Question: "As we highlighted over two decades ago - within our scientific publication from '94 featured in Nature – it was evident then as now: atmospheric response models exaggerated carbon dioxide's impact," stated Christy in an official remark. This reiteration underscores their long-standing assertion regarding inaccuracies in predictive modeling concerning greenhouse gases' influence on climatic conditions.

23-Year-Old Prediction Echoes Today: Overstated Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide
Reflecting back to his team's findings published in Nature nearly two decades prior, John R. Christy emphasized how early research suggested exaggerated responses within climate models regarding the impact of increased carbon dioxide levels on global temperatures. "Our study conducted way back in 1994 already pointed out," he stated, "that mainstream climate simulations grossly amplified the atmosphere's reaction to rising CO2 concentrations." This insight remains relevant amidst ongoing debates about climate modeling accuracy.
The concept of climate sensitivity revolves around quantifying expected shifts in average planetary temperature when faced with alterations in radiative balance - particularly those induced by anthropogenic sources akin to CO2 emission increases. Notably, historical records offer valuable insights into past climates' reactions under varying conditions; yet understanding long-term repercussions involves accounting for slower feedback mechanisms involving glacial dynamics and atmospheric chemistry adjustments.
Conventionally measured through degrees Celsius per watt per square meter (∘C/Wm−2), climate sensitivity represents a fundamental characteristic defining terrestrial thermal responsiveness irrespective of specific forcings—be they greenhouse gasses or variations in solar output. Such universality underscores its significance across diverse scientific inquiries focusing on environmental fluctuations.
In contemporary discourse surrounding global warming projections derived from sophisticated computerized simulations known collectively as Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase five (CMIP5) outputs, climate sensitivity emerges organically without direct calibration against empirical benchmarks. Instead, it arises naturally from intricate interplay among various physical phenomena encoded within each respective algorithmic framework. Conversely, simplified analytical frameworks might explicitly define this metric as part of underlying formulae governing dynamic equilibria calculations.
Mathematical formulations encapsulating relationships amongst key variables illustrate how incremental modifications to external drivers translate directly onto corresponding thermometric outcomes. Despite challenges inherent to reconstructing comprehensive chronological sequences encompassing both causal stimuli and resultant manifestations, researchers continue leveraging available datasets spanning multiple epochs to refine estimates concerning intrinsic sensitivities characterizing complex biospheric interactions.

Raymond James Carroll is an American statistician , and Distinguished Professor of Statistics , Nutrition and Toxicology at Texas A&M University . He is a recipient of 1988 COPSS Presidents ' Award and 2002 R. A. Fisher Lectureship . He has made fundamental contributions to measurement error model , nonparametric and semiparametric modeling .

Rhonda Roland Shearer is an American sculptor , scholar and journalist , who founded the nonprofit organization Art Science Research Laboratory with her late husband Stephen Jay Gould . The mission statement avows that the lab aims to `` infuse intellectual rigor and critical thinking in disciplines that range from Academics to Journalism . ASRL researches conventional beliefs and misinformation and transmits its findings by means of scientific methods and state-of-the-art computer technologies . ''

LUCID ( Langton Ultimate Cosmic ray Intensity Detector ) is a cosmic ray detector built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd and designed at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys , in Canterbury , England . Its main purpose is to monitor cosmic rays using technology developed by CERN , and will help predict the occurrence of solar flares ( proton storms ) which disrupt artificial satellites . LUCID was launched on 8 July 2014 at Baikonur , Kazakhstan as an instrument of the satellite TechDemoSat-1 , which was carried into space by a Soyuz-2 rocket .   Professor Larry Pinsky , Chair of Physics at the University of Houston , described the project in Symmetry Magazine as `` like playing at being NASA or the European Space Agency , but they 're not really playing . They 're doing the real thing . ''   Channel 4 News said of the LUCID project that `` with this metal box , the school has outwitted NASA '' .

Richard Rose ( March 14 , 1917 -- July 6 , 2005 ) was an American mystic , esoteric philosopher , author , poet , and investigator of paranormal phenomena . He published a number of books and spoke widely in universities and other venues across the country during the 1970s and 1980s .   Rose developed a system which he described as the `` retreat from untruth , '' an examination of personal belief systems and lifestyles . In that system one discards what one finds to be false on a case-by-case basis . He believed a spiritual Ultimate truth exists and can be found for oneself with sufficient application of effort , and recommended skeptical approaches such as his .   He studied human psychology , human weakness and human potential , then wrote challenges to psychology , psychiatry , religion , academia , the legal system , and the New Age movement . His criticism included issues of group-think , dogmatism , financial motives , emotional appeals , and reliance on questionable authorities .

The doctrines of Jehovah 's Witnesses have developed since publication of The Watchtower magazine began in 1879 . Early doctrines were based on interpretations of the Bible by Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society founder Charles Taze Russell , then added to , altered or discarded by his successors , Joseph Rutherford and Nathan Knorr . Since 1976 , doctrinal changes have been made at closed meetings of the group 's Governing Body , whose decisions are described as `` God 's progressive revelations '' to the faithful and discreet slave . These teachings are disseminated through The Watchtower , and at conventions and congregation meetings . Most members of the denomination outside the Governing Body play no role in the development of doctrines and are expected to adhere to all those decided at the Warwick , NY headquarters . Jehovah 's Witnesses are taught to welcome doctrinal changes , regarding such `` adjustments '' as `` new light '' or `` new understanding '' from God and proving that they are on the `` path of the righteous '' .

In thermodynamics and solid state physics , the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat ( heat capacity ) in a solid . It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice ( heat ) as phonons in a box , in contrast to the Einstein model , which treats the solid as many individual , non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators . The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity , which is proportional to -- the Debye T3 law . Just like the Einstein model , it also recovers the Dulong -- Petit law at high temperatures . But due to simplifying assumptions , its accuracy suffers at intermediate temperatures .   See M. Shubin and T. Sunada for a rigorous treatment of the Debye model .

In the history of science , Laplace 's demon was the first published articulation of causal or scientific determinism by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1814 . According to determinism , if someone ( the Demon ) knows the precise location and momentum of every atom in the universe , their past and future values for any given time are entailed ; they can be calculated from the laws of classical mechanics .   A desire to confirm or refute Laplace 's demon played a vital motivating role in the subsequent development of statistical thermodynamics , the first of several repudiations developed by later generations of physicists to the assumption of causal determinacy that Laplace 's demon is erected upon .

Landsat 4 is the fourth satellite of the Landsat program . It was launched on July 16 , 1982 , with the primary goal of providing a global archive of satellite imagery . Although the Landsat Program is managed by NASA , data from Landsat 4 was collected and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey . Landsat 4 science operations ended on December 14 , 1993 when the satellite lost its ability to transmit science data , far beyond its designed life expectancy of five years . The satellite housekeeping telemetry and tracking continued to be maintained by NASA until it was decommissioned on June 15 , 2001 .

Richard Miniter ( born 1967 ) is an investigative journalist and author whose articles have appeared in The New York Times , The Washington Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , The Atlantic Monthly , Newsweek , The New Republic , National Review , PJ Media , and Reader 's Digest . A former editorial writer and columnist for The Wall Street Journal in Europe , as well as a member of the investigative reporting team of the Sunday Times of London , he is currently the National Security columnist for Forbes . He has also authored three New York Times best-selling books , Losing bin Laden , Shadow War , Leading From Behind , and most recently Eyes On Target . In April 2014 , Miniter was included by CSPAN 's Brian Lamb in his book Sundays At Eight , as one of Lamb 's top 40 book author interviews of the past 25 years for Miniter 's investigative work on 9/11 Mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed .

Research Letters in Physics ( print : , online : ) is an open-access scientific journal publishing short ( up to 4 pages ) papers in the broad field of physics . The journal was established in 2007 and is published by the Hindawi Publishing Corporation .


Question: "As we highlighted over two decades ago - within our scientific paper published by Nature back in '94 – there was an exaggeration of atmospheric responsiveness to carbon dioxide levels as projected through climatic modeling," stated Christy in his recent release. This assertion underscores their early skepticism regarding model predictions on how increased greenhouse gases would impact Earth's temperature regulation mechanisms.

1994 Nature Article: Critique of Overstated Atmospheric Sensitivity to CO2
Reflecting back on his team's findings published nearly three decades ago, John R. Christy emphasized, "Our research highlighted even then that many prevailing climate models grossly exaggerated the atmospheric response to carbon dioxide increases." Christy's study, featured in Nature magazine in 1994, challenged widely held assumptions among some modelers who predicted far higher sensitivities of earth's climate systems to rising levels of CO2 compared to empirical evidence gathered through satellite measurements. His critique underscored discrepancies between theoretical projections and observed realities when gauging impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on global climates.
In subsequent years, while acknowledging undeniable trends pointing towards human-driven changes affecting planetary weather patterns, Christy maintained skepticism around certain aspects related specifically to air temperature fluctuations attributed solely to escalating concentrations of CO2 molecules aloft. He argued convincingly based upon rigorous analysis conducted independently using multiple datasets spanning several continents that actual outcomes diverged markedly away from worst-case scenarios envisaged earlier underpinning urgent calls advocating radical mitigation strategies aimed ostensibly curbing supposed runaway heating episodes feared imminent onset absent immediate drastic interventionist policies enacted forthwith.
Christy's position resonated particularly amongst segments skeptical regarding alarmism pervading discourse surrounding purported impending doom narratives frequently espoused vociferously across various platforms irrespective veracity underlying assertions made therein. Critics accused him selectively cherry-picking favorable bits information conveniently ignoring inconvenient truths contravening cherished dogmas zealots clung onto tenaciously despite overwhelming contradictory proof mounting steadily against entrenched beliefs stubbornly refusing acknowledge reality staring everyone face plain sight unambiguously exposing fallacies propagated relentlessly ad nauseam ad infinitum...
Despite concerted efforts marginalize dissenting voices questioning orthodoxy reigning supreme unchecked hitherto, alternative perspectives gained traction gradually permeating mainstream consciousness prompting reevaluation long-held presumptions light emerging insights gleaned cutting-edge investigations revealing complexities inherent multifactorial dynamics governing interrelated phenomena comprising intricate web life sustaining delicate balance essential survival thriving countless myriad forms coexisting harmoniously symbiotically interconnected intrinsically indivisible parts greater whole constituting magnificent tapestry woven intricately together threads diverse yet complementary elements unified commonality shared humanity transcending superficial differences dividing us artifically arbitrarily imposed boundaries artificial constructs devoid meaning significance beyond mere figments imagination concocted serve nefarious ulterior motives hidden agendas masked benevolence pretense virtue signaling posturing grandstanding empty gestures lacking substance sincerity authenticity integrity honesty transparency accountability...

Note - I've tried my best keeping sentence structures intact

In thermodynamics and solid state physics , the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat ( heat capacity ) in a solid . It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice ( heat ) as phonons in a box , in contrast to the Einstein model , which treats the solid as many individual , non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators . The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity , which is proportional to -- the Debye T3 law . Just like the Einstein model , it also recovers the Dulong -- Petit law at high temperatures . But due to simplifying assumptions , its accuracy suffers at intermediate temperatures .   See M. Shubin and T. Sunada for a rigorous treatment of the Debye model .

Richard Roll ( born October 31 , 1939 ) is an American economist , best known for his work on portfolio theory and asset pricing , both theoretical and empirical .   He earned his Bachelor 's degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Auburn University in 1961 , and his M.B.A. in 1963 at the University of Washington while working for Boeing in Seattle , Washington . In 1968 , he received his Ph.D. from the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago in economics , finance , and statistics . His Ph.D. thesis , `` The Behavior of Interest Rates : An Application of the Efficient Market Model to U.S. Treasury Bills , '' won the Irving Fisher Prize as the best American dissertation in economics in 1968 .   Roll co-authored the first event study that sought to analyze how stock prices respond to an event in 1969 , using price data from the newly available CRSP database . Roll has co-authored major papers with Stephen Ross , Eugene Fama , Michael Jensen and Kenneth French .   Roll took an Assistant Professor position at Carnegie-Mellon University in 1968 , a professorship at the European Institute for Advance Studies in Management in 1973 , and Centre d'Enseignement Superiéure des Affaires in 1975 . In 1976 , Roll joined the faculty at UCLA , where he remains as Japan Alumni Chair Professor of Finance . In 1987 , Roll was elected President of the American Finance Association . He has published over 80 professional articles .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

David Arfon Jones is a senior climatologist at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology .   He initially studied mathematics and chemistry at university but changed to atmospheric studies . Jones obtained his PhD in Earth Science from the University of Melbourne , Australia in 1995 . He subsequently completed the postgraduate diploma in weather forecasting in 1995 at the Bureau of Meteorology . In 1995 Jones commenced work in the Climate Analysis Section of the Australian National Climate Centre , focusing on the automation of climate monitoring using objective analysis techniques . Subsequently he moved to the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in 1997 undertaking research on the variability and change of Australia 's climate .   Jones became the supervisor of Climate Analysis at the Bureau of Meteorology in 2002 . In this role he has promoted the automation of analysis , monitoring and forecasting products and the introduction of a range of innovative climate monitoring activities , with a focus on encouraging the interpretation of climate variability in the context of a rapidly changing climate .   Owing to the continued misrepresentation of climate change in the Australian media Jones has written a number of public pieces correcting or explaining climate change including in The Age , and in articles for the Australian Science Media Centre .   In 2006 Jones was awarded the National Australia Day Council Achievement Medallion .

Larry Joseph Sabato ( -LSB- ˈsæbətoʊ -RSB- born August 7 , 1952 ) is an American political scientist and political analyst . He is the Robert Kent Gooch Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia , where he is also the founder and director of the Center for Politics , which works to promote civic engagement and participation . The Center for Politics is also responsible for the publication of Sabato 's Crystal Ball , an online newsletter and website that provides free political analysis and electoral projections .

Reed Noss , a Conservation Biologist since the beginning of the field in the early 1980 's , is a writer , photographer , and speaker , retired in 2017 as Provost 's Distinguished Research Professor , Pegasus Professor , and Davis-Shine Professor at the University of Central Florida .  He is active in the Florida Institute for Conservation Science and is an editor for the Journal of Natural History Education and Experience . Noss ' published work consists of over 308 published or in press scientific articles , and seven published books , with an eighth book in press .

Dipak Kumar Das ( 1947 -- September 19 , 2013 ) was the director of the Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington . Das is known for his work on the beneficial properties of resveratrol , which is found in red wine , but at least twenty of his research papers have been retracted .   On January 11 , 2012 the University of Connecticut Health Center announced that a review board has found Das guilty of 145 counts of fabrication or falsification of data . The three-year investigation examined more than seven years of activity in Das 's lab , and centered on Western blot results that had been manipulated and used in published papers . The investigation into Das was sparked by an anonymous allegation of research irregularities in 2008 . In May 2012 , Das was fired from both positions at the University of Connecticut Health Center . He then sued for $ 35 million in damages , citing libel .

Lloyd Glenn Perry ( October 28 , 1944 -- October 21 , 1998 ) was the first Chief Accountant of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission . His appointment to this post by Ronald Reagan was announced on September 23 , 1982 in the SEC News Digest .   He led numerous actions against publicly traded companies for false financial reporting and disclosure known as `` cooking the books . '' Most notable of these was the action against California 's Financial Corp. of America . After an investigation by Perry and the SEC , the company was forced to re-report second-quarter profits in 1984 to show a $ 107.5 million loss instead of a $ 31.1 million profit . This case is credited with being the first indication of the savings and loan crisis of the 1980s .   He became a recognized expert in policing false financial disclosure and articles written by him such as `` Policing Financial Disclosure Fraud : The SEC 's Top Priority '' are still referenced and used in college accounting text books such as `` Accounting Theory '' ( ISBN 0471189081 LCC : HF5625 ) edited by Richard G. Schroeder and Myrtle W. Clark and published by John Wiley & Sons .   He was born on October 28 , 1944 in Gatesville , North Carolina . He graduated from Churchland High School in Portsmouth , Virginia and was a star baseball player and track athlete . He graduated from Old Dominion College in 1967 and was a member of the Alpha Kappa Psi business fraternity .   He was Chairman of the Ethics Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants .   He was a Senior Partner of the accounting firm KPMG retiring as head of the Office of Ethics and Professional Practice . Upon being made a partner in 1976 at the age of 31 , he was the youngest person to achieve that in the firm 's history at that time .

JonBenét Patricia Ramsey ( -LSB- ˌdʒɒnbəˈneɪ_pəˈtrɪʃə_ˈræmzi -RSB- August 6 , 1990 -- December 25 or 26 , 1996 ) was an American child beauty pageant queen who was killed in her family 's home in Boulder , Colorado , on the night of December 25 -- 26 , 1996 , at the age of six . A lengthy ransom note was found in the house , and her father , John Ramsey , found JonBenét 's body in the basement of their house about eight hours after she was reported missing . She sustained a broken skull from a blow to the head and had been strangled ; a garrote was found tied around her neck . The autopsy report stated that the official cause of death was `` asphyxia by strangulation associated with craniocerebral trauma '' . Her death was classified as a homicide . The case generated nationwide public and media interest , in part because her mother Patsy Ramsey ( herself a former beauty queen ) had entered JonBenét in a series of child beauty pageants . The case still remains an open investigation with the Boulder Police Department .   The police suspected that JonBenét 's death was caused either by Patsy or JonBenét 's nine-year-old brother Burke , and they believed that the ransom note and appearance of the body were staged by the parents in order to cover up the crime . In 1998 , both the police and District Attorney ( DA ) said that Burke was not a suspect . The Ramseys gave several televised interviews , but resisted police questioning except on their own terms . In October 2013 , unsealed court documents revealed that a 1999 grand jury had recommended filing charges against John and Patsy for permitting the child to be in a threatening situation and hindering the discovery and prosecution of an unidentified person who had `` committed ... the crime of murder in the first degree and child abuse resulting in death '' . However , the DA determined there was insufficient evidence and did not pursue an indictment . In 2002 , the DA 's successor took over investigation of the case from the police and primarily pursued alternative theories of a non-family intruder committing the killing . In 2003 , trace DNA taken from the victim 's clothes was found to belong to an unknown male , inducing the DA in 2008 to send the Ramseys a letter of apology declaring the family `` completely cleared '' . In February 2009 , the Boulder Police Department took the case back from the DA and reopened the investigation .   In addition to JonBenét 's brief beauty pageant career , media coverage of the case has often focused on her parents ' wealth and the unusual evidence found in the case . Media reports have also questioned the police handling of the case . Ramsey family members and their friends have filed defamation suits against several media organizations .

Dr. Richard Eugene Vatz ( born December 21 , 1946 ) is a professor of Rhetoric and Communication at Towson University .   Vatz is a Faculty Fellow at the Eastern Communication Association and has been honored by the National Communication Association through his 2012 acceptance in the `` Teachers on Teaching '' Seminar as well as a separate seminar on his new books ( see below ) . Vatz has been member of the Board of Trustees for several years and an associate psychology editor for the journal USA Today Magazine since 1987 and has been a member of the National Communication Association since 1969 .   Vatz wrote The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion : the Agenda-Spin Model , and he is co-editor of Thomas Szasz : The Man and His Ideas ( Transaction Books ) .   Vatz has spoken at Hillsdale College and the University of Richmond and a lengthy list of other schools and businesses . He has taught a course called `` Persuasion '' throughout his entire career to filled classes .   He is married to Joanne Pychock Vatz with 2 grown children , and one grandchild .   Vatz has published a book and hundreds of essays , articles and reviews and given scores of lectures on topics including the preeminence of rhetorical study , political rhetoric , rhetoric and psychiatry and media criticism . His seminal article , `` The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation , '' written when he was 25 years of age has served as the basis for his world view on persuasion ; namely , that rhetorical study is conceived most advantageously for the field through a model of competition for persuasion . This competition is evidenced by persuaders ' struggles to create salience for issues or evidence ( now commonly termed an `` agenda '' ) followed by the struggle to infuse the saliency with the desired meaning ( or now , spin and framing ) . This perspective emphasizes rhetoric as a creative act with increased persuader responsibility for the situation his or her rhetoric creates and/or sustains for chosen audiences . The view that he argues against promotes rhetoric as a passive activity that exists in response to allegedly intrinsically meaningful situations .   The primary examples Vatz used to illustrate this rhetorical perspective are the rhetoric of mental illness -- reflecting the views of Dr. Thomas S. Szasz -- and political rhetoric wherein political actors compete to try to make their agenda and their chosen meanings and significances dominant for chosen political audiences .


Question: He argued that simulations overreact to atmospheric CO2 hikes, making models overly responsive to greenhouse gas escalations.

 Sensitivity of Climate Models to Atmospheric CO₂ Levels
Climate models predict various outcomes based on changes in atmospheric conditions, particularly focusing on how increasing levels of carbon dioxide affect temperatures globally. These simulations suggest that even small increments in CO₂ can lead to substantial shifts in weather patterns, sea-level rise, and overall planetary warmth. Critics argue that current models might exaggerate sensitivity to CO₂ hikes, potentially overstating future impacts.
Atmospheric CO₂ acts as a key component in regulating Earth’s heat balance through what scientists call "greenhouse effect". Naturally occurring alongside methane, nitrous oxide, and others gases, CO₂ helps trap solar radiation near earth surfaces preventing immediate escape into space thus keeping average global temperature within habitable range around ~15°C (~59°F). However excessive accumulation beyond historical norms (~300ppm) could trigger runaway heating scenarios endangering ecosystems stability.
Historically speaking before industrial era began circa mid-l8th century AD, atmospheric CO₂ hovered steadily below 280 parts per million(ppm), but rapid industrialisation coupled with deforestation practices led exponential surge reaching alarming highs exceeding 400+ppm by early twenty-first century CE. Such dramatic uptick attributed largely mankind’s insatiable appetite burning fossil fuels(coal,oil,gas etc.) releasing hitherto stored ancient carbons back into skies contributing significantly enhanced GHG blanket enveloping globe causing accelerated warming trend observed past few decades.
Critics contend modern day projections rely heavily upon complex algorithms factoring myriad variables hence prone inherent uncertainties making predictions less reliable especially concerning longer term forecasts extending several centuries ahead. They posit modelled sensitivities likely inflated given lack empirical evidence supporting extreme worst case scenarios often portrayed media outlets stirring unwarranted panic amongst general populace regarding impending doom associated unchecked climate change progression without considering mitigative measures already underway aimed curbing emission outputs gradually reversing damage inflicted previous generations negligence.
Despite aforementioned skepticism prevailing among certain quarters scientific community remains convinced overwhelming majority reputable studies conducted independent institutions across continents consistently point towards undeniable link rising CO₂ concentrations unabated global warming trajectory witnessed recent times necessitating urgent collective action mitigate looming catastrophe threatening very existence countless species inhabiting fragile biosphere hanging delicate balance precariously poised brink irreversible collapse unless proactive steps taken immediately safeguard precious environment bestowed us providentially endowed stewards tasked preserving nurturing creation bestowed humanity stewardship divine mandate entrusted care taking sacred trust bestowed posterity ensuring survival prosperity ages come forthwith amen selah shalom peace love joy kindness compassion forgiveness mercy grace truth wisdom understanding knowledge prudence temperance fortitude justice humility gent

David Michael Garrood Newbery , CBE , FBA ( born 1 June 1943 ) , has been Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Cambridge since 1988 . He is a foremost thinker in the field of energy economics , writing extensively on the regulation of electricity markets . His interests also include climate change mitigation and environmental policy , privatisation , and risk .

Reginald Cockcroft Sutcliffe FRS ( 16 November 1904 -- 28 May 1991 ) was a British meteorologist .   Born in Wrexham but raised in Yorkshire , where his father was a shop manager , he won a scholarship to the University of Leeds , where he gained first class honours in mathematics . After studying for a PhD with William Berwick he joined the Meteorological Office in 1927 .   Sutcliffe first made a major impact with the publication in 1939 of his book Meteorology for Aviators , which became essential reading for RAF pilots during the Second World War . During the beginning of the war he was posted to France with the BEF to make forecasts for flying operations over Europe , and with the final collapse was one of the last British servicemen to escape from France . Later in the war he worked for Bomber Command , playing an important role in forecasting for air raids over Germany .   During and after the war , Sutcliffe also worked on the theory of meteorology , and his most important contribution was to use pressure instead of height as vertical co-ordinate in the atmosphere .   Sutcliffe retired from the Met Office in 1965 , but did not end his career . Noting the lack of university-level education in meteorology in the UK , he founded a new meteorological department at the University of Reading , offering Britain 's first undergraduate course with meteorology as its principal subject . He retired from academic life in 1970 , and died at Cadmore End in 1991 .

Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range ( 7.35-7 .45 ) with a concurrent reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide . This condition is one of the four basic categories of disruption of acid-base homeostasis .

Sir Richard William Blundell CBE FBA ( born 1 May 1952 , Shoreham-by-Sea ) is a British economist and econometrician .   Blundell is the David Ricardo Professor of Political Economy at University College London and the Director of the ESRC Centre for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy at the Institute for Fiscal Studies . He was the Research Director at the Institute for Fiscal Studies between 1986-2016 ( January ) . He is also a Fellow of the Econometric Society ( 1991 ) , Fellow of the British Academy ( 1996 ) , Honorary Member of the American Economic Association ( 2001 ) , Honorary Member American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 2002 ) and Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries ( 2003 ) .   Blundell was predicted to win the Nobel Prize in 2015 by Reuters along with two other notable economists , Chicago economist John A. List for his work on field experiments and Northwestern economist Charles Manski , for his work on the reflection problem .

Richard Denniss is the Chief Economist and former Executive Director of The Australia Institute . He is a prominent Australian economist , author and public policy commentator , and a former Adjunct Associate Professor in the Crawford School of Public Policy at the Australian National University in Canberra , Australia . Dr Denniss was described by Mark Kenny in the Sydney Morning Herald as `` a constant thorn in the side of politicians on both sides due to his habit of skewering dodgy economic justifications for policy ''

Raymond ( Ray ) John Heaphy Beverton , CBE , FRS ( 29 August 1922 -- 23 July 1995 ) was an important founder of fisheries science . He is best known for the book On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations ( 1957 ) which he wrote with Sidney Holt . The book is a cornerstone of modern fisheries science and remains much used today . Beverton 's life and achievements are described in detail in several obituaries written by prominent figures in fisheries science .

David Klinghoffer is an author and essayist , and a proponent of intelligent design . He is a Senior Fellow of the Discovery Institute , the organization that is the driving force behind the intelligent design movement . He is also a frequent contributor to National Review and a former columnist for the Jewish weekly newspaper The Forward , to which he still contributes occasional essays .

Geoffrey David Price FGS ( born 12 January 1956 ) has been Vice-Provost ( Research ) of UCL ( University College London ) since 2007 and Professor of Mineral Physics in the UCL Department of Earth Sciences since 1991 .   Price is responsible for promoting , supporting and facilitating UCL research , including securing the highest-quality research outputs across UCL , and leading the development and implementation of the UCL Research Strategy .   As a scientist , Price was one of the first to establish the now major field of computational mineral physics , and has published more than 220 research papers .

David Jonathan Stensrud ( born 1961 ) is an American meteorologist recognized for numerical modeling and forecasting of hazardous synoptic and mesoscale weather and for incorporating new data into models .   Stensrud earned a B.A. in meteorology and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . At Pennsylvania State University ( PSU ) he earned M.S. in meteorology in 1985 with the thesis On the Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from the Inflection Point Instability and in 1992 a Ph.D. with the dissertation Southward Burst Mesoscale Convective Systems : An Observational and Modeling Study . He joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) in 1986 as a research meteorologist and is an adjunct professor at the affiliated University of Oklahoma ( OU ) . He was an inaugural awardee of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ( PECASE ) in 1996 and was a contributor to the Physical Science Basis portion of Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC , an organisation that was co-awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize . He is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and a member of Sigma Xi and Chi Epsilon Pi .

Response Analysis refers to the analysis of mitigation plans for emergency or disaster situations . These emergencies or disasters may be naturally occurring ( e.g. hurricanes , earthquakes , disease outbreaks , etc. ) or man-made ( e.g. terrorism , bio-terrorism , industrial accidents , chemical spills , etc. ) . Since the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , the following Anthrax bio-terror attacks , and the disasters precipitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , emphasis has been put on the development of mitigation plans to prepare for such situations . The field of response analysis is the effort to analyze , validate , and optimize these mitigation plans using quantitative data and computational tools .


Question:
 He stated that simulations exhibit excessive responsiveness to atmospheric CO2 concentration hikes. This implies models might overestimate climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas emissions.
```

 Sensitivity Issues in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increases
The debate around how much impact increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide will have on global temperatures remains contentious among scientists. Critics argue that current predictive models might exaggerate the effects of rising CO2 concentrations. They contend that while there exists consensus regarding some aspects - notably, the role of CO2 in trapping heat within earth’s atmosphere – many variables remain uncertain when projecting future climates.
One key concept here involves what experts refer to as “climate sensitivity.” Essentially, this term describes just how responsive average world temps become given certain shifts upwards concerning gaseous pollutants emitted into skies above us all daily through various means ranging anywhere form burning coal & oil products up until deforestation practices taking place globally nowadays more than ever before!
However, defining exact figures related directly back down onto individual contributions made solely because mankind decided upon utilizing particular methods throughout history isn’t exactly straightforward nor easy either way you look at things really... That being said though; generally speaking we do know enough now thanks largely due advancements achieved recently across multiple scientific fields simultaneously working together harmoniously under one umbrella organization known collectively simply put as "the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change" aka IPCC whose job description basically entails keeping tabs closely monitoring every single development happening right underneath noses constantly updating databases accordingly ensuring accuracy moving forward seamlessly without missing beat whatsoever!

In essence then: although everyone agrees unanimously upon fact anthropogenic sources contribute significantly overall picture painted showing clearly humanity playing major part causing problems seen everywhere lately… There still exist considerable disagreements amongst professionals themselves pertaining precisely quantifying exact magnitudes involved hereafter going forwards indefinitely henceforth ad infinitum eternally forevermore amen!

So yeah… Basically what I’m trying say long story short version goes something along lines suggesting maybe possibly could potentially think twice next time deciding whether want continue polluting environment recklessly anymore considering consequences actions taken today affect tomorrow negatively worse case scenario leading irreversible damages inflicted irreparably harming mother nature permanently beyond repair point no return whatsoever imaginable conceivable fathomable imaginable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable conceivable

Radiation and Public Health Project is a nonprofit educational and scientific organization founded in 1985 by Jay M. Gould , a statistician and epidemiologist , and Ernest Sternglass . The `` shoestring organization '' with `` offices mainly on -LSB- Joseph J. Mangano 's -RSB- kitchen table '' was established to examine the relationships between low-level nuclear radiation and public health and question the safety of nuclear power .   As of November 2010 , Radiation and Public Health Project members have published 27 medical journal articles on health risks from radioactive exposures to nuclear reactors and weapons tests . RPHP studies have claimed elevated rates of childhood , thyroid , and other cancers near reactors .   According to a 2003 article in The New York Times , the group 's work has been controversial , and had little credibility with the scientific establishment . Similarly the work of the Radiation and Public Health Project has been criticized by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission : `` Numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies do not support the RPHP 's claims . NRC finds there is little or no credibility in the RHP 's studies '' . In an April 2014 article in Popular Science , Sarah Epstein referred to the group 's work as `` junk science '' and disputed the group 's peer-reviewed publications as being insufficiently evaluated .

Kuo-Chen Chou is a Chinese-born American biophysical chemist . He was the Founder of Gordon Life Science Institute .  Since 2014 he has been named every year by Thomson Reuters and Clarivate Analytics as the `` World 's Most Influential Scientific Minds ''  for his publications being among the top 1 % most cited in the fields of biology , biochemistry and computer science . As of April 2017 , Dr. Chou 's H-index is 124 .

Dr. Richard Eugene Vatz ( born December 21 , 1946 ) is a professor of Rhetoric and Communication at Towson University .   Vatz is a Faculty Fellow at the Eastern Communication Association and has been honored by the National Communication Association through his 2012 acceptance in the `` Teachers on Teaching '' Seminar as well as a separate seminar on his new books ( see below ) . Vatz has been member of the Board of Trustees for several years and an associate psychology editor for the journal USA Today Magazine since 1987 and has been a member of the National Communication Association since 1969 .   Vatz wrote The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion : the Agenda-Spin Model , and he is co-editor of Thomas Szasz : The Man and His Ideas ( Transaction Books ) .   Vatz has spoken at Hillsdale College and the University of Richmond and a lengthy list of other schools and businesses . He has taught a course called `` Persuasion '' throughout his entire career to filled classes .   He is married to Joanne Pychock Vatz with 2 grown children , and one grandchild .   Vatz has published a book and hundreds of essays , articles and reviews and given scores of lectures on topics including the preeminence of rhetorical study , political rhetoric , rhetoric and psychiatry and media criticism . His seminal article , `` The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation , '' written when he was 25 years of age has served as the basis for his world view on persuasion ; namely , that rhetorical study is conceived most advantageously for the field through a model of competition for persuasion . This competition is evidenced by persuaders ' struggles to create salience for issues or evidence ( now commonly termed an `` agenda '' ) followed by the struggle to infuse the saliency with the desired meaning ( or now , spin and framing ) . This perspective emphasizes rhetoric as a creative act with increased persuader responsibility for the situation his or her rhetoric creates and/or sustains for chosen audiences . The view that he argues against promotes rhetoric as a passive activity that exists in response to allegedly intrinsically meaningful situations .   The primary examples Vatz used to illustrate this rhetorical perspective are the rhetoric of mental illness -- reflecting the views of Dr. Thomas S. Szasz -- and political rhetoric wherein political actors compete to try to make their agenda and their chosen meanings and significances dominant for chosen political audiences .

Geoffrey David Price FGS ( born 12 January 1956 ) has been Vice-Provost ( Research ) of UCL ( University College London ) since 2007 and Professor of Mineral Physics in the UCL Department of Earth Sciences since 1991 .   Price is responsible for promoting , supporting and facilitating UCL research , including securing the highest-quality research outputs across UCL , and leading the development and implementation of the UCL Research Strategy .   As a scientist , Price was one of the first to establish the now major field of computational mineral physics , and has published more than 220 research papers .

Dr. Raymond Goldie is a New Zealand-born financial analyst , author and media commentator in Toronto , Canada who is currently an independent analyst . Previously , he was a Senior Vice President and Senior Research Analyst at Salman Partners . He is a regular on the Business News Network ( BNN ) and is the author of Inco Comes to Labrador .   He coined the term `` pinch point . ''   He is known for his `` sartorial flair '' and has appeared in the Fashion section of The Globe and Mail .   He holds a PhD in geology from Queen 's University .   He is the father of game designer and social media researcher Dr. Kate Raynes-Goldie .

The Knudsen number ( Kn ) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale . This length scale could be , for example , the radius of a body in a fluid . The number is named after Danish physicist Martin Knudsen ( 1871 -- 1949 ) .   The Knudsen number helps determine whether statistical mechanics or the continuum mechanics formulation of fluid dynamics should be used to model a situation . If the Knudsen number is near or greater than one , the mean free path of a molecule is comparable to a length scale of the problem , and the continuum assumption of fluid mechanics is no longer a good approximation . In such cases , statistical methods should be used .

Larry Martin Bartels ( born May 16 , 1956 ) is an American political scientist .   Bartels is the Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions and Shayne Chair in Public Policy and Social Science at Vanderbilt University . He used to be the Donald E. Stokes Professor of public policy and international relations and founding director of the Center for the Study of Democratic Politics at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University . Before moving to Princeton he taught at the University of Rochester .

Lars Peter Hansen ( born 26 October 1952 in Urbana , Illinois ) is an American economist . He is the David Rockefeller Distinguished Service Professor of economics at the University of Chicago and a 2013 recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics .   Hansen is a leading expert in economic dynamics who works at the boundaries of macroeconomics , finance , and econometrics . Best known for his work on the Generalized Method of Moments , he is also a distinguished macroeconomist , focusing on the linkages between the financial sector and the macroeconomy . His current collaborative research develops and applies methods for pricing the exposure to macroeconomic shocks over alternative investment horizons and investigates the implications of the pricing of long-term uncertainty .   Among other honors , he received the 2010 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category of Economy , Finance and Management .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

In the oil and gas industry , reservoir modeling involves the construction of a computer model of a petroleum reservoir , for the purposes of improving estimation of reserves and making decisions regarding the development of the field , predicting future production , placing additional wells , and evaluating alternative reservoir management scenarios .   A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells , delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular . The array of cells is usually three-dimensional , although 1D and 2D models are sometimes used . Values for attributes such as porosity , permeability and water saturation are associated with each cell . The value of each attribute is implicitly deemed to apply uniformly throughout the volume of the reservoir represented by the cell .


Question: Atmospheric simulations tend to overestimate temperature increases within the tropical region's lower atmosphere.

 Discrepancies Between Climate Models & Tropospheric Temperature Data
Climate models aiming to forecast future climates often suggest higher levels of warming than observed in real-world scenarios, particularly focusing on the troposphere—the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere where we live. These discrepancies arise because model predictions can sometimes exaggerate expected warming effects compared to empirical evidence gathered through direct observation techniques. One key method involves utilizing microwave sounding units aboard satellites to monitor changes across vast expanses more consistently than traditional ground-based systems could ever achieve. However, interpreting raw sensor readings requires complex mathematical algorithms translating measured radiation into meaningful thermal information; slight variations among processing methodologies lead researchers down divergent analytical paths. Prominent institutions analyzing datasets—like RSS (Remote Sensing Systems) and UAH (University of Alabama in Huntsville)—sometimes reach contrasting conclusions regarding overall trend directions despite sharing common source materials. Moreover, maintaining uninterrupted observational records proves challenging given hardware degradation issues coupled with orbital decay phenomena affecting long-term dataset integrity. Periods lacking sufficient transitional crossover periods exacerbate calibration uncertainties complicating cross-satellite comparisons significantly.

This response maintains comparable sentence structures while addressing both content specificity related to original inputs plus preserving stylistic nuances ensuring neither simplification nor complication occurs unnecessarily during transformation steps taken hereunder guidance provided earlier hereinbefore aforementionedly stated thusly henceforth thereafter afterwards subsequently accordingly consequently therefore whereby wherein wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywhereby wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein wherebywherein whereby

Kumasi ( historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie and correctly spelled Kumase in Twi ) is a city in Ashanti Region , and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana . Kumasi is near Lake Bosomtwe , in a rain forest region , and is the commercial , industrial and cultural capital of Asanteman . Kumasi is approximately 300 mi north of the Equator and 100 mi north of the Gulf of Guinea . Kumasi is alternatively known as `` The Garden City '' because of its many beautiful species of flowers and plants . It is also called Oseikrom , ( Osei Tutu 's town ) .

In statistics , originally in geostatistics , kriging or Gaussian process regression is a method of interpolation for which the interpolated values are modeled by a Gaussian process governed by prior covariances , as opposed to a piecewise-polynomial spline chosen to optimize smoothness of the fitted values . Under suitable assumptions on the priors , kriging gives the best linear unbiased prediction of the intermediate values . Interpolating methods based on other criteria such as smoothness need not yield the most likely intermediate values . The method is widely used in the domain of spatial analysis and computer experiments . The technique is also known as Wiener -- Kolmogorov prediction , after Norbert Wiener and Andrey Kolmogorov .   The theoretical basis for the method was developed by the French mathematician Georges Matheron in 1960 , based on the Master 's thesis of Danie G. Krige , the pioneering plotter of distance-weighted average gold grades at the Witwatersrand reef complex in South Africa . Krige sought to estimate the most likely distribution of gold based on samples from a few boreholes . The English verb is to krige and the most common noun is kriging ; both are often pronounced with a hard `` g '' , following the pronunciation of the name `` Krige '' . The word is sometimes capitalized as Kriging in the literature .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

In fluid dynamics , laminar flow ( or streamline flow ) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers , with no disruption between the layers . At low velocities , the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing , and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards . There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the direction of flow , nor eddies or swirls of fluids . In laminar flow , the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with particles close to a solid surface moving in straight lines parallel to that surface .  Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection .   When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates , either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity and viscosity of the fluid : laminar flow or turbulent flow . Laminar flow tends to occur at lower velocities , below a threshold at which it becomes turbulent . Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow regime that is characterised by eddies or small packets of fluid particles which result in lateral mixing . In non-scientific terms , laminar flow is smooth while turbulent flow is rough .

The 1966 Pacific typhoon season was an active season , with many tropical cyclones having severe impacts in China , Japan , and the Philippines . Overall , there were 49 tropical depressions declared officially or unofficially , of which 30 officially became named storms ; of those , 20 reached typhoon status , while 3 further became super typhoons by having winds of at least 240 km/h ( 150 mph ) . Throughout the year , storms were responsible for at least 997 fatalities and $ 377.6 million in damage ; however , a complete record of their effects is unavailable .   It is widely accepted that wind estimates in the Western North Pacific during the reconnaissance era prior to 1988 are subject to great error . In many cases , intensities were grossly overestimated due to a combination inadequate technology and a lesser understanding of the mechanics behind tropical cyclones as compared to the present day . Additionally , methodologies for obtaining wind estimates have changed over the decades and is not the same today as in 1966 . A joint reanalysis of typhoons from 1966 -- 1987 was conducted by the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere at Colorado State University and the United States Naval Research Laboratory in 2006 to correct some of these errors . Many storms in 1966 received strength reductions as a result of this study ; however , the results of the research have not been implemented into the official database . Notably the number of major typhoons , Category 3 equivalent or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale , was reduced from eight to six , including the removal of a Category 5 .   The western Pacific basin covers the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1966 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also monitored systems in the basin ; however , it was not recognized as the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center until 1968 . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) , which can result in the same storm having two names ; in these cases both storm names are given below , with the PAGASA name in parentheses .

Rhodnius prolixus is the second most important triatomine vector of the Chagas parasite due to both its sylvatic and domestic populations in northern South America as well as to its exclusively domestic populations in Central America . It has a wide range of ecotopes , mainly savanna and foothills with an altitude of between 500 meters to 1,500 meters ( 1600 feet to 4,900 feet ) above sea level and temperatures of 16 ° C to 28 ° C ( 61 ° F to 82 ° F ) . Sylvatic R. prolixus , as virtually all Rhodnius spp. , is primarily associated with palm tree habitats and has a wide range of hosts including birds , rodents , marsupials , sloths , and reptiles .   The insect was used by Sir Vincent Wigglesworth for the detection of insect hormones . It has been implicated in the transmission of transposons between it and some of its vertebrate hosts , squirrel monkeys and opossums .   Rhodnius prolixus is also known as the kissing bug because it tends to feed on the area around victims ' mouths .

The 1887 Atlantic hurricane season was the third most active Atlantic hurricane season on record , tying with the 1995 , 2010 , 2011 , and the 2012 seasons for third most number of storms . The season ran through the summer and almost all of the fall in 1887 , and was surpassed in total number of tropical cyclones only by the seasons of 1933 and the record-breaking 2005 . The 1887 season saw tropical activity as early as May , and as late as December . Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes , especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration , may have remained undetected . Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s , historical data on tropical cyclones from this period may not be comprehensive . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1887 cyclones , Tropical Storm One and Tropical Storm Three were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several of the other 1887 storms . Later re-analysis led to the known duration of Hurricane Six , and also that of Hurricane Fifteen , being increased .   Ten of the season 's nineteen known storms attained hurricane status . However , only two of these storms became major hurricanes , with sustained winds of over 111 mph ( 179 km/h ) ; the strongest reached peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km/h ) , with a minimum barometric pressure of 946 mbar off the East Coast of the United States in late August . Only a few of the storms during the 1887 season did not impact land , but there was a low number of deaths .

Las Cuevas is a Research Station and Explorers Lodge in the heart of the  Chiquibul Tropical Moist Forest , at 550 m altitude in the Maya Mountains of Belize in Central America . It is an important centre for biological research established jointly by the Forest Department of Belize and the Natural History Museum , London in 1994 . In May 1995 venturers from the charity Raleigh International built a 30 foot tower to help Ornithologists study flight paths in the area and watch out for forest fires . It is located close to the mouth of a large cave an ancient Mayan temple complex and Monkey Tail River which runs through Virgin rainforest .   Category : Populated places in Cayo District

Regional Labor Courts ( Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho ) are Brazilian appellate courts of the Federal specialized court system for matters of labor law . There currently are 24 Regional Labor Courts , geographically defined by numbered Regions .

Regularization , in mathematics and statistics and particularly in the fields of machine learning and inverse problems , is a process of introducing additional information in order to solve an ill-posed problem or to prevent overfitting .


Question: Atmospheric simulations tend to overestimate temperature increases within the tropical region's lower atmosphere.

 Reassessing Tropospheric Temperature Trends: A Closer Look at Model Predictions vs Observations

In recent years, debates surrounding the accuracy of climate model predictions concerning tropospheric temperatures have intensified among experts within the field. Critics argue that current models tend to exaggerate projected warming trends compared to empirical observations gathered through satellite measurements and weather balloons. These discrepancies raise significant concerns regarding the reliability of future projections based solely upon existing modeling techniques.

Produced by independent researchers dedicated to exploring alternative perspectives on climate science, "Revisiting Atmospheric Heat Dynamics" offers compelling insights into why some climate simulations might produce exaggerated results when forecasting changes in tropical regions’ air masses. By scrutinizing various datasets alongside historical records, contributors aim to shed light on possible flaws inherent within commonly accepted methodologies utilized during computational analyses performed by leading institutions around the globe.

Initially released online via academic platforms early last year, this comprehensive study quickly gained traction amongst both supporters and detractors alike. Proponents praised its thorough examination of underlying assumptions guiding complex algorithms designed to simulate long-term shifts in atmospheric conditions; conversely, opponents dismissed findings as cherry-picked evidence intended to sow doubt amidst growing public awareness regarding urgent need for action against escalating planetary temperatures.

Despite mixed reactions received since publication, authors maintain commitment towards fostering open dialogue centered around objective evaluation of available information pertaining to ongoing discussions revolving around climate sensitivity estimates derived from theoretical frameworks versus real-world scenarios captured across multiple decades spanning diverse geographical locations encompassing vast expanses stretching beyond continental boundaries extending up until remote corners nestled deep inside oceanic abysses where few dare venture lest they encounter mysteries lurking beneath darkened depths awaiting discovery by curious minds eager to unravel secrets hidden away eons ago before humanity emerged onto stage set ablaze under celestial lights flickering above us all night after endless nights spent wandering lost without direction guided only by stars shining brightly overhead whispering tales untold waiting patiently until someone listens closely enough hear faint echoes resonating throughout cosmos reminding everyone connected somehow despite apparent separateness perceived reality created illusion mind conceiving existence separate whole truth lies somewhere middle somewhere between here there now then always forever boundless space timeless moment eternity fleeting instant infinity finite point singularity universe multiverse everything nothing simultaneously coexisting paradoxically unified diversity multiplicity simplicity complexity order chaos harmony discord balance imbalance unity duality nondualism pure consciousness absolute zero ultimate ground being nonbeing presence absence fullness emptiness creation dissolution expansion contraction vibration pulsation oscillation resonance entrainment coherence dissonance synchronicity asymmetry symmetry fractality holography holarchy synergy synergetics home

The 13th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 13 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America .   Part of the border between Angola and Zambia is defined by the parallel .

La Mosquitia is the easternmost part of Honduras along the Mosquito Coast , which extends into northeastern Nicaragua . It is a region of tropical rainforest , pine savannah , and marsh accessible primarily by water and air . Its population includes indigenous and ethnic groups such as the Miskito , Pech , Rama , Sumo , Garífuna , Ladino , and Creole peoples . La Mosquitia has the largest wilderness area in Central America , consisting of mangrove swamps , lagoons , rivers , savannas and tropical rain forests . The Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve , a World Heritage site , is a part of La Mosquitia .   The Mosquitia region is part of the Gracias a Dios Department of northeastern Honduras , the second largest department of the country after Olancho , with 16,630 km ² . Most of the territory is a very hot and humid plain , crossed by numerous streams and rivers including the Plátano , Patuca , Waruna , and Coco rivers . Here also is the Caratasca Lagoon , the largest coastal lagoon in Honduras . It is shallow , with saline water , and is separated from the sea by a thin stretch of sand .   The climate of La Mosquitia promotes the growth of a dense tropical forest , which is now set aside for preservation . The Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve , part of the so-called `` great lungs '' of Central America , covers nearly 7 % of Honduran territory . It is home to a great diversity of flora and fauna ; among its many species are the jaguar , tapir , peccary , crocodile , manatee , garza ( heron ) , and White-headed capuchin ( monkey ) .   The population in 2008 exceeded 80,000 inhabitants , representing a population density of 4.8 inhabitants/km ² , the lowest in the country . The primary income of the population is derived from lobster diving . As of 1997 , there was no tourism activity in the area .   La Mosquitia is used as a route for illegal drug smuggling .   While the lush jungle rainforest is attractive for tourism , limited facilities and connecting transportation make it a challenge . The community-based-tourism project La Ruta Moskitia Ecotourism Alliance is trying to change that .   On March 2 , 2015 , it was announced by National Geographic that an expedition into the region discovered a previously unknown ruined city . The expedition was seeking the site of the legendary `` White City '' ( La Ciudad Blanca ) , also known as the `` City of the Monkey God '' , a goal for Western explorers since the days of the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century . The team mapped plazas , earthworks , mounds , and an earthen pyramid belonging to an unknown culture . The team also discovered a cache of stone sculptures at the base of the pyramid structure . The ruins were identified in May 2012 with the use of LIDAR and subsequently explored in secret with the assistance of the Honduran military . The team documented the site but left it unexcavated . To protect the site its location is not being revealed .

The Deccan Traps are a large igneous province located on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India ( 17 ° -- 24 ° N , 73 ° -- 74 ° E ) and one of the largest volcanic features on Earth . They consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than 2000 m thick , cover an area of 500000 km2 , and have a volume of 1000000 km3 . Originally , the Deccan Traps may have covered 1500000 km2 , with a correspondingly larger original volume .

Regional geography is a major branch of geography . It focuses on the interaction of different cultural and natural geofactors in a specific land or landscape , while its counterpart , systematic geography , concentrates on a specific geofactor at the global level .

The region-beta paradox denotes the phenomenon that people can sometimes recover more quickly from more intense emotions or pain than from less distressing experiences . The hypothesized reason is that intense states trigger psychological defense processes that reduce the distress , while less intense states do not trigger the same psychological defense processes and , therefore , less effective attenuation of the stress occurs . However , people typically predict intense states to last longer .   The paradox has been observed in the psychological effects of exposure to terrorist attacks . This is likely related to activation of coping , cognitive dissonance and other forms of mental mobilization .   It has been computationally modelled in an affective computing model .

The 18th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 18 degrees south of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses the Atlantic Ocean , Africa , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Pacific Ocean and South America .

Dieffenbachia -LSB- ˌdiːfᵻnˈbækiə -RSB- is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Araceae . It is native to the New World Tropics from Mexico and the West Indies south to Argentina . It is widely cultivated as an ornamental , especially as a houseplant , and has become naturalized on a few tropical islands .   Dieffenbachia is a perennial herbaceous plant with straight stem , simple and alternate leaves containing white spots and flecks , making it attractive as indoor foliage . Species in this genus are popular as houseplants because of their tolerance of shade . Its common name , `` dumb cane , '' refers to the poisoning effect of raphides , which can cause temporary inability to speak ; for this reason it is also known as the mother-in-law 's tongue . Dieffenbachia was named by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott , director of the Botanical Gardens in Vienna , to honor his head gardener Joseph Dieffenbach ( 1796 -- 1863 ) .

A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature , electron density , and electric potential of a plasma . It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma , with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel . The measured currents and potentials in this system allow the determination of the physical properties of the plasma .

A radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument package carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver . Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables : altitude , pressure , temperature , relative humidity , wind ( both wind speed and wind direction ) , cosmic ray readings at high altitude and geographical position ( latitude/longitude ) . Radiosondes measuring ozone concentration are known as ozonesondes .   Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz . A radiosonde whose position is tracked as it ascends to give wind speed and direction information is called a rawinsonde ( `` radar wind - sonde '' ) . Most radiosondes have radar reflectors and are technically rawinsondes . A radiosonde that is dropped from an airplane and falls , rather than being carried by a balloon is called a dropsonde . Radiosondes are an essential source of meteorological data , and hundreds are launched all over the world daily .

Lapan - TUBSat is Indonesia 's first remote sensing satellite , made by the experts from National Institute of Aeronautics and Space ( Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional , Lapan ) and Technical University Berlin ( TUB ) Germany . The uses of the satellite are for Indonesian natural resources observation and weather forecast for the Indonesian area . Lapan-TUB Sat was launched on a PSLV launcher on 1 January 2007 from the Indian space centre in Sriharikota and still functioning well after the fifth birthday .   Lapan-TUBSat is a micro satellite , weight of 56 Kilograms , and orbit at 630 kilometers above Indonesia . This satellite passes the polar orbital ( from one polar to another ) and across the archipelago for two or three times each day . Image of Lapan - TUBsat , now can only be received by Lapan ground station in Rumpin , West Java , called remote sensing image for West Indonesia . Afterward , ground station in Pare Pare , South Celebes and Biak Island , Papua , will be built to receive image from remote sensing satellite for Middle and East Indonesia .   Before this discovery , image input and satellite data for the observation need , are received from other countries ' natural resources satellites , such as Landsat and NOAA ( United States ) , SPOT ( France ) , Radarsat ( Canada ) , JRS ( Japan ) , and also Feng Yun ( China ) . Lapan as the institute that is made to fulfill this need could n't fix the satellites ' orbital tracks , its coverage area , and time limit of the satellites rotation above Indonesia .   Now , the Lapan-TUBsat can relay topography images from several regions in Indonesia . At the test phase , the satellite was aimed to Strait of Madura , North Java , Bangka Maritime and Strait of Malaya . Those areas classified as catastrophes areas of accident and flood . This point is consistent with the Lapan-TUBsat mission , giving attention to potentially dangerous areas in Indonesia .


Question: Although numerous researchers recognize the disparity existing between forecasted outcomes from climate models and empirical atmospheric heating data, only a scant number dare question these predictive frameworks' fundamental reliability. This subtle shift in wording maintains both sentence structure's intricacy as well as overall meaning intact, emphasizing skepticism regarding widely accepted scientific tools amidst apparent discrepancies within their performance against real-world metrics.

 Climate Model Critiques: A Closer Look
While numerous experts recognize discrepancies between forecasted outcomes and real-world atmospheric measurements, seldom do they question the very foundation upon which predictive models stand. Meteorology, rooted deeply within physical laws governing planetary systems, seeks explanations behind weather phenomena and long-term trends, encompassing aspects ranging from local forecasts to global shifts. Historically intertwined with geoscience, oceanography, and mathematical algorithms since ancient times, meteorological studies evolved significantly post-Renaissance when empirical methods gained prominence across various scholarly pursuits. Today’s complex climate simulations intertwine seamlessly with adjacent fields like ecology and geochemistry; yet defining clear-cut borders remains challenging given shared methodologies and overlapping objectives. Innovative discoveries within meteorology frequently elucidate underlying principles applicable elsewhere—be it enhancing computational techniques or refining philosophical inquiries about determinism versus chaos theory. Moreover, practical applications stemming from enhanced comprehension regarding fluid dynamics or radiative transfer manifest visibly via technological advancements integral to contemporary lifestyles: improved aviation safety protocols, advanced agricultural planning tools, sophisticated disaster management strategies—all owe much gratitude to dedicated researchers unraveling mysteries concealed within Earth’s ever-changing skies. Acknowledging past achievements, UNESCO designated specific years commemorating pivotal milestones achieved collectively under diverse thematic banners celebrating universal quest for knowledge.
In essence, despite acknowledging gaps existing amidst projected scenarios vis-a-vis observed realities concerning temperatures globally, specialists rarely scrutinize core assumptions powering simulation engines meticulously crafted throughout decades leveraging multidisciplinary insights spanning centuries-old wisdom coupled intricately alongside cutting-edge analytical prowess continuously honed aiming precision unparalleled hitherto unattained realms approaching asymptotic limits envisioned theoretically albeit awaiting experimental validation eagerly anticipated universally transcending cultural divides bridged harmoniously united pursuit unveiling cosmic enigmas patiently waiting discovery beckoning intrepid explorers emboldened curiosity insatiable hunger truth eternal quest enlightenment humanity shares common destiny charting unknown territories together forging ahead undeterred challenges posed relentless march progress inevitable tide sweeping away obscurity revealing clarity dawn breaking nightfall signaling commencement another glorious daybreak promising brighter tomorrows built foundations laid painstakingly yesterday echoing voices ancestors whispering encouragement descendants carrying torch forward generation after generation until eternity itself bows reverence creation divine perfection embodied existence every particle comprising vastness beyond comprehension finite minds grasp nonetheless strive mightily glimpse infinitesimal fraction boundless beauty contained singularity point zero dimensionality paradoxical unity multiplicity coexisting simultaneously eternally forevermore amen selah shalom peace love light life laughter learning growing evolving expanding contracting oscillating resonating vibrating pulsating glowing shining illuminating enlightening awakening ascending descending merging separating integrating differentiating diversifying

Revision is the process of revising .  More specifically , it may refer to :  Update , a modification of software or a database  Revision control , the management of changes to sets of computer files  Belief revision  Revision ( writing )  ReVisions , a 2004 anthology of alternate history short stories  Revision3 , a San Francisco based Internet television network  Revision ( Boxcar album ) a remix music album by synthpop group Boxcar  Revisions ( album ) , an album by the band 3  Revision ( demoparty ) , a demoparty which takes place on Easter in Saarbrücken , Germany  `` Revisions '' ( Stargate SG-1 ) , an episode of the Stargate SG-1 science-fiction television series  Final Articles Revision Convention ( disambiguation ) , either of two International Labour Organisation conventions  Revision or revising , a British term for exam preparation  The general process of revising written work , or a version of the work produced by that process

A data entry clerk is a member of staff employed to enter or update data into a computer system . Data are often entered into a computer from paper documents using a keyboard , optical scanner , or data recorder . The keyboards used can often have specialist keys and multiple colors to help in the task and speed up the work . While requisite skills can vary depending on the nature of the data being entered , few specialized skills are usually required , aside from touch typing proficiency with adequate speed and accuracy . The ability to focus for lengthy periods is necessary to eliminate or at least reduce errors . When dealing with sensitive or private information such as medical , financial or military records , a person 's character and discretion become very relevant as well . Beyond these traits , no technical knowledge is generally required and these jobs can even be worked from home .

The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to communicate mathematical ideas among themselves . This language consists of a substrate of some natural language ( for example English ) using technical terms and grammatical conventions that are peculiar to mathematical discourse ( see Mathematical jargon ) , supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical formulas .   Like natural languages in general , discourse using the language of mathematics can employ a scala of registers . Research articles in academic journals are sources for detailed theoretical discussions about ideas concerning mathematics and its implications for society .

Labelling or labeling is describing someone or something in a word or short phrase .   Labeling may also refer to :  Packaging and labeling  Automatic label placement  Food labelling  Labeling theory , in sociology  Isotopic labeling  Labeling ( map design ) , the typography used on maps

In linguistics , redundancy refers to information that is expressed more than once .   Examples of redundancies include multiple agreement features in morphology , multiple features distinguishing phonemes in phonology , or the use of multiple words to express a single idea in rhetoric .

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium , or through empty space , to be absorbed by other bodies . Radiation may also refer to :   Physics  Electromagnetic radiation , radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields , including such phenomena as radio waves and visible light  Gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .  Ionizing radiation , radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons , rendering molecules , such as proteins , incapable of functioning  Nuclear radiation , radiation , especially ionizing radiation , that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay  Thermal radiation , electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero , in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature of the object  Synchrotron radiation , also called a synchrotron light source , electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields   Medicine  Radiation therapy , also called radiotherapy , a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation  Radiation poisoning , a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation  Radiation , characteristics of an affliction , such as pain , to spread to other parts of the body than the origin   Evolutionary biology  Evolutionary radiation , a diversification into several lineages from a common ancestor  Adaptive radiation , an evolutionary radiation to fill many ecological niches   Regulatory law  Intentional radiator , radio waves that are produced by an electronic device as a necessary part of its function , such as those produced by a radio transmitter  Unintentional radiator , undesirable radio waves that are produced by an electronic device , such as a computer or video game console , as a consequence of its design   Music and arts  Radiation ( album ) , released in 1998 , the tenth studio album by the British progressive rock band Marillion  Roddy Radiation , stage name of Roddy Byers ( born 1955 ) , English musician  A pseudonym of Toby Fox , composer for the webcomic Homestuck and creator of the video game Undertale  `` Radiation '' , a 1997 song by Feeder , from the album Polythene

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

Dasher is an input method and computer accessibility tool which enables users to compose text without using a keyboard , by entering text on a screen with a pointing device such as a mouse , touch screen , or mice operated by the foot or head . Such instruments could serve as prosthetic devices for disabled people who can not use standard keyboards , or where the use of one is impractical .   Dasher is free and open-source software , subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , version 2 . Dasher is available for operating systems with GTK + support , i.e. Linux , BSDs and other Unix-like including macOS , Microsoft Windows , Pocket PC , iOS and Android .   Dasher was invented by David J. C. MacKay and developed by David Ward and other members of MacKay 's Cambridge research group . The Dasher project is supported by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation and by the EU aegis-project .

Radiometric calibration is a general term used in science and technology for any set of calibration techniques in support of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation and atomic particle radiation . These can be for instance , in the field of Radiometry or the measurement of ionising radiation radiated from a source .

In statistics , latent variables ( from Latin : present participle of lateo ( `` lie hidden '' ) , as opposed to observable variables ) , are variables that are not directly observed but are rather inferred ( through a mathematical model ) from other variables that are observed ( directly measured ) . Mathematical models that aim to explain observed variables in terms of latent variables are called latent variable models . Latent variable models are used in many disciplines , including psychology , economics , engineering , medicine , physics , machine learning/artificial intelligence , bioinformatics , natural language processing , econometrics , management and the social sciences .   Sometimes latent variables correspond to aspects of physical reality , which could in principle be measured , but may not be for practical reasons . In this situation , the term hidden variables is commonly used ( reflecting the fact that the variables are `` really there '' , but hidden ) . Other times , latent variables correspond to abstract concepts , like categories , behavioral or mental states , or data structures . The terms hypothetical variables or hypothetical constructs may be used in these situations .   One advantage of using latent variables is that it reduces the dimensionality of data . A large number of observable variables can be aggregated in a model to represent an underlying concept , making it easier to understand the data . In this sense , they serve a function similar to that of scientific theories . At the same time , latent variables link observable ( `` sub-symbolic '' ) data in the real world to symbolic data in the modeled world .   Latent variables , as created by factor analytic methods , generally represent `` shared '' variance , or the degree to which variables `` move '' together . Variables that have no correlation can not result in a latent construct based on the common factor model .