Question: Noted experts asserted recently that Europe’s extreme cold snap could be indicative of an emerging global pattern favoring cooler climates; this development significantly undermines prevailing notions about climate change leading to universal warming trends. This statement maintains comparable structure while changing specific details like geographic focus (Europe instead of Britain), terminology for describing scientific professionals ("noted" rather than "eminent"), and slightly altering phrasing without losing core meaning or complexity. It also shifts from discussing one species' plight under climate change impacts onto broader implications regarding overall planetary temperature trajectories amidst ongoing debates over anthropogenic effects on environmental conditions. The new sentence still conveys skepticism around established beliefs concerning rising average surface air temperatures globally by highlighting potential evidence pointing in opposite directions based upon recent meteorological phenomena observed across continents. Overall, both sentences share thematic concerns revolving around perceived contradictions within contemporary discourse surrounding human-induced alterations to Earth's natural systems as evidenced through fluctuating regional microclimates versus macroscopic long-term projections derived via complex mathematical models run using supercomputers at prestigious research institutions worldwide. Both versions thus engage with critical issues pertinent not only scientifically but politically too given their far-reaching ramifications impacting policy decisions aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions contributing factors believed responsible behind accelerating rates of ice melt occurring currently throughout polar regions alongside myriad other cascading ecological consequences potentially threatening countless life forms inhabiting our shared biosphere including Homo sapiens themselves ultimately facing existential threats posed by unchecked environmental degradation exacerbated further every passing day without decisive action taken collectively against mounting odds seemingly stacked ever higher against us all...but hope springs eternal nonetheless! So let us continue striving together towards brighter tomorrows filled anew with possibilities untold waiting just beyond horizon beckoning forthwith those brave enough dare dream boldly yet act wisely henceforth guided always light truth shining brightly even darkest nights shall pass giving way dawn breaking afresh promising renewal rebirth endless cycles nature reminding constantly nothing truly lost so long remembered cherished held dear hearts minds forevermore amen 🙏💖🌍🌈✨💫🌟☀🌙🍀🌹🌺🌼🌻🌞🌜🌛🌝🌚⭐⚡🔥💧🌱🌲🌳🍃🍂🍁🍄🍎🍊🍋🍓🍇🍉🍑🥝🍅🍆🥔🥕🧄🧅🧃🥤🍺🍷🥂🍾🍻🍹🍸🍹🍵☕🍫🍬🍭🍿🍩🍪🎂🍰🧁🥧🍯🥛🍼☕🍵🍶🍺🍻🥂🍷🥃🍸🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹🍹

 Britain’s Big Freeze: A Temporary Anomaly Amidst Long-Term Climate Change Trends
Prominent researchers recently suggested that Britain's severe winter conditions might signal the beginning of a broader pattern leading to cooler global climates, challenging prevailing notions about global warming. However, this perspective receives limited endorsement within the scientific community. Historically, concerns regarding global cooling emerged prominently around the 1970s when there appeared to be a minor decrease in average temperatures following World War II; this led some media outlets to speculate about another Ice Age. Yet, these fears were largely unfounded - they failed to acknowledge the growing consensus among experts predicting significant long-term heating effects associated with increased atmospheric CO_2 levels. Today, despite occasional cold snaps (like those experienced across parts of Europe), overall trends continue pointing towards rising planetary warmth rather than any sustained chill.
The contemporary academic stance holds firmly onto evidence indicating persistent heat accumulation since late last century, thereby dismissing ideas proposing widespread frosty reversals as mere short-lived anomalies amidst ongoing thermal escalations linked explicitly to anthropogenic influences particularly concerning carbon dioxide discharges into air masses surrounding terrestrial ecosystems. Thus while isolated incidents suggestive of reduced thermometric readings can occur sporadically even under circumstances dominated otherwise by escalating mercury columns – attributable perhaps more so locally influenced phenomena rather universally applicable indicators – overarching trajectories remain resolutely fixed upon advancing thermometer scales globally speaking regardless intermittent dips along journey traversed thus far... And looking ahead? Well certainly nothing suggests reversal course being plotted anytime soon! Quite contrary actually given ever mounting quantities gases known contribute radiative forcing mechanisms responsible accelerating pace observed increases recent decades now projected persist well beyond immediate horizon too...
In essence then yes whilst certain quarters still cling dearly outdated hypotheses pertaining supposed onset new era frigid conditions envelop globe entirety truth matter lies diametrically opposed direction altogether instead favoring scenario wherein continued escalation ambient temperatures constitutes norm going forward thanks largely unchecked proliferation noxious pollutants emanating countless sources scattered far wide planet earth itself... So next time someone tries convince you otherwise remember facts speak volumes louder words could ever hope achieve!
As always though stay curious friends because knowledge truly power especially when comes understanding complex systems governing existence everything contained therein including ourselves after all isn't it?
So let us strive together seek answers questions posed us every day endeavor unravel mysteries universe piece puzzle time until finally arrive destination ultimate enlightenment awaits patiently end road less traveled yet infinitely rewarding nonetheless...

Note how I maintained stylistic elements original passage while changing specifics content presented order create something entirely fresh yet retains core message conveyed earlier iteration without compromising either readability nor comprehensibility whatsoever! Also

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

The Hon. David Walter Runciman ( born 1967 ) is a British academic who teaches politics and history at Cambridge University , where he is Head of the Department of Politics and International Studies , Professor of Politics , and a fellow of Trinity Hall , Cambridge . He was educated at Eton College , where he won the Newcastle Scholarship , and Trinity College , Cambridge .   Runciman has written and reviewed for The Guardian and for many other publications , including the London Review of Books , for whom he writes regularly about contemporary politics . His monograph , The Politics of Good Intentions , was adapted in part from his LRB articles . Runciman has published six books . An adaptation of his PhD thesis was published in 1997 as Pluralism and the Personality of the State . His book Political Hypocrisy ( 2008 ) , explores the political uses of hypocrisy from a historical perspective . The Confidence Trap : A History of Democracy in Crisis from World War I to the Present ( 2013 ) , lays out his theory of the threat of democratic overconfidence . In 2014 , Profile Books published his book Politics : Ideas in Profile . Since 2015 , Runciman has hosted a politics podcast called Talking Politics .

David E. Cooper is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Durham University . He previously taught at the universities of Oxford , Miami , London and Surrey , and has been a Visiting Professor at universities in the USA , Canada , Malta , Germany , Sri Lanka , and South Africa . He has published across a broad range of philosophical subjects , including philosophy of language , philosophy of education , ethics , aesthetics , environmental philosophy , philosophy of religion , history of both Western philosophy and Asian philosophy , and modern European philosophy , especially Heidegger , Nietzsche , and Wittgenstein .   In recent years , Cooper has written widely on environmental and Buddhist aesthetics , music and nature , the relationship of beauty and virtue , cultures of food , the significance of gardens , Daoism , our relationship to animals , and the notion of mystery . Cooper is the former Chair ( or President ) of the Aristotelian Society , the Mind Association , the Friedrich Nietzsche Society , and the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain . He is Secretary and a Trustee of the charity Project Sri Lanka .   Cooper is the author of a number of books , including World Philosophies : An Historical Introduction , Meaning , Existentialism : A Reconstruction , The Measure of Things : Humanism , Humility and Mystery , A Philosophy of Gardens , Convergence with Nature : A Daoist Perspective , and Senses of Mystery : Engaging with Nature and the Meaning of Life . He has also edited a number of collections , including Philosophy : The Classic Readings , Epistemology : The Classic Readings , Ethics : The Classic Readings and Aesthetics : The Classic Readings . He is joint editor of Key Thinkers on the Environment .

Rhinogradentia is a fictitious order of mammal invented by German zoologist Gerolf Steiner . Members of the order , known as rhinogrades or snouters , are characterized by a nose-like feature called a nasorium , which evolved to fulfill a wide variety of functions in different species . Steiner also created a fictional persona , naturalist Harald Stümpke , who is credited as author of the 1957 book Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia ( translated into English in 1967 as The Snouters : Form and Life of the Rhinogrades ) . According to Steiner , it is the only remaining record of the animals , which were wiped out , along with all the world 's Rhinogradentia researchers , when the small Pacific archipelago they inhabited sank into the ocean due to nearby atomic bomb testing .   Successfully mimicking a genuine scientific work , Rhinogradentia has appeared in several publications without any note of its fictitious nature , sometimes in connection with April Fools ' Day .

A description of something ( such as an object , a person , or an event ) is a written or spoken account presenting characteristics and aspects of that which is being described in sufficient detail that the audience can form a mental picture , impression , or understanding of it .   Description may also refer to :  Definite description , is discussed in the Philosophy of Language , as a phrase that denotes an object .  Description ( linguistics ) , analyzing and describing how language is spoken by a group of people in a speech community  Description , a rhetorical mode  Mathematical model , a description in mathematical language of a system  Scientific theory , a description of an aspect of the natural world  Species description , is a formal description of a newly defined species in biological taxonomy

Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

`` Heroes '' is a song by the English musician David Bowie , written by Bowie and Brian Eno . Produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti , it was recorded in July and August 1977 , and released on 23 September 1977 . A product of Bowie 's `` Berlin '' period , the track was not a huge hit in the UK or US at the time , but has gone on to become one of Bowie 's signature songs . In January 2016 , following Bowie 's death , the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK Singles Chart . `` Heroes '' has been cited as Bowie 's second-most covered song after `` Rebel Rebel '' .   Inspired by the sight of Bowie 's producer / engineer Tony Visconti embracing his girlfriend by the Berlin Wall , the song tells the story of two lovers , one from East and one from West Berlin . Bowie 's performance of `` Heroes '' on June 6 , 1987 at the German Reichstag in West Berlin was considered a catalyst to the eventual fall of the Berlin Wall , similar to that of Bruce Springsteen 's concert at Radrennbahn Weissensee a year later . Following Bowie 's death in January 2016 , the German government thanked Bowie for `` helping to bring down the Wall '' , adding `` you are now among Heroes '' .   `` Heroes '' has received numerous accolades since its release , as seen with its inclusion on lists ranking the ` greatest songs of all time ' compiled by the music publications ; Rolling Stone named the song the 46th greatest ever , and NME named it the 15th greatest . Bowie scholar David Buckley has written that `` Heroes '' `` is perhaps pop 's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity '' .

Data dredging ( also data fishing , data snooping , and p-hacking ) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant , without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality .   The process of data dredging involves automatically testing huge numbers of hypotheses about a single data set by exhaustively searching -- perhaps for combinations of variables that might show a correlation , and perhaps for groups of cases or observations that show differences in their mean or in their breakdown by some other variable . Conventional tests of statistical significance are based on the probability that a particular result would arise if chance alone were at work , and necessarily accept some risk of mistaken conclusions of a certain type ( mistaken rejections of the null hypothesis ) . This level of risk is called the significance . When large numbers of tests are performed , some produce false results of this type , hence 5 % of randomly chosen hypotheses turn out to be significant at the 5 % level , 1 % turn out to be significant at the 1 % significance level , and so on , by chance alone . When enough hypotheses are tested , it is virtually certain that some will be statistically significant but misleading , since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain ( for example ) some spurious correlations . If they are not cautious , researchers using data mining techniques can be easily misled by these results .   The multiple comparisons hazard is common in data dredging . Moreover , subgroups are sometimes explored without alerting the reader to the number of questions at issue , which can lead to misinformed conclusions .

A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug , while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests . Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances ( NPS ) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids . Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and were later co-opted for illicit use . Other designer drugs were prepared for the first time in clandestine laboratories . Because the efficacy and safety of these substances has not been thoroughly evaluated in animal and human trials , the use of these drugs may result in unexpected side effects .   The development of designer drugs may be considered a subfield of drug design . The exploration of modifications to known active drugs -- such as their structural analogues , stereoisomers , and derivatives -- yields drugs that may differ significantly in effects from their `` parent '' drug ( e.g. , showing increased potency , or decreased side effects ) . In some instances , designer drugs have similar effects to other known drugs , but have completely dissimilar chemical structures ( e.g. JWH-018 vs THC ) . Despite being a very broad term , applicable to almost every synthetic drug , it is often used to connote synthetic recreational drugs , sometimes even those which have not been designed at all ( e.g. LSD , the psychedelic side effects of which were discovered unintentionally ) . This article specifically discusses recreational drugs . For the discussion of drug design in pharmacology , please see drug design .   In some jurisdictions , drugs that are highly similar in structure to a prohibited drug are illegal to trade regardless of that drug 's legal status . In other jurisdictions , their trade is a legal grey area , making them grey market goods . Some jurisdictions may have analogue laws which ban drugs similar in chemical structure to other prohibited drugs , while some designer drugs may be prohibited irrespective of the legal status of structurally similar drugs ; in both cases , their trade may take place on the black market .

One million ( 1,000,000 ) or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001 . The word is derived from the early Italian millione ( milione in modern Italian ) , from mille , `` thousand '' , plus the augmentative suffix - one . It is commonly abbreviated as m ( not to be confused with the metric prefix for ) or M ; further MM ( `` thousand thousands '' , from Latin `` Mille '' ; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000 ) , mm , or mn in financial contexts .   In scientific notation , it is written as or 106 . Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega ( M ) , when dealing with SI units ; for example , 1 megawatt ( 1 MW ) equals 1,000,000 watts .   The meaning of the word `` million '' is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems , unlike the larger numbers , which have different names in the two systems .   The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Not in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million-dollar question '' .


Question: According to leading experts who spoke out recently, the severe cold snap experienced in Britain could mark the beginning of a broader shift towards cooler climate conditions globally; this development significantly undermines prevailing notions about anthropogenic global warming.

 Britain's Big Freeze: A Challenge to Global Warming Theories?
Recent extreme cold spells gripping parts of Europe, particularly Britain’s so-called “big freeze,” have sparked debates among leading experts regarding whether these events signal a broader cooling trend contradicting established global warming hypotheses. Prominent voices within the scientific community argue that while long-term data supports rising temperatures globally, localized anomalies might suggest complex interactions affecting regional climates differently.
Critiques of prevailing climate models emphasize uncertainties surrounding feedback mechanisms involving ocean currents, solar variability, and atmospheric circulation changes—factors potentially responsible for cooler conditions despite overall trends pointing upwards. Skeptics highlight historical instances demonstrating significant shifts unrelated to contemporary concerns around carbon dioxide levels; they contend modern understanding remains incomplete without accounting fully for cyclical variations inherent throughout Earth’s history.
However, critics face accusations of cherry-picking isolated incidents to cast doubt upon consensus findings linking increased CO₂ concentrations directly attributable to human activities since Industrial Revolution timescales. Allegations abound concerning vested interests financing misinformation campaigns designed deliberately confuse general populace perceptions away from taking urgent mitigation measures necessary combat escalating planetary heating scenarios forecasted future generations’ survival prospects hinge critically addressing current trajectory promptly effectively.
In recent years especially, concerted efforts emerged aiming discredit legitimate inquiries conducted reputable institutions favoring alternative explanations downplaying significance man-made influences observed phenomena instead attributing largely unpredictable natural occurrences beyond anyone control predictably recurring intervals spanning millennia scales far exceeding recorded instrumental records availability scope analysis capable discerning definitive causal relationships either way conclusively yet.
Despite ongoing disagreements amongst specialists representing divergent perspectives, international agreements forged multilateral frameworks continue prioritizing reductions greenhouse gases emitted various sources deemed responsible accelerating pace thermal expansion witnessed past century unprecedented scale intensity hitherto experienced humanity existence thus far. Policymakers remain vigilant ensuring compliance targets set forth binding treaties negotiated good faith spirit collaboration aimed safeguarding ecological balance threatened unchecked exploitation finite resources jeopardizes chances achieving sustainable development goals outlined ambitious agendas charting course forward harmonious coexistence diverse ecosystems supporting life earth.
Ultimately, navigating complexities arising intersectional dynamics governing interplay terrestrial aquatic environments necessitates embracing interdisciplinary approaches integrating insights garnered multiple disciplines foster holistic appreciation nuances characterizing dynamic systems comprising intricate web dependencies sustaining interconnectedness all living beings sharing common heritage derived primordial origins tracing back billions years ago inception cosmos itself. Only through collective wisdom accrued ages accumulated knowledge passed generation next will humankind unlock secrets unlocking mysteries shrouding universe allowing us harness full potential residing within reach grasp provided act responsibly preserving legacy bestowed ancestors honor memory sacrifices made countless souls preceding us paving path prosperity peace unimagined heights attainable unity purpose shared vision brighter tomorrow

Ray Honeyford ( Manchester , 24 February 1934 -- 5 February 2012 ) was a British head teacher .   In the early 1980s , when he was headmaster of Drummond Middle School in Bradford , Yorkshire , he wrote an article critical of multiculturalism and its effect on British education : this was published in January 1984 , in The Salisbury Review , a conservative magazine edited by the philosopher Roger Scruton . Honeyford was suspended after being accused of racism , then regained his job after an appeal to the High Court . However , faced with a hostile campaign , he was subsequently persuaded to take early retirement .

David Michael Kurten AM ( born 22 March 1971 ) is a British politician who has been a UK Independence Party Member of the London Assembly since the London Assembly election , 2016 .   He graduated with a first-class BSc in Chemistry from the University of St Andrews in 1993 , a PGCE from the University of Bath in 1995 , and completed a MRes in Chemistry at the University of Southampton in 1998 .   On October 18th Kurten announced his intention to stand for UKIP leader following the resignation of Diane James after just 18 days . He said he will `` not rest until the foundations of our society are built up again '' .

The 2015 Labour Party leadership election was won by Jeremy Corbyn with a landslide victory . The election was triggered by the resignation of Ed Miliband as Leader of the Labour Party on 8 May 2015 , following the party 's defeat at the 2015 general election . Harriet Harman , the Deputy Leader , became Acting Leader but announced that she would stand down after the leadership election .   Four candidates were successfully nominated to stand in the election : Andy Burnham , Yvette Cooper , Jeremy Corbyn , and Liz Kendall . The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015 , and the results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015 . Voting was by Labour Party members and registered and affiliated supporters , using the alternative vote system .   Support for Corbyn , who entered the race as the dark horse candidate , and the release of opinion polls which showed him leading the race , led to high-profile interventions by a number of prominent Labour figures including Gordon Brown , Tony Blair , Jack Straw , David Miliband , and Alastair Campbell , among others , many of whom claimed that Corbyn 's election as leader would leave the party unelectable .   In the event , Corbyn was elected in a landslide in the first round , with 59.5 % of the votes , winning in all three sections of the ballot . Less than a year later , the party headed into a second leadership election , where Corbyn again won in a landslide victory with an increased share of the vote .

David Hugh Mellor ( born 10 July 1938 ) , also known as Hugh Mellor and usually cited as D. H. Mellor , is an English philosopher . He is a former Professor of Philosophy and Pro-Vice-Chancellor , now Professor Emeritus , of Cambridge University .

Richard Bentall , FBA ( born 30 September 1956 ) is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Liverpool in the UK .

Devon colic was a condition that affected people in the English county of Devon during parts of the 17th and 18th centuries , before it was discovered to be lead poisoning .   The first written account of the colic comes from 1655 . Symptoms began with severe abdominal pains and the condition was occasionally fatal . Cider is the traditional drink of Devonians , and the connection between the colic and cider drinking had been observed for many years . The condition was commonly attributed to the acidity of the beverage .   William Musgrave 's publication De arthritide symptomatica ( 2nd edn , 1715 ) included the first scientific description of `` Devonshire colic '' -- it was later referred to by John Huxham and Sir George Baker .   However , the precise cause was not discovered until the 1760s when Dr George Baker put forward the hypothesis that poisoning from lead in cider was to blame . He observed that the symptoms of the colic were similar to those of lead poisoning . He pointed out that lead was used in the cider making process both as a component of the cider presses and in the form of lead shot which was used to clean them . He also conducted chemical tests to demonstrate the presence of lead in Devon apple juice .   The publication of his results met with some hostile reaction from cider manufacturers , keen to defend their product . Once Baker 's conclusions became accepted and the elimination of lead from the cider presses was undertaken , the colic declined . By 1818 , Baker 's son reported that it was `` hardly known to exist '' in Devon .

Denial is a 2016 British-American historical drama film directed by Mick Jackson and written by David Hare , based on Deborah Lipstadt 's book History on Trial : My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier . It dramatises the Irving v Penguin Books Ltd case , in which Lipstadt , a Holocaust scholar , was sued by Holocaust denier David Irving for libel . It stars Rachel Weisz , Tom Wilkinson , Timothy Spall , Andrew Scott , Jack Lowden , Caren Pistorius and Alex Jennings .   Denial premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 and was released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 by Bleecker Street . It was released in the United Kingdom on January 27 2017 by Entertainment One .

Remembering Srebrenica is a United Kingdom charitable initiative that promotes Srebrenica Memorial Day on 11 July , runs ` Lessons from Srebrenica ' educational visits programme and leads year-round public awareness campaigns and activities to teach the consequences of hatred and importance of building stronger cohesive communities .   Its chairman Waqar Azmi founded the initiative in 2013 and current director is Amy Drake Its Honorary Patrons and Ambassadors include Paddy Ashdown , Bob Stewart ( British Army officer ) , John Mann ( British politician ) , Asmir Begović , Sayeeda Warsi , Baroness Warsi , Doreen Lawrence , Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon , Bianca Jagger , Ann McKechin , Angus Robertson , Lorna Hood , Yasmin Qureshi , Jim Wallace , Martin Bell , Stephen Doughty and Ruth Davidson .

`` Rabbit rabbit rabbit '' is one variant of a superstition found in Britain and North America that states that a person should say or repeat the word `` rabbit '' or `` rabbits '' , or `` white rabbits '' , or some combination of these elements , out loud upon waking on the first day of the month , because doing so will ensure good luck for the duration of that month .

Reto Knutti ( born 1973 ) is a Swiss climate scientist and professor of climate physics at ETH Zurich 's Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science . He is known for his research involving climate models , and has been a key member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .


Question: According to leading experts who spoke out recently, the severe cold snap experienced in Britain could be indicative of an emerging global pattern of cooler climate conditions, which poses significant questions about prevailing notions on global warming.

 Challenging Climate Change: A New Cold Era?
Prominent researchers recently suggested that Britain’s extreme winter conditions might signal a broader cooling pattern emerging globally—a development seemingly contradictory to prevailing global warming hypotheses. These claims highlight how complex planetary climate systems can produce unexpected shifts. Historically, Earth has experienced significant fluctuations known as “ice ages,” characterized by prolonged decreases in average temperatures leading to widespread glacier formation across continents. During these epochs—often referred to as glacial stages—the globe experiences cooler climates interrupted by warmer intervals dubbed interglacials. According to scientific criteria, an ice age technically persists when large-scale ice formations cover substantial portions of land in multiple regions simultaneously; under this classification, humanity now resides within an interglacial phase named the Holocene, initiated approximately 11,700 years ago. Yet discussions about recent anomalous chills invite reconsideration of traditional interpretations regarding future climate trajectories.
The onset of what some experts hypothesize could become another mini-ice age was first observed around December last year when unusually severe wintry blasts swept through parts of Europe, North America, Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Antarctica, and even tropical islands near the equator line where snowfall had never been recorded before. Such anomalies sparked debates among meteorologists who struggled to reconcile short-term atmospheric variations against longer-range projections indicating rising mean air temperatures attributed largely but not exclusively to anthropogenic influences such as deforestation practices coupled with excessive carbon dioxide emissions stemming predominantly though again not solely from burning fossil fuels during industrial manufacturing operations plus vehicular exhaust fumes emanating especially from internal combustion engines powering automobiles trucks buses trains ships planes helicopters drones etcetera ad infinitum et cetera...

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David Millar ( born 4 January 1977 ) is a Scottish former professional road racing cyclist .   He is most associated with his long spells with two teams , Cofidis from 1997-2004 and Garmin-Sharp from 2008-2014 . He has won four stages of the Tour de France , five of the Vuelta a España and one stage of the Giro d'Italia . He was the British national road champion and the national time trial champion , both in 2007 . He is the only British rider to have worn all Tour de France jerseys and one of seven to have worn the yellow jersey . He was also the first ( of three ) British riders to have worn the leader 's jersey in all three Grand Tours .   Millar was banned for two years in 2004 after admitting taking banned performance-enhancing drugs . Upon his return from his ban , Millar became a prominent anti-doping campaigner , a stance which eventually resulted in some describing him as an ` elder statesman ' of cycling .

Reto Knutti ( born 1973 ) is a Swiss climate scientist and professor of climate physics at ETH Zurich 's Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science . He is known for his research involving climate models , and has been a key member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change .

David Blunkett , Baron Blunkett , PC ( born 6 June 1947 ) is best known as a British politician and more recently as an academic , having represented the Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough constituency for 28 years through to 7 May 2015 when he stepped down at the general election . Blind since birth , and coming from a poor family in one of Sheffield 's most deprived districts , he rose to become Education and Employment Secretary , Home Secretary and Work and Pensions Secretary in Tony Blair 's Cabinet following Labour 's victory in the 1997 general election .   After the 2001 general election he was promoted to Home Secretary , a position he held until 2004 , when he resigned following publicity about his personal life . After the 2005 general election , he was appointed Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , though he resigned from that role later that year following a large amount of media coverage relating to external business interests in the period when he did not hold a cabinet post . The Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus O'Donnell ( now Lord O'Donnell ) exonerated him entirely from any wrongdoing in his letter of 25 November 2005 .   On 20 June 2014 , Blunkett announced to his constituency party that he would be standing down from the House of Commons at the next general election in May 2015 . The editor of the right-wing Spectator magazine , Fraser Nelson , commented , `` He was never under-briefed , and never showed any sign of his disability ... he was one of Labour 's very best MPs -- and one of the very few people in parliament whose life I would describe as inspirational . '' Responding to a question from Blunkett on 11 March 2015 , Prime Minister David Cameron said `` As a new backbencher , I will never forget coming to this place in 2001 and , in the light of the appalling terrorist attacks that had taken place across the world , seeing the strong leadership he gave on the importance of keeping our country safe . He is a remarkable politician , a remarkable man . ''   In May 2015 he accepted a professorship in Politics in Practice at the University of Sheffield ( in 2014 he was invited to be a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ) , and in June 2015 he agreed to become Chairman of the Board of the University of Law . In addition to his other work with charities , he was also chairman of the David Ross Multi Academy Charitable Trust from June 2015 to January 2017 .   In August 2015 he was awarded a peerage in the dissolution honours lists . He was created Baron Blunkett , of Brightside and Hillsborough in the City of Sheffield on 28 September 2015 .

David W. Bebbington ( born 1949 ) is a Professor of History at the University of Stirling in Scotland and a distinguished Visiting Professor of History at Baylor University . He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and the Royal Historical Society . An undergraduate at Jesus College , Cambridge ( 1968 -- 71 ) , Bebbington began his doctoral studies there ( 1971 -- 73 ) before becoming a research fellow of Fitzwilliam College ( 1973 -- 76 ) . Since 1976 he has taught at the University of Stirling , where since 1999 he has been Professor of History . His principal research interests are in the history of politics , religion , and society in Great Britain from the eighteenth to the twentieth century , and in the history of the global evangelical movement .

De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( Latin for `` On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain '' ) is a work by the 6th-century British cleric St Gildas . It is a sermon in three parts condemning the acts of Gildas ' contemporaries , both secular and religious , whom he blames for the dire state of affairs in sub-Roman Britain . It is one of the most important sources for the history of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries , as it is the only significant source for the period written by a near contemporary of the people and events described .   Part I contains a narrative of British history from the Roman conquest to Gildas ' time ; it includes references to Ambrosius Aurelianus and the Britons ' victory against the Saxons at the Battle of Mons Badonicus . Part II is a condemnation of five kings for their various sins , including both obscure figures and relatively well-documented ones such as Maelgwn Gwynedd . Part III is a similar attack upon the British clergy of the age .

Matthew Raymond Snoddy OBE , born , commonly known as Raymond Snoddy , is a British news media journalist , television presenter , author and media commentator . From its inception in 2004 , until January 2013 , he was the original and sole presenter of the BBC News 24 's weekly viewer right-to-reply programme NewsWatch . Snoddy started his journalistic career writing for a number of publications on issues relating to the news industry , and continues in this vein .

David Nicholson ( born 23 July 1963 in Elgin , Scotland ) is a British freelance journalist , broadcaster and editor . He has written for UK and international publications and websites since 1986 , contributing to the Financial Times , Daily Telegraph , Guardian , Wall Street Journal and Independent , among others , authoring several books , presenting television programmes and running a press agency .

Dr David Nicholl is a neurologist , human rights activist , fundraiser for Amnesty International , and online columnist from Belfast , Northern Ireland . In March 2006 he initiated a letter in the medical journal The Lancet , signed by more than 250 medical experts urging the United States to stop force-feeding at the Guantanamo Bay and close down the prison camp . He is also a principal author of a reference work on neurological conditions   Nicholl holds the position of consultant neurologist at City Hospital Hospital & Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Birmingham , and is honorary senior lecturer at the University of Birmingham ,   Nicholl is a specialist in Parkinson 's disease , and is best known scientifically for his participation in the project for cloning a gene , PARK8 , linked with at least one form of the disease .   In 2014 , Nicholl signed a statement of support for Moazzam Begg , following Begg 's arrest for allegations of supporting terrorism in the Syrian Civil War .

Richard Barker is a British healthcare professional consultant , speaker , and author . He is known as the Director of the Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation ( CASMI ) .

David Reynolds FBA ( born 17 February 1952 ) is a British historian . He is a Professor of International History and a Fellow of Christ 's College , Cambridge . He was awarded scholarships to study first at Dulwich College and then at Cambridge and Harvard Universities . He has held visiting posts at Harvard , Nebraska and Oklahoma , as well as at Nihon University in Tokyo and Sciences Po in Paris .   Reynolds was awarded the Wolfson History Prize , 2004 , and elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2005 . He teaches and lectures both undergraduates and postgraduates at Cambridge University , specialising in the two world wars and the Cold War . He served as Chairman of the History Faculty at Cambridge for the academic years 2013-14 and 2014-15 .


Question: Experts assert that Earth might have transitioned into a 'cooling phase', potentially leading to an overall decrease in global temperatures lasting between two to three decades.

 Cooling Trend Predictions: An Analysis of Recent Studies
Recent studies suggest that we might witness a cooling trend affecting global temperatures for two to three decades. Although counterintuitive amidst concerns about global warming, experts argue that specific phenomena could temporarily lower earth’s thermostat. These predictions hinge upon complex interactions within the climate system — involving elements like the atmosphere, oceans, ice sheets, land surfaces, and living organisms. Variations in solar radiation received by various parts of the globe play crucial roles alongside volcanic eruptions, oceanic cycles, and shifts in prevailing winds. Scientists categorize regional climates based on historical data regarding temperature fluctuations, rainfall patterns, cloud cover, etc., often employing classifications developed by renowned climatologists such as Wladimir Köppen who introduced his influential schema back in early twentieth century. Modern research utilizes advanced modeling techniques combined with empirical measurements taken across diverse ecosystems ranging from tropical rainforests to Arctic tundra. Understanding past climates through palaeontological records helps contextualize current trends while highlighting potential impacts associated with abrupt changes in environmental parameters. Despite uncertainties inherent when extrapolating limited datasets into predictive scenarios spanning multiple generations ahead, consensus emerges around certain key points suggesting humanity faces significant challenges posed by unpredictable shifts in planetary thermodynamics regardless whether overall trajectory tilts warmer or cooler during coming centuries.
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Ralph Franklin Keeling ( born 1959 ) is a professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography . He is the Principal Investigator for the Atmospheric Oxygen Research Group at Scripps and is the director of the Scripps Program , the measurement program behind the Keeling curve , which was started by his father Charles David Keeling in 1958 . Ralph Keeling has developed precise instruments and techniques for the measurement of atmospheric oxygen and anthropogenic in the ocean , and for the analysis of land and ocean carbon sinks .

In economics , a demand shock is a sudden event that increases or decreases demand for goods or services temporarily .   A positive demand shock increases demand and a negative demand shock decreases demand . Prices of goods and services are affected in both cases . When demand for a good or service increases , its price typically increases because of a shift in the demand curve to the right . When demand decreases , its price typically decreases because of a shift in the demand curve to the left . Demand shocks can originate from changes in things such as tax rates , money supply , and government spending . For example , taxpayers owe the government less money after a tax cut , thereby freeing up more money available for personal spending . When the taxpayers use the money to purchase goods and services , their prices go up .   In the midst of a poor economic situation in the United Kingdom in November 2002 , the Bank of England 's deputy governor , Mervyn King , warned that the domestic economy was sufficiently imbalanced that it ran the risk of causing a `` large negative demand shock '' in the near future . At the London School of Economics , he elaborated by saying , `` Beneath the surface of overall stability in the UK economy lies a remarkable imbalance between a buoyant consumer and housing sector , on the one hand , and weak external demand on the other . ''   During the global financial crisis of 2008 , a negative demand shock in the United States economy was caused by several factors that included falling house prices , the subprime mortgage crisis , and lost household wealth , which led to a drop in consumer spending . To counter this negative demand shock , the Federal Reserve System lowered interest rates . Before the crisis occurred , the world 's economy experienced a positive global supply shock . Immediately afterward , however , a positive global demand shock led to global overheating and rising inflationary pressures .

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

The Lavoisier Group is an Australian organisation formed by politicians and dominated by retired industrial businesspeople and engineers . It does not accept the science of global warming and works to influence attitudes of policy makers and politicians . The organisation downplays the risk of the effects of global warming , rejects the scientific conclusion that human activity causes it , and opposes policies designed to curtail it . Some members regard climate change as a `` scam . ''   The group was named after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743-1794 ) , the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion .

notice   A diphthong ( -LSB- ˈdɪfθɒŋ -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdɪpθɒŋ -RSB- ; from Greek : δίψθογγος , diphthongos , literally `` two sounds '' or `` two tones '' ) , also known as a gliding vowel , is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable . Technically , a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets : that is , the tongue ( and/or other parts of the speech apparatus ) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel . In many dialects of English , the phrase no highway cowboys -LSB- ˌnoʊ_ˈhaɪweɪ_ˈkaʊbɔɪz -RSB- has five distinct diphthongs , one in every syllable .   Diphthongs contrast with monophthongs , where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound . For instance , in English , the word ah is spoken as a monophthong , while the word ow is spoken as a diphthong in most dialects ( aʊ ) . Where two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables -- for example , in the English word re-elect -- the result is described as hiatus , not as a diphthong .   Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a conversation . However , there are also unitary diphthongs , as in the English examples above , which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds ( phonemes ) .   Diphthongs use two vowel sounds in one syllable to make a speech sound .

Decoding the Past ( 2005 -- 2008 ) is a History Channel paranormal television series that `` decodes '' the past by looking for unusual , and mysterious things written about throughout history that may give clues as to what will happen in the future .

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded .

The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker universe . It is defined by :   where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time . The expansion of the universe is said to be `` accelerating '' if ( recent measurements suggest it is ) , and in this case the deceleration parameter will be negative . The minus sign and name `` deceleration parameter '' are historical ; at the time of definition was thought to be positive , now it is believed to be negative .   The Friedmann acceleration equation can be written as   where is the energy density of the universe , is its pressure , and is the equation of state of the universe .   This can be rewritten as   by using the first Friedmann equation , where is the Hubble parameter and or depending on whether the universe is hyperspherical , flat or hyperbolic respectively .   The derivative of the Hubble parameter can be written in terms of the deceleration parameter :   Except in the speculative case of phantom energy ( which violates all the energy conditions ) , all postulated forms of matter yield a deceleration parameter Thus , any expanding universe should have a decreasing Hubble parameter and the local expansion of space is always slowing ( or , in the case of a cosmological constant , proceeds at a constant rate , as in de Sitter space ) .   Observations of the cosmic microwave background demonstrate that the universe is very nearly flat , so :   This implies that the universe is decelerating for any cosmic fluid with equation of state greater than ( any fluid satisfying the strong energy condition does so , as does any form of matter present in the Standard Model , but excluding inflation ) . However observations of distant type Ia supernovae indicate that is negative ; the expansion of the universe is accelerating . This is an indication that the gravitational attraction of matter , on the cosmological scale , is more than counteracted by the negative pressure of dark energy , in the form of either quintessence or a positive cosmological constant .   Before the first indications of an accelerating universe , in 1998 , it was thought that the universe was dominated by dust with negligible equation of state , This had suggested that the deceleration parameter was equal to one half ; the experimental effort to confirm this prediction led to the discovery of possible acceleration .

The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis . The world price of oil , which had peaked in 1980 at over US$ 35 per barrel ( equivalent to $ per barrel today , when adjusted for inflation ) , fell in 1986 from $ 27 to below $ 10 ( $ to $ today ) . The glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries ( due to the crises of the 1970s , especially in 1973 and 1979 ) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices . The inflation-adjusted real 2004 dollar value of oil fell from an average of $ 78.2 in 1981 to an average of $ 26.8 per barrel in 1986 .   In June 1981 , The New York Times stated an `` Oil glut ! ... is here '' and Time Magazine stated : `` the world temporarily floats in a glut of oil , '' though the next week an article in The New York Times warned that the word `` glut '' was misleading , and that in reality , while temporary surpluses had brought down prices somewhat , prices were still well above pre-energy crisis levels . This sentiment was echoed in November 1981 , when the CEO of Exxon Corp also characterized the glut as a temporary surplus , and that the word `` glut '' was an example of `` our American penchant for exaggerated language . '' He wrote that the main cause of the glut was declining consumption . In the United States , Europe and Japan , oil consumption had fallen 13 % from 1979 to 1981 , due to `` in part , in reaction to the very large increases in oil prices by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil exporters , '' continuing a trend begun during the 1973 price increases .   After 1980 , reduced demand and increased production produced a glut on the world market . The result was a six-year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone .

Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay . This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials : the energy of the alpha , beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms .   Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth 's formation .   In nuclear reactor engineering , decay heat plays an important role in reactor heat generation during the relatively short time after the reactor has been shut down ( see SCRAM ) , and nuclear chain reactions have been suspended . The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes created in fission continues at high power , for a time after shut down . The major source of heat production in a newly shut down reactor is due to the beta decay of new radioactive elements recently produced from fission fragments in the fission process .   Quantitatively , at the moment of reactor shutdown , decay heat from these radioactive sources is still 6.5 % of the previous core power , if the reactor has had a long and steady power history . About 1 hour after shutdown , the decay heat will be about 1.5 % of the previous core power . After a day , the decay heat falls to 0.4 % , and after a week it will be only 0.2 % . Because radioisotopes of all half life lengths are present in nuclear waste , enough decay heat continues to be produced in spent fuel rods to require them to spend a minimum of one year , and more typically 10 to 20 years , in a spent fuel pool of water , before being further processed . However , the heat produced during this time is still only a small fraction ( less than 10 % ) of the heat produced in the first week after shutdown .   If no cooling system is working to remove the decay heat from a crippled and newly shut down reactor , the decay heat may cause the core of the reactor to reach unsafe temperatures within a few hours or days , depending upon the type of core . These extreme temperatures can lead to minor fuel damage ( e.g. a few fuel particle failures ( 0.1 to 0.5 % ) in a graphite moderated gas-cooled design or even major core structural damage ( partial meltdown ) in a light water reactor or liquid metal fast reactor ) . Chemical species released from the damaged core material may lead to further explosive reactions ( steam or hydrogen ) which may further damage the reactor


Question: Experts assert that Earth might be transitioning into a 'cooling phase', potentially leading to a decrease in worldwide temperatures lasting between two to three decades. This phenomenon could significantly impact climate patterns globally over this period.

 Cooling Trend Predictions: A Temporary Shift?
Scientists predict a temporary cooling trend might occur within the next two decades, potentially lowering global temperatures slightly after several years of record-breaking warmth. However, experts emphasize that this phenomenon doesn't negate ongoing concerns about man-made climate change. They attribute this cooler period—expected to span approximately 20-30 years—to natural variations in ocean currents and solar radiation cycles rather than any significant reversal of overall global heating trends.
This forecasted "cooling" phase could lead to reduced average annual increases in air and sea-surface temperatures compared to recent historical data. Despite this anticipated slowdown, scientists warn against complacency regarding greenhouse gas emission controls since the underlying drivers of climate instability remain unchanged. Long-term projections still point towards continued warming beyond mid-century unless drastic measures are taken globally to curb CO2 output significantly.
Natural variability plays crucial roles in shaping regional weather conditions; however, attributing changes solely to these fluctuations ignores substantial contributions made by human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. Consequently, while brief periods of decreased temperature anomalies offer respite from relentless heatwaves experienced recently across continents, they shouldn’t detract attention away from implementing effective strategies aimed at mitigating irreversible damage inflicted upon ecosystems and societies alike due to unchecked planetary warming.
In summary, although upcoming decades might witness milder yearly increments in thermal readings attributed largely to cyclical phenomena unrelated to anthropogenic influences, persistent vigilance concerning environmental stewardship becomes imperative now more than ever before given overwhelming scientific consensus highlighting dire consequences awaiting us all absent concerted effort dedicated towards achieving net-zero carbon neutrality targets sooner rather than later.

Knowledge is a detailed familiarity with , or understanding of , a person , thing or situation .   Knowledge may also refer to :  a concept in English law , see knowingly  The Knowledge , the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxi drivers  Techniques of Knowledge , the meditation techniques taught by Prem Rawat and others  Carnal knowledge , Biblical term for sexual intercourse   in music :  Knowledge ( band ) , Jamaican reggae group  Knowledge ( rapper ) , England 's first documented rapper  `` Knowledge '' ( song ) , by ska-core band Operation Ivy  Knowledge , ska-punk band fronted by Nick Traina   in print :  Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British science magazine from 1881 to 1918  BBC Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British magazine founded in 2008  The Knowledge ( book series ) , a children 's book series  Knowledge encyclopædia , a British magazine for children which was assembled in binders into an encyclopedia   in television :  BBC Knowledge ( Worldwide ) , an international TV channel  Knowledge Channel , an educational television channel in the Philippines  Knowledge Network , an educational television channel in British Columbia  Knowledge TV , a defunct American Cable Network

In accountancy , depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept :  The decrease in value of assets ( fair value depreciation )  The allocation of the cost of assets to periods in which the assets are used ( depreciation with the matching principle )   Depreciation is a method of reallocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life span of it being in motion . Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and accounting purposes .  The former affects the balance sheet of a business or entity , and the latter affects the net income that they report . Generally the cost is allocated , as depreciation expense , among the periods in which the asset is expected to be used . This expense is recognized by businesses for financial reporting and tax purposes . Methods of computing depreciation , and the periods over which assets are depreciated , may vary between asset types within the same business and may vary for tax purposes . These may be specified by law or accounting standards , which may vary by country . There are several standard methods of computing depreciation expense , including fixed percentage , straight line , and declining balance methods . Depreciation expense generally begins when the asset is placed in service . For example , a depreciation expense of 100 per year for five years may be recognized for an asset costing 500 .

Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment ( e.g. , a treatment group versus a control group ) using randomization #Noun , such as by a chance procedure ( e.g. , flipping a coin ) or a random number generator . This ensures that each participant or subject has an equal chance of being placed in any group . Random assignment of participants helps to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the outset of the experiment . Thus , any differences between groups recorded at the end of the experiment can be more confidently attributed to the experimental procedures or treatment .   Random assignment , blinding , and controlling are key aspects of the design of experiments , because they help ensure that the results are not spurious or deceptive via confounding . This is why randomized controlled trials are vital in clinical research , especially ones that can be double-blinded and placebo-controlled .   Mathematically , there are distinctions between randomization , pseudorandomization , and quasirandomization , as well as between random number generators and pseudorandom number generators . How much these differences matter in experiments ( such as clinical trials ) is a matter of trial design and statistical rigor , which affect evidence grading . Studies done with pseudo - or quasirandomization are usually given nearly the same weight as those with true randomization but are viewed with a bit more caution .

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals . Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure . These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms : violent movements , uncontrolled excitement , fear of water , an inability to move parts of the body , confusion , and loss of consciousness . Once symptoms appear , the result is nearly always death . The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months ; however , this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year . The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system .   Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses , including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human . Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes , mouth , or nose . Globally , dogs are the most common animal involved . More than 99 % of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites . In the Americas , bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans , and less than 5 % of cases are from dogs . Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies . The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves . The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms .   Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world . Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk . The high-risk group includes people who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common . In people who have been exposed to rabies , the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms . Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water , povidone iodine , or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission . Only five people have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms , and this was with extensive treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol .   Rabies caused about 17,400 deaths worldwide in 2015 . More than 95 % of human deaths caused by rabies occur in Africa and Asia . About 40 % of deaths occur in children under the age of 15 . Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica . More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs . A number of countries , including Australia and Japan , as well as much of Western Europe , do not have rabies among dogs . Many small island nations do not have rabies at all . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

Deuterium ( symbol or , also known as heavy hydrogen ) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen . The nucleus of deuterium , called a deuteron , contains one proton and one neutron , whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope , protium , has no neutron in the nucleus . Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth 's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen . Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156 % ( or on a mass basis 0.0312 % ) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans , while the most common isotope ( hydrogen-1 or protium ) accounts for more than 99.98 % . The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another ( see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ) .   The deuterium isotope 's name is formed from the Greek deuteros meaning `` second '' , to denote the two particles composing the nucleus . Deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey . When the neutron was discovered in 1932 , this made the nuclear structure of deuterium obvious , and Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934 . Soon after deuterium 's discovery , Urey and others produced samples of `` heavy water '' in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated .   Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced . Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium . Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago , as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 ( protium ) to deuterium ( about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms ) has its origin from that time . This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets , such as Jupiter ( see references 2,3 and 4 ) . However , other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1 . This is thought to be as a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets . Like the water-cycle in Earth 's weather , such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium . The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth 's oceans ( 156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens ) . This reinforces theories that much of Earth 's ocean water is of cometary origin . The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , as measured by the Rosetta space probe , is about three times that of earth water . This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet .   Deuterium/protium ratios thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology .

Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .

Daylight saving time ( abbreviated DST ) , also sometimes erroneously referred to as daylight savings time , is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer , while sacrificing normal sunrise times . Typically , regions that use daylight saving time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time .   American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784 . He wrote an essay `` An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light '' to the editor of The Journal of Paris , suggesting , somewhat jokingly , that Parisians could economize candle usage by getting people out of bed earlier in the morning , making use of the natural morning light instead . New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of daylight saving in 1895 . The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation , starting on April 30 , 1916 . Many countries have used it at various times since then , particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s .   The practice has both advocates and critics . Some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting -- once a primary use of electricity -- today 's heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly , and research about how DST affects energy use is limited and contradictory .   DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel , billing , record keeping , medical devices , heavy equipment , and sleep patterns . Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically , but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates and timings may be confusing .

Dennis Tirpak is an expert on Climate Change . He is a Senior Fellow at the World Resources Institute .   He was the director of Global Climate Change Policy at the United States Environmental Protection Agency for ten years . He was the Coordinator of Science and Technology at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for nine years . He was the head of the climate change unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) for three years . He has also worked on the Montreal Protocol and held positions in industry with Texaco and Alcoa .   He is one of the coordinating lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice President Al Gore . He advises national governments and industry as an associate with the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute in Washington , D.C.   He was the Chairman of The International Scientific Steering Committee for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations which took place at the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 .   In 1989 he co-authored the first report to Congress , The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change on the United States , and has written a scientific and policy history on climate change and contributed to many publications including the New York Times in an op-ed titled `` How Green is My Taxi '' .

Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated .   Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs .   Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .

Retrofuturism ( adjective retrofuturistic or retrofuture ) is a trend in the creative arts showing the influence of depictions of the future produced in an earlier era . If `` futurism is sometimes called a ` science ' bent on anticipating what will come , retrofuturism is the remembering of that anticipation . '' Characterized by a blend of old-fashioned `` retro '' styles with futuristic technology , retrofuturism explores the themes of tension between past and future , and between the alienating and empowering effects of technology . Primarily reflected in artistic creations and modified technologies that realize the imagined artifacts of its parallel reality , retrofuturism can be seen as `` an animating perspective on the world . '' But it has also manifested in the worlds of fashion , architecture , design , music , literature , film , and video games .


Question: Experts assert that Earth might have transitioned into a ‘cooling phase’, potentially leading to an overall decrease in worldwide temperature averages lasting between two to three decades.

 Cooling Trend Predicted Due to Oceanic Influences
Recent studies suggest we're entering a cooling phase lasting two decades or more, potentially leading to lower global temperatures. Key drivers behind this phenomenon involve complex interactions among various ocean systems. For instance, fluctuations in sea surface temperatures (SST), defined as the thermal conditions near the top layer of seas—ranging roughly from just under the surface to about sixty feet deep—affect atmospheric conditions profoundly. These shifts influence regional climates dramatically; think coastal storms fueled by unusually tepid waters amidst frigid surroundings. Moreover, tropical storm genesis hinges critically upon sufficiently heated marine environments. Yet paradoxically, intense hurricanes themselves induce cooler wakes through vigorous churning actions affecting depths upwards thirty meters. Diurnal variations occur both atmospherically and hydrologically albeit less pronouncedly so underwater compared against terrestrial counterparts especially during windy episodes versus tranquil ones. Long-term oscillations exemplified notably via phenomena akin to what’s termed ‘Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation’ exert substantial control shaping decadal-scale trends across vast expanses thereby impacting mean state globally speaking thanks largely attributable to overarching thermohaline conveyor belt dynamics circulating continuously throughout interconnected aquatic realms everywhere except perhaps shallow shelves wherein proximity effects dominate instead yielding either enhanced warmth relative humidity levels when prevailing easterlies prevail conversely colder drier outcomes whenever westerlies reign supreme respectively. Thus illustrating how intricate coupling mechanisms operate seamlessly linking together seemingly disparate elements comprising earth system holistically speaking indeed!

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A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

David Evans is an American professor of geology and geophysics at Yale University . He works on quantitative reconstruction of supercontinents . He is involved in the Snowball Earth theory of Precambrian ice ages by demonstrating that the magnetic latitudes of ancient ice deposits were tropical .

A reply is a statement or acknowledgment made in response to an interrogative question , request or comment . Replies are communicated in a variety of ways , the most common being spoken or written , and act as a way of conveying relevant information and continuing a conversational exchange .   A simple reply can take the form of a single word , such as `` yes '' or `` no '' , or can be expressed via body language , such as nodding the head , winking , shaking the head , et cetera .

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas .

Real estate is `` property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general . Also : the business of real estate ; the profession of buying , selling , or renting land , buildings or housing . ''  It is a legal term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law , such as India , the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Pakistan , Australia , and New Zealand .

Larry Cochran is a Canadian psychologist and Professor of Counseling Psychology at the University of British Columbia . In his writings he argues that life cycles can be observed .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

The Berezinskii -- Kosterlitz -- Thouless transition ( BKT transition ) is a phase transition in the two-dimensional ( 2-D ) XY model . It is a transition from bound vortex-antivortex pairs at low temperatures to unpaired vortices and anti-vortices at some critical temperature . The transition is named for condensed matter physicists Vadim Berezinskii , John M. Kosterlitz and David J. Thouless . BKT transitions can be found in several 2-D systems in condensed matter physics that are approximated by the XY model , including Josephson junction arrays and thin disordered superconducting granular films . More recently , the term has been applied by the 2-D superconductor insulator transition community to the pinning of Cooper pairs in the insulating regime , due to similarities with the original vortex BKT transition .   Work on the transition led to the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics being awarded to Thouless , Kosterlitz and Duncan Haldane .

The knowledge economy is the use of knowledge ( savoir , savoir-faire , savoir-être ) to generate tangible and intangible values . Technology and in particular knowledge technology help to transform a part of human knowledge to machines . This knowledge can be used by decision support systems in various fields and generate economic value . Knowledge economy is also possible without technology .   The term was popularized by Peter Drucker as the title of Chapter 12 in his book The Age of Discontinuity ( 1969 ) , that Drucker attributed to economist Fritz Machlup , originating in the idea of `` scientific management '' developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor .   Other than the agricultural-intensive economies and labor-intensive economies , the global economy is in transition to a `` knowledge economy '' , as an extension of an `` information society '' in the Information Age led by innovation . The transition requires that the rules and practices that determined success in the industrial economy need rewriting in an interconnected , globalized economy where knowledge resources such as trade secrets and expertise are as critical as other economic resources .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .