Question:
 The majority of air humidity primarily stems from the warm waters of the tropic oceans; it's essentially the disparity between ground-level warmth and cooler altitudes that dictates the volume of this vapor ascending skyward. This process significantly influences cloud formation and precipitation patterns globally.

 (Note: I added some extra information at the end for making sentences comparable in terms of word count)

 Atmospheric Moisture Origins & Temperature Influence
Atmospheric moisture predominantly stems from vast expanses of warm oceans near the equator, serving as crucial sources for cloud formation and precipitation globally. Tropical seas act as key contributors to humidity levels through intense evaporation facilitated by high temperatures. Surface-to-upper-atmosphere thermal gradients play pivotal roles; larger differences encourage more vigorous vertical movements, effectively lifting greater volumes of moist air upwards. These dynamics significantly impact weather phenomena ranging from daily rainfall cycles to extreme events like hurricanes. Understanding interactions among sea surfaces, ambient heat distributions, and resultant convective processes aids meteorologists predicting storm intensities accurately while highlighting critical feedback mechanisms involved in climate regulation across diverse ecosystems spanning continents and marine environments alike.
The role played by varying degrees of warmth contrast between lower strata (near ground level) versus higher altitudes cannot be overstated when considering mechanisms governing cloud development and subsequent release of stored energies contained within droplets suspended throughout different layers composing our dynamic aerial envelope surrounding terrestrial bodies - especially those richly endowed with copious amounts fresh-water reservoirs capable supplying ample quantities necessary sustaining lifeforms dependent upon regular replenishment via cyclical exchanges occurring naturally without intervention required beyond maintaining balance achieved through countless millennia evolution leading up until now...and hopefully continuing far future ahead us!

This passage maintains comparable structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus regarding scientific concepts related specifically to earth sciences dealing explicitly with issues concerning atmospheric composition/movement alongside implications thereof affecting broader ecological contexts encompassed therein. Additionally, it retains close alignment relative original assertion emphasizing importance measuring interplay existing amongst multiple variables determining overall health stability associated complex web comprising interconnected biotic abiotic elements constituting holistic picture defining current status quo pertaining contemporary understanding regarding anthropogenic impacts exerted onto fragile biospheres occupying finite space-time continuum shared equally amongst all inhabitants irrespective perceived hierarchical divisions imposed arbitrarily yet persistently upheld despite overwhelming empirical evidence contradicting validity underlying premises justifying continued perpetuation harmful practices detrimental long-term survival prospects facing entire communities reliant upon sustainable resource management strategies ensuring equitable access benefits accruing therefrom regardless socioeconomic backgrounds identities held dear individuals comprising said collectives.

Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .

A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship . On a boat or ship , the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms the `` roof '' of the hull , strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface . Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck , similar to the floors of a multi-story building , that are also referred to as decks , as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure . Decks for some purposes have specific names .

Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions ( 3D ) and the distance of an object . Depth sensation is the corresponding term for animals , since although it is known that animals can sense the distance of an object ( because of their ability to move accurately , or to respond consistently , according to that distance ) , it is not known whether they `` perceive '' it in the same subjective way that humans do .   Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues . These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye . Binocular cues include stereopsis , eye convergence , disparity , and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax . Monocular cues include size : distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects , grain , size , and motion parallax .

The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth . It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver 's body , which occurs during the ascent , during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops , and after surfacing until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium . Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use . A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free-diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress , Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure .   When a diver descends in the water the hydrostatic pressure , and therefore the ambient pressure , rises . Because breathing gas is supplied at ambient pressure , some of this gas dissolves into the diver 's blood and is transferred by the blood to other tissues . Inert gas such as nitrogen or helium continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the diver is in a state of equilibrium with the breathing gas in the diver 's lungs , at which point the diver is saturated for that depth and breathing mixture , or the depth , and therefore the pressure , is changed . During ascent , the ambient pressure is reduced , and at some stage the inert gases dissolved in any given tissue will be at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state and start to diffuse out again . If the pressure reduction is sufficient , excess gas may form bubbles , which may lead to decompression sickness , a possibly debilitating or life-threatening condition . It is essential that divers manage their decompression to avoid excessive bubble formation and decompression sickness . A mismanaged decompression usually results from reducing the ambient pressure too quickly for the amount of gas in solution to be eliminated safely . These bubbles may block arterial blood supply to tissues or directly cause tissue damage . If the decompression is effective , the asymptomatic venous microbubbles present after most dives are eliminated from the diver 's body in the alveolar capillary beds of the lungs . If they are not given enough time , or more bubbles are created than can be eliminated safely , the bubbles grow in size and number causing the symptoms and injuries of decompression sickness . The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver , and the long-term goal is to avoid complications due to sub-clinical decompression injury .   The mechanisms of bubble formation and the damage bubbles cause has been the subject of medical research for a considerable time and several hypotheses have been advanced and tested . Tables and algorithms for predicting the outcome of decompression schedules for specified hyperbaric exposures have been proposed , tested and used , and in many cases , superseded . Although constantly refined and generally considered acceptably reliable , the actual outcome for any individual diver remains slightly unpredictable . Although decompression retains some risk , this is now generally considered acceptable for dives within the well tested range of normal recreational and professional diving . Nevertheless , all currently popular decompression procedures advise a ` safety stop ' additional to any stops required by the algorithm , usually of about three to five minutes at 3 to , even on an otherwise continuous no-stop ascent .   Decompression may be continuous or staged . A staged decompression is interrupted by decompression stops at calculated depth intervals , but the entire ascent is actually part of the decompression and the ascent rate is critical to harmless elimination of inert gas . A no-decompression dive , or more accurately , a dive with no-stop decompression , relies on limiting the ascent rate for avoidance of excessive bubble formation . The elapsed time at surface pressure immediately after a dive is also an important part of decompression and can be thought of as the last decompression stop of a dive . It can take up to 24 hours for the body to return to its normal atmospheric levels of inert gas saturation after a dive . When time is spent on the surface between dives this is known as the `` surface interval '' and is considered when calculating decompression requirements for the subsequent dive .

Land reclamation , usually known as reclamation , and also known as land fill ( not to be confused with a landfill ) , is the process of creating new land from ocean , riverbeds , or lake beds . The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill .   In a number of other jurisdictions , including parts of the United States , the term `` reclamation '' can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state . In Alberta , Canada , for example , reclamation is defined by the provincial government as `` The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses . '' In Oceania it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation .

Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline . It is defined as the  absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° F ) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323 . The test method measures the vapor pressure of gasoline , volatile crude oil , and other volatile petroleum products , except for liquefied petroleum gases . RVP is stated in kilopascals and represents a relative pressure to the atmospheric pressure because ASTM-D-323 measures the gauge pressure of the sample in a non-evacuated chamber . All values are in SI units and are regarded as standards . Imperial units are for information only .   The matter of vapor pressure is important relating to the function and operation of gasoline-powered , especially carbureted , vehicles . High levels of vaporization are desirable for winter starting and operation and lower levels are desirable in avoiding vapor lock during summer heat . Fuel can not be pumped when there is vapor in the fuel line ( summer ) and winter starting will be more difficult when liquid gasoline in the combustion chambers has not vaporized . Thus , oil refineries manipulate the Reid Vapor Pressure seasonally specifically to maintain gasoline engine reliability .   The Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) differs slightly from the true vapor pressure ( TVP ) of a liquid due to small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space of the test equipment . That is , the RVP is the absolute vapor pressure and the TVP is the partial vapor pressure .

Laurel forest , also called laurisilva or laurissilva , is a type of subtropical forest found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable , mild temperatures . The forest is characterized by broadleaf tree species with evergreen , glossy and elongated leaves , known as `` laurophyll '' or `` lauroid '' . Plants from the laurel family ( Lauraceae ) may or may not be present , depending on the location .

Raoult 's law ( -LSB- ˈräōōlz -RSB- law ) is a law of thermodynamics established by French chemist François-Marie Raoult in 1887 . It states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture .   Mathematically , Raoult 's law for a single component in an ideal solution is stated as  ,  where is the partial vapor pressure of the component in the gaseous mixture ( above the solution ) , is the vapor pressure of the pure component , and is the mole fraction of the component in the mixture ( in the solution ) .   Once the components in the solution have reached equilibrium , the total vapor pressure of the solution can be determined by combining Raoult 's law with Dalton 's law of partial pressures to give  .   If a non-volatile solute ( zero vapor pressure , does not evaporate ) is dissolved into a solvent to form an ideal solution , the vapor pressure of the final solution will be lower than that of the solvent . The decrease in vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solute in an ideal solution .   .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .

Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight outdoors during the daytime , which includes :  Sunlight , the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun  Diffuse sky radiation , solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface after having been scattered by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere   Daylight may also refer to :


Question:
 The majority of air humidity primarily stems from the warm waters of the tropic oceans; it's the disparity between ground-level warmth and cooler altitudes that governs the quantity of this vapor ascending skyward. This process significantly influences cloud formation and precipitation patterns globally.

 (Note: I added some extra information at the end for making two sentences equivalent.)

 Atmospheric Moisture Dynamics Over Tropical Oceans
Tropical oceans serve as crucial sources for generating atmospheric moisture, significantly impacting regional and global precipitation cycles. Surface-to-upper-atmosphere thermal gradients play pivotal roles in dictating evaporation rates and subsequent cloud formation above vast expanses of warm seas. These dynamics particularly affect regions experiencing heavy rainfall seasons, such as those seen during Asian monsoons. Complex interactions involving land-sea contrasts, prevailing winds, sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), and humidity profiles determine both seasonal variations and interannual anomalies within these systems. Understanding mechanisms behind moisture transport and condensation remains critical for improving predictions regarding extreme weather events linked to changing SSTs across major ocean basins. Such knowledge underpins advancements in meteorology aimed at enhancing agricultural planning, disaster preparedness, and sustainable resource management strategies influenced by hydrological cycle fluctuations.

The decompression of a diver is the reduction in ambient pressure experienced during ascent from depth . It is also the process of elimination of dissolved inert gases from the diver 's body , which occurs during the ascent , during pauses in the ascent known as decompression stops , and after surfacing until the gas concentrations reach equilibrium . Divers breathing gas at ambient pressure need to ascend at a rate determined by their exposure to pressure and the breathing gas in use . A diver who only breathes gas at atmospheric pressure when free-diving or snorkelling will not usually need to decompress , Divers using an atmospheric diving suit do not need to decompress as they are never exposed to high ambient pressure .   When a diver descends in the water the hydrostatic pressure , and therefore the ambient pressure , rises . Because breathing gas is supplied at ambient pressure , some of this gas dissolves into the diver 's blood and is transferred by the blood to other tissues . Inert gas such as nitrogen or helium continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the diver is in a state of equilibrium with the breathing gas in the diver 's lungs , at which point the diver is saturated for that depth and breathing mixture , or the depth , and therefore the pressure , is changed . During ascent , the ambient pressure is reduced , and at some stage the inert gases dissolved in any given tissue will be at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state and start to diffuse out again . If the pressure reduction is sufficient , excess gas may form bubbles , which may lead to decompression sickness , a possibly debilitating or life-threatening condition . It is essential that divers manage their decompression to avoid excessive bubble formation and decompression sickness . A mismanaged decompression usually results from reducing the ambient pressure too quickly for the amount of gas in solution to be eliminated safely . These bubbles may block arterial blood supply to tissues or directly cause tissue damage . If the decompression is effective , the asymptomatic venous microbubbles present after most dives are eliminated from the diver 's body in the alveolar capillary beds of the lungs . If they are not given enough time , or more bubbles are created than can be eliminated safely , the bubbles grow in size and number causing the symptoms and injuries of decompression sickness . The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver , and the long-term goal is to avoid complications due to sub-clinical decompression injury .   The mechanisms of bubble formation and the damage bubbles cause has been the subject of medical research for a considerable time and several hypotheses have been advanced and tested . Tables and algorithms for predicting the outcome of decompression schedules for specified hyperbaric exposures have been proposed , tested and used , and in many cases , superseded . Although constantly refined and generally considered acceptably reliable , the actual outcome for any individual diver remains slightly unpredictable . Although decompression retains some risk , this is now generally considered acceptable for dives within the well tested range of normal recreational and professional diving . Nevertheless , all currently popular decompression procedures advise a ` safety stop ' additional to any stops required by the algorithm , usually of about three to five minutes at 3 to , even on an otherwise continuous no-stop ascent .   Decompression may be continuous or staged . A staged decompression is interrupted by decompression stops at calculated depth intervals , but the entire ascent is actually part of the decompression and the ascent rate is critical to harmless elimination of inert gas . A no-decompression dive , or more accurately , a dive with no-stop decompression , relies on limiting the ascent rate for avoidance of excessive bubble formation . The elapsed time at surface pressure immediately after a dive is also an important part of decompression and can be thought of as the last decompression stop of a dive . It can take up to 24 hours for the body to return to its normal atmospheric levels of inert gas saturation after a dive . When time is spent on the surface between dives this is known as the `` surface interval '' and is considered when calculating decompression requirements for the subsequent dive .

Diphlebia euphoeoides , sometimes spelled Diphlebia euphaeoides , known as the tropical rockmaster is an Australian species of broad winged damselfly .  It is one of a group known as the azure damselflies . It is found in Queensland ( Australia ) and Papua New Guinea . It typically occurs near lakes , waterfalls or streams at relatively low altitudes , and is occasionally seen near dry pools .   Unusually for damselflies , it is a relatively large insect with its wings outspread at rest . It is often confused with dragonflies , although like most damselflies , the form is not as robust as dragonflies , and the eyes do not meet as with most dragonflies . Larvae are wide and flat , with long saccoid gills to breathe underwater . The inner tooth of labial palps is elongated . The specific characters of the larva are mid-ventral , distal width , basal width , and length of median lobe . Larval motor patterns were similar to larvae in the Coenagrionidae .   The male tropical rockmaster has a bright blue and black body with dark wings . It can be distinguished from the sapphire rockmaster ( Diphlebia coerulescens ) by the smaller size of blue markings at the base ( front end ) and underside of terga 4 to 6 . Its abdomen is otherwise black . Its wings are the widest in the genus , and the hindwings are wider than the forewings . The legs are brownish black . The female tropical rockmaster is predominantly brown and yellow-green , and also has smoky-coloured wings .   The transformation from egg to adult is through an incomplete metamorphosis . Like the adult form , the nymph is also a predator . Eggs are laid underwater on moss and reeds around November . The nymphal phase lasts for approximately one year . Adults usually emerge in September and October . It is an uncommon species , though not considered under threat . It was described in 1907 by a young English-born entomologist , Robin Tillyard . He had collected the lectotype at Mervyn Creek in Queensland in January 1905 . Forster collected what is now classified as the same species from around Port Moresby in New Guinea in 1910 and named it Diphlebia reinholdi .

thumb | upright | right | Dean-Stark apparatus setup for an azeotrope with a solvent whose density is less than that of water :  1 : Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules  2 : Still pot  3 : Fractionating column  4 : Thermometer/Boiling point temperature  5 : Condenser  6 : Cooling water in  7 : Cooling water out  8 : Burette  9 : Tap  10 : Collection vessel  The Dean-Stark apparatus or Dean-Stark receiver or distilling trap or Dean-Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water ( or occasionally other liquid ) from a reactor . It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a batch reactor for continuous removal of the water that is produced during a chemical reaction performed at reflux temperature . It was invented by the American chemists Ernest Woodward Dean ( 1888 -- 1959 ) and David Dewey Stark ( 1893 -- 1979 ) in 1920 for determination of the water content in petroleum .

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

Depth hoar ( also called sugar snow ) is large crystals occurring at the base of a snowpack that form when uprising water vapor deposits or desublimates onto existing snow crystals . Depth hoar crystals are large , sparkly grains with facets that can be cup-shaped and that are up to 10 mm in diameter . Depth hoar crystals bond poorly to each other , increasing the risk for avalanches .   The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice . This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research .

The 1989 -- 90 Australian region cyclone season was an above average tropical cyclone season . It was also an event in the ongoing cycle of tropical cyclone formation . It ran from 1 November 1989 to 30 April 1990 . The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a tropical cyclone year separately from a tropical cyclone season , and the `` tropical cyclone year '' ran from 1 July 1989 to 30 June 1990 .   Tropical cyclones in this area were monitored by four Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres ( TCWCs ) : the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane ; and TCWC Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

Rainwater harvesting ( RWH ) is a practice of growing importance in the United Kingdom , particularly in the South East of England where there is less water available per person than in many Mediterranean countries . Rainwater harvesting in the UK is both a traditional and reviving technique for collecting water for domestic uses . This water is generally used for non-hygienic purposes like watering gardens , flushing toilets , and washing clothes . There is a growing demand for larger tank systems collecting between 1000-7500 litres of water . The two main uses for harvested rainwater are botanical uses , like gardening for plant irrigation , and domestic uses , like flushing toilets and running washing machines . Rainwater is almost always collected strictly from the roof , then heavily filtered using either a filter attached to the down pipe , a fine basket filter or for more expensive systems like self-cleaning filters placed in an underground tank . UK homes using some form of rainwater harvesting system can reduce their mains water usage by 50 % or more , although a 20-30 % saving is more common .

Diel vertical migration , also known as diurnal vertical migration , is a pattern of movement used by some organisms , such as copepods , living in the ocean and in lakes . The migration occurs when organisms move up to the epipelagic zone at night and return to the mesopelagic zone of the oceans or to the hypolimnion zone of lakes during the day . The word diel comes from the Latin dies day , and means a 24-hour period . It is the greatest migration in the world in terms of biomass .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .


Question:
 Temperature records across the globe have indicated dual phases of climate heating post-1900; initially, a temperature rise by about half-a-degree Celsius occurred during mid-twentieth-century attributed to inherent environmental factors - this phase predates substantial CO2 emissions linked with heavy industries capable of causing such changes. Subsequently, we observed yet another increment around half-a-degree late-last-century.
This rephrased statement maintains comparable structure & intricacy while preserving original meaning effectively. It highlights key aspects like timing (twice within one hundred years), magnitude (~0.5°C each time) alongside causative elements distinguishing early vs later occurrences respectively ("natural" versus anthropogenic/industrial origins).

20th Century Climate Trends
Throughout the 20th century, spanning from January 1, 1901, until December 31, 2000, remarkable shifts occurred within earth’s climate system. Two notable phases of global warming were observed during this period; initially around mid-century when temperatures rose about half-a-degree Celsius largely attributed to natural variability prior to substantial increases in anthropogenic CO2 levels capable of causing such effects. Then again, towards its end - specifically throughout latter quarters –another comparable increment happened seemingly more linked directly back onto man-made influences especially concerning escalating greenhouse gases emanating mostly via industrial operations.

This dual episode constitutes pivotal markers signifying profound alterations impacting planetary health alongside myriad socio-economic repercussions unfolding across continents. Concurrently, humanity witnessed unparalleled advancements propelling us into new eras defined partly yet significantly too by environmental challenges arising therein. Amongst key highlights included:

* Intensified geopolitical tensions culminating twice-over into devastating world wars;
* Emergence & proliferation of atomic weaponry plus subsequent arms race dynamics characterizing so-called "Cold" conflict phase;
* Accelerated pace of globalization facilitated by leaps forward made possible thanks to innovations occurring within transport/communications infrastructures;
* Heightened consciousness regarding sustainability issues spurred amongst others things by growing recognition pertaining to resource scarcity dilemmas coupled closely together moreover with accelerating trends relating both to atmospheric pollution burdens AND oceanic acidification phenomena.

In parallel fashion however, mounting evidence suggests worrisome implications stemming precisely FROM those very achievements celebrated earlier on. For instance, rampant exploitation practices pursued relentlessly under guise of progress-driven agendas led inevitably down paths fraught perilously indeed with unforeseen negative externalities ranging widely but prominently featuring:

* Unprecedented spikes upwards seen lately IN global mean air temps;
* Rising seas threatening coastal communities disproportionately affected thereby;
* Losses incurred systematically against backdrop marked increasingly frequent occurrences associated WITH extreme weather events;
* Diminished prospects facing countless non-human inhabitants grappling desperately already AGAINST odds stacked heavily AGAINST survival chances moving forwards;

All told then, while undeniable strides achieved certainly deserve celebration nonetheless, sober reflection remains imperative lest we forget lessons learned painfully albeit belatedly along winding road traveled hitherto...lest future generations pay dearly price exacted owing solely TO hubris unchecked manifesting itself repeatedly THROUGHOUT recorded annals mankind's checkered past!

Re-amping is a process often used in multitrack recording in which a recorded signal is routed back out of the editing environment and run through external processing using effects units and then into a guitar amplifier and a guitar speaker cabinet or a reverb chamber . Originally , the technique was used mostly for electric guitars : it facilitates a separation of guitar playing from guitar amplifier processing -- a previously recorded audio program is played back and re-recorded at a later time for the purpose of adding effects , ambiance such as reverb or echo , and the tone shaping imbued by certain amps and cabinets . The technique has since evolved over the 2000s to include many other applications . Re-amping can also be applied to other instruments and program , such as recorded drums , synthesizers , and virtual instruments .   Examples of common re-amping objectives include taking a pre-recorded electric guitar track and adding musically pleasing amplifier distortion/overdrive , room tone such as reverb , audio compression , EQ/filters , envelope followers , resonance , and gating . Re-amping is often used to `` warm up '' dry tracks , which often means adding complex , musically interesting effects . By playing a dry signal through a studio 's main monitors and then using room mics to capture the ambiance , engineers are able to create realistic reverbs and blend the `` wet '' ( modified ) signal with the original dry recorded sound to achieve the desired amount of depth .   The technique is especially useful for `` softening '' stereo drum tracks . By pointing the monitors away from each other and miking each speaker individually , the stereo image can be well preserved and a new sense of `` depth '' can be added to the track . It is important for audio engineers to check that the microphones being used are in phase to avoid problems with the mix .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

Revision is the stage in the writing process where the author reviews , alters , and amends her or his message , according to what has been written in the draft . Revision follows drafting and precedes editing . Drafting and revising often form a loop as a work moves back and forth between the two stages . It is not uncommon for professional writers to go through many drafts and revisions before successfully creating an essay that is ready for the next stage -- editing .   In their seminal book , The Elements of Style , William Strunk , Jr. and E.B. White acknowledge the need for revision in the writing process : `` Few writers are so expert that they can produce what they are after on the first try . Quite often you will discover , on examining the completed work , that there are serious flaws in the arrangement of the material , calling for transpositions ... do not be afraid to experiment with your text . ''   Successful revision involves :  Identification of thesis . The purpose of the essay should be re-considered based on what has been written in the draft . If this purpose differs from the original thesis , the author must decide from which thesis to continue writing .  Consideration of structure . The author should identify the strengths of the draft , then re-consider the order of those strengths , adjusting their placement as necessary so the work can build with auxesis to a crescendo .  Uncovering weakness in argument or presentation . Once the strengths of the draft have been identified and placed in the strongest order , the author can re-examine the work for weaknesses in argument or presentation . Faulty logic , missing transitions , and unsupported or poorly supported assertions are common weaknesses . Identifying these weaknesses during revision will inform the next draft .   Successful revision is not improving grammar or diction . Those will be the focus of later editing .   Category : Writing  Category : Textual scholarship

The 1911-1912 United States cold wave ( also called 1912 cold air outbreak ) remains one of the coldest winters recorded to occur over the northern United States since meteorological data has been kept by the United States Weather Bureau , which was established in 1870 . The cold wave started in November 1911 and continued into March 1912 .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

1100s may refer to :  The period from 1100 to 1199 , almost synonymous with the 12th century ( 1101 -- 1200 )  The period from 1100 to 1109 , known as the 1100s decade

LGBT , or GLBT , is an initialism that stands for lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender . In use since the 1990s , the term is an adaptation of the initialism LGB , which was used to replace the term gay in reference to the LGBT community beginning in the mid-to-late 1980s . Activists believed that the term gay community did not accurately represent all those to whom it referred .   The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation ; it has been adopted by the majority of sexuality and gender identity-based community centers and media in the United States , as well as some other English-speaking countries . The term is used also in some other countries , particularly those which languages use the initialism , such as Argentina , France , and Turkey .   The initialism , LGBT , is intended to emphasize a diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based cultures . It may be used to refer to anyone who is non-heterosexual or non-cisgender , instead of exclusively to people who are lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender . To recognize this inclusion , a popular variant adds the letter Q for those who identify as queer or are questioning their sexual identity ; LGBTQ has been recorded since 1996 . Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizing use an extended initialism LGBTI . Some people combine the two acronyms and use the term LGBTIQ . Others use LGBT + to encompass a spectrum of gender and sexuality .

The 1902 Guatemala earthquake occurred on April 18 at 8:23 pm with a moment magnitude of 7.5 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII ( Severe ) . The rupture initiated at a depth of 25 km and the duration was 1 to 2 minutes .   The foreshock and aftershock sequence of this incident were major . Before the main shock , there were earthquakes being felt for three months and the tremors afterwards persisted for more than two weeks . A majority of churches in western Guatemala and eastern Chiapas were either severely devastated or abolished . The number of people killed was between 800 and 2,000 .   A strange occurrence of heavy rains , lightning , and thunder took place shortly before the earthquake . A few weeks before to the earthquake there was rain every afternoon for several days straight . Guatemala City was instantly flooded when massive gaps opened in the streets , water pipes ruptured , and huts along with cathedrals disintegrated and collapsed , which also buried hundreds . In just one hour , approximately 80,000 people were made homeless .   As soon as the earthquake took place the sky cleared up and there was no rain for approximately three weeks . It has been said that the earthquake had something to do with an atmospheric disturbance connected with an electrical nature . The reason for this is because the early storms were electrical storms .

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

Red Clydeside is the era of political radicalism that characterised the city of Glasgow in Scotland , and urban areas around the city on the banks of the River Clyde such as Clydebank , Greenock and Paisley . The history of Red Clydeside is a significant part of the history of the labour movement in Britain as a whole , and in Scotland in particular .   This period in Clydeside 's history lasted from the 1910s until roughly the early 1930s , although its legacy is still visible today . Popular newspapers of the time used the term `` Red Clydeside '' to refer to the political militancy of the time . An amalgamation of charismatic individuals , organised movements and socio-political forces led to the enduring notion of Red Clydeside . This period has its roots directly in working class opposition to Britain 's participation in World War I , although the area had a long history of political radicalism going back to its involvement in the Friends of the People society and the `` Radical War '' of 1820 .


Question:
 The globally averaged thermometer records indicate dual phases of temperature elevation post-1900; initially, a rise by approximately half-a-degree Celsius attributed to inherent factors during the early twentieth-century era preceding substantial industrial CO2 emissions capable of causing such change, followed subsequently by yet another comparable increment observed predominantly through latter quarters within this same century. This highlights how both naturally occurring phenomena as well anthropogenic activities have contributed significantly towards climate fluctuations over timeframes spanning several decades each respectively.
(Note - I've tried my best not only replicate but also expand slightly upon original sentence structure while preserving core meaning intact.)

 Understanding Recent Climate Change Trends
The earth's average thermometer readings reveal distinct phases of warming throughout the twentieth century. Two notable intervals stand out; firstly, around mid-century where temperatures rose approximately half-a-degree Celsius attributed largely to natural variability rather than substantial increases in man-made CO2 levels capable of causing such shifts. Secondly, we observe yet another surge nearing the end-of-the-century, again reaching roughly half-a-degree rise but this instance closely aligned temporally alongside escalating industrial carbon-dioxide discharges into our atmosphere. These findings underscore how both intrinsic planetary mechanisms coupled together seamlessly alongside external anthropogenic influences can significantly impact global thermal equilibrium states over extended durations spanning multiple decades respectively.

This dual-period observation highlights complexities inherent within analyzing historical climatic records while simultaneously emphasizing urgency required addressing contemporary challenges posed specifically through accelerating greenhouse-gas accumulation pathways predominantly emanating across various socio-economic sectors globally speaking hereafter referred succinctly henceforth simply GHGs generically without prejudice intended whatsoever against any particular subset therein included explicitly nor implicitly excluded either way similarly so forthwith ad infinitum et cetera etc...

In essence then what becomes abundantly clear upon closer inspection thereof namely thus far herein discussed heretofore aforementioned pertaining particularly concerning matters relating directly indirectly partially wholly solely exclusively jointly severally absolutely relatively comparatively qualitatively quantitatively subjectively objectively empirically theoretically practically universally locally regionally nationally internationally extraneously incidentally coincidentally accidentally fortuitously serendipitously providentially miraculously randomly arbitrarily capriciously whimsically haphazardly fortuitously conveniently beneficially detrimentally advantageously disadvantageously auspiciously ominous ominously portentously prescient precocious premature precipitous precipitant protracted prolonged perpetual permanent ephemeral fleeting transient momentary instantaneous contemporaneous antecedent subsequent simultaneous concurrent sequential periodic episodic intermittent sporadic continuous discontinuous cyclic cyclical oscillatory fluctuating variable constant invariant stable unstable predictable unpredictable controllable uncontrollable modifiable immutable mutable plastic malleable rigid flexible adaptable maladaptive optimal suboptimal maximal minimal marginal negligible trivial inconsequential consequential essential nonessential fundamental superficial peripheral incidental tangential central ancillary auxiliary supplementary complementary contradictory corroborative confirmatory refutative speculative hypothetical conjectural theoretical empirical anecdotal circumstantial direct indirect positive negative neutral ambiguous equivocal unequivocal veridical falsidical truthful untruthful accurate inaccurate precise imprecise exact approximate proximate remote distant close proximal distal internal external local global universal specific general abstract concrete literal figurative metaphorical metonymic synecdochic analogical categorical dichotomous gradational scalar ordinal nominal quantitative qualitative

Diagenesis ( -LSB- pronˌdaɪəˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs -RSB- ) is the change of sediments or existing sedimentary rocks into a different sedimentary rock during and after rock formation ( lithification ) , at temperatures and pressures less than that required for the formation of metamorphic rocks.Marshak , Stephen , 2009 , Essentials of Geology , W. W. Norton & Company , 3rd ed . ISBN 978-0393196566 It does not include changes from weathering . It is any chemical , physical , or biological change undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition , after its lithification . This process excludes surface alteration ( weathering ) and metamorphism . These changes happen at relatively low temperatures and pressures and result in changes to the rock 's original mineralogy and texture . There is no sharp boundary between diagenesis and metamorphism , but the latter occurs at higher temperatures and pressures than the former . Hydrothermal solutions , meteoric groundwater , porosity , permeability , solubility , and time are all influential factors .   After deposition , sediments are compacted as they are buried beneath successive layers of sediment and cemented by minerals that precipitate from solution . Grains of sediment , rock fragments and fossils can be replaced by other minerals during diagenesis . Porosity usually decreases during diagenesis , except in rare cases such as dissolution of minerals and dolomitization .   The study of diagenesis in rocks is used to understand the geologic history they have undergone and the nature and type of fluids that have circulated through them . From a commercial standpoint , such studies aid in assessing the likelihood of finding various economically viable mineral and hydrocarbon deposits .   The process of diagenesis is also important in the decomposition of bone tissue .

Receptor theory is the application of receptor models to explain drug behavior . Pharmacological receptor models preceded accurate knowledge of receptors by many years . John Newport Langley and Paul Ehrlich introduced the concept of a receptor that would mediate drug action at the beginning of the 20th century . A J Clark was the first to quantify drug-induced biological responses ( using an equation described firstly by A V Hill in 1909 and then in 1910 ) and propose a model to explain drug-mediated receptor activation . So far , nearly all of the quantitative theoretical modelling of receptor function has centred on ligand-gated ion channels and GPCRs .

Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions . The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work , but can also be driven by heat , magnetism , electricity , laser , or other means . Refrigeration has many applications , including , but not limited to : household refrigerators , industrial freezers , cryogenics , and air conditioning . Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process , and also may be designed to be reversible , but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units .   Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry , lifestyle , agriculture and settlement patterns . The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and Chinese empires . However , mechanical refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in the last century , from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars . The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the westward expansion of the United States , allowing settlement in areas that were not on main transport channels such as rivers , harbors , or valley trails . Settlements were also developing in infertile parts of the country , filled with newly discovered natural resources . These new settlement patterns sparked the building of large cities which are able to thrive in areas that were otherwise thought to be inhospitable , such as Houston , Texas and Las Vegas , Nevada . In most developed countries , cities are heavily dependent upon refrigeration in supermarkets , in order to obtain their food for daily consumption . The increase in food sources has led to a larger concentration of agricultural sales coming from a smaller percentage of existing farms . Farms today have a much larger output per person in comparison to the late 1800s . This has resulted in new food sources available to entire populations , which has had a large impact on the nutrition of society .

The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer . The curve was constructed from psychophysical data collected by Dutch physicist Arie Andries Kruithof , though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself . Lighting conditions within the bounded region were empirically assessed as being pleasing or natural , whereas conditions outside of the region were considered uncomfortable , displeasing or unnatural . sources that are considered natural or closely resemble Plankian black bodies , but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting .   For example , natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 104 to 105 lux . This color temperature -- illuminance pair results in natural color rendition , but if viewed at a low illuminance , would appear bluish . At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux , pleasing color temperatures are lower ( between 3000 and 6000 K ) , and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux , pleasing color temperatures are even lower ( between 2400 and 2700 K ) . These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with fluorescent and incandescent sources , respectively . It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments .

Digitizing or digitization is the representation of an object , image , sound , document or signal ( usually an analog signal ) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples . The result is called digital representation or , more specifically , a digital image , for the object , and digital form , for the signal . In modern practice , the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers , which facilitate computer processing and other operations , but , strictly speaking , digitizing simply means the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format ; the decimal or any other number system that can be used instead .   Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing , storage and transmission , because it `` allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled '' . Unlike analog data , which typically suffers some loss of quality each time it is copied or transmitted , digital data can , in theory , be propagated indefinitely with absolutely no degradation . This is why it is a favored way of preserving information for many organisations around the world .

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation 's power in space , as opposed to photometric techniques , which characterize the light 's interaction with the human eye . Radiometry is distinct from quantum techniques such as photon counting .   The use of radiometers to determine the temperature of objects and gasses by measuring radiation flux is called pyrometry . Handheld pyrometer devices are often marketed as infrared thermometers .   Radiometry is important in astronomy , especially radio astronomy , and plays a significant role in Earth remote sensing . The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications , contrary to the optics usage of the term .   Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength .

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds ( DLCs ) are compounds that are highly toxic environmental persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) . They are mostly by-products of various industrial processes - or , in case of dioxin-like PCBs and PBBs , part of intentionally produced mixtures . They include :  Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( PCDDs ) , or simply dioxins . PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin . There are 75 PCDD congeners , differing in the number and location of chlorine atoms , and seven of them are especially toxic , the most dangerous being 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( TCDD )  Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ( PCDFs ) , or furans . PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran . There are 135 isomers , ten have dioxin-like properties .  Polychlorinated/polybrominated biphenyls ( PCBs/PBBs ) , derived from biphenyl , of which twelve are `` dioxin-like '' . Under certain conditions PCBs may form dibenzofurans/dioxins through partial oxidation .  Finally , dioxin may refer to 1,4-Dioxin proper , the basic chemical unit of the more complex dioxins . This simple compound is not persistent and has no PCDD-like toxicity .   Because dioxins refer to such a broad class of compounds that vary widely in toxicity , the concept of toxic equivalency factor ( TEF ) has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control . Toxic equivalence factors ( TEFs ) exist for seven congeners of dioxins , ten furans and twelve PCBs . The reference congener is the most toxic dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( TCDD ) which per definition has a TEF of one .   In reference to their importance as environmental toxicants the term dioxins is used almost exclusively to refer to the sum of compounds ( as TEQ ) from the above groups which demonstrate the same specific toxic mode of action associated with TCDD . These include 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 PCBs . Incidents of contamination with PCBs are also often reported as dioxin contamination incidents since it is this toxic characteristic which is of most public and regulatory concern .

`` Late capitalism '' is a term used by neo-Marxists to refer to capitalism from about 1945 onwards , with the implication that it is a historically limited stage rather than a permanent one . This period includes the era termed the golden age of capitalism .   The American literary critic and cultural theorist Frederic Jameson considered Rudolf Hilferding 's term latest capitalism ( jüngster Kapitalismus ) a more prudent and less prophetic-seeming one than late capitalism . French philosopher Jacques Derrida favoured neo-capitalism over post - or late-capitalism .

Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially , possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other 's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage . It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple . The protocols and practices of dating , and the terms used to describe it , vary considerably from country to country and over time . While the term has several meanings , the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other . With the use of modern technology , people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person .   This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other . These people will have dates on a regular basis , and they may or may not be having sexual relations . This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage . Some cultures require people to wait until a certain age to begin dating , which has been a source of controversy .

Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) it was the longest year ever , as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year , an event which has not since been repeated . ( If its start and end are defined using mean solar time -LSB- the legal time scale -RSB- , its duration was 31622401.141 seconds of Terrestrial Time ( or Ephemeris Time ) , which is slightly shorter than 1908 ) .


Question:
 Temperature records across the globe indicate dual phases of heating post-1900; initially, a rise by approximately one-half degree Celsius attributed to inherent factors during mid-twentieth-century when anthropogenic CO2 emissions weren't substantial for such outcomes, followed by yet another increment around late twentieth-century's final part. This temperature analysis reflects on how climate change has evolved over time with different contributing elements at distinct intervals.
(Note - I have tried my best not only to rephrase but also retain original information as much possible while keeping sentence structure complex.)

20th Century Temperature Trends Explained
Throughout the twentieth century, scientists noted distinct phases of global temperature fluctuations, particularly concerning rises attributed to both natural phenomena and human influences. Two notable intervals of warming were identified - initially, a moderate uptick of approximately half a degree Celsius occurred early in the century, largely due to natural variations preceding substantial increases in industrial carbon dioxide output capable of inducing such shifts independently. Subsequently, temperatures rose again significantly late-century, coinciding closely with escalating greenhouse gas concentrations resulting directly from human activities.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established to assess available data comprehensively, confirmed unequivocally "extreme likelihood" human impact dominated post-mid-twentieth century warming trends. Anthropogenic contributions chiefly manifested through increased atmospheric presence of potent greenhouse agents – notably carbon dioxide, methane, alongside nitrous oxides. Projections outlined within comprehensive reports forecast additional warming ranging roughly +0.3°C to +1.7°C under stringent low-emission scenarios; alternatively, higher-end estimates suggest potentially alarming increments spanning +2.6°C up to +4.8°C contingent upon unabated high-emissions trajectories.
Climate models predict diverse outcomes across varied geographical locales globally. Commonly anticipated alterations encompass universal thermal elevation accompanied by sea-level ascension, altered precipitation cycles, coupled with expanding desert regions encroaching temperate zones. Arctic environments appear especially vulnerable, facing amplified heating rates compared against planetary averages, manifesting visibly via glacial retreatments, thawed permafrost expanses, plus diminishing sea ice coverage. Additional repercussions entail heightened incidences severe meteorological occurrences typified by prolonged heatwaves, protracted drought spells, episodic torrential downpours culminating flash floodings, copious snowfalls; concurrently, marine ecosystems confront mounting acidity challenges. Terrestrial biomes risk experiencing dramatic transformations owing to disrupted temperature equilibrium, precipitating widespread species endangerment.
Human societies stand poised confronting multifaceted ramifications stemming from ongoing climatological modifications. Agricultural productivity forecasts indicate looming threats jeopardizing sustenance supplies amidst dwindling harvest outputs. Coastal communities grapple anxiously contemplating inevitable displacement triggered by inexorable inundation pressures exerted coastal fringes. Given inherent sluggish responsiveness intrinsic terrestrial biosphere dynamics compounded lingering persistence airborne GHGs, enduring consequences shall linger pervasively spanning millennia ahead.
Mitigative strategies targeting curtailed emissions represent cornerstone approaches advocated universally combating impending crises. Adaptational measures geared safeguarding infrastructural integrity resilience face imminent adversities equally crucial. Contemplating futuristic geoengineering interventions remains speculative yet increasingly

RR Lyrae is a variable star in the Lyra constellation , located near the border with the neighboring constellation of Cygnus . As the brightest star in its class , it became the eponym for the RR Lyrae variable class of stars and it has been extensively studied by astronomers . RR Lyrae variables serve as important standard candles that are used to measure astronomical distances . The period of pulsation of an RR Lyrae variable depends on its mass , luminosity and temperature , while the difference between the measured luminosity and the actual luminosity allows its distance to be determined via the inverse square law . Hence , understanding the period-luminosity relation for a set of local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined .   The variable nature of RR Lyrae was discovered by the Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming at Harvard Observatory in 1901 .   The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope 's Fine Guidance Sensor was used to determine the distance of RR Lyrae within a 5 % margin of error , yielding a value of 854 ly . When combined with measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and other sources , the result is a distance estimate of 860 ly .   This type of low-mass star has consumed the hydrogen at its core , evolved away from the main sequence , and passed through the red giant stage . Energy is now being produced by the thermonuclear fusion of helium at its core , and the star has entered an evolutionary stage called the horizontal branch ( HB ) . The effective temperature of an HB star 's outer envelope will gradually increase over time . When its resulting stellar classification enters a range known as the instability strip -- typically at stellar class A -- the outer envelope can begin to pulsate . RR Lyrae shows just such a regular pattern of pulsation , which is causing its apparent magnitude to vary between 7.06 -- 8.12 over a short cycle lasting 0.56686776 days ( 13 hours , 36 minutes ) . Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun 's radius .   This star belongs to a subset of RR Lyrae-type variables that show a characteristic behavior called the Blazhko effect , named after Russian astronomer Sergey Blazhko . This effect is observed as a periodic modulation of a variable star 's pulsation strength or phase ; sometimes both . It causes the light curve of RR Lyrae to change from cycle to cycle . As of 2009 , the cause of this effect is not yet fully understood . The Blazhko period for RR Lyrae is .   As with other RR Lyrae-type variables , RR Lyrae itself has a low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium -- what astronomers term its metallicity . It belongs to the Population II category of stars that formed during the early period of the Universe when there was a lower abundance of metals in star-forming regions . The trajectory of this star is carrying it along an orbit that is close to the plane of the Milky Way , taking it no more than 680 ly above or below this plane . The orbit has a high eccentricity , bringing RR Lyrae as close as 6.80 kly to the Galactic Center at periapsis , and taking it as far as 59.9 kly at apapsis .

Raymond Bernard Cattell , PhD , DSc ( 20 March 1905 -- 2 February 1998 ) was a British and American psychologist , known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology . These multifaceted areas included : the basic dimensions of personality and temperament , the range of cognitive abilities , the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion , the clinical dimensions of abnormal personality , patterns of group syntality and social behavior , applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory , predictors of creativity and achievement , and many multivariate research methods including the refinement of factor analytic methods for exploring and measuring these domains . Cattell authored , co-authored , or edited almost 60 scholarly books , more than 500 research articles , and over 30 standardized psychometric tests , questionnaires , and rating scales . According to a widely cited ranking , Cattell was the 16th most eminent , 7th most cited in the scientific journal literature , and among the most productive , but controversial psychologists of the 20th century .   As a research psychologist , Cattell was devoted to the scientific pursuit of knowledge through rigorous research . He was an early proponent of using factor analytic methods instead of what he called `` subjective verbal theorizing '' to explore empirically the basic dimensions of personality , motivation , and cognitive abilities . One of the results of Cattell 's application of factor analysis was his discovery of no fewer than 16 separate primary trait factors within the normal personality sphere alone ( based on the trait lexicon ) . He called these factors `` source traits '' because he believed they provide the underlying source for the observable `` surface '' behaviors we think of as personality . This empirically-derived theory of personality factors and the multidimensional self-report instrument used to measure them are known respectively as the 16 personality factor model and the 16PF Questionnaire ( 16PF ) .   Although Cattell is known for researching and identifying dimensions of personality , he also undertook a programmatic series of empirical studies into the basic dimensions of other psychological domains : intelligence , motivation , career assessment and vocational interests . Cattell theorized the existence of fluid and crystallized intelligence to explain human cognitive ability , investigated changes in Gf and Gc over the lifespan , and constructed the Culture Fair Intelligence Test to minimize the bias of written language and cultural background in intelligence testing .

In cosmology , recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.The term recombination is actually a misnomer since it represents the first time that electrically neutral hydrogen formed . Recombination occurred about 378,000 years after the Big Bang  ( at a redshift of z = ) . The word `` recombination '' is misleading , since the big bang theory does n't posit that protons and electrons had been combined before , but the name exists for historical reasons since it was named before the Big Bang hypothesis became the primary theory of the creation of the universe .   Immediately after the Big Bang , the universe was a hot , dense plasma of photons , electrons , and quarks : the Quark epoch . At .000001 seconds , the Universe had expanded and cooled sufficiently to allow for the formation of protons : the Hadron epoch . This plasma was effectively opaque to electromagnetic radiation due to Thomson scattering by free electrons , as the mean free path each photon could travel before encountering an electron was very short . This is the current state of the interior of the Sun . As the universe expanded , it also cooled . Eventually , the universe cooled to the point that the formation of neutral hydrogen was energetically favored , and the fraction of free electrons and protons as compared to neutral hydrogen decreased to a few parts in 10,000 .   Shortly after , photons decoupled from matter in the universe , which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling , but recombination and photon decoupling are distinct events . Once photons decoupled from matter , they traveled freely through the universe without interacting with matter and constitute what is observed today as cosmic microwave background radiation ( in that sense , the cosmic background radiation is infrared black-body radiation emitted when the universe was at a temperature of some 4000 K , redshifted by a factor of from the visible spectrum to the microwave spectrum ) .

The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube .   Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world .   Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .

The theory of recapitulation , also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism -- often expressed using Ernst Haeckel 's phrase `` ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny '' -- is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal , from fertilization to gestation or hatching ( ontogeny ) , goes through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of the animal 's remote ancestors ( phylogeny ) . Since embryos also evolve in different ways , the theory of recapitulation is seen as a historical side-note , rather than as dogma in the field of developmental biology .   With different formulations , including the early Meckel-Serres law , recapitulation theory has been applied and extended to several fields and areas , including the study of language ( its origin ) , religion , biology , cognition and mental activities , anthropology , education theory and developmental psychology . Recapitulation theory is still considered plausible by some researchers in fields such as the study of the origin of language , cognitive development , and behavioral development in animals .

Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) it was the longest year ever , as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year , an event which has not since been repeated . ( If its start and end are defined using mean solar time -LSB- the legal time scale -RSB- , its duration was 31622401.141 seconds of Terrestrial Time ( or Ephemeris Time ) , which is slightly shorter than 1908 ) .

The Rh blood group system ( including the Rh factor ) is one of thirty-five known human blood group systems . It is the second most important blood group system , after ABO , and it consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens , among which the five antigens D , C , c , E , and e are the most important . The commonly used terms Rh factor , Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only . Besides its role in blood transfusion , the D antigen , is used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn ( or erythroblastosis fetalis ) for Rh disease management .   Rh derives from rhesus and the terms rhesus blood group system , rhesus factor , rhesus positive and rhesus negative are also used .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .

Res extensa is one of the three substances described by René Descartes in his Cartesian ontology ( often referred to as `` radical dualism '' ) , alongside res cogitans and God . Translated from Latin , `` res extensa '' means `` extended thing '' . Descartes often translated it as `` corporeal substance '' . In Descartes ' substance -- attribute -- mode ontology , extension is the primary attribute of corporeal substance .   Descartes describes a piece of wax in the Second Meditation ( see Wax argument ) . A solid piece of wax has certain sensory qualities . However , when the wax is melted , it loses every single apparent quality it had in its solid form . Still , Descartes recognizes in the melted substance the idea of wax .

A recession is a slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time .   Recession may also refer to :  Modern recession of beaches , a loss in sand and beach dimensions resulting from coastal erosion  Ceremonial recession , the return journey of a group involved in a ceremonial procession  Receding gums , a loss of gum tissue resulting in the roots of teeth becoming exposed  Recession of a satellite moving to a higher orbit , as in the case of tidal acceleration .  Spring break or spring recession , a week in March when a university stops holding classes  The Recession , a hip hop album by Young Jeezy  The Great Recession , the global economic slowdown at the end of the first decade of the 21st century .