worldwide .   The institute 's staff includes Dr David Levy , director ; Prof. Robert G. Picard , Research Director , John Lloyd , Senior Research Fellow ; and James Painter , Director of the Fellowship Programme .

David John Chalmers ( -LSB- ˈtʃælmərz -RSB- born 20 April 1966 ) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language . He is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at the Australian National University . He is also a University Professor , Professor of Philosophy and Neural Science , and a Director of the Center for Mind , Brain and Consciousness ( along with Ned Block ) at New York University . In 2013 , he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences .

Derek C. Jones ( born c. 1946 ) is the Irma M. and Robert D. Morris Professor of Economics at Hamilton College who has contributed to the economics of participation , and pioneered the econometric analysis of productivity of worker cooperatives , employee ownership , and profit-sharing firms .   He formerly served as Visiting Professor at the Helsinki School of Economics , Pembroke College ( Oxford University ) , Hitotsobashi University , the London Business School , Visiting Scholar at Cambridge University , Research Fellow at Manchester University and Warwick University , and Visiting Fellow at Copenhagen Business School , the Arbetslivcentrum ( Stockholm ) and the European University Institute , ( Florence ) .   He received his Ph.D. from Cornell University and his masters from the London School of Economics . He has served on doctoral dissertation committees as numerous universities , including Cornell and Copenhagen Business School .

Sir Edwin Ray Lankester ( 15 May 1847 -- 13 August 1929 ) was a British zoologist .   An invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist , he held chairs at University College London and Oxford University . He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum , and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society .

Sir Richard O'Brien , ( 15 February 1920 -- 11 December 2009 ) was a British engineer , industrial relations expert , civil servant , and decorated British Army officer . He was Chairman of the Manpower Services Commission from 1976 to 1982 , Chairman of the Archbishop of Canterbury 's Commission on Urban Priority Areas that published the controversial Faith in the City report in 1985 , and Chairman of the Policy Studies Institute from 1984 to 1990 .

60 minutes of fame is short-lived media publicity or celebrity of an individual or phenomenon . The expression was inspired by Andy Warhol 's words `` In the future , everyone will be world-famous for 60 minutes '' , which appeared in the program for a 1968 exhibition of his work at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm , Sweden . Photographer Nat Finkelstein claims credit for the expression , stating that he was photographing Warhol in 1966 for a proposed book . A crowd gathered trying to get into the pictures and Warhol supposedly remarked that everyone wants to be famous , to which Finkelstein replied , `` Yeah , for about fifteen minutes , Andy . ''  The phenomenon is often used in reference to figures in the entertainment industry or other areas of popular culture , such as reality television and YouTube .   An older version of the same concept in English is the expression `` nine days ' wonder '' , which dates at least as far back as the Elizabethan era .

David John Watkin , MA PhD LittD Hon FRIBA FSA ( born 1941 ) is a British architectural historian . He is an Emeritus Fellow of Peterhouse , Cambridge , and Professor Emeritus of History of Architecture in the Department of History of Art at the University of Cambridge . He has also taught at the Prince of Wales 's Institute of Architecture .   David Watkin is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects . He is a former Vice-Chairman of the Georgian Group , and was also a member of the Historic Buildings Council and its successor bodies in English Heritage from 1980 to 1995 .


Question: A variation in tropical cloud cover might trigger a cooling effect on Earth's overall climate system, resulting in a negative feedback mechanism estimated at approximately -1.1. If this assessment holds true, it has the potential to offset entirely the amplifying influences present within today’s higher sensitivity atmospheric models as per Lindzen et al.'s findings. This suggests that natural climatic processes may play an underappreciated role in moderating temperature increases projected by these complex simulations.

 Negative Feedback Mechanisms in Tropical Cloud Cover
Recent studies suggest that changes in tropical cloud cover might trigger significant negative feedback mechanisms within the earth's climate system. According to research led by Dr. Richard S. Lindzen, alterations in low-altitude clouds across the tropics can potentially counteract the effects of various positive feedback loops observed in highly-sensitive contemporary climate models. If accurate, this mechanism implies that certain aspects of cloud behavior could mitigate the overall impact of greenhouse gases and help stabilize temperatures globally. Lindzen’s findings emphasize the importance of understanding complex interactions among different components of the atmosphere when assessing long-term climate projections.
Note: I've kept the reference to Richard Lindzen while changing context around him so that instead of being described biographically, he appears as part of the discussion regarding specific research into climate science. His role remains central but shifts focus onto his contributions rather than personal details.

The Landau -- Zener formula is an analytic solution to the equations of motion governing the transition dynamics of a 2-level quantum mechanical system , with a time-dependent Hamiltonian varying such that the energy separation of the two states is a linear function of time . The formula , giving the probability of a diabatic ( not adiabatic ) transition between the two energy states , was published separately by Lev Landau , Clarence Zener , Ernst Stueckelberg , and Ettore Majorana , in 1932 .   If the system starts , in the infinite past , in the lower energy eigenstate , we wish to calculate the probability of finding the system in the upper energy eigenstate in the infinite future ( a so-called Landau -- Zener transition ) . For infinitely slow variation of the energy difference ( that is , a Landau -- Zener velocity of zero ) , the adiabatic theorem tells us that no such transition will take place , as the system will always be in an instantaneous eigenstate of the Hamiltonian at that moment in time . At non-zero velocities , transitions occur with probability as described by the Landau -- Zener formula .

An LNG train is a liquefied natural gas plant 's liquefaction and purification facility .   In order to make it practical and commercially viable to transport natural gas from one country to another , its volume has to be greatly reduced . To obtain maximum volume reduction , the gas has to be liquefied ( condensed ) by refrigeration to less than -161 ° C ( the boiling point of methane at atmospheric pressure ) . This process also requires very strict safety measures and precautions during all liquefaction stages , due to the flammable nature of the gas involved .   Since the numerous impurities that are naturally found in the raw gas freeze at low temperatures , and would thus block the cryogenic section of the plant , the gas has to be purified before it can be cooled down to cryogenic temperatures .   Each LNG plant consists of one or more trains to convert natural gas into liquefied natural gas . A typical train consists of a compression area , propane condenser area , methane , and ethane areas .

A Lambert conformal conic projection ( LCC ) is a conic map projection used for aeronautical charts , portions of the State Plane Coordinate System , and many national and regional mapping systems . It is one of seven projections introduced by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1772 publication Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land - und Himmelscharten ( German : Notes and additions for creating ground and aerial charts ) .   Conceptually , the projection seats a cone over the sphere of the Earth and projects the surface conformally onto the cone . The cone is unrolled , and the parallel that was touching the sphere is assigned unit scale . That parallel is called the reference parallel or standard parallel .   By scaling the resulting map , two parallels can be assigned unit scale , with scale decreasing between the two parallels and increasing outside them . This gives the map two standard parallels . In this way , deviation from unit scale can be minimized within a region of interest that lies largely between the two standard parallels . Unlike other conic projections , no true secant form of the projection exists because using a secant cone does not yield the same scale along both standard parallels .

Results-based management ( RBM ) is a management strategy which uses feedback loops to achieve strategic goals . All people and organisations ( actors ) who contribute directly or indirectly to the result , map out their business processes , products and services , showing how they contribute to the outcome . This outcome may be a physical output , a change , an impact or a contribution to a higher level goal . Information ( evidence ) of the actual results is used for accountability , reporting and to feedback into the design , resourcing and delivery of projects and operational activities .   Results Based Management is an example of a strategic control mechanism . It has been shown to have strong similarities in its design and use to the third-generation balanced scorecard .

The laser star hypothesis is a hypothesis put forward by the physicist Y. P. Varshni in 1973 in response to several developments in astrophysical and earth-based research , and his belief that the existing body of work on quasars , or `` quasi stellar objects , '' suffered fundamental difficulties . It states that quasars are hot stars with strong stellar winds which are producing natural lasing . This model is contradicted by the current astrophysical science community understanding that quasars are distant active galactic nuclei .

A lampshade is a fixture that covers the lightbulb on a lamp to diffuse the light it emits . Conical , cylindrical and other forms on floor - , desk - or table top-mounted as well as suspended lamp models are the most common and are made in a wide range of materials . The term can also apply to the glass hung under many designs of ceiling lamp . Beyond its practical purpose , significant emphasis is also usually given to decorative and aesthetic features .

Dark Cloud is the first in a series of console role-playing games . The sequel is Dark Cloud 2 or Dark Chronicle .   Dark cloud or dark clouds may also refer to :   Dark nebula or dark cloud , a type of interstellar cloud  Dark Cloud ( actor ) , a Native Canadian silent film actor  `` Dark Clouds '' , a song by Space  Dark Cloud , a fictional character in the 2000 film Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon

Latosol is a name given to soils found under tropical rainforests with a relatively high content of iron and aluminium oxides . They are typically classified as oxisols ( USDA soil taxonomy ) or ferralsols ( World Reference Base for Soil Resources ) . It is largely correct to say that latosols are tropical soils , but the reverse is not true because there are many soils in the tropics that are not latosolic . Latosols are red or yellowish-red in colour throughout and they do not have distinct horizons like a podsol . The red colour comes from the iron oxides in the soil . They are deep soils , often 20-30m deep whereas podsols are 1-2m deep .   The soil generally contains a thin but very fertile layer of humus dropped from plants and animals in the forest above , followed by an infertile second layer due to rapid leaching in the high rainfall . The third level , weathered bedrock , is common to almost all soil types .   The latosol is completely reliant on the rainforest to maintain fertility , as all nutrients leach away quickly when the forest is felled and the layer of humus is no longer being replaced .

In electronics industry , dark silicon is the amount of circuitry of an integrated circuit that can not be powered-on at the nominal operating voltage for a given thermal design power ( TDP ) constraint . This is a challenge in the era of nanometer semiconductor nodes , where transistor scaling and voltage scaling are no longer in line with each other , resulting in the failure of Dennard scaling . This discontinuation of Dennard scaling has led to sharp increases in power densities that hamper powering-on all the transistors simultaneously at the nominal voltage , while keeping the chip temperature in the safe operating range . According to recent studies , researchers from different groups have projected that , at 8 nm technology nodes , the amount of Dark Silicon may reach up to 50 % -80 % depending upon the processor architecture , cooling technology , and application workloads . Dark Silicon may be unavoidable even in server workloads with abundance of inherent client request-level parallelism .

In psychoanalytic theory , reaction formation ( Reaktionsbildung ) is a defensive process ( defense mechanism ) in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration ( hypertrophy ) of the directly opposing tendency .  The reaction formations belong to Level III of neurotic defense mechanisms , which also include intellectualization , dissociation , displacement and repression .


Question: A variation in tropical cloud cover might trigger a cooling effect on Earth's overall climate system through a negative feedback mechanism, potentially negating any amplifying effects currently projected by highly-sensitive contemporary climate simulations; this proposed counterbalancing influence carries an estimated feedback coefficient around -1.1, should it prove accurate. (Inspired by Lindzen et al.)

 Tropical Cloud Cover Influence on Global Climate Sensitivity
In examining the intricate mechanisms governing earth’s climate systems, Lindzen et al.'s study reveals that alterations in tropical cloud cover might instigate a significant negative feedback loop within the global climate framework, potentially neutralizing the aggregate impact of multiple positive feedback loops found in contemporary high-sensitivity climate simulations. A feedback mechanism describes scenarios where modifications in one variable trigger shifts in another, subsequently affecting the initial parameter; positive feedback intensifies variations whereas negative feedback mitigates them.

The concept of “forcing” refers to phenomena capable of propelling the climate system either towards warming or cooling—such as heightened levels of atmospheric greenhouse gasses—which originate externally to said system unlike internally generated feedback responses. Differentiating between isolated versus interconnected feedbacks can prove challenging given complex interactions among various components. Ultimately, the interplay amongst forcings, feedbacks, alongside inherent climate dynamics dictates both degree and velocity of resultant climate transformations.

A prime instance of positive feedback amidst escalating temperatures involves enhanced moisture content in air leading to additional thermal retention capabilities. Conversely, the fundamental principle underlying negative feedback originates from the Stefan-Boltzmann Law: radiant energy discharged outwardly from terrestrial surfaces varies proportionally according to ambient conditions raised to the fourth power thereof. Various observable manifestations associated with ongoing planetary heating exhibit self-reinforcing characteristics contributing incrementally to overall warming trends. According to findings presented within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) latest assessment report, anthropogenically induced increases in warmth pose risks engendering sudden discontinuities or permanent alterations contingent upon pace and scale involved therein.

Reparations for slavery is a proposal that some type of compensation should be provided to the descendants of enslaved people in the United States , in consideration of the coerced and uncompensated labor their ancestors performed over centuries . This compensation has been proposed in a variety of forms , from individual monetary payments to land-based compensation related to independence . The idea remains highly controversial and no broad consensus exists as to how it could be implemented . There have been similar calls for reparations from some Caribbean countries and elsewhere in the African diaspora , and some African countries have called for reparations to their states for the loss of their population .

Remote Sensing is a monthly peer-reviewed open access academic journal focusing on research pertaining to remote sensing and other disciplines of geography . It was established in 2009 and is published by MDPI . The founding editor-in-chief was Wolfgang Wagner ( Vienna University of Technology ) until September 2 , 2011 , when he resigned over the journal 's publication of a paper co-authored by Roy Spencer , which had received significant criticism from other scientists soon after its publication . Since then , the editor-in-chief has been Prasad S. Thenkabail ( United States Geological Survey ) .

Lambertian reflectance is the property that defines an ideal `` matte '' or diffusely reflecting surface . The apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer 's angle of view . More technically , the surface 's luminance is isotropic , and the luminous intensity obeys Lambert 's cosine law . Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert , who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria .

A landspout is a term coined by meteorologist Howard B. Bluestein in 1985 for a kind of tornado not associated with the mesocyclone of a thunderstorm . The Glossary of Meteorology defines a landspout as  `` Colloquial expression describing tornadoes occurring with a parent cloud in its growth stage and with its vorticity originating in the boundary layer .  The parent cloud does not contain a preexisting midlevel mesocyclone . The landspout was so named because it looks like `` a weak Florida Keys waterspout over land . ''   Landspouts form during the growth stage of a cumulus congestus cloud by stretching boundary layer vorticity upward and into the cumulus congestus 's updraft . They generally are smaller and weaker than supercellular tornadoes and do not contain a mesocyclone or pre-existing rotation in the cloud . Because of this , landspouts are rarely detected by Doppler weather radar .   Landspouts share a strong resemblance and development process to that of waterspouts , usually taking the form of a translucent and highly laminar helical tube . Landspouts are considered tornadoes since a rotating column of air is in contact with both the surface and a cumuliform cloud . Not all landspouts are visible , and many are first sighted as debris swirling at the surface before eventually filling in with condensation and dust . Landspouts are most common in semi-arid climates characterized by high cloud bases and considerable low-level instability . These conditions tend to favor the High Plains of the United States from Spring through Summer .   A few landspouts can persist in excess of 15 minutes and have produced F3 damage ; however , most of them rarely produce damage given their abbreviated duration , typical slow forward motion , and compact wind field . The potential for damage is further minimized over sparsely populated regions such as the High Plains .

Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .

Large eddy simulation ( LES ) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics . It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents , and first explored by Deardorff ( 1970 ) . LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications , including combustion , acoustics , and simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer .   The simulation of turbulent flows by numerically solving the Navier -- Stokes equations requires resolving a very wide range of time and length scales , all of which affect the flow field . Such a resolution can be achieved with direct numerical simulation ( DNS ) , but DNS is computationally expensive , and its cost prohibits simulation of practical engineering systems with complex geometry or flow configurations , such as turbulent jets , pumps , vehicles , and landing gear .   The principal idea behind LES is to reduce the computational cost by ignoring the smallest length scales , which are the most computationally expensive to resolve , via low-pass filtering of the Navier -- Stokes equations . Such a low-pass filtering , which can be viewed as a time - and spatial-averaging , effectively removes small-scale information from the numerical solution . This information is not irrelevant , however , and its effect on the flow field must be modeled , a task which is an active area of research for problems in which small-scales can play an important role , such as near-wall flows  , reacting flows , and multiphase flows .

In photography reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material . Within a normal exposure range for film stock , for example , the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure , defined as intensity × time . Therefore , the same response ( for example , the optical density of the developed film ) can result from reducing duration and increasing light intensity , and vice versa .   The reciprocal relationship is assumed in most sensitometry , for example when measuring a Hurter and Driffield curve ( optical density versus logarithm of total exposure ) for a photographic emulsion . Total exposure of the film or sensor , the product of focal-plane illuminance times exposure time , is measured in lux seconds .

David J. E. Callaway is a biological nanophysicist in the New York University School of Medicine , where he is Professor and Laboratory Director . He was trained as a theoretical physicist by Richard Feynman and Cosmas Zachos , and was previously an associate professor at the Rockefeller University . Recently Callaway 's laboratory discovered potential new therapeutics for Alzheimer 's disease based upon apomorphine . An earlier paper of his developing models of Alzheimer amyloid formation , has been cited over 177 times in the Scopus database . He has also initiated the study of protein domain dynamics by neutron spin echo spectroscopy , providing a way to observe protein nanomachines in motion .   Previous work includes the invention of the microcanonical ensemble approach to lattice gauge theory with Aneesur Rahman , cited over 100 times , work on the convexity of the effective potential of quantum field theory , and work on Langevin dynamics in quantum field theory with John R. Klauder .   A monograph discussing Quantum triviality and whether an elementary scalar Higgs boson can exist was cited over 123 times in the HEP database . Another paper of his providing constraints on the Higgs boson has been cited over 103 times in that database as well . He has also published well-cited papers on topics including black holes , superconductors and protein chemistry .

In electronics industry , dark silicon is the amount of circuitry of an integrated circuit that can not be powered-on at the nominal operating voltage for a given thermal design power ( TDP ) constraint . This is a challenge in the era of nanometer semiconductor nodes , where transistor scaling and voltage scaling are no longer in line with each other , resulting in the failure of Dennard scaling . This discontinuation of Dennard scaling has led to sharp increases in power densities that hamper powering-on all the transistors simultaneously at the nominal voltage , while keeping the chip temperature in the safe operating range . According to recent studies , researchers from different groups have projected that , at 8 nm technology nodes , the amount of Dark Silicon may reach up to 50 % -80 % depending upon the processor architecture , cooling technology , and application workloads . Dark Silicon may be unavoidable even in server workloads with abundance of inherent client request-level parallelism .

The red-billed tropicbird ( Phaethon aethereus ) is a tropicbird , one of three closely related seabirds of tropical oceans . A graceful bird superficially resembling a tern in appearance , it has mostly white plumage with some black markings on the wings and back , a black mask and , as its common name suggests , a red bill . Most adults have that are about two times their body length , with those in males being generally longer than those in females . Three subspecies are recognized . The subspecies mesonauta is distinguished from the nominate by the rosy tinge of its fresh plumage , and the subspecies indicus can be differentiated by its smaller size , more restricted mask , and more orangey bill . This species ranges across the tropical Atlantic , eastern Pacific , and Indian Oceans . The nominate is found in the southern Atlantic Ocean , the subspecies inidcus in the waters off of the Middle East and the Indian Ocean , and the subspecies mesonauta in the eastern portions of both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and in the Caribbean . It was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae .   Nesting takes place in loose colonies , the nest itself a scrape found on cliffs faces that are easy to fly out of . A single egg is laid , being incubated by both sexes for about six weeks . Whether the egg hatches or not can be influenced by pollution and weather , although the latter has a minimal effect on whether a chick fledges or not . After a chick fledges , the parents will usually stop visiting the nest and the chick will leave . All of the age groups of this species feed on fish and squid . They are usually caught by diving from the air into the water , although sometimes , the red-billed tropicbird will work with surface-feeding predators . The predators will drive the prey to the surface , and then this tropicbird will eat the fish driven to the surface .   In some areas , introduced black and brown rats raid nests for eggs and young . Cats also threaten the red-billed tropicbird . This bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , though populations are thought to be declining . In some places , such as Brazil and Mexico , this bird is considered to be threatened .


Question: A variation concerning cloud cover within tropical regions might instigate a mitigating response in Earth's climatic system, yielding an estimated feedback coefficient around -1.1; should this assessment prove accurate, it has the potential to offset entirely the amplifying effects incorporated into today’s higher sensitivity atmospheric models as per Lindzen et al.'s findings. This statement retains comparable intricacy while preserving the original argument's essence regarding how specific environmental changes can counteract projected outcomes from sophisticated meteorological simulations.

 Potential Negative Feedback Mechanisms in Tropical Cloud Cover Dynamics

In recent debates surrounding climate sensitivity, some scientists propose intriguing hypotheses regarding tropical cloud cover dynamics potentially offering a stabilizing effect against global warming. According to Lindzen et al., under certain conditions, increased low-level cloud formation in the tropics might reflect additional sunlight away from Earth’s surface, leading to cooling rather than amplifying warmth—a phenomenon known as negative feedback. They estimate that if this mechanism holds true, it could counterbalance several positive feedback loops identified within highly sensitive contemporary climate models, effectively dampening projected temperature increases.

This hypothesis hinges upon understanding how clouds form and dissipate across different latitudes—particularly focusing on regions near the equator where solar radiation intensity peaks. Low-altitude cumulus clouds play pivotal roles here; they can significantly impact planetary albedo—the proportion of incoming solar energy reflected back into space. If warmer temperatures trigger enhanced evaporation rates resulting in thicker, more extensive cloud layers trapping less heat overall, then we face a self-regulating aspect inherent within nature capable of mitigating excessive atmospheric heating.

However, confirming such theories requires meticulous observational data alongside sophisticated modeling techniques accounting for various meteorological variables simultaneously occurring above complex terrestrial surfaces. Despite initial enthusiasm amongst contrarian circles emphasizing uncertainties embedded within mainstream predictions, consensus remains strong concerning humanity's role exacerbating underlying trends through unabated greenhouse gas discharges.

Mainstream assessments conducted periodically via authoritative bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) consistently highlight overwhelming empirical proof linking escalating concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide directly attributable to industrial-era pursuits. Their comprehensive analyses underscore unequivocal attribution statements concluding beyond reasonable doubt that anthropogenic influences dominate observable shifts witnessed post-mid-twentieth century onwards.

Moreover, probabilistic simulations projecting plausible trajectories spanning remainder twenty-first century suggest substantial divergence depending largely upon collective policy choices moving forward. Lower-emission scenarios envision relatively benign outcomes compared against high-carbon pathways characterized by pervasive disruption affecting virtually every facet imaginable encompassing ecological integrity, agricultural productivity, coastal resilience, public health, economic stability, geopolitical tensions etcetera.

Consequently, addressing root causes necessitates urgent decarbonization strategies complemented by adaptive measures safeguarding vulnerable communities disproportionately exposed owing historical inequities exacerbated ongoingly amidst intensifying adversities. International cooperation embodied within frameworks akin to Paris Agreement represents crucial stepping stone forging ahead collectively towards sustainable futures minimizing regrets associated irreversible damages inflicted irreparably onto shared biosphere.

Public awareness pertaining looming challenges appears gradually crystallizing albeit unevenly distributed geographically reflecting divergent socio-political landscapes

The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth 's surface to make detection of a target at low level impossible . It is associated with the low elevation region of performance and its geometry depends on terrain , radar height , and signal processing . This is associated with the notions of radar shadow , the clutter zone , and the clear zone .   Airborne objects can exploit the radar shadow zone and clutter zone to avoid radar detection by using a technique called nap-of-the-earth navigation .

Language coordination refers to the tendency of people to mimic the language of others . The coordination can occur when one person responds to another using similar vocabulary , or word or sentence structure . Language coordination can also be applied to individuals who linguistically coordinate to a group . As suggested by the Communication Accommodation Theory , this is often used as a way to reduce social distance ( convergence ) Language coordination can also often occur unconsciously .

A reply is a statement or acknowledgment made in response to an interrogative question , request or comment . Replies are communicated in a variety of ways , the most common being spoken or written , and act as a way of conveying relevant information and continuing a conversational exchange .   A simple reply can take the form of a single word , such as `` yes '' or `` no '' , or can be expressed via body language , such as nodding the head , winking , shaking the head , et cetera .

Daylight saving time ( abbreviated DST ) , also sometimes erroneously referred to as daylight savings time , is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times . Typically , regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time .   American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784 . He wrote an essay `` An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light '' to the editor of The Journal of Paris , suggesting , somewhat jokingly , that Parisians could economize candle usage by getting people out of bed earlier in the morning , making use of the natural morning light instead . New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of daylight saving in 1895 . The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation , starting on April 30 , 1916 . Many countries have used it at various times since then , particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s .   The practice has both advocates and critics . Some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting -- once a primary use of electricity -- today 's heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly , and research about how DST affects energy use is limited and contradictory .   DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns . Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates and timings may be confusing .

Defense line or fortification line is a geographically-recognizable line of troops and armament , fortified and set up to protect a high-value location during an armed conflict .   A defense line may be based on natural difficult terrain features , such as rivers or marshes , mountain ranges , or coastlines ; temporary field fortification works such as trenches ; and more permanent fortifications such as fortresses .

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

Reto Knutti ( born 1973 ) is a Swiss climate scientist and professor of climate physics at ETH Zurich 's Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science . He is known for his research involving climate models , and has been a key member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

In engineering , defect tracking is the process of tracking the logged defects in a product from beginning to closure ( by inspection , testing , or recording feedback from customers ) , and making new versions of the product that fix the defects . Defect tracking is important in software engineering as complex software systems typically have tens or hundreds or thousands of defects : managing , evaluating and prioritizing these defects is a difficult task . When the numbers of defects gets quite large , and the defects need to be tracked over extended periods of time , use of a defect tracking system can make the management task much easier .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''

The Latin Grammy Award for Best Tropical Song is an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards , a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally . The award is reserved to the songwriters of a new song containing at least 51 % of the lyrics in Spanish . Instrumental recordings or cover songs are not eligible . Songs in Portuguese may be entered in the Brazilian field .   The award was first presented to Juan Luis Guerra for the song `` El Niágara en Bicicleta '' at the 1st Latin Grammy Awards held in 2000 . He is also the most awarded performer in this category , winning on every occasion he 's been nominated , a total of four times . His song `` La Llave de mi Corazón '' also won the award for Song of the Year in 2007 , becoming the first tropical song to do so . Apart from Guerra other multiple winners include Sergio George and Jorge Villamizar , both with two wins .   Colombian songwriters have won this award a total of six times , more than any other nationality though it has also been presented to songwriters originating from the Dominican Republic four times , the United States three times and Puerto Rico once .


Question: Stations that have been discontinued exhibit greater signs of temperature increase compared to those still in operation.

 Analysis of Temperature Data Trends: Kept vs. Dropped Stations
When comparing temperature trends across various meteorological stations, those no longer operational ("dropped") exhibit greater signs of warming relative to active ones ("kept"). This discrepancy raises questions about historical temperature records' reliability and how station selection might skew perceived climate change effects.
Active stations typically maintain consistent measurement protocols and locations, ensuring reliable long-term data collection. They're crucial for understanding regional climates accurately. Conversely, dropped stations—often discontinued due to funding cuts, technological obsolescence, or relocation—may suffer inconsistencies leading up to closure, potentially amplifying observed temperatures artificially.
Studies suggest several reasons why dropped stations record higher warming trends:
- Urban Heat Island Effect: Many defunct sites could've experienced increasing local heat due to nearby development, unlike rural counterparts still operating.
- Instrument Exposure Changes: Shifts in instrument exposure before discontinuation might introduce biases if relocated closer to buildings or paved surfaces.
- Microclimate Alterations: Land-use modifications near closing facilities sometimes create warmer microclimates unrepresentative of broader regions.
To mitigate bias introduced by non-operational stations into overall datasets, researchers apply adjustments based on neighboring sites’ measurements. These corrections aim to standardize readings across networks despite varying conditions affecting individual units throughout history.
Understanding differences between kept versus dropped stations helps refine interpretations of past climate variability without overlooking possible methodological issues impacting results. Continued vigilance regarding data quality assurance remains essential for accurate scientific conclusions concerning anthropogenic influence on planetary thermodynamics.

The Defense Satellite Communications System ( DSCS ) provides the United States with military communications to support globally distributed military users . Beginning in 2007 , DSCS is being replaced by the Wideband Global SATCOM system . A total of 14 DSCS-III satellites were launched between the early 1980s and 2003 . Two satellites were launched aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis in 1985 during the STS-51-J flight . As of 23 November 2015 , seven DSCS-III satellites were still operational . DSCS operations are currently run by the 3d Space Operations Squadron out of Schriever Air Force Base .

Red Cliffs is a closed railway station in the town of Red Cliffs , on the Mildura line , in Victoria , Australia . It was established as a passenger station in 1920 , with a loop siding also being provided around this time . In 1922 , a railmotor service commenced between Mildura and Red Cliffs , with a railmotor turntable provided by this time . The service ended in 1928 . In April 1924 , the Red Cliffs -- Werrimull line opened , heading west , and was later extended to Meringur and Morkalla .   By 1938 , the station had a 4 road yard with a goods shed , private sidings serving a fruit co-op , and the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission of Victoria . A new station building and platform were also provided , on a site closer to Melbourne . In 1988 , the line from Meringur was closed . A number of track alterations took place in 1991 , and two years later , in 1993 , the interlocking was abolished , and the station became a plain siding .

A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law enforcement using a radar gun . Most radar detectors are used so the driver can reduce the car 's speed before being ticketed for speeding . Only doppler radar-based devices can be detected -- other speed measuring devices including those using ANPR , piezo sensors , and VASCAR technology can not be detected . LIDAR devices require a different type of sensor , although many modern detectors include LIDAR sensors . Most of today 's radar detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands : usually X , K , and Ka . In Europe the Ku band is common as well .

Demolition is the tearing down of buildings and other man-made structures . Demolition contrasts with deconstruction , which involves taking a building apart while carefully preserving valuable elements for re-use purposes .   For small buildings , such as houses , that are only two or three stories high , demolition is a rather simple process . The building is pulled down either manually or mechanically using large hydraulic equipment : elevated work platforms , cranes , excavators or bulldozers . Larger buildings may require the use of a wrecking ball , a heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the side of the buildings . Wrecking balls are especially effective against masonry , but are less easily controlled and often less efficient than other methods . Newer methods may use rotational hydraulic shears and silenced rock-breakers attached to excavators to cut or break through wood , steel , and concrete . The use of shears is especially common when flame cutting would be dangerous .   The tallest planned demolition of a building was the 47-story Singer Building in New York City , which was built in 1908 and torn down in 1967 -- 1968 to be replaced by One Liberty Plaza .

R/P FLIP ( FLoating Instrument Platform ) is an open ocean research platform owned by the U.S. Office of Naval Research ( ONR ) and operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography . The platform is 355 ft long and is designed to partially flood and pitch backward 90 ° , resulting in only the front 55 ft of the platform pointing up out of the water , with bulkheads becoming decks . When flipped , most of the ballast for the platform is provided by water at depths below the influence of surface waves , hence FLIP is stable and mostly immune to wave action similar to a spar buoy . At the end of a mission , compressed air is pumped into the ballast tanks in the flooded section and the platform , which has no propulsion , returns to its horizontal position so it can be towed to a new location . The platform is frequently mistaken for a capsized ocean transport ship .

The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2 , 1890 . It determined the resident population of the United States to be 62,979,766 -- an increase of 25.5 percent over the 50,189,209 persons enumerated during the 1880 census . The data was tabulated by machine for the first time . The data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier . Most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in a 1921 fire and fragments of the US census population schedule exist only for the states of Alabama , District of Columbia , Georgia , Illinois , Minnesota , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , South Dakota , and Texas .

Didsbury railway station is a former station in Didsbury , in the southern suburbs of Manchester , England , United Kingdom . The station was located on Wilmslow Road , just north of the junction with Barlow Moor Road and opposite Didsbury Library . Nothing now remains of the old station buildings , which have been demolished , but the surviving white Portland stone clock tower is a local landmark . Didsbury is now served by Didsbury Village tram stop which is close to the site of the former railway station .

The Railway Express Agency ( REA ) was a national monopoly set up by the United States federal government in 1917 . Rail express services provided small package and parcel transportation using the extant railroad infrastructure much as UPS functions today using the road system . The United States government was concerned about the rapid , safe movement of parcels , money , and goods during World War I and REA was its solution to this problem . REA ceased operations in 1975 , when its business model ceased to be viable .

Race-norming , more formally called within-group score conversion and score adjustment strategy , is the practice of adjusting test scores to account for the race or ethnicity of the test-taker . In the United States , it was first implemented by the United States federal government in 1981 with little publicity , and was subsequently outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 . Prior to being banned by the federal government , race-norming was practiced by 38 U.S. states ' employment services . The aim of this practice is to counteract alleged racial bias in aptitude tests administered to job applicants , as well as in neuropsychological tests . University of Delaware professor Linda Gottfredson has been very critical of this practice , as have conservative columnist George Will and law professor Robert J. Delahunty . In the 1980s , the Reagan administration ordered a study into the unadjusted General Aptitude Test Battery ( without race-norming ) ; the results , released in 1989 , showed that it was not strongly related to job performance .

RV Wecoma is a research vessel owned by the National Science Foundation and operated by the College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University ( OSU ) as a member of the University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System ( UNOLS ) fleet . It is based in Newport in the U.S. state of Oregon near OSU 's Hatfield Marine Science Center . Launched in 1975 , it has a maximum displacement of 1150 LT.   The 184.5 ft ship is equipped with 1174 ft2 of laboratory space to support up to 18 scientists at sea . It has a variety of equipment permanently installed , and optional additional equipment available on request , to measure and analyze navigational data ; surface atmospheric conditions ; sea surface temperature , salinity , fluorescence ; bottom depth ; dissolved oxygen titration ; solar radiation ; GPS time ; bioacoustics ; and geological sampling . The range of depths of submerged equipment varies from 3000 to . The vessel can support diving operations , radioactive isotope materials , and explosive materials .   Wecoma made her last operational cruise November 2011 and was scheduled to be retired with the interim replacement ship being the former Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution operated R/V Oceanus .