Question: Nevertheless, there are those who chafe against the notion that since droughts and hurricanes have historically taken place, one shouldn't associate them with alterations in our climate.

2017 Houston Floods
In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey unleashed catastrophic flooding upon Texas, especially affecting the Greater Houston area. These events stemmed from record-breaking precipitation levels triggered during the hurricane season. Over four feet of rain inundated communities across southeastern Texas, leading to extensive damage and displacement. Approximately eighty-eight fatalities were recorded, while countless lives were disrupted when more than thirty thousand residents sought shelter elsewhere. Damage assessments soared into tens of billions of dollars, making the disaster one of America’s priciest weather-related calamities ever documented. Scientists attribute heightened storm intensity partly to ongoing climate changes, specifically warmer ocean temperatures enhancing tropical cyclone ferocity.

This rewritten passage maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and thematic coherence but shifts focus onto another flood incident—the devastating impact of Hurricane Harvey on Houston—while preserving the connection between extreme weather occurrences and broader discussions around climate alteration implications.

The 1887 Halloween tropical storm was a late-season tropical cyclone that caused significant damage along the East Coast of the United States during Halloween of 1887 . The sixteenth tropical storm of the annual hurricane season , it formed from an area of disturbed weather over the Gulf of Mexico on October 29 . The storm later came ashore along the west coast of Florida . After crossing the state , it produced severe thunderstorms along the North Carolina -- Virginia coastline before becoming extratropical on November 1 . The extratropical system intensified into the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale . It eventually dissipated on November 6 , shortly after hitting northwest France .   The storm affected the town of Norfolk , where it became the most damaging storm since 1879 . Despite the damage inland , the storm is best known for the unusually high amount of shipwrecks and maritime incidents it caused . One ship , a schooner called the Manantico , capsized , killing the captain and one of its crew members . Three other ships were driven ashore on Virginia beaches from Dam Rock to Cape Henry , and numerous others were put in danger .

A review is an evaluation of a publication , service , or company such as a movie ( a movie review ) , video game ( video game review ) , musical composition ( music review of a composition or recording ) , book ( book review ) ; a piece of hardware like a car , home appliance , or computer ; or an event or performance , such as a live music concert , play , musical theater show , dance show , or art exhibition . In addition to a critical evaluation , the review 's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit . More loosely , an author may review current events , trends , or items in the news . A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review . The New York Review of Books , for instance , is a collection of essays on literature , culture , and current affairs . National Review , founded by William F. Buckley , Jr. , is an influential conservative magazine , and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical .

Labor history or labour history is a sub-discipline of Social History which specialises on the history of the working classes and the labor movement . The central concerns of labor historians include industrial relations and forms of labor protest ( strikes , lock-outs ) , the rise of mass politics ( especially the rise of Socialism ) and the social and cultural history of the industrial working classes . Labor historians may also concern themselves with issues of gender , race , ethnicity and other factors besides class but chiefly focus on urban or industrial societies which distinguishes it from Rural history .

The 1940 South Carolina hurricane was a Category 2 hurricane that struck the Georgia and South Carolina coast between August 11 and 12 , 1940 . After forming north of the Leeward Islands , the storm moved west-northwest , moving east of the Bahamas before resuming a west-northwest track towards the Southeastern United States . Hurricane warnings were in effect for the United States coastline near and north of where the center made landfall . A 13-foot storm tide was measured along the South Carolina coast , while over 15 in of rain fell across northern North Carolina . Significant flooding and landslides struck Georgia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia during the system 's slow trek as a weakening tropical storm , and then as an extratropical cyclone , through the Southeast . The landslides which struck North Carolina were considered a once in a century event . Damages relating to the storm totaled $ 13 million ( 1940 USD ) and 50 people perished .

The 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones . In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated . There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson scale . Of the known 1863 cyclones , seven were first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz , while the ninth tropical storm was first documented in 2003 . These changes were largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) , with some adjustments .   Although it is not officially listed in HURDAT , Hurricane Amanda , named after a ship run aground by the storm , developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May 24 . First documented in 2013 by Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock , the system capsized several other ships and caused damage along the coast of the Florida Panhandle . The cyclone made landfall near Apalachicola , Florida exceptionally early in the season , on May 28 . Amanda holds the distinction of being the only known hurricane landfall in the United States in the month of May since HURDAT records began in 1851 . On land and at sea , the cyclone left at least 110 fatalities . Few other storms were notable . In August , the third official storm capsized the American brig Bainbridge off Hatteras , North Carolina , drowning 80 people . The seventh official cyclone caused 10 deaths near Tampico , Tamaulipas , after the ship J.K.L. sunk .

Reinhart Koselleck ( 23 April 1923 -- 3 February 2006 ) was a German historian , considered as one of the most important historians of the twentieth century . He held an original position in the historical discipline and was not part of any historical ` school ' , working in such varied fields as conceptual history ( Begriffsgeschichte ) , the epistemology of history , linguistics , the foundations of an anthropology of history and social history , the history of law and the history of government .

Demonic possession is the belief that individuals can be possessed by malevolent preternatural beings , commonly referred to as demons or devils . Obsessions and possessions of the devil are placed in the rank of apparitions of the evil spirit among humans . It is obsession when the demon acts externally against the person whom it besets , and possession when he acts internally , agitates them , excites their ill humor , makes them utter blasphemy , speak tongues they have never learned , discovers to them unknown secrets , and inspires them with the knowledge of the obscurest things in philosophy or theology.p .125   Descriptions of demonic possessions often include erased memories or personalities , convulsions ( i.e. epileptic seizures or `` fits '' ) and fainting as if one were dying . Other descriptions include access to hidden knowledge and foreign languages ( xenoglossy ) , drastic changes in vocal intonation and facial structure , the sudden appearance of injuries ( scratches , bite marks ) or lesions , and superhuman strength . Unlike in channeling , the subject has no control over the possessing entity and so it will persist until forced to leave the victim , usually through a form of exorcism .   Many cultures and religions contain some concept of demonic possession , but the details vary considerably . The oldest references to demonic possession are from the Sumerians , who believed that all diseases of the body and mind were caused by `` sickness demons '' called gidim or gid-dim . The priests who practised exorcisms in these nations were called ashipu ( sorcerer ) as opposed to an asu ( physician ) who applied bandages and salves . Many cuneiform clay tablets contain prayers to certain gods asking for protection from demons , while others ask the gods to expel the demons that have invaded their bodies .   Shamanic cultures also believe in demon possession and shamans perform exorcisms . In these cultures , diseases are often attributed to the presence of a vengeful spirit ( or loosely termed demon ) in the body of the patient . These spirits are more often the spectres of animals or people wronged by the bearer , the exorcism rites usually consisting of respectful offerings or sacrificial offerings .   Christianity holds that possession derives from the Devil , i.e. Satan , or one of his lesser demons . In many Christian belief systems , Satan and his demons are actually fallen angels .

Resistance is a concept created by American novelist Steven Pressfield that illustrates the universal force that he claims acts against human creativity . It was first described in his non-fiction book The War of Art and elaborated in the follow-up books Do The Work and Turning Pro , and in other essays . It is also a recurring theme in some of his fiction novels such as The Legend of Bagger Vance and The Virtues of War .   Resistance is described in a mythical fashion as a universal force that has one sole mission : to keep things as they are . Pressfield claims that Resistance does not have a personal vendetta against anyone , rather it is simply trying to accomplish its only mission . It is the force that will stop an individual 's creative activity through any means necessary , whether it be rationalizing , inspiring fear and anxiety , emphasizing other distractions that require attention , raising the voice of an inner critic , and much more . It will use any tool to stop creation flowing from an individual , no matter what field the creation is in .   Pressfield goes on to claim that Resistance is the most dangerous element to one 's life and dreams since its sole mission is to sabotage aspirations . He explains steps that human beings can take to overcome this force and keep it subdued so that they can create to their fullest potential , although Resistance is never fully gone .   Pressfield 's concept of Resistance has been cited by authors such as Seth Godin , David M. Kelley and Tom Kelley , Eric Liu and the Lincoln Center Institute , Robert Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter , and Gina Trapani .

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters .

The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes since 1964 , which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale . Featuring a total of thirteen named storms , nine hurricanes , and six major hurricanes , the season officially began on June 1 , 1996 , and ended on November 30 , 1996 , dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . The season 's first tropical cyclone , Tropical Storm Arthur , developed on June 17 , while the final cyclone , Hurricane Marco dissipated on November 26 . The most intense hurricane , Edouard , was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected portions of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England . The season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls , including six hurricanes , one of which was a major hurricane . In total , six major hurricanes formed during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season -- the highest number produced in a single season since 1964 .   The four most notable tropical cyclones of the season were hurricanes Bertha , Cesar , Fran , and Hortense . Bertha made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane on the coast of North Carolina , causing a total of 12 deaths and $ 335 million ( 1996 USD ) in damage . Hurricane Fran made landfall in the same general area a little over a month later as a Category 3 hurricane , causing 37 deaths and $ 6.9 billion in damage . Hurricane Cesar developed in the east Caribbean during late-July and crossed Nicaragua into the east Pacific as a strong tropical storm several days later , at which time it earned the name Douglas . The system produced strong winds and flooding , leading to 113 deaths and $ 202.96 million in damage . Finally , Hurricane Hortense formed in the east Atlantic during the month of September and crossed Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , causing 39 direct deaths and $ 158 million in damage . Collectively , the tropical cyclones of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season caused $ 8.41 billion in damage and 256 deaths .


Question: Nevertheless, there are those who chafe against the notion that since droughts and hurricanes have perpetually taken place, one shouldn't associate them with alterations in our climate.

 Linking Extreme Weather Events to Climate Change
The debate around attributing specific weather phenomena, such as intense flooding and severe storms, directly to climate change remains contentious among certain skeptics who argue historical occurrences justify dismissing any connection. Yet, mounting evidence suggests otherwise. Over recent decades, scientists observed increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather globally, coinciding with rising atmospheric temperatures attributed largely to anthropogenic activities. For instance, Australia’s experiences underscore this trend: record-breaking heatwaves, extended dry spells leading to devastating wildfires, alongside unpredictable precipitation patterns causing flash floods—all increasingly tied back to broader shifts within earth systems influenced predominantly through elevated levels of greenhouse gases emitted chiefly via burning fossil fuels. Critics often point out how disasters were part of nature long before modern times; nonetheless, current research indicates exacerbated conditions precisely align with models predicting outcomes based upon unchecked increases in carbon concentrations. Thus, acknowledging both history and contemporary data reveals compelling correlations warranting serious consideration when discussing root causes behind escalating instances of catastrophic events plaguing numerous regions across continents—including those traditionally unaccustomed to facing such challenges regularly prior to late twentieth-century onwards. Notably, adaptation strategies aiming to mitigate risks associated therewith necessitate comprehensive approaches encompassing infrastructure improvements designed withstand projected hazards alongside proactive measures aimed curbing future exacerbations stemming continued reliance finite resource exploitation contributing overall planetary imbalance manifesting observable negative consequences locally regionally alike.

This passage maintains comparable length & readability whilst preserving thematic essence regarding skepticism surrounding attribution complex phenomenon simple causality—herein focusing specifically examination interplay climate variability/extreme meteorological occurrences. Additionally, retains emphasis empirical findings supporting argumentative stance contrasted prevalent counterarguments typically espoused contrarian factions emphasizing perceived lack novelty concerning ostensibly cyclical environmental fluctuations throughout geologic timeline. Ultimately, endeavors reinforce notion sophisticated analytical methodologies employed conjunction rigorous peer-reviewed scrutiny capable yielding robust insights pertaining intricate web interactions comprising dynamic biosphere subject myriad external/internal forcings varying temporal/spatial scales respectively.

The 1879 Atlantic hurricane season ran from the summer to near the end of autumn in 1879 . In 1879 there were two tropical storms , four hurricanes , and two major hurricanes ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1879 cyclones , Hurricane One were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large changes to the known tracks of Hurricanes Two , Three , Seven and Eight . Later one storm was deemed not to be a tropical cyclone at all and was dropped from the database .   __ TOC __

Day-age creationism , a type of old Earth creationism , is an interpretation of the creation accounts in Genesis . It holds that the six days referred to in the Genesis account of creation are not ordinary 24-hour days , but are much longer periods ( from thousands to billions of years ) . The Genesis account is then reconciled with the age of the Earth . Proponents of the day-age theory can be found among both theistic evolutionists , who accept the scientific consensus on evolution , and progressive creationists , who reject it . The theories are said to be built on the understanding that the Hebrew word yom is also used to refer to a time period , with a beginning and an end and not necessarily that of a 24-hour day .   The differences between the young Earth interpretation of Genesis and modern scientific theories such as Big Bang , abiogenesis , and common descent are significant . The young Earth interpretation says that everything in the universe and on Earth was created in six 24-hour days , estimated to have occurred some 6,000 years ago . Modern scientific observations , however , put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years and the Earth at 4.5 billion years , with various forms of life , including humans , being formed gradually over time .   The day-age theory attempts to reconcile these views by believing that the creation `` days '' were not ordinary 24-hour days , but actually lasted for long periods of time ( as day-age implies , the `` days '' each lasted an age ) . According to this view , the sequence and duration of the creation `` days '' may be paralleled to the scientific consensus for the age of the earth and the universe .

The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had the most major hurricanes since 1964 , which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale . Featuring a total of thirteen named storms , nine hurricanes , and six major hurricanes , the season officially began on June 1 , 1996 , and ended on November 30 , 1996 , dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . The season 's first tropical cyclone , Tropical Storm Arthur , developed on June 17 , while the final cyclone , Hurricane Marco dissipated on November 26 . The most intense hurricane , Edouard , was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that affected portions of the Mid-Atlantic states and New England . The season featured nine tropical cyclone landfalls , including six hurricanes , one of which was a major hurricane . In total , six major hurricanes formed during the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season -- the highest number produced in a single season since 1964 .   The four most notable tropical cyclones of the season were hurricanes Bertha , Cesar , Fran , and Hortense . Bertha made landfall as a Category 2 hurricane on the coast of North Carolina , causing a total of 12 deaths and $ 335 million ( 1996 USD ) in damage . Hurricane Fran made landfall in the same general area a little over a month later as a Category 3 hurricane , causing 37 deaths and $ 6.9 billion in damage . Hurricane Cesar developed in the east Caribbean during late-July and crossed Nicaragua into the east Pacific as a strong tropical storm several days later , at which time it earned the name Douglas . The system produced strong winds and flooding , leading to 113 deaths and $ 202.96 million in damage . Finally , Hurricane Hortense formed in the east Atlantic during the month of September and crossed Hispaniola and Puerto Rico , causing 39 direct deaths and $ 158 million in damage . Collectively , the tropical cyclones of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season caused $ 8.41 billion in damage and 256 deaths .

The 1999 Pacific hurricane season was one of the least active Pacific hurricane seasons on record . The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific , and on June 1 in the Central Pacific ; in both basins , it ended on November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The first tropical cyclone of the season , Hurricane Adrian , developed on June 18 , while the final storm of the season , Tropical Storm Irwin , dissipated on October 11 . No storms developed in the Central Pacific during the season . However , two storms from the Eastern Pacific , Dora and Eugene , entered the basin , with the former entering as a hurricane .   The season produced fourteen tropical cyclones and nine named storms , which was well below the average of sixteen named storms per season ; this was largely due to a strong La Niña taking over much of the Pacific . However , the total of six hurricanes and two major hurricanes during the season was near the averages of eight and three , respectively . Although it remained offshore , Hurricane Adrian caused 6 deaths from flooding and rough surf in Mexico . Hurricane Dora was a long-lived and intense cyclone , which had the second longest track of a Pacific hurricane on record . The storm brought minor impacts to the island of Hawaii ; however , no deaths or damage was reported . The deadliest tropical cyclone , Hurricane Greg , killed 10 people from flooding in Mexico .

The 1928 Fort Pierce hurricane devastated areas of Florida and the Southeastern United States in August 1928 . The first tropical cyclone and hurricane of the annual hurricane season , the storm developed from a tropical wave first identified on August 3 , 1928 , north of the Virgin Islands . Slowly intensifying as it moved west-northwest , the system paralleled the Greater Antilles throughout much of its early existence . On August 5 , the tropical storm strengthened to the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane , while positioned over The Bahamas . The hurricane continued to intensify , and after reaching Category 2 hurricane strength , attained its peak intensity on August 7 with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 971 mbar ( hPa ; 28.70 inHg ) . Shortly after , the hurricane made landfall as a slightly weaker storm just southeast of Fort Pierce , Florida at 0700 UTC on August 8 . Weakening as it moved across the Florida peninsula over the course of the next day , the storm briefly moved over the Gulf of Mexico before recurving northwards . Thus , it made a second landfall on the Florida Panhandle on August 10 as a tropical storm . Once inland , the system continued to weaken , degenerating to tropical depression strength before transitioning into an extratropical storm later that day . The extratropical remnants progressed outwards into the Atlantic Ocean before entirely dissipating by August 14 .   In its early developmental stages north of the Greater Antilles , the storm caused minor damage to shipping in The Bahamas and generated rough seas offshore Cuba . At its first landfall on Fort Pierce , the hurricane caused extensive property damage , particularly in coastal regions , where numerous homes were unroofed . Central Florida 's citrus crop was hampered by the strong winds and heavy rain . Several of Florida 's lakes , including Lake Okeechobee , rose past their banks , inundating coastal areas . Damage to infrastructure was less in inland regions than at the coast , though power outages caused loss of communication statewide . At the hurricane 's second landfall , wind damage was relatively minor , though torrential rainfall , aided by orthographic lift , caused extensive flooding as far north as the Mid-Atlantic states . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 235,000 in damages , primarily in Florida , and two deaths .

In rhetoric , a rhetorical device or resource of language is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective , using sentences designed to encourage or provoke a rational argument from an emotional display of a given perspective or action . Rhetorical devices can be used to evoke an emotional response in the audience , but that is not their primary purpose .

The 1909 Monterrey hurricane was one of the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record , killing an estimated 4,000 people throughout Mexico . Originating from a tropical storm east of the Leeward Islands on August 20 , the storm tracked west-northwest , entering the Caribbean Sea as a minimal hurricane the next day . After striking Hispaniola on August 23 , the hurricane made another landfall in eastern Cuba before reentering the Caribbean . Once back over open water , the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and moved across the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula . By August 26 , the storm had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a weakened , but regrouping system . It attained its peak winds of 120 mph ( 185 km/h ) that evening . Maintaining this intensity , the system made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas late on August 27 and rapidly dissipated the following afternoon .   Throughout its existence , the hurricane remained relatively close to land , so consequently its effects were felt in many areas . Much of the northern Caribbean received moderate to heavy rainfall along with gusty winds during its passage ; although only Haiti reported damage from it . Its effects were far more severe in Mexico where an estimated 4,000 people were killed by record-breaking floods triggered by the hurricane . The city of Monterrey received the worst damage : more than half of the structures in the city were flooded , hundreds were destroyed , and 20,000 people were left homeless . Damage from the storm in the country was estimated to have exceeded $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ; $ USD ) .

The Windward Islands Hurricane was a strong , destructive hurricane that raged through the eastern Caribbean islands in the early part of September during the 1898 Atlantic hurricane season . Between 300 and 400 people are believed to have died in the storm . Damage on Barbados and St. Vincent was catastrophic .

Rebirthing-breathwork is a type of breathwork invented by Leonard Orr . Orr proposed that correct breathing can cure disease and relieve pain .   Orr devised rebirthing therapy in the 1970s after he supposedly re-lived his own birth while in the bath . He claimed that breathing techniques could be used to purge traumatic childhood memories that had been repressed .   Rebirthing-breathwork is one of the practices critiqued by anti-cult experts Margaret Singer and Janja Lalich in the book Crazy Therapies : What Are They ? Do They Work ? . Singer and Lalich write that proponents of such `` bizarre '' practices are proud of their non-scientific approach , and that this finds favor with an irrational clientele . In 2006 , a panel that consisted of over one hundred experts participated in a survey of psychological treatments considered rebirthing therapy to be discredited .

The 1964 Pacific hurricane season was the least active Pacific hurricane season on record since 1953 . The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and June 1 in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility and lasted until November 30 in both regions . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean .   During this season only six tropical storms developed , of which two intensified into hurricanes . Of the two hurricanes , one reached Category 2 intensity of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . No storms reached major hurricane status ( Category 3 or higher on the hurricane scale ) , an unusual occurrence . The first tropical cyclone of the season , Tropical Storm Natalie made landfall in Mexico in early to mid-July . About a week later , Hurricane Odessa became the strongest storm of the season in terms of wind speed . Tropical Storm Prudence brought high waves to Southern California , while becoming the strongest storm of the year in terms of barometric pressure . In addition , Tropical Storm Tillie produced severe flooding to much of the Southwestern United States , in particular in Arizona in early to mid-September .


Question: Nevertheless, there are those who resist the notion that since droughts and hurricanes have historically taken place, one shouldn't associate them with alterations in our climate.

2013 Colorado Floods
In September 2013, severe flooding devastated numerous regions within Colorado following several days of intense rainfall. Initially impacting the Front Range Urban Corridor, particularly Boulder County, the disaster soon spread its effects statewide. Record-breaking downpours led to catastrophic flash floods, washing away roads, bridges, homes, and businesses alike. By mid-month, entire communities found themselves isolated amidst rising waters. With some areas receiving up to two feet of rain in less than a week—equivalent to what would typically fall throughout an entire year—the event surpassed all previous benchmarks set since meteorological recording commenced.

The National Weather Service categorized this deluge as a "historic" occurrence, emphasizing how unusual conditions combined to produce such overwhelming outcomes. Despite being accustomed to occasional heavy rains, Coloradans were unprepared for this magnitude of inundation. Emergency services worked tirelessly alongside volunteers to evacuate thousands caught off guard by rapidly deteriorating situations. Recovery proved long-term given extensive infrastructural damages totaling billions; yet resilience prevailed among those impacted directly by nature’s fury.

Critics often argue against attributing specific extreme events solely to anthropogenic influences despite mounting scientific evidence linking increased frequency/severity thereof under current climatic paradigms. However, instances akin to aforementioned highlight growing urgency behind addressing underlying drivers exacerbating vulnerability globally. Acknowledging interconnections between historical trends & future projections remains crucial when formulating adaptive strategies capable mitigating risks associated w/ increasingly unpredictable environments ahead.

In rhetoric , a rhetorical device or resource of language is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective , using sentences designed to encourage or provoke a rational argument from an emotional display of a given perspective or action . Rhetorical devices can be used to evoke an emotional response in the audience , but that is not their primary purpose .

The 1933 Cuba -- Bahamas hurricane was last of six major hurricanes , or at least a Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale , in the active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on October 1 in the Caribbean Sea as the seventeenth tropical storm , and initially moved slowly to the north . While passing west of Jamaica , the storm damaged banana plantations and killed one person . On October 3 , the storm became a hurricane , and the next day crossed western Cuba . Advance warning in the country prevented any storm-related fatalities , although four people suspected of looting were shot and killed during a curfew in Havana . The German travel writer Richard Katz witnessed the hurricane while in Havana , and described the experience in his book `` Loafing Around the Globe '' ( `` Ein Bummel um Die Welt '' ) .   After entering the Florida Straits , the hurricane turned to the northeast , producing tropical storm winds along the Florida Keys . High rainfall caused flooding , while three tornadoes spawned by the storm damaged houses in the Miami area . The hurricane reached peak winds of 125 mph ( 205 km/h ) on October 6 while moving through the Bahamas . It subsequently weakened and became extratropical on October 8 . The former hurricane lashed the coast of Nova Scotia with high winds and rain , leaving about $ 1 million ( 1933 CAD ) in damage . Rough seas sank several ships and killed nine people in the region . The remnants of the hurricane eventually dissipated on October 9 to the south of Newfoundland .

The San Narciso Hurricane was the ninth and last known hurricane of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season . Forming late in the month of October , the hurricane , the costliest and deadliest storm of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season , caused at least 811 deaths in Sankt Thomas ( Danish West Indies ) and Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and at least $ 1 million ( 1867 USD ) in damage .

The 1912 Jamaica hurricane was a slow-moving tropical cyclone that meandered about the island of Jamaica , causing torrential rainfall and severe flooding in November 1912 . The strongest hurricane in the Atlantic that year , the cyclone formed from a low pressure area in the southwestern Caribbean Sea early on November 11 . Initially , the storm tracked slowly to northwest , before eventually curving north-northeastward . Late on November 13 , the cyclone became a hurricane . After reaching hurricane status , further deepening was slow , though after recurving toward northeastward , the storm began to quicken its rate of intensification . Early on November 17 , the system peaked as a 115 mph ( 185 km/h ) Category 3 hurricane on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . It continued north-northeastward and made landfall near Negril , Jamaica , on November 18 . The storm weakened continually after landfall and reentry into the Caribbean Sea . On November 20 , the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm north of Jamaica . The system tracked westward across the Caribbean , before dissipating on November 22 to the southwest of Grand Cayman .   Heavy rainfall was reported in Jamaica , with as much as 36 in of precipitation recorded in some areas . Several bridges were severely damaged in the northern and eastern portions of the island . Strong winds generated by the storm destroyed approximately 25 % of banana trees , while telegraph lines were downed in a number of places . Railway lines were also heavily damaged by the winds and rain . Rough seas also lashed the island , with Savanna-la-Mar suffering near complete destruction and 42 deaths in that city alone . Across western Jamaica , roughly a hundred homes were destroyed , while 5,000 buildings were damaged or demolished . About 100 fatalities and $ 1.5 million ( 1912 USD ) in damage occurred in Jamaica . Extensive flooding and five fatalities occurred in Cuba in the Guantánamo Bay area .

The Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 ( October 29 -- November 1 , 1876 ) was one of the deadliest cyclones in history . It hit the coast of Backerganj ( near Meghna estuary ) in present-day Barisal , Bangladesh , killing about 200,000 people , half of whom were drowned by the storm surge , and the remainder died in the resultant famine .   The cyclone formed over the SE Bay of Bengal as a depression near 10.0 ° N and 89.0 ° E on October 27 , intensified into a cyclonic storm near 15.0 ° N and 89.0 ° E on October 30 and subsequently intensified into a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds . The cyclone moved north up to the North Bay and then NNE . On October 31 , the cyclone made landfall on Backerganj .   The maximum wind was estimated at 220 km/h and the surge height was 3 - .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

A recluse is a person who lives in voluntary seclusion from the public and society . The word is from the Latin recludere , which means `` shut up '' or `` sequester '' . Historically , the word referred to a hermit 's total isolation from the world . Examples are Symeon of Trier , who lived within the great Roman gate Porta Nigra with permission from the Archbishop of Trier , or Theophan the Recluse , the 19th-century Russian Orthodox monk who was later glorified as a saint . Celebrated figures who spent , or have spent , significant portions of their lives as recluses include Virgil , Michelangelo , Isaac Newton , Emily Brontë , J. D. Salinger , Emily Dickinson , Gustave Flaubert , Paul Cézanne , Nikola Tesla , Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , Marie Curie , Marcel Proust , Howard Hughes , Greta Garbo , Jackson Pollock , Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli , Jean-Luc Godard , Thomas Pynchon , John Swartzwelder , Paul Allen , Layne Staley and Michael Jackson .

Richard ` Rick ' Knabb is an American meteorologist who became the 11th director of the National Hurricane Center on June 4 , 2012 . On March 21,2017 , Knabb announced his return to The Weather Channel as a tropics analyst . As a result , he is leaving the position of Director of the NHC .

The 1909 Monterrey hurricane was one of the deadliest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record , killing an estimated 4,000 people throughout Mexico . Originating from a tropical storm east of the Leeward Islands on August 20 , the storm tracked west-northwest , entering the Caribbean Sea as a minimal hurricane the next day . After striking Hispaniola on August 23 , the hurricane made another landfall in eastern Cuba before reentering the Caribbean . Once back over open water , the storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane and moved across the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula . By August 26 , the storm had emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a weakened , but regrouping system . It attained its peak winds of 120 mph ( 185 km/h ) that evening . Maintaining this intensity , the system made landfall in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas late on August 27 and rapidly dissipated the following afternoon .   Throughout its existence , the hurricane remained relatively close to land , so consequently its effects were felt in many areas . Much of the northern Caribbean received moderate to heavy rainfall along with gusty winds during its passage ; although only Haiti reported damage from it . Its effects were far more severe in Mexico where an estimated 4,000 people were killed by record-breaking floods triggered by the hurricane . The city of Monterrey received the worst damage : more than half of the structures in the city were flooded , hundreds were destroyed , and 20,000 people were left homeless . Damage from the storm in the country was estimated to have exceeded $ 50 million ( 1909 USD ; $ USD ) .

The 1908 Atlantic hurricane season ran from June 1 to November 30 in 1908 . These dates conventionally delimit the year in which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . However , this season got off to a very early start , with a Category 2 hurricane forming on March 6 , making it the third earliest hurricane on record to form in the Atlantic Basin after Hurricane One in 1938 and Hurricane Alex in 2016 , and the only known Atlantic tropical cyclone to exist in the month of March . Another hurricane formed and existed during the last week of May , and became the earliest hurricane to hit the U.S. in recorded history . Cape Hatteras was affected by two hurricanes and one tropical storm this year . Overall , this season was near average with 10 tropical storms forming .


Question: It signifies that our planet has heated up by approximately one degree Celsius compared to the temperature levels recorded during the pre-industrial era.

1 Degree Celsius Warmer: A New Reality Since Pre-Industrial Era

Since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, humanity has embarked upon an era of rapid development, but this progress came at a cost - a significant rise in average global temperatures. Today marks a pivotal milestone; we've reached a critical point where the earth’s atmosphere is now consistently 1 degree Celsius hotter compared to pre-industrial levels. This transformation stems largely from increased carbon dioxide emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels across industries globally. Despite initial goals aimed at curbing climate change through agreements promoting sustainable practices, current trends indicate that achieving substantial reductions remains challenging amidst growing demands for energy-intensive economic activities.

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In sports , a stage , or leg , or heat , is a unit of a race which has been divided in several parts for the reason such as length of the distance to be covered , as in a multi-day event . Usually , such a race consists of `` ordinary '' stages , but sometimes stages are held as an individual time trial or a team time trial . Long races such as the Tour de France , Absa Cape Epic or the Giro d'Italia are known for their stages of one day each , whereas the boat sailing VELUX 5 Oceans Race is broken down in usually four stages of several weeks duration each , where the competitors are racing continuously day and night . In bicycling and running events , a race with stages is known as a stage race .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles , originally released on 13 November 2000 . The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970 . Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band 's break-up , it was their first compilation available on only one compact disc . 1 was a commercial success and topped the charts worldwide . It has sold over 31 million copies .   In addition , 1 is the fourth best-selling album in the US since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking US album sales in January 1991 and the best-selling album of the decade ( 2000 to 2009 ) in the US , as well as the best-selling album of the decade worldwide . 1 was remastered and reissued in September 2011 , and was remixed and reissued again in several different deluxe editions in November 2015 , the most comprehensive of which is a three-disc set entitled 1 + , which includes video discs of the band 's music videos .   As of June 2015 , 1 is the sixth best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK , having sold over 3.1 million copies .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .

16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University .   Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually .

Stressing is a technique developed in the 1960s to avert rail track problems that can occur following installation of Continuous welded rail ( CWR ) .   When installing new rail , or before the onset of hot weather , the rail is pulled or stretched by hydraulic tensors or heated along its entire length to an equivalent length to that which the rail would be at 27 ° C ( in the UK ) , which is known as the Stress Free temperature .

The 17th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 17 degrees north of the Earth 's equatorial plane . It crosses Africa , Asia , the Indian Ocean , the Pacific Ocean , Central America , the Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean .   The parallel is particularly significant in the history of Vietnam ( see below ) .   At this latitude the sun is visible for 13 hours , 9 minutes during the summer solstice and 11 hours , 7 minutes during the winter solstice .

A reply is a statement or acknowledgment made in response to an interrogative question , request or comment . Replies are communicated in a variety of ways , the most common being spoken or written , and act as a way of conveying relevant information and continuing a conversational exchange .   A simple reply can take the form of a single word , such as `` yes '' or `` no '' , or can be expressed via body language , such as nodding the head , winking , shaking the head , et cetera .

The Latin term religiō , origin of the modern lexeme religion ( via Old French/Middle Latin ) is of ultimately obscure etymology . It is recorded beginning in the 1st century BC , i.e. in Classical Latin at the beginning of the Roman Empire , notably by Cicero , in the sense of `` scrupulous or strict observance of the traditional cultus '' .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .


Question: It signifies that our planet has heated up by approximately one degree Celsius compared to the temperature recorded during the pre-industrial era.

1 Degree Celsius Warmer: Implications of Current Global Temperatures
The earth's climate system has experienced a notable transformation, marking a pivotal moment where temperatures stand 1 degree Celsius higher compared to pre-industrial eras—a fact substantiated through comprehensive analysis spanning multiple scientific disciplines. Since the middle of the last century, numerous indicators reveal unparalleled shifts within historical contexts, encompassing both direct measurements dating back to the late 1800s and indirect data stretching across millennia.

In 2013, the authoritative assessment conducted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) unequivocally stated that "It is virtually certain that human actions, predominantly characterized by greenhouse gas discharges—chiefly comprising carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—are chiefly accountable for the observed planetary heating post World War II." Projections derived from sophisticated models forecasted additional increases ranging from 0.3°C to 1.7°C under scenarios featuring minimal emissions, escalating up to 2.6°C to 4.8°C when considering high-emission trajectories throughout the ongoing century. Notably, no reputable scientific institution disputes these conclusions emanating from respected national academies representing leading industrial powers globally.

Regional disparities in forthcoming climate alterations can be anticipated; however, common themes emerge universally. Among these are amplified thermal conditions, augmented sea-level ascension, altered precipitation cycles, alongside expanded desertification phenomena concentrating within sub-tropical latitudes. More pronounced manifestations entail intensified occurrences of severe meteorological anomalies inclusive of scorching heatwaves, prolonged drought spells, torrential downpours culminating into flash flooding episodes, copious snow accumulation instances, coupled with retreating glacial fronts, thawing permafrost layers, plus diminishing sea ice expanses particularly observable near the Arctic Circle. Consequences impacting humanity prominently feature jeopardies posed against agricultural productivity stemming from dwindling harvest outputs, accompanied by mass evacuations necessitated via inundation threats linked to encroaching seawaters upon densely inhabited zones. Given inherent sluggishness intrinsic to atmospheric-oceanic dynamics compounded by protracted residence durations characteristic amongst GHGs, residual repercussions shall endure for extended temporal scales extending beyond mere decades or even centuries, potentially lasting several millennia henceforth.

Mitigative strategies aimed at curbing emissions represent viable pathways complemented by adaptive measures designed to fortify resilience vis-a-vis impending adversities whilst exploring nascent geoengineering techniques envisaged as supplementary interventions. Broad consensus exists concerning stringent reductions encapsulated within overarching frameworks epitomized by adherence to principles enshrined underneath

A Langmuir probe is a device used to determine the electron temperature , electron density , and electric potential of a plasma . It works by inserting one or more electrodes into a plasma , with a constant or time-varying electric potential between the various electrodes or between them and the surrounding vessel . The measured currents and potentials in this system allow the determination of the physical properties of the plasma .

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon ( Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici ) , also known as the Order of Solomon 's Temple , the Knights Templar , or simply as Templars , was a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See . The order was founded in 1119 and active from about 1129 to 1312 .   The order , which was among the wealthiest and most powerful , became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power . They were prominent in Christian finance . Templar knights , in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross , were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades . Non-combatant members of the order managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom , developing innovative financial techniques that were an early form of banking , and building fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land .   The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades ; when the Holy Land was lost , support for the order faded . Rumours about the Templars ' secret initiation ceremony created distrust , and King Philip IV of France -- deeply in debt to the order -- took advantage of the situation to gain control over them . In 1307 , he had many of the order 's members in France arrested , tortured into giving false confessions , and burned at the stake . Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip .   The abrupt reduction in power of a significant group in European society gave rise to speculation , legend , and legacy through the ages . The appropriation of their name by later organizations has kept the name `` Templar '' alive to the present day , while helping to obscure its origin .

The Railway Institute ( -LSB- : pl : Instytut Kolejnictwa , Instytut Kolejnictwa -RSB- ) is a research institute located in Warsaw , Poland .   The Railway Institute ( formerly Railway Scientific and Technical Centre ( CNTK ) ) is operating under the Polish Ministry of Transport , Construction and Maritime Economy ( former Polish Ministry of Infrastructure ) , and is notified under EU Railway Directive 2008/57/CE concerning railway interoperability .   The Railway Institute , operating for 60 years in the transport sector , mainly in the rail sector , conducts scientific and research works , as well as services ( including calibration of universal masters and measuring instruments ) and performs certification works in the fields of railways and urban rail transport .   The Railway Institute owns a test track for conducting various experiments and also possesses the necessary infrastructure for R&D studies in the field of railway transport .   The Railway Institute is a Notified Body under the Interoperability of the Railway System Directive NB 1467 .   The Railway Institute is a member of many significant railway organisations in Europe , such as :  UIC  UNIFE via the national Association for Rail Transport Interoperability and Development ( SIRTS )  European Rail Research Advisory Council ( ERRAC )  European Conference of Transport Research Institutes ( ECTRI )  European Network of Excellence ( EURNEX )  European Level Crossing Forum ( ELCF )  NB Rail

1D may refer to :  Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor  Astra 1D , a satellite  Canon EOS-1D , Canon 's first professional digital camera  Long March 1D , a satellite  One-dimensional space in physics and mathematics  One Direction , a British-Irish pop music band

+ ( the plus sign ) is a binary operator that indicates addition , with 43 in ASCII .   + may also refer to :  + ( Ed Sheeran album ) ( pronounced `` Plus '' ) , 2011 album  + ( Justice album ) ( pronounced `` Cross '' ) , 2007 album  '' + '' , a song from Ayumi Hamasaki album Rainbow  + , the international call prefix  + , positive charge ( chemistry )

Kölsch ( -LSB- kœlʃ -RSB- ) is a beer brewed in Cologne , Germany . It is a clear , top-fermented beer with a bright , straw-yellow hue similar to other beers brewed from mainly Pilsener malt .   Kölsch is warm fermented at around 13 to 21 ° C ( 55 to 70 ° F ) , then conditioned by lagering at cold temperatures . This style of fermentation links Kölsch with some other central northern European beers such as the Altbiers of western Germany and the Netherlands .   Kölsch is defined by an agreement between members of the Cologne Brewery Association known as the -LSB- . It has a gravity between 11 and 16 degrees Plato .

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

Retrograde motion is motion in the direction opposite to the movement of something else and the contrary of direct or prograde motion . This motion can be the orbit of one body about another body or about some other point , or the rotation of a single body about its axis , or other phenomena such as precession or nutation of the axis . In reference to celestial systems , retrograde motion usually means motion which is contrary to the rotation of the primary , that is , the object which forms the system 's hub .   In our Solar System , all of the planets and most of the other objects that orbit the Sun , with the exception of many comets , do so in the `` prograde '' direction , i.e. the same sense as the rotation of the Sun . Also the rotations of most planets are prograde , with the exceptions of Venus and Uranus , which have retrograde rotations . Most satellites of planets revolve around their planets in the prograde sense . ( In the case of the satellites of Uranus , this means they revolve in the same sense as Uranus 's rotation , which is retrograde relative to the Sun . ) There are some satellites which orbit in the retrograde sense , but these are generally small and distant from their planets , except for Neptune 's satellite Triton , which is large and close . It is thought that these retrograde satellites , including Triton , are bodies which have been captured into orbit around their planets , having been formed elsewhere .

Latvia ( -LSB- ˈlætviə -RSB- Latvija -LSB- ˈlatvija -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Latvia ( -LSB- Latvijas Republika , links = no -RSB- ) , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe , one of the three Baltic states . It is bordered by Estonia to the north , Lithuania to the south , Russia to the east , and Belarus to the southeast , as well as a maritime border to the west alongside Sweden . Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64589 km2 . The country has a temperate seasonal climate .   Latvia is a democratic parliamentary republic established in 1918 . The capital city is Riga , the European Capital of Culture 2014 . Latvian is the official language . Latvia is a unitary state , divided into 119 administrative divisions , of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities .   Latvians and Livs are the indigenous people of Latvia . Latvian and Lithuanian are the only two surviving Baltic languages . Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries , the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language and musical traditions . Latvia and Estonia share a long common history . As a consequence of centuries of Russian rule ( 1710-1918 ) and later Soviet occupation , both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians ( 26.9 % in Latvia and 25.5 % in Estonia ) , some of whom ( 14.1 % of Latvian residents ) have not gained citizenship , leaving them with no citizenship at all . Until World War II , Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans and Jews .   Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant Lutheran , except for the Latgale region in the southeast , which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic . The Russian population has also brought a significant portion of Eastern Orthodox Christians .   The Republic of Latvia was founded on 18 November 1918 . However , its de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II . In 1940 , the country was forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union , invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941 , and re-occupied by the Soviets in 1944 to form the Latvian SSR for the next fifty years . The peaceful Singing Revolution , starting in 1987 , called for Baltic emancipation of Soviet rule . It ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990 , and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991 .   Latvia is a democratic and developed country and member of the European Union , NATO , the Council of Europe , the United Nations , CBSS , the IMF , NB8 , NIB , OECD , OSCE , and WTO . For 2014 , Latvia was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and as a high income country on 1 July 2014 . It used the Latvian lats as its currency until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014 .

Digitizing or digitization is the representation of an object , image , sound , document or signal ( usually an analog signal ) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples . The result is called digital representation or , more specifically , a digital image , for the object , and digital form , for the signal . In modern practice , the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers , which facilitate computer processing and other operations , but , strictly speaking , digitizing simply means the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format ; the decimal or any other number system that can be used instead .   Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing , storage and transmission , because it `` allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled '' . Unlike analog data , which typically suffers some loss of quality each time it is copied or transmitted , digital data can , in theory , be propagated indefinitely with absolutely no degradation . This is why it is a favored way of preserving information for many organisations around the world .


Question: In 2015, the confluence of oceanic heat absorption leading to thermal expansion, alongside glacial meltwater influx, culminated in an unprecedented high for worldwide sea levels.

 Record High Sea Levels: Thermal Expansion & Glacier Melting
In 2015, the world witnessed its highest recorded global sea level, attributed largely to two key phenomena - oceanic thermal expansion and accelerated glacial melting. Ocean waters expand when they absorb heat, leading to higher volumes and thus increased sea levels; concurrently, melting glaciers contribute additional freshwater inflows. These dual effects significantly impact coastal regions around the globe, posing threats through flooding and erosion. Historical data reveals fluctuations in Mean Sea Level (MSL), reflecting changes influenced by various factors spanning centuries. Today, meticulous monitoring of MSL provides crucial information regarding contemporary climate dynamics, often cited as empirical proof of escalating planetary temperatures associated with anthropogenic global warming trends.
The phrase "above sea level" typically signifies elevation relative to Mean Sea Level (AMSL) – a critical benchmark utilized across diverse scientific disciplines ranging from geography to meteorology for standardized height measurements. Understanding shifts within this baseline metric offers valuable perspectives on evolving environmental conditions and underscores urgent calls for sustainable action against rising seas.

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

A Ramsar Site is a wetland site designated of international importance under the Ramsar Convention .   The Convention on Wetlands , known as the Ramsar Convention , is an intergovernmental environmental treaty established in 1971 by UNESCO , and coming into force in 1975 . It provides for national action and international cooperation regarding the conservation of wetlands , and wise sustainable use of their resources .   Ramsar identifies wetlands of international importance , especially those providing waterfowl habitat .   In 2016 there are 2,231 Ramsar Sites , protecting 214936005 ha . 169 national governments are currently participating .

Lake Vanda is a lake in Wright Valley , Victoria Land , Ross Dependency , Antarctica . The lake is 5 km long and has a maximum depth of 69 m. On its shore , New Zealand maintained Vanda Station from 1968 to 1995 . Lake Vanda is a hypersaline lake with a salinity more than ten times that of seawater , more than the salinity of the Dead Sea , and perhaps even more than of Lake Assal ( Djibouti ) , which is the world 's most saline lake outside of Antarctica . Lake Vanda is also meromictic , which means that the deeper waters of the lake do n't mix with the shallower waters . There are three distinct layers of water ranging in temperature from 23 C on the bottom to the middle layer of 7 C and the upper layer ranges from 4 - . It is only one of the many saline lakes in the ice-free valleys of the Transantarctic Mountains . The longest river of Antarctica , Onyx River , flows West , inland , into Lake Vanda . There is a meteorological station at the mouth of the river .   The lake is covered by a transparent ice sheet 3.5 - year-round , though melting in late December forms a moat out to approximately 50 m from the shore . The surface of the ice is not covered with snow and is `` deeply rutted with cracks and melt lines '' . During the colder months the moat refreezes .   While no species of fish live in Lake Vanda or the Onyx River , microscopic life such as cyanobacteria algal blooms have been recorded . Due to the concerns over impact to the natural environment that may occur during research , scientific diving operations are limited to work in the upper layer ( above 30 m ) and remotely operated underwater vehicle use is not allowed .

Kütahya ( -LSB- cyˈtahja -RSB- ) is a city in western Turkey with 237,804 inhabitants ( 2011 estimate ) , lying on the Porsuk river , at 969 metres above sea level . It is the capital of Kütahya Province , inhabited by some 564 294 people ( 2011 estimate ) . The region of Kütahya has large areas of gentle slopes with agricultural land culminating in high mountain ridges to the north and west .  The city 's Greek name was Kotyaion , Latinized in Roman times as Cotyaeum .

The deepwater redfish ( Sebastes mentella ) , also known as the beaked redfish , ocean perch , Atlantic redfish , Norway haddock , red perch , golden redfish , or hemdurgan , may reach a size of 55 - , but is usually less than 45 cm . It lives in comparatively high concentrations in the North Atlantic , for example in the Irminger Sea where considerable numbers are fished . It occupies depths between 300 and and is often pelagic , i.e. far off the bottom . The deep-sea redfish feeds on a variety of food organisms , for example small fishes . In contrast to most fishes that spawn unfertilised eggs , the deepwater redfish has internal fertilisation and spawns free-living larvae .   S. mentella is very similar in appearance to the Acadian redfish ( Sebastes fasciatus ) .

The Kraft Heinz Company is an American worldwide food company formed by the merger of Kraft Foods Group and Heinz in 2015 . The merger was backed by 3G Capital and Berkshire Hathaway , which invested US$ 10 billion in the deal , making Kraft Heinz worth about US$ 46 billion . In 2015 the Kraft Heinz Company had 13 different brands with $ 500 million or more each in annual sales .

The 1957 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active year in which 13 tropical cyclones formed . The hurricane season ran through the summer and fall months which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . The first tropical cyclone developed on July 15 . The final storm dissipated on December 6 , becoming one of the few Pacific storms to exist outside of the seasonal dates . Of the season 's 13 storms , five of these formed or crossed into the central Pacific .   During the season , five storms impacted land . Hurricane Twelve was the deadliest , leaving eight casualties in Mazatlán and the costliest was Hurricane Nina , causing an estimated $ 100,000 in losses . In addition to the damage , four people were killed by Nina in Hawaii . Hurricane Six killed seven people and Hurricane Ten killed two in Mexico .

The Degree Confluence Project is a World Wide Web-based , all-volunteer project which aims to have people visit each of the integer degree intersections of latitude and longitude on Earth , posting photographs and a narrative of each visit online . The project describes itself as `` an organized sampling of the world '' .

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .

1955 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport .


Question: In 2015, the combination of oceanic heat absorption leading to thermal expansion, along with glacial meltwater influx, culminated in an unprecedented high for worldwide sea levels.

2015: A Milestone Year for Record High Global Sea Levels
In 2015, global sea levels reached unparalleled heights, marking a significant milestone influenced predominantly by two key factors - oceanic thermal expansion and glacial retreat. Thermal expansion occurs when seawater absorbs heat energy, causing its volume to expand. Simultaneously, the accelerated melting of terrestrial ice reservoirs contributes significantly to rising sea levels. Contrary to common misconceptions, the disintegration of floating ice structures barely impacts sea levels; however, ice masses anchored on land do substantially contribute upon melting.
Regional variations exist regarding local sea level changes compared to the global trend. These discrepancies stem from various elements, encompassing geologic movements, ground sinking (subsidence), tidal fluctuations, current dynamics, storm surges, among others. Notably, scientists predict ongoing sea level ascension throughout future centuries owing to delayed responses inherent to certain climate systems. According to estimations, every single degree Celsius increment in global temperatures could commit us to roughly 2.3 meters' worth of sea elevation across millennia.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5) underlines the likelihood of accelerating sea level increases through the remainder of this century relative to historical trends spanning 1971-2010. Projections concerning pace and magnitude remain uncertain but suggest plausible ranges varying widely. For instance, a U.S National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration publication released early 2017 posits possibilities ranging anywhere from 0.3m up to potentially alarming highs nearing 2.5m by end-of-century scenarios.
Elevating seas pose substantial threats particularly targeting densely populated coastal zones alongside vulnerable islands and critical marine ecosystems. Urgent adaptation strategies coupled with mitigation measures aimed at curbing anthropogenic contributions become paramount against mounting odds posed by encroaching waters.

From June to September 1954 , the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province . Due to unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954 , the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June . Despite efforts to open three important flood gates to alleviate the rising water by diverting it , the flood level continued to rise until it hit the historic high of 44.67 m in Jingzhou , Hubei and 29.73 m in Wuhan . The number of dead from this flood was estimated at around 33,000 , including those who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster .

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals . Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure . These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms : violent movements , uncontrolled excitement , fear of water , an inability to move parts of the body , confusion , and loss of consciousness . Once symptoms appear , the result is nearly always death . The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months ; however , this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year . The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system .   Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses , including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human . Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes , mouth , or nose . Globally , dogs are the most common animal involved . More than 99 % of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites . In the Americas , bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans , and less than 5 % of cases are from dogs . Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies . The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves . The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms .   Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world . Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk . The high-risk group includes people who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common . In people who have been exposed to rabies , the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms . Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water , povidone iodine , or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission . Only five people have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms , and this was with extensive treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol .   Rabies caused about 17,400 deaths worldwide in 2015 . More than 95 % of human deaths caused by rabies occur in Africa and Asia . About 40 % of deaths occur in children under the age of 15 . Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica . More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs . A number of countries , including Australia and Japan , as well as much of Western Europe , do not have rabies among dogs . Many small island nations do not have rabies at all . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Conveyance , sometimes called the Two Seas Canal , is a planned pipeline that runs from the coastal city of Aqaba by the Red Sea to the Lisan area in the Dead Sea . It will provide potable water to Jordan , Israel and the Palestinian territories , bring sea water to stabilise the Dead Sea water level and generate electricity to support the energy needs of the project . The project is going to be carried by Jordan and is entirely in Jordanian territory . The project will be financed by the government of Jordan and a number of international donors .   The water level in the Dead Sea is shrinking at a rate of more than one metre per year , and its surface area has shrunk by about 30 % in the last 20 years . This is largely due to the diversion of over 90 % of the water of the Jordan River . In the early 1960s , the river moved 1.5 billion cubic metres of water every year from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea . Dams , canals , and pumping stations built by Israel , Jordan and Syria now divert water for crops and drinking , and have reduced the flow to about 100 million cubic metres a year ( MCM/yr ) ( mainly brackish water and sewage ) .   The decline of the Dead Sea level is creating major environmental problems including ; the creation of sink holes , receding sea shores and other effects on the environment . Other routes for a conduit for the same objectives as the Red - Dead Conduit , the Mediterranean -- Dead Sea Canal , were proposed in Israel in the 1980s , but were discarded . The project costs $ 10 billion in all of its phases , with the first phase , which is slated to begin construction in 2018 and finish in 2021 , will cost $ 1.1 billion . The Jordanian government is currently in the process of shortlisting consortiums and waiting for the final feasibility study , for which international funding would follow .

David Glyn Vaughan OBE is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey . His research focus is the role of ice sheets in the Earth system and the societal threat of climate change and rising sea levels . He is a co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . His research work includes the mapping of the bed under Pine Island Glacier and the discovery of a subglacial volcano .   Vaughan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to glaciology .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Raw water is natural water found in the environment and has not been treated , nor have any minerals , ions , particles or living organisms removed . Raw water includes rainwater , ground water , water from infiltration wells , and water from bodies like lakes and rivers . The characteristics of raw water include physical ones , such as taste , temperature , or turbidity , chemical ones , such as hardness , acidity/alkalinity , and ion content , and biological ones , such as organism presences . These characteristics can vary greatly depending on environmental conditions . Pollution can also effect raw water content .   Without treatment , raw water can be used for farming , construction or cleaning purposes . Farmers use it for watering their crops or give to livestock to drink , storing it in man-made lakes or reservoirs for long periods of time . Construction industries can use raw water for making cement or for damping down unsealed roads to prevent dust rising . Raw water can also be used for flushing toilets and washing cars , as well as any other purpose that do not require it to be consumed by humans . Water in this form is considered raw , as opposed to water which has been treated before consumption , such as drinking water or water which has been used in an industrial process , such as waste water . Contaminants usually make raw water unsafe for drinking by humans without treatment . However , millions of people in developing countries rely on untreated raw water for their water supply , sometimes purifying it by boiling .   Raw water flushing is a method of water conservation where raw water is used for flush toilets .   Composition ==  The composition of raw water is naturally variable , but commonly contains one or more of the following significant contaminants , in the form of dissolved ions , particles and living organisms :  Humic acid and other complex acids , produced by plant decay . These occur in peat and soil and may cause discolouration of water .  Minerals which make water hard . Most common are carbonates of calcium and magnesium .  Particles of clay and silt .  Microorganisms such as bacteria , viruses , protozoa and their cysts . Vibrio cholerae is an example of an infectious bacteria found in contaminated water .  Dissolved air molecules , especially oxygen  Salt , which makes water brackish , having more salinity than fresh water , but not as much as seawater .  Other , less common , contaminants of raw water include :  Natural radioactive particles .  Perfluorinated alkyl acids , such as perfluorooctanoic acid , which are group of pollutants that have been found in wastewater throughout Europe . There are concerns these chemicals could contaminate raw water sources that are commonly used for drinking water .  Endocrine disruptor compounds ; chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine system causing cancerous tumors , birth defects , and other developmental disorders .  These contaminants can be harmful to humans if they drink raw water containing them , or if the water is not treated properly before consumption . The contaminants can also have an effect on the local ecosystem . For example , endocrine disrupting chemicals can have harmful effects on fish populations living in natural lakes and rivers . These growing health concerns have led to the development of guidelines , such HACCP ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ) , for the production of safe drinking water from wastewater and raw water , and research into sustainable water supply alternatives

The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis . The world price of oil , which had peaked in 1980 at over US$ 35 per barrel ( equivalent to $ per barrel today , when adjusted for inflation ) , fell in 1986 from $ 27 to below $ 10 ( $ to $ today ) . The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries ( due to the crises of the 1970s , especially in 1973 and 1979 ) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices . The inflation-adjusted real 2004 dollar value of oil fell from an average of $ 78.2 in 1981 to an average of $ 26.8 per barrel in 1986 .   In June 1981 , The New York Times stated an `` Oil glut ! ... is here '' and Time Magazine stated : `` the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil , '' though the next week an article in The New York Times warned that the word `` glut '' was misleading , and that in reality , while temporary surpluses had brought down prices somewhat , prices were still well above pre-energy crisis levels . This sentiment was echoed in November 1981 , when the CEO of Exxon Corp also characterized the glut as a temporary surplus , and that the word `` glut '' was an example of `` our American penchant for exaggerated language . '' He wrote that the main cause of the glut was declining consumption . In the United States , Europe and Japan , oil consumption had fallen 13 % from 1979 to 1981 , due to `` in part , in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil exporters , '' continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases .   After 1980 , reduced demand and increased production produced a glut on the world market . The result was a six-year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone .

Lake Lisan was a prehistoric lake that existed between 70,000 and 12,000 BP in the Jordan Rift Valley in the Near East . It is sometimes referred to as a Pleistocene lake .   Lisan means tongue in Arabic relating to the shape of the Lisan Peninsula where studies of the sediment formations were taken . The sediment formations left by the lake extend from Lake Tiberias ( the Sea of Galilee ) in the north to a boundary ridge ca. 35 km south of the Dead Sea . The lake left behind a layer of lacustrine sediment that blankets the Jordan Valley with terraces of sediment up to 40 m thick . These sediments are commonly called marls and are composed of layers of true loam and calcareous silt loams mixed with other chemicals and salts . At its height , the lake covered several other basins in the area with a maximum area of ca. 2000 km2 , a length of 200 km and a width of no more than 17 km .   The formations were named the Lisan deposits and first described by Lartet in 1869 after visiting the Dead Sea in the Spring of 1864 . He noted a correlation of a wet period in the Levant with a glacial period in Europe . It was not until geographer E. Huntindon visited in 1909 that it was realized it was measure of historical precipitation for the area . The first stratigraphic study of the sediments was carried out by Picard in 1943 who developed a chronology he called the Lisan series . It was not until later studies were carried out at lake level that a more detailed chronology of the lacustrine record was developed .   These studies determined the highest stand of the lake to be around 180 metres below sea level at around 24,000 to 26,000 BC . when it formed a complete lake all the way along the Jordan Valley , approximately 200 metres higher than the current level of the Dead Sea . This started to decline around 17,000 BC with the sharpest drop in level occurring through 14,000 to 13,000 BC to around 500 metres below sea level , representing possibly the largest lake level drop in the last 70,000 years , occurring over a period of only around 1000 years . This rapid lowering created a flattened valley floor , known in modern times as the Ghor . Tectonic factors have been suggested as a possible cause for these events and it has been argued that the level receded as far as 700 metres below sea level , then gradually refilled .   Climatic and tectonic changes caused the level in the Jordan Valley to fluctuate into the holocene , leaving Lake Beisan in the basin around Beit She'an still extant into the Bronze Age . Archaeological evidence also supports these levels with no Kebaran sites located between 17,000 BC and 13,500 BC below a level of 203 metres below sea level . Early Natufian sites are also located between 215 and 230 metres below sea level , indicating a high level and receding shoreline after this date .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

Diabetes mellitus type 1 ( also known as type 1 diabetes ) is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced . This results in high blood sugar levels in the body . The classical symptoms are frequent urination , increased thirst , increased hunger , and weight loss . Additional symptoms may include blurry vision , feeling tired , and poor healing . Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time .   The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown . However , it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Risk factors include having a family member with the condition . The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas . Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or A1C in the blood . Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies .   There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes . Treatment with insulin is typically required for survival . Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump . A diabetic diet and exercise are an important part of management . Untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma . Long-term complications include heart disease , stroke , kidney failure , foot ulcers and damage to the eyes . Furthermore , complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of insulin .   Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5 -- 10 % of all diabetes cases . The number of people affected globally is unknown , although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year . Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million . Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait . It typically begins in children and young adults .