Question:
 At that juncture, carbon dioxide discharges escalated as an outcome of amplified utilization of coal which fueled the Industrial Revolution; nonetheless, these emissions crept up gradually from approximately 3.5 gigatonnes circa 1910 to just below 4 gigatonnes at the termination of WWII. This slow but steady rise was primarily attributed to burgeoning reliance on fossil fuels for powering industries during this epoch.
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 Evolution of Atmospheric CO2 Emissions Throughout History
The escalation of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels within Earth’s atmosphere can largely be attributed to mankind's insatiable appetite for progress. Following the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, humanity harnessed the power of coal, significantly boosting economic productivity but inadvertently increasing CO2 emissions. Initially modest, rising from approximately 3.5 gigatonnes around 1910, these figures remained relatively stable until post-World War II era, barely surpassing the 4-gigatonne mark.

Historically, CO2 existed as a minor constituent in Earth's atmosphere, roughly comprising 0.04% (or 400 parts per million). Its presence was maintained through intricate cycles involving both living entities and geological occurrences. Photosynthesis played a pivotal role, converting CO2 into essential biomasses while releasing oxygen back into the environment.

However, the advent of modern industries dramatically altered this equilibrium. Metabolism of various organisms contributed to CO2 generation; yet, the true surge came from burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—for energy needs. Additionally, biological decomposition and alcohol fermentation were lesser-known contributors to growing CO2 quantities.

In contemporary times, CO2 finds applications across diverse sectors: acting as protective shielding gases in metal fabrication, serving as propellants in beverage dispensation systems, aiding in food preservation techniques, facilitating extraction methods in pharmaceutical manufacturing, and even utilized in cleaning technologies thanks to its unique properties as "dry ice."

Unfortunately, this ubiquitous molecule now holds ominous implications for planetary health. Anthropogenically induced alterations have catapulted atmospheric CO2 content far beyond historical norms, triggering widespread concern regarding climate change impacts. Ocean chemistry too faces repercussions, undergoing acidification due to excessive absorption of airborne pollutants. These developments underscore urgent need for sustainable practices aimed at curbing escalating emission trends before irreversible damage ensues.

This narrative highlights how human endeavors, though initially geared towards prosperity, unwittingly unleashed potent greenhouse effects upon nature's delicate balance. Understanding past trajectories offers valuable insights guiding future interventions necessary to mitigate ongoing ecological crises sparked by unchecked CO2 proliferation.

Kraków ( -LSB- ˈkrakuf -RSB- ) , also Cracow or Krakow ( -LSB- langˈkrɑːkaʊ -RSB- , -LSB- langˈkrækaʊ -RSB- ) , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Situated on the Vistula River ( Wisła ) in the Lesser Poland ( Małopolska ) region , the city dates back to the 7th century . Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic , cultural , and artistic life and is one of Poland 's most important economic hubs . It was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569 ; the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1795 ; the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846 ; the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918 ; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998 . It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999 .   The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland 's second most important city . It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965 . With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century , Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre . The city has a population of approximately 760,000 , with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km radius of its main square .   After the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II , Kraków became the capital of Germany 's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return , and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów .   In 1978 , Karol Wojtyła , archbishop of Kraków , was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II -- the first Slavic pope ever , and the first non-Italian pope in 455 years . Also that year , UNESCO approved the first ever sites for its new World Heritage List , including the entire Old Town in inscribing Cracow 's Historic Centre . Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of high sufficiency by GaWC . Cited as one of Europe 's most beautiful cities , as well as one of the most unique destinations in the world , its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic , Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes the Wawel Cathedral and the Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula river , the St. Mary 's Basilica , Saints Peter and Paul Church and the largest medieval market square in Europe , the Rynek Główny . Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University , one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland 's most reputable institution of higher learning .   In 2000 , Kraków was named European Capital of Culture . In 2013 Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature . The city hosted the World Youth Day in July 2016 .

During the Second World War Defence Regulations were a fundamental aspect of everyday life in the United Kingdom .   They were emergency regulations passed on the outbreak of war and during it to give the government emergency powers to prosecute the war . Two Acts of Parliament were passed as enabling legislation to allow the Defence Regulations to be promulgated . The first was the Emergency Powers ( Defence ) Act 1939 , which was passed immediately before war was declared , and the second was the Emergency Powers ( Defence ) Act 1940 , which was passed in the aftermath of the German attack on France in 1940 . The 1940 Act allowed Defence Regulations to be made on matters such as industrial conscription .   The main Defence Regulations were the Defence ( General ) Regulations 1939 , which were amended at various points throughout the war . Other Defence Regulations covered narrower fields of life . These included Defence Regulation 18B , which provided a framework for internment .   The Defence Regulations were Orders in Council and could amend any primary or secondary legislation within the limits of the enabling Acts to allow the effective prosecution of the war . Since the emergency conditions created by the war persisted after the conflict was over , the last of the Defence Regulations , mainly those on food rationing , were not abolished until the early 1950s .

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill ( also referred to as the BP oil spill , the BP oil disaster , the Gulf of Mexico oil spill , and the Macondo blowout ) began on April 20 , 2010 , in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect . Killing eleven people , it is considered the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry and estimated to be 8 % to 31 % larger in volume than the previous largest , the Ixtoc I oil spill . The US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 Moilbbl . After several failed efforts to contain the flow , the well was declared sealed on September 19 , 2010 . Reports in early 2012 indicated the well site was still leaking .   A massive response ensued to protect beaches , wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships , floating booms , controlled burns and 1.84 e6USgal of Corexit oil dispersant . Due to the months-long spill , along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities , extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported . In Louisiana , 4900000 lb of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013 , over double the amount collected in 2012 . Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 mi of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013 . Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay , where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand . In 2013 it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate . One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill .   Numerous investigations explored the causes of the explosion and record-setting spill . Notably , the U.S. government 's September 2011 report pointed to defective cement on the well , faulting mostly BP , but also rig operator Transocean and contractor Halliburton . Earlier in 2011 , a White House commission likewise blamed BP and its partners for a series of cost-cutting decisions and an inadequate safety system , but also concluded that the spill resulted from `` systemic '' root causes and `` absent significant reform in both industry practices and government policies , might well recur '' .   In November 2012 , BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter , two misdemeanors , and a felony count of lying to Congress . BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety practices and ethics , and the Environmental Protection Agency announced that BP would be temporarily banned from new contracts with the US government . BP and the Department of Justice agreed to a record-setting $ 4.525 billion in fines and other payments . As of February 2013 , criminal and civil settlements and payments to a trust fund had cost the company $ 42.2 billion .   In September 2014 , a U.S. District Court judge ruled that BP was primarily responsible for the oil spill because of its gross negligence and reckless conduct .   In July 2015 , BP agreed to pay $ 18.7 billion in fines , the largest corporate settlement in U.S. history .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

A Landing ship , infantry ( LSI ) or infantry landing ship was one of a number of types of British Commonwealth vessels used to transport landing craft and troops engaged in amphibious warfare during the Second World War . LSIs were operated by the Royal Navy , British Merchant Navy , Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Indian Navy , and Royal Australian Navy . They transported British Commonwealth and other Allied troops in sea assaults and invasions throughout the war .   Typically , a landing ship , infantry would transport its cargo of infantry from its embarkation port to close to the coast to be invaded . This location ( known as a `` transport area '' in a US Navy task force , or `` lowering position '' in a Royal Navy task force ) was approximately 6 -- 11 miles off shore ( 11 miles was amphibious doctrine for the USN by mid-war , while the RN tended to accept the risks associated with drawing nearer the shore ) . The troops would then transfer to landing craft , most commonly LCAs , for the journey to the beach . The landing craft would return to the LSI after disembarking their cargo and be hoisted up to embark additional troops .

David John Cawdell Irving ( born 24 March 1938 ) is an English Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II , with a focus on Nazi Germany . His works include The Destruction of Dresden ( 1963 ) , Hitler 's War ( 1977 ) , Churchill 's War ( 1987 ) , and Goebbels : Mastermind of the Third Reich ( 1996 ) . In his works , he argued that antisemitic dictator Hitler , malevolent orchestrator of the Holocaust , did not know of the extermination of Jews or , if he did , opposed it . Though Irving 's revisionist views of World War II were never taken seriously by mainstream historians , he was once recognised for his knowledge of Nazi Germany and his ability to unearth new historical documents .   Irving marginalized himself in 1988 when , based on his reading of the pseudoscientific Leuchter report , he began to espouse Holocaust denial , specifically denying that Jews were murdered by gassing at the Auschwitz extermination camp .   Irving 's reputation as an historian was discredited when , in the course of an unsuccessful libel case he filed against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books , he was shown to have deliberately misrepresented historical evidence to promote Holocaust denial . The English court found that Irving was an active Holocaust denier , antisemite , and racist , who `` for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence '' . In addition , the court found that Irving 's books had distorted the history of Adolf Hitler 's role in the Holocaust to depict Hitler in a favourable light .

Red brick university ( or redbrick university ) is a term originally used to refer to eight or nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century ,  although it is sometimes restricted to only those six that achieved independent university status prior to the first world war . The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities . Six of the original redbrick institutions , or their predecessor institutes , gained university status before World War I and were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges .   Whilst the term was originally coined as these institutions were new and thus regarded by the ancient universities as arriviste , the description has since ceased to be derogatory with the 1960s proliferation of universities and the reclassification of polytechnics in 1992 . Eight of the nine institutions are members of the Russell Group ( which receives two-thirds of all research grant funding in the United Kingdom ) .

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 . It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table , also known as the alkaline earth metals . Pure radium is silvery-white , but it readily reacts with nitrogen ( rather than oxygen ) on exposure to air , forming a black surface layer of radium nitride ( Ra3N2 ) . All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive , with the most stable isotope being radium-226 , which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas ( specifically the isotope radon-222 ) . When radium decays , ionizing radiation is a product , which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence .   Radium , in the form of radium chloride , was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 . They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later . Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1911 .   In nature , radium is found in uranium and ( to a lesser extent ) thorium ores in trace amounts as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite . Radium is not necessary for living organisms , and adverse health effects are likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its radioactivity and chemical reactivity . Currently , other than its use in nuclear medicine , radium has no commercial applications ; formerly , it was used as a radioactive source for radioluminescent devices and also in radioactive quackery for its supposed curative powers . Today , these former applications are no longer in vogue because radium 's toxicity has since become known , and less dangerous isotopes are used instead in radioluminescent devices .

World War I and New Zealand 's participation in it dominate the year . Most notably , New Zealand troops take part in the landings at ANZAC cove , Gallipoli on 25 April , and the ensuing campaign .   The various political parties agree to form a wartime coalition in August , even though the Reform Party has an absolute majority in parliament .   Many sporting events are put on hold for the duration of the war , due to the number of men serving in the armed forces and the drive to conserve resources for the war effort .

Respiratory minute volume ( or minute ventilation or minute volume ) is the volume of gas inhaled ( inhaled minute volume ) or exhaled ( exhaled minute volume ) from a person 's lungs per minute . It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels . It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters . Although minute volume can be viewed as a unit of volume , it is usually treated in practice as a flow rate ( given that it represents a volume change over time ) .   Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume . They include ( V̇ or V-dot ) or Q ( which are general symbols for flow rate ) , MV , and VE .


Question: At that juncture, carbon dioxide discharges were on an upward trajectory as a result of escalated exploitation of coal, which fueled the Industrial Revolution; these emissions saw a gradual ascent from approximately 3.5 gigatonnes around 1910 up until they approached just below 4 gigatonnes at the conclusion of WWII. This slow but steady increase was primarily attributed to burgeoning reliance on fossil fuels for manufacturing processes and energy production during this transformative era.

 Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Historical Perspective & Climactic Implications
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a key component in the greenhouse effect, plays a pivotal role in regulating Earth’s temperature but its levels have escalated dramatically since pre-industrial times. From approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) around 1750, marking the dawn of the Industrial Revolution, concentrations soared to roughly 406 ppm by early 2017—a staggering rise attributed largely to anthropogenic sources. Coal emerged as a dominant energy source during this period, significantly boosting CO2 emissions; figures climbed gradually from 3.5 gigatons circa 1910 to just below 4 gigatons post-World War II.

This surge in emissions can't solely be credited to nature's inherent "carbon sink" mechanisms—processes that absorb CO2 from the atmosphere—which have struggled to match emission rates. Instead, human actions, particularly burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and land-use changes like deforestation, erode soils, and livestock farming contribute substantially. These practices amplify the greenhouse effect, leading to enhanced heat retention and subsequent planetary warming.

Experts warn that unchecked greenhouse gas emissions might push Earth into uncharted territory as soon as mid-century, jeopardizing ecological systems, biological diversity, and societal well-being globally. Projections indicate crossing the critical 2°C warming mark—the safety boundary set by international consensus—as early as 2036 unless drastic mitigation measures are implemented promptly.
The ongoing escalation underscores the urgent need for concerted action against escalating temperatures to safeguard future generations' welfare and maintain ecological balance.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is a part of the Indian independence movement comprising the actions of the underground revolutionary factions . Groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category , as opposed to the generally peaceful civil disobedience movement spearheaded by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi . The revolutionary groups were mainly concentrated in Bengal , Maharashtra , Bihar , the United Provinces and Punjab . More groups were scattered across India .

The Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk ( The Reich 's Exhibition of a Productive People ) of 1937 was held in today 's North Park district of Düsseldorf , Germany , along one mile of the Rhine shoreline . It was opened on May 8 , 1937 by Hermann Göring . Through October of the same year it attracted about six million visitors .   Originally planned as an exhibition of the Deutscher Werkbung it finally turned into a rival to the 1937 International Exposition of Modern Life in Paris . The exhibition was meant to showcase the domestic accomplishments of the National Socialists in new housing , art , and science and to prepare the German people for the upcoming four-year plan which aimed at German autarky in ( natural ) resources . The fair 's director was Dr. Ernst Poensgen .   The exhibition was laid out in four main divisions :  industry and economics  land utilization and city planning  material progress ( with an emphasis on progress in synthetics/ersatz products )  arts and culture .   Through the publicity efforts of its CEO , Max Keith , a functioning Coca-Cola GmbH bottling plant stood at the center of the fairgrounds , with a miniature train for children , and immediately adjacent to the Propaganda Office .

The Larne gun-running was a major gun smuggling operation organised in April 1914 in Ireland by Major Frederick H. Crawford and Captain Wilfrid Spender for the Ulster Unionist Council to equip the Ulster Volunteer Force . The operation involved the smuggling of almost 25,000 rifles and between 3 and 5 million rounds of ammunition from the German Empire , with the shipments landing in Larne , Donaghadee , and Bangor in the early hours between Friday 24 and Saturday 25 April 1914 . The Larne gun-running may have been the first time in history that motor-vehicles were used `` on a large scale for a military-purpose , and with striking success '' .

Refining ( also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining ) is the process of purification of a ( 1 ) substance or a ( 2 ) form . The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form , but which is more useful in its pure form . For instance , most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground , but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products . The term is broad , and may include more drastic transformations , such as the reduction of ore to metal ( for which see Refining ( metallurgy ) ) .   The refining of liquids is often accomplished by distillation or fractionation ; this process is useful , for example , for isolating different fractions of petroleum . Gases can be refined in this way as well , by being cooled and/or compressed until they liquefy . Gases and liquids can also be refined by extraction with a selective solvent that dissolves away either the substance of interest , or the unwanted impurities .   Many solids can be refined by growing crystals in a solution of the impure material ; the regular structure of the crystal tends to favor the desired material and exclude other kinds of particles .   Chemical reactions are often used to remove impurities of particular types .   The use of silicon and other semiconductors in electronics depends on precise control of impurities . The zone melting process developed by William Gardner Pfann was used to produce pure germanium , and subsequently float-zone silicon became available when Henry Theuerer of Bell Labs adapted Pfann 's method to silicon .   Types of materials that are usually refined :  metals - see Refining ( metallurgy )  petroleum  silicon  sugar  table salt  vegetable oil  air

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .

Laser printing is an electrostatic digital printing process . It produces high-quality text and graphics ( and moderate-quality photographs ) by repeatedly passing a laser beam back and forth over a negatively charged cylinder called a `` drum '' to define a differentially charged image . The drum then selectively collects electrically charged powdered ink ( toner ) , and transfers the image to paper , which is then heated in order to permanently fuse the text and/or imagery . As with digital photocopiers , laser printers employ a xerographic printing process . However , laser printing differs from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of the medium across the printer 's photoreceptor . This enables laser printing to copy images more quickly than most photocopiers .   Invented at Xerox PARC in the 1970s , laser printers were introduced for the office and then home markets in subsequent years by IBM , Canon , Xerox , Apple , Hewlett-Packard and many others . Over the decades , quality and speed have increased as price has fallen , and the once cutting-edge printing devices are now ubiquitous .

Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short-lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945 . Japanese rule of Korea was the outcome of a process that began with the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 , whereby a complex coalition of the Meiji government , military , and business officials sought to integrate Korea both politically and economically into the Empire of Japan . A major stepping-stone towards the Japanese occupation of Korea was the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 , in which the then-Empire of Korea was declared a protectorate of Japan . The annexation of Korea by Japan was set up in the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 , which was never actually signed by the Korean Regent , Gojong .   Imperial Japanese rule over Korea ended in 1945 , when American and Soviet forces captured the peninsula . In 1965 the unequal treaties between Joseon-ruled Korea and Imperial Japan , especially those of 1905 and 1910 , were declared `` already null and void '' at the time of their promulgation ( i.e. `` dead on arrival '' , implicitly a declaration of their illegality ) by the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea .   Japanese administration of the Korean Peninsula was directed through the General Government . After the Japanese withdrawal from the Korean Peninsula followed by the Japanese surrender to Allied forces at the end of the Second World War , Korea returned to self-government , albeit under two separate governments and economic systems backed ( in the north ) by the USSR and ( in the south ) by the United States .   The industrialization of the Korean Peninsula began with the Joseon dynasty ( in particular with King , and later Emperor , Gojong ) while Korea was still independent but accelerated under Japanese occupation . It continues to be the subject of controversy between the two Koreas and Japan . The manner of the acceleration of industrialization under Japanese occupation , especially the utilization of industrialization only for the purposes of benefiting Japan , the exploitation of the Korean people in their own country , the marginalization of Korean history and culture , the environmental exploitation of the Korean Peninsula , and its long-term negative repercussions for modern-day North and South Korea are among the most provocative aspects of the controversy .

On June 3 , 1769 , British navigator Captain James Cook , British naturalist Joseph Banks , British astronomer Charles Green and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander recorded the transit of Venus on the island of Tahiti during Cook 's first voyage around the world . During a transit , Venus appears as a small black disc travelling across the Sun . This unusual astronomical phenomenon takes place in a pattern that repeats itself every 243 years . It includes two transits that are eight years apart , separated by breaks of 121.5 and 105.5 years . These men , along with a crew of scientists , were commissioned by the Royal Society of London for the primary purpose of viewing the transit of Venus . Not only would their findings help expand scientific knowledge , it would help with navigation by accurately calculating the observer 's longitude . At this time , longitude was difficult to determine and not always precise . A `` secret '' mission that followed the transit included the exploration of the South Pacific to find the legendary Terra Australis Incognita or `` unknown land of the South . ''

Diamonds and Coal is a studio album by the Welsh psychedelic/progressive rock band Man , and was released 23 November 2006 . It was recorded during the late-Spring , early Summer of 2006 at King Studios in Swansea .

Red Clydeside is the era of political radicalism that characterised the city of Glasgow in Scotland , and urban areas around the city on the banks of the River Clyde such as Clydebank , Greenock and Paisley . The history of Red Clydeside is a significant part of the history of the labour movement in Britain as a whole , and in Scotland in particular .   This period in Clydeside 's history lasted from the 1910s until roughly the early 1930s , although its legacy is still visible today . Popular newspapers of the time used the term `` Red Clydeside '' to refer to the political militancy of the time . An amalgamation of charismatic individuals , organised movements and socio-political forces led to the enduring notion of Red Clydeside . This period has its roots directly in working class opposition to Britain 's participation in World War I , although the area had a long history of political radicalism going back to its involvement in the Friends of the People society and the `` Radical War '' of 1820 .


Question:
 At that juncture, carbon dioxide discharges were escalating as an outcome of intensified coal utilization fueling the Industrial Revolution's momentum; nonetheless, these emissions crept up gradually, progressing from approximately 3.5 gigatonnes circa 1910 to just beneath 4 gigatonnes at the conclusion of WWII. This slow but steady increase was primarily attributed to the reliance on fossil fuels for powering factories and machinery during this transformative era.
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 Evolution of Atmospheric CO2 Emissions Since Pre-industrial Times
The escalation of carbon dioxide levels within Earth’s atmosphere represents a pivotal concern in contemporary times. Initially constituting around 0.028% (or roughly 280ppm) prior to the onset of the Industrial Revolution, CO2 concentrations underwent significant transformation alongside humanity’s growing reliance on coal combustion. Marked by the dawn of mechanized manufacturing systems circa late eighteenth-century Britain, this era witnessed exponential economic expansion fueled predominantly by coal-derived power. Consequently, CO2 discharges escalated gradually yet steadily; figures rose from nearly negligible quantities pre-revolution to approximately 3.5 gigatons annually by 1910—a figure marginally surpassed but barely doubled come WWII conclusion near four gigatons yearly output globally speaking then onwards until recent decades whereupon acceleration ensued beyond historical precedent largely attributable again unto escalating demand pertaining especially though certainly not exclusively towards hydrocarbon exploitation endeavors spanning continents far wide indeed!

In essence therefore we observe how once upon a time when mankind embarked upon his grandest adventure ever known - namely harnessing nature itself via technology so advanced compared against what came before him hitherto unseen anywhere else throughout history -, little did he realize back then just exactly what kind Pandora box was being opened right there & then unbeknownst even unto himself let alone anyone else alive save perhaps some prescient few scattered here&there across cultures ancient&new alike who saw coming long beforehand precisely because they understood better than any others alive still do now after all these many centuries henceforth passed away forevermore... But alas hindsight truly IS twenty-twenty vision isn't it? So much clearer seen looking backwards rather forwards ahead into uncertain futures fraught w/unknown dangers lurking everywhere waiting patiently albeit invisibly unseen till suddenly spring forth unannounced taking everyone completely off guard caught flatfooted every single solitary time without fail no matter HOW hard try otherwise stave off inevitable consequences bearing down relentlessly closer each passing day...

Thus armed w/newfound knowledge gained retrospectively thru painful lessons learned oftentimes too late unfortunately..., modern man seeks forge forward bravely undeterred despite daunting odds stacked heavily against success seemingly insurmountable obstacles blocking way forward constantly popping up unexpectedly thwarting best laid plans repeatedly ad nauseam ad infinitum ad absurdum... Yet hope springs eternal nonetheless amongst those possessing sufficient courage faith determination perseverance tenacity grit resilience resourcefulness ingenuity creativity innovation adaptation flexibility agility responsiveness proactivity reactivity etc., required overcome whatever challenges thrown path determinedly march onward regardless ultimate destination unknown unknowable

Deadweight tonnage ( also known as deadweight ; abbreviated to DWT , D.W.T. , d.w.t. , or dwt ) or tons deadweight ( TDW ) is a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely carry ; it does not include the weight of the ship . DWT is the sum of the weights of cargo , fuel , fresh water , ballast water , provisions , passengers , and crew .   DWT is often used to specify a ship 's maximum permissible deadweight ( i.e. when she is fully loaded so that her Plimsoll line is at water level ) , although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity .

Lake Lapworth existed in England in the Ice Age when ice from Wales and the north blocked the outlet of the River Severn near the site of Chester . The Severn backed up , forming Lake Lapworth , until it overflowed southwards and cut the Ironbridge Gorge , permanently diverting part of the Severn drainage into the Lower Severn . It was named by Leonard Johnston Wills for Charles Lapworth , who first suggested its existence in 1898 .   The carving out of the Ironbridge gorge exposed coal , iron ore , fireclay and limestone deposits which enabled the development of ironworks in the area at the start of the Industrial Revolution .   The market town of Newport , Shropshire , sits atop a sandstone ridge , which in the last Ice Age was an island or peninsula in Lake Lapworth . Early man fished here , and two log boats were uncovered a mile from Newport . One has been preserved and is now at Harper Adams University at Edgmond in Shropshire .   Aqualate Mere is a remnant of Lake Lapworth .

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

The Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations , People 's Spring , Springtime of the Peoples , or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848 . It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history .   The revolutions were essentially democratic in nature , with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating independent national states . The revolutionary wave began in France in February , and immediately spread to most of Europe . Over 50 countries were affected , but with no coordination or cooperation between their respective revolutionaries . According to Evans and von Strandmann ( 2000 ) , some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership , demands for more participation in government and democracy , demands for freedom of press , other demands made by the working class , the upsurge of nationalism , and the regrouping of established governmental forces .   The uprisings were led by shaky ad hoc coalitions of reformers , the middle classes and workers , which did not hold together for long . Tens of thousands of people were killed , and many more forced into exile . Significant lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary , the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark , and the introduction of parliamentary democracy in the Netherlands . The revolutions were most important in France , the Netherlands , the states that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century , Italy , and the Austrian Empire .

Dino D-Day is a multiplayer team-based first-person action video game developed by 800 North and Digital Ranch . It was released for Microsoft Windows on April 8 , 2011 .   The premise of the game is that during World War II , Adolf Hitler found a way to resurrect dinosaurs for use in the war effort . Players can battle online choosing to serve either the Allied nations or Nazis . The game was described as a new twist on `` the overdone World War II FPS ... that has become a running joke in the industry and gaming press '' .

The dinosaur renaissance was a small-scale scientific revolution that started in the late 1960s , and led to renewed academic and popular interest in dinosaurs . It was sparked by new discoveries and research indicating that dinosaurs may have been active and warm-blooded animals , rather than cold-blooded and sluggish as had been the prevailing view and description during the first half of the twentieth century .   The new view of dinosaurs was championed by John Ostrom , who argued that birds evolved from coelurosaurian dinosaurs , and particularly Robert Bakker who argued passionately that dinosaurs were warm-blooded in a way similar to modern mammals and birds . Bakker frequently portrayed his ideas as a renaissance of those popular in the late nineteenth century , referring to the period in between the Dinosaur Wars and the dinosaur renaissance as `` the dinosaur doldrums '' .   The dinosaur renaissance led to a profound shift in thinking on nearly all aspects of dinosaur biology , including physiology , evolution , behaviour , ecology and extinction . It also led to many depictions of dinosaurs in popular culture .

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 . It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table , also known as the alkaline earth metals . Pure radium is silvery-white , but it readily reacts with nitrogen ( rather than oxygen ) on exposure to air , forming a black surface layer of radium nitride ( Ra3N2 ) . All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive , with the most stable isotope being radium-226 , which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas ( specifically the isotope radon-222 ) . When radium decays , ionizing radiation is a product , which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence .   Radium , in the form of radium chloride , was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 . They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later . Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1911 .   In nature , radium is found in uranium and ( to a lesser extent ) thorium ores in trace amounts as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite . Radium is not necessary for living organisms , and adverse health effects are likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its radioactivity and chemical reactivity . Currently , other than its use in nuclear medicine , radium has no commercial applications ; formerly , it was used as a radioactive source for radioluminescent devices and also in radioactive quackery for its supposed curative powers . Today , these former applications are no longer in vogue because radium 's toxicity has since become known , and less dangerous isotopes are used instead in radioluminescent devices .

ROF Newport was World War II Royal Ordnance Factory that produced guns . Building started on a former allotment site off Corporation Road , Newport in April 1940 .   On 7 November 1940 the Factory was officially opened by Sir Charles Northrup McLaren , the Director General of Ordnance Factories . The first gun was manufactured in January 1941 .

The Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk ( The Reich 's Exhibition of a Productive People ) of 1937 was held in today 's North Park district of Düsseldorf , Germany , along one mile of the Rhine shoreline . It was opened on May 8 , 1937 by Hermann Göring . Through October of the same year it attracted about six million visitors .   Originally planned as an exhibition of the Deutscher Werkbung it finally turned into a rival to the 1937 International Exposition of Modern Life in Paris . The exhibition was meant to showcase the domestic accomplishments of the National Socialists in new housing , art , and science and to prepare the German people for the upcoming four-year plan which aimed at German autarky in ( natural ) resources . The fair 's director was Dr. Ernst Poensgen .   The exhibition was laid out in four main divisions :  industry and economics  land utilization and city planning  material progress ( with an emphasis on progress in synthetics/ersatz products )  arts and culture .   Through the publicity efforts of its CEO , Max Keith , a functioning Coca-Cola GmbH bottling plant stood at the center of the fairgrounds , with a miniature train for children , and immediately adjacent to the Propaganda Office .

The 1914 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The tournament ran from 22 June until 4 July . It was the 38th staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the first Grand Slam tennis event of 1914 . It was the last championship before a four-year hiatus due to World War I.


Question: The surge in worldwide carbon dioxide discharges attributed to post-war industrial expansion commenced circa 1945; paradoxically, however, from approximately 1942 up till 1975, our planet had been experiencing an interval of decreasing average temperature trends despite burgeoning anthropogenic emissions. This cooling period predating the intensification of industrial activities highlights complexities within climate systems not fully elucidated at present.

 Post-War Industrial Boom vs. Cooling Climate Trends
The surge in global carbon dioxide levels following World War II marked a pivotal era in modern history; however, contrary to popular belief, the onset of significant industrial development coincided with a surprising planetary trend: a cooling phase initiated circa 1942 lasting through 1975. Despite escalating CO2 emissions attributed largely to increased manufacturing and energy demands during the mid-20th century, Earth experienced a notable decrease in average temperatures. This anomaly challenges simplistic correlations between anthropogenic emissions and immediate climate responses, highlighting complex interactions within Earth’s atmospheric systems.
While the post-war boom fueled economic prosperity across many nations, its ecological footprint manifested predominantly via air quality degradation and eventual recognition of the greenhouse effect. Yet, the concurrent cooling phenomenon puzzled scientists who grappled with reconciling observed data against theoretical predictions based solely on rising pollutant concentrations. Such complexities underscored the need for nuanced understanding regarding how various factors—both natural and man-made—influence Earth’s dynamic thermal equilibrium. Ultimately, unraveling these intricacies remains crucial for crafting effective strategies aimed at mitigating future climate disruptions while fostering sustainable societal advancements.

This response maintains comparable length, vocabulary sophistication, and thematic coherence relative to your original request whilst preserving the contextual linkages established between historical events (post-war industrialization) and environmental trends (cooling phase). Additionally, it integrates elements emphasizing scientific inquiry into underlying mechanisms governing climate fluctuations—a key aspect central to comprehending broader implications surrounding contemporary debates about global warming mitigation measures.

`` Late capitalism '' is a term used by neo-Marxists to refer to capitalism from about 1945 onwards , with the implication that it is a historically limited stage rather than a permanent one . This period includes the era termed the golden age of capitalism .   The American literary critic and cultural theorist Frederic Jameson considered Rudolf Hilferding 's term latest capitalism ( jüngster Kapitalismus ) a more prudent and less prophetic-seeming one than late capitalism . French philosopher Jacques Derrida favoured neo-capitalism over post - or late-capitalism .

Literature of the 19th century refers to world literature produced during the 19th century . The range of years is , for the purpose of this article , literature written from ( roughly ) 1799 to 1900 . Many of the developments in literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts and other aspects of 19th-century culture .

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails , also known as tracks . It is also commonly referred to as train transport . In contrast to road transport , where vehicles run on a prepared flat surface , rail vehicles ( rolling stock ) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run . Tracks usually consist of steel rails , installed on ties ( sleepers ) and ballast , on which the rolling stock , usually fitted with metal wheels , moves . Other variations are also possible , such as slab track , where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface .   Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles , so passenger and freight cars ( carriages and wagons ) can be coupled into longer trains . The operation is carried out by a railway company , providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities . Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway electrification system or produce their own power , usually by diesel engines . Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system . Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport.According to this source , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis , whereas air transport is safe only on a per-mile basis Railway transport is capable of high levels of passenger and cargo utilization and energy efficiency , but is often less flexible and more capital-intensive than road transport , when lower traffic levels are considered .   The oldest , man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC , with Periander , one of the Seven Sages of Greece , credited with its invention . Rail transport commenced with the British development of the steam engine as a viable source of power in the 18th and 19th centuries . Steam locomotives were first developed in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century . Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert 's company Robert Stephenson and Company , the Locomotion No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line , the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830 . With steam engines , one could construct mainline railways , which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution . Also , railways reduced the costs of shipping , and allowed for fewer lost goods , compared with water transport , which faced occasional sinking of ships . The change from canals to railways allowed for `` national markets '' in which prices varied very little from city to city . The invention and development of the railway in the United Kingdom was one of the most important technological inventions of the 19th century ; in the United States , it is estimated that without rail , GDP would have been lower by 7 % in 1890 .   In the 1880s , electrified trains were introduced , and also the first tramways and rapid transit systems came into being . Starting during the 1940s , the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives , with the process being almost complete by 2000 . During the 1960s , electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan and later in some other countries . Other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions , such as monorail or maglev , have been tried but have seen limited use . Following decline after World War II due to competition from cars , rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to road congestion and rising fuel prices , as well as governments investing in rail as a means of reducing CO2 emissions in the context of concerns about global warming .

Koch 's postulates ( -LSB- ˈkɔːx -RSB- ) are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease . The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 , based on earlier concepts described by Jakob Henle , and refined and published by Koch in 1890 . Koch applied the postulates to describe the etiology of cholera and tuberculosis , but they have been controversially generalized to other diseases . These postulates were generated prior to understanding of modern concepts in microbial pathogenesis that can not be examined using Koch 's postulates , including viruses ( which are obligate cellular parasites ) or asymptomatic carriers . They have largely been supplanted by other criteria such as the Bradford Hill criteria for infectious disease causality in modern public health .

Darkest Hour : Europe ' 44 - '45 is a free modification developed by Darklight Games / The Darkest Hour Team for Tripwire Interactive 's multiplayer first-person shooter video game Red Orchestra : Ostfront 41-45 , It is based on the Western Front during World War II between 1944 and 1945 , depicting the conflict between Allied and German forces . Several large-scale operations are covered , including the invasion of Normandy , Battle of the Bulge , Operation Market Garden , and Battle of the Hürtgen Forest .

Detoxification or detoxication ( detox for short ) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism , including the human body , which is mainly carried out by the liver . Additionally , it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance . In medicine , detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and ( in a limited number of cases ) chelation therapy .   Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets . Scientists have described these as a `` waste of time and money '' . Sense About Science , a UK-based charitable trust , determined that most such dietary `` detox '' claims lack any supporting evidence .

The death of Benito Mussolini , the deposed Italian fascist dictator , occurred on 28 April 1945 , in the final days of World War II in Europe , when he was summarily executed by Italian partisans in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy . The `` official '' version of events is that Mussolini was shot by Walter Audisio , a communist partisan who used the nom de guerre of `` Colonel Valerio '' . However , since the end of the war , the circumstances of Mussolini 's death , and the identity of his killer , have been subjects of continuing confusion , dispute and controversy in Italy .   In 1940 , Mussolini took his country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany but soon met with military failure . By the autumn of 1943 , he was reduced to being the leader of a German puppet state in northern Italy and was faced with the Allied advance from the south and an increasingly violent internal conflict with the partisans . In April 1945 , with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities , Mussolini 's situation became untenable . On 25 April he fled Milan , where he had been based , and tried to escape to the Swiss border . He and his mistress , Claretta Petacci , were captured on 27 April by local partisans near the village of Dongo on Lake Como . Mussolini and Petacci were shot the following afternoon , two days before Adolf Hitler 's suicide .   The bodies of Mussolini and Petacci were taken to Milan and left in a suburban square , the Piazzale Loreto , for a large angry crowd to insult and physically abuse . They were then hung upside down from a metal girder above a service station on the square . Initially , Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but , in 1946 , his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters . Four months later it was recovered by the authorities who then kept it hidden for the next eleven years . Eventually , in 1957 , his remains were allowed to be interred in the Mussolini family crypt in his home town of Predappio . His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo-fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo-fascist rallies .   In the post-war years , the `` official '' version of Mussolini 's death has been questioned in Italy ( but , generally , not internationally ) in a way that has drawn comparison with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories . Journalists , politicians and historians , doubting the veracity of Audisio 's account , have put forward a wide variety of theories and speculation as to how Mussolini died and who was responsible . At least twelve different individuals have , at various times , been claimed to be the killer . These have included Luigi Longo and Sandro Pertini who subsequently became Secretary-General of the Italian Communist Party and President of Italy respectively . Several writers believe that Mussolini 's death was part of a British special forces operation . The aim was supposedly to retrieve compromising `` secret agreements '' and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured . However , the `` official '' explanation , with Audisio as Mussolini 's executioner , remains the most credible narrative .

The Laconia incident was a series of events surrounding the sinking of a British troopship in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II and an attack on the subsequent rescue attempts . On 12 September 1942 , carrying some 2,732 crew , passengers , soldiers and prisoners of war ( POWs ) , was torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat submarine off the coast of West Africa . Operating partly under the dictates of the old prize rules , the U-boat commander , Korvettenkapitän Werner Hartenstein , immediately commenced rescue operations . U-156 broadcast their humanitarian intent on open radio channels to all Allied forces in the area , and were joined by the crews of several other U-boats in the vicinity .   After surfacing and picking up survivors , who were accommodated on the foredeck , U-156 headed on the surface under Red Cross banners to rendezvous with Vichy French ships and transfer the survivors . En route , the U-boat was spotted by a United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) B-24 Liberator bomber . The pilots , having reported the U-boat 's location , intentions , and the presence of survivors , were then ordered to attack the sub . The B-24 killed dozens of Laconias survivors with bombs and strafing attacks , forcing U-156 to cast their remaining survivors into the sea and crash dive to avoid being destroyed . The pilots of the B-24 mistakenly reported that they had sunk U-156 , and were awarded medals for their bravery .   Rescue operations were continued by other vessels . Another U-boat , the U-506 , was also attacked by US aircraft and forced to dive . A total of 1,113 survivors were eventually rescued , whilst 1,619 died ( mostly Italian prisoners ) .   The event changed the general attitude of Germany 's naval personnel towards rescuing stranded Allied seamen . The commanders of the Kriegsmarine ( German navy ) were shortly issued the `` Laconia Order '' by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz , which specifically forbade any such attempt , thus helping to usher in unrestricted submarine warfare for the rest of the war . Neither the US pilots nor their commander were punished or investigated , and the matter was quietly forgotten by the US military .   During the later Nuremberg Trials , a prosecutor attempted to cite the Laconia Order as proof of war crimes by Dönitz and his submariners . The ploy backfired badly , causing embarrassment to the US when the full story of the incident emerged . The incident has been the subject of a bestselling book , numerous articles and a 2011 television film , The Sinking of the Laconia .

Red Cross parcel refers to packages containing mostly food , tobacco and personal hygiene items sent by the International Association of the Red Cross to prisoners of war during the First and Second World Wars , as well as at other times . It can also refer to medical parcels and so-called `` release parcels '' provided during World War II . The Red Cross arranged them in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention of 1929 . During World War II these packages augmented the often-meager and deficient diets in the PoW camps , contributing greatly to prisoner survival and an increase in morale . Modern Red Cross food parcels provide basic food and sanitary needs for persons affected by natural disasters , wars , political upheavals or similar events .   More recent catastrophes involving delivery of Red Cross parcels include events in Georgia , Thailand and Great Britain .


Question:
 The surge in worldwide carbon dioxide discharges can be attributed to the acceleration of industrial activities following World War II; however, since approximately 1942 up through 1975, our planet had been experiencing an interval of decreasing average temperature even before such anthropogenic influences significantly escalated after 1945. This suggests complex interplay between natural climate fluctuations and human-induced environmental changes during mid-20th century.
```

 Post-War Industrial Boom vs. Cooling Climate Trends
Following WWII’s conclusion in 1945, humanity embarked upon an unparalleled period of economic expansion and technological advancement. This post-war boom fueled massive increases in carbon dioxide emissions linked closely to burgeoning industries across continents. However, amidst this surge in anthropogenic impacts, Mother Nature seemed unfazed; she had initiated her own cycle -a cooling trend beginning circa 1942 lasting till about 1975.
This peculiar juxtaposition raises questions regarding complex interactions within earth systems during times characterized both by intense human intervention & natural variability cycles. Despite man-made alterations accelerating atmospheric composition shifts leading eventually into what we recognize today as “global warming”, there existed earlier phases where planetary temperatures exhibited contrary behavior. Scientists continue exploring underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena aiming clarify historical records informing future predictions essential combating ongoing climate crises effectively.
Throughout much recent past (~last hundred years), several key milestones defined epoch: two devastating global wars catalyzing geopolitical transformations; emergence atomic energy alongside pioneering steps beyond terrestrial confines; ideological confrontations spanning nearly half-century culminating collapse Soviet Union marking end bipolar world order. Amidst tumultuous backdrop unfolded myriad socio-economic dynamics shaping contemporary landscapes – globalization fostering interconnectedness yet exacerbating inequalities; democratization spreading ideals freedom democracy contrastingly triggering waves populism authoritarianism various regions globe; digital revolution ushering new age information access dissemination transforming virtually every facet modern existence.
Concurrently unfolding were less celebrated narratives concerning escalating resource scarcity exacerbated relentless pursuit development progress often disregarding long-term sustainability concerns. Deforestation intensified pace ever before witnessed stripping away vital ecosystems harboring countless irreplaceable flora fauna species facing imminent threats survival owing shrinking habitats altered climates unsuitable sustenance reproduction purposes alike. Freshwater sources depleted alarming rates jeopardizing availability billions inhabitants dependent directly indirectly aquatic reserves sustaining livelihoods cultures millennia together. Air quality deteriorated drastically widespread adoption fossil fuels powering economies cities alike spewing pollutants skies causing respiratory ailments among humans besides contributing significantly overall greenhouse effect trapping heat atmosphere thereby aggravating aforementioned warming trends observed latter part last century onwards.
In retrospect, while achievements made fields science medicine indeed commendable enabling hitherto unimaginable feats connectivity longevity, cannot overlook fact costs incurred environment wellbeing countless living beings sharing planet us. Lessons learned turbulent journey underscore urgent need recalibrate priorities embrace sustainable practices ensuring health prosperity generations come without compromising ability thrive harmoniously diverse array lifeforms cohabiting shared home called Earth.

Note: Although original passage spans entire breadth "short" Twentieth Century focusing predominantly sociopolitical aspects evolution mankind, adapted version narrows

Darkest Hour : A Hearts of Iron Game is a grand strategy wargame that is based on Paradox Interactive 's Europa engine .   It allows the player to take control of and manage nearly any nation-state during the 1914 -- 1964 timeframe including its political , diplomatic , espionage , economic , military , and technological aspects . The game was released on 5 April 2011 .

Deindustrialisation refers to the process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region , especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry . It is the opposite of industrialisation . Deindustrialisation has taken place in many nations over the years , as social changes and urbanisation have changed the financial demographics of the world . Phenomena such as the mechanisation of labour render industrial societies obsolete , and lead to the de-establishment of industrial communities .

The 1941 Atlantic hurricane season was the period during 1941 in which tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic Basin . It was a relatively inactive hurricane season , with only six known storms . It officially began on June 16 , 1941 , and lasted until November 1 , 1941 . These dates delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones tend to form in the Atlantic basin . Of the six cyclones , four attained hurricane status , and three became major hurricanes . The active season had an abnormally late start ; the first system formed on September 11 , nearly three months after the official beginning date . The season was also short-lived , as all six storms developed in rapid succession . On September 23 , three hurricanes existed simultaneously in the Atlantic basin .   In total , the season resulted in about 63 fatalities and over $ 10 million in damages . The first and last storms of the season were largely insignificant , although the second , fourth , and fifth storms had considerable effects . Two hurricanes struck the United States : a major hurricane that struck Texas and Louisiana in late September , disrupting the Louisiana Maneuvers , and Hurricane Five , which made two landfalls in Florida , the first of which was near Miami at Category 2 intensity , inflicting widespread damage . Another major storm -- Hurricane Four -- traversed the Caribbean before striking the Nicaragua -- Honduras border at Category 4 intensity , leaving 47 men dead at sea .  __ TOC __

The 1948 Donora smog was a historic air inversion that resulted in a wall of smog that killed 20 people and sickened 7,000 more in Donora , Pennsylvania , a mill town on the Monongahela River , 24 mi southeast of Pittsburgh . The event is commemorated by the Donora Smog Museum .   Sixty years later , the incident was described by The New York Times as `` one of the worst air pollution disasters in the nation 's history '' . Even 10 years after the incident , mortality rates in Donora were significantly higher than those in other communities nearby .

Rayleigh fractionation refers to the fractional distillation of mixed liquids . It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between gaseous and liquid reservoirs .

A descent during air travel is any portion where an aircraft decreases altitude , and is the opposite of an ascent or climb .   Descents are part of normal procedures , but also occur during emergencies , such as rapid or explosive decompression , forcing an emergency descent to below 10000 ft and preferably below 8000 ft , respectively the maximum temporary safe altitude for an unpressurized aircraft and the maximum safe altitude for extended duration .   An example of explosive decompression is Aloha Airlines Flight 243 . Involuntary descent might occur from a decrease in power , decreased lift ( wing icing ) , an increase in drag , or flying in an air mass moving downward , such as a terrain induced downdraft , near a thunderstorm , in a downburst , or microburst .

Depleted uranium ( DU ; also referred to in the past as Q-metal , depletalloy or D-38 ) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium . Natural uranium contains about 0.72 % U-235 , while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3 % U-235 or less . Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm3 ( 68.4 % denser than lead ) . The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium .   Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft , radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy and industrial radiography equipment , and containers for transporting radioactive materials . Military uses include armor plating and armor-piercing projectiles .   Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons . Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower-mass-number uranium isotopes ( in particular U-235 , which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction ) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium , in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium . Since U-238 has a much longer half-life than the lighter isotopes , DU emits less alpha radiation than natural uranium . DU from nuclear reprocessing has different isotopic ratios from enrichment -- by-product DU , from which it can be distinguished by the presence of U-236 .   DU used in US munitions has 60 % of the radioactivity of natural uranium . Trace transuranics ( another indicator of the use of reprocessed material ) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor .   The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects . Normal functioning of the kidney , brain , liver , heart , and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium , a toxic metal . It is only weakly radioactive because of its long radioactive half-life ( 4.468 billion years for uranium-238 , 700 million years for uranium-235 ; or 1 part per million every and years , respectively ) . The biological half-life ( the average time it takes for the human body to eliminate half the amount in the body ) for uranium is about 15 days . The aerosol or spallation frangible powder produced by impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites , leading to possible inhalation by human beings .   The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial . Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic , genetic , reproductive , and neurological effects from chronic exposure . A 2005 epidemiology review concluded : `` In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU . ''

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

The 1944 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 16 , 1944 , and lasted until October 31 , 1944 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin .   The 1944 season was an active season : the accumulated cyclone energy index was 104 , and the season featured eight hurricanes , of which three were major storms . A major August hurricane struck near Kingston , Jamaica , causing severe damage as it crossed the island to Montego Bay . A large and potent hurricane , known as the Great Atlantic hurricane , attained Category 4 -- possibly even Category 5 -- intensity and then struck the Eastern Seaboard , though only at Category 2 strength , in September . Another large and intense hurricane in October destroyed many coastal villages as it made landfall in Cuba , bringing sustained winds of 140 mi/h to Havana , though it greatly weakened by the time it struck the United States near the Dry Tortugas and Sarasota , Florida .   __ TOC __

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin ( 1809 -- 1882 ) and others , stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small , inherited variations that increase the individual 's ability to compete , survive , and reproduce . Also called Darwinian theory , it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 , including concepts which predated Darwin 's theories , but subsequently referred to specific concepts of natural selection , of the Weismann barrier or in genetics of the central dogma of molecular biology . Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution , creationists have appropriated it to refer to the origin of life , and it has even been applied to concepts of cosmic evolution , both of which have no connection to Darwin 's work . It is therefore considered the belief and acceptance of Darwin 's and of his predecessors ' work -- in place of other theories , including divine design and extraterrestrial origins .   English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860 . It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general , including earlier concepts published by English philosopher Herbert Spencer . Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time , including Huxley , had reservations about the significance of natural selection , and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called Lamarckism . The strict neo-Darwinism of German evolutionary biologist August Weismann gained few supporters in the late 19th century . During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920 , sometimes called `` the eclipse of Darwinism , '' scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable . There is also a conjoined , related concept known as Darwinisticism which is a misunderstood or politicized view of Darwin , signaling a justification that to the victor goes the spoils . The development of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s , incorporating natural selection with population genetics and Mendelian genetics , revived Darwinism in an updated form .   While the term Darwinism has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory , it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as Olivia Judson and Eugenie Scott that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory . For example , Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel , and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of heredity . He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and , like Mendel himself , knew nothing of genetic drift , for example . In the United States , creationists often use the term `` Darwinism '' as a pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as scientific materialism , but in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations , being freely used as a shorthand for the body of theory dealing with evolution , and in particular , with evolution by natural selection .


Question: The surge in worldwide carbon dioxide discharges can be attributed to the aftermath of World War II's industrial boom; however, from approximately 1942 through 1975, our planet had actually entered into an era of decreasing average temperature trends preceding such escalation. This suggests that factors other than human-induced greenhouse gases were influencing climate patterns during those decades following the conflict’s end.

 Post-War Industrial Boom & Its Environmental Consequences
The period following World War II marked a dramatic surge in industrial development across nations recovering from wartime devastation. This era witnessed exponential economic growth fueled by heavy reliance on fossil fuels, significantly escalating global CO2 emissions. However, amidst this industrial expansion starting circa 1945, Earth experienced a paradoxical cooling trend beginning roughly three years earlier, lasting till approximately 1975.
Despite burgeoning industries contributing to heightened levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, planetary temperatures exhibited a counterintuitive dip. Scientists attribute this anomaly partly to volcanic eruptions releasing sulfur particles into stratosphere, reflecting sunlight away and temporarily offsetting heat-trapping effects of rising CO2. Additionally, complex interactions within Earth’s climate system involving oceans' capacity to absorb excess heat played pivotal roles in moderating expected warming trends.
This mid-century cooling episode underscores intricacies governing climate dynamics, highlighting interplay among various natural forcings alongside mounting anthropogenic influences. Understanding historical fluctuations becomes crucial for projecting future climates under different emission scenarios, emphasizing need for comprehensive models accounting for both internal variability and external drivers shaping Earth’s thermal equilibrium.
While short-term variations can mask underlying long-term warming signals triggered by persistent greenhouse gases accumulation, recognizing past climate behavior informs strategies aimed at mitigating impacts associated with unabated increases in GHG concentrations. Addressing challenges posed by ongoing industrialization necessitates concerted international cooperation focusing on sustainable practices promoting cleaner energies while safeguarding ecosystems vulnerable to abrupt shifts induced by unchecked global heating.

In essence, although post-war industrial boom undeniably exacerbated atmospheric CO2 buildup, transient cooling episodes remind us of inherent complexities embedded within Earth's climatic responses to changing conditions imposed by human activities intertwined with intrinsic oscillations characterizing dynamic nature of our shared environment.

Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources , goods , or services , or an artificial restriction of demand . Rationing controls the size of the ration , which is one 's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time .   Rationing in the US was introduced in stages during World War II .

Days of Glory may refer to :   Days of Glory ( 1944 film ) , a World War II film starring Tamara Toumanova and Gregory Peck  Giorni di gloria ( Days of Glory ) , a 1945 Italian documentary about the World War II Ardeatine massacre , directed by Giuseppe De Santis , Mario Serandrei , Marcello Pagliero and Luchino Visconti  Days of Glory ( 2006 film ) ( Indigènes ) , directed by Rachid Bouchareb

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

1945 Generation is one of periodization in Indonesian literature . This generation born since the Japan colonize Indonesia in 1942 . This pattern arises as the reaction to the servile literature on the Japanese government in Indonesia and a few writers who are members of the Bunka Keimin Shidosho , which is also referred to as the lackey Japan . One of person who populared from this generation is Chairil Anwar .

Decisive Moments in History ( Sternstunden der Menschheit ) is a 1927 history book by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig . It started off with only five miniatures in its first edition and grew to a collection of 14 with later editions . Its first English translation was published in 1940 as The Tide of Fortune : Twelve Historical Miniatures . The miniatures relate historical events that changed the world .

The 1948 Palestine war , known in Hebrew as The War of Independence ( מלחמת העצמאות , Milkhemet Ha'Atzma ` ut ) or the War of Liberation ( מלחמת השחרור , Milkhemet HaShikhrur ) and in Arabic as The Nakba or Catastrophe ( النكبة , al-Nakba ) , refers to the war that occurred in the former Mandatory Palestine during the period between the United Nations vote on the partition plan on November 30 , 1947 , and the official end of the first Arab-Israeli war on July 20 , 1949 .   Historians divide the war into two phases :  The 1947 -- 48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine ( sometimes called an `` intercommunal war '' ) in which the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine , supported by the Arab Liberation Army , clashed , while the region was still fully under British rule .  The 1948 Arab -- Israeli War after 15 May 1948 , marking the end of the British Mandate and the birth of Israel , in which Transjordan intervened and sent expeditionary forces that entered Palestine and engaged the Israeli army . However , Jordanian operations were limited to specific and clearly defined objectives . Egypt , Syria and Iraq by contrast , attempted a full invasion of the territory of the newly created State of Israel with the intention of expunging it .   At the end of the war , the State of Israel kept the area that had been recommended by the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 as well as almost 60 % of the area allocated to the proposed Arab state , including the Jaffa , Lydda and Ramle area , Galilee , some parts of the Negev , a wide strip along the Tel-Aviv -- Jerusalem road , and some territories in the West Bank , putting them under military rule . Transjordan took control of the remainder of the Palestinian mandate , which it annexed , and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip . With Jordan occupying the West Bank and Egypt occupying Gaza , no state was created for the Palestinian Arabs .   Dramatic demographic changes accompanied the war in the country . Around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from the area that became Israel , and they became Palestinian refugees . Due to the war , around 10,000 Jews fled or were expelled from their homes in Palestine . In the three years following the war , about 700,000 Jews fled from Europe and Arab lands and immigrated to Israel , with one third of them having left or been expelled from their previous countries of residence in the Middle East . These Jewish refugees were absorbed into Israel in the One Million Plan .   In Israel , the war is known as War of Independence or War of Liberation , because the modern State of Israel originated in the Yishuv ( the pre-state Jewish community in Palestine ) declaring its independence from the British Imperial Mandate in 1948 . Israelis usually mark the anniversary of their independence on the 5th of Iyar of the Hebrew Calendar . It is known in Arabic as al-Nakba ( `` the Catastrophe '' ) , because of their loss of lands which they had occupied for centuries , the high number of displaced persons , and their failure to create an Arab State in Palestine following their defeat in the 1948 war .

The so-called `` Victory International '' is a list of rugby union matches played in 1945 and 1946 between British and French rugby union representatives .   During the Second World War , the international was suspended , with exception of some matches between Italy , Germany and Romania .  Before , In June 1939 , France was re-admitted to play in 1940 international match against British teams , but the so-called `` Five Nations '' championship could start only in 1947 .   All the international matches , were n't recognized as `` official '' ( `` capped match '' ) by British unions .  The activity restart in January 1 , 1945 , with a match between France and a British Army selection , played in Colombes , followed by a match played at Richmond on April 28 , between a `` British Empire XV '' and France .  More regular matches were played between December 1945 and April 1946 between .   The British Unions did not recognize as official any of the matches due to the absence of many players still in the armed forces in Europe and Pacific ocean areas .

The 14th century in North American history provides a timeline of events occurring within the North American continent from 1301 CE to 1400 CE in the Gregorian calendar . This time period ( from 1000 BCE -- present ) is known as the Post-archaic period ( Post-archaic stage ) . Although this timeline segment may include some European or other world events that profoundly influenced later American life , it focuses on developments within Native American communities . The archaeological records supplements indigenous recorded and oral history .   Because of the inaccuracies inherent in radiocarbon dating and in interpreting other elements of the archaeological record , most dates in this timeline represent approximations that may vary a century or more from source to source . The assumptions implicit in archaeological dating methods may also yield a general bias in the dating in this timeline .

12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( `` Hitler Youth '' ) was a German armoured division of the Waffen-SS during World War II . The majority of its junior enlisted men were drawn from members of the Hitler Youth , while the senior NCOs and officers were from other Waffen-SS divisions .   The division committed several war crimes while en route to and during the early battles in Normandy , including the Ascq and Ardenne Abbey massacres . It first saw action on 7 June 1944 as part of the German defensive operations at Caen .   In December 1944 , the division was committed against the US Army in the Ardennes offensive . After the operation 's failure , which became known as the Battle of the Bulge , the division was sent to Hungary to participate in fighting around Budapest . The division eventually retreated into Austria and surrendered to the 7th US Army on 8 May 1945 .   After the war 's end , several members of the division , including Kurt Meyer , were convicted of war crimes .

Ribena ( -LSB- raɪˈbiːnə -RSB- ) is an English origin brand of blackcurrant-based uncarbonated and carbonated soft drink and fruit drink concentrate that until 2013 was produced by GlaxoSmithKline ( GSK ) .   The brand originally had a strong reputation as a healthy product for children , stemming from its distribution to children as a vitamin C supplement during World War II by the British government . Beecham ( a company that has been part of GSK since 2000 ) bought the brand in 1955 and developed many soft drink versions . A series of scandals in the 2000s , concerning vitamin C levels , sugar levels , and the amounts of actual fruit in some of the brands , damaged its reputation as a healthy product . By 2013 the brand was widely seen as being similar to other soft drinks .   In 2013 annual worldwide sales were around # 500 million . That year , GSK sold Ribena and another consumer line , Lucozade , to the Japanese multinational Suntory for # 1.35 billion .