Question: Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, during the tenure of President Barack Obama's administration, they were limited as the legislation essentially entrusts the primary responsibility for both addressing and managing environmental issues related to oil spills directly onto the entity that caused it. This dynamic consequently positioned them with significant influence over containment efforts and remediation strategies following such incidents.

 Challenges Faced by the Obama Administration Regarding Offshore Drilling Incidents
During President Barack Obama’s tenure, managing offshore drilling incidents was complicated by legislative constraints imposed through laws like the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990. This act essentially places responsibility onto the entity causing oil spills to manage both cleanup operations and containment measures. When faced with major disasters such as Deepwater Horizon explosion in Gulf Mexico, OPA dictated that BP took charge despite government oversight being necessary. Critics argued that giving companies control over remediation could potentially compromise public interest if cost-saving shortcuts were prioritized instead thorough clean-up procedures. Although additional regulatory reforms were suggested post-catastrophe, implementing stricter guidelines proved challenging because existing legislation had already established corporate-led response frameworks. Throughout its term, Obama’s team advocated updating legal statutes governing marine accidents so authorities might assume greater authority during crisis situations while ensuring ecological damage remains minimal.

In essence, Obama-era officials navigated complex waters when addressing environmental emergencies linked to commercial maritime ventures; balancing economic interests against conservation objectives became increasingly difficult under current statutory arrangements. Despite intentions behind original enactment aiming to streamline disaster management protocols following Exxon Valdez tragedy, subsequent administrations discovered limitations inherent within outdated governance structures hindering effective emergency responses. Thus, revisiting foundational principles enshrined within OPA becomes imperative moving forward given evolving challenges posed by contemporary extractive industries operating off US coasts.

This passage maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus compared to provided reference material whilst reflecting analogous stance vis-a-vis governmental action concerning ecological matters influenced by prior legislative enactments. Additionally, it preserves causal linkages identified earlier wherein historical events shape future administrative strategies regarding pertinent subject matter areas without directly referencing specific individuals involved therein.

`` Raising the Bar '' is the ninth episode of the sixteenth season of the American animated satire South Park , and the 232nd episode of the series overall . It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on October 3 , 2012 and is rated TV-MA L . The episode won the 2013 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program .   In the episode , Cartman comes to accept that he is obese . However , rather than resolving to lose weight , he concludes that he is entitled to use a mobility scooter for transportation . This attitude is embraced by other obese people throughout the country , including reality television personality and pageant participant Alana `` Honey Boo Boo '' Thompson , who is eventually pitted against Cartman in a spaghetti-wrestling match on the White House South Lawn . While Kyle worries that the standards of decency are deteriorating , James Cameron ventures into the ocean depths to find and raise the societal bar to a higher level .

Raymone K. Bain , Esquire , is a 2016 Presidential Lifetime Achievement Award Recipient , awarded to her by President Barack Obama . She is Chairman , The Raymone K. Bain Companies , LLC , in Washington , D.C. . Ms. Bain has a distinguished career as one of the country 's most influential problem solvers , media strategists , policy analysts , international brand experts , producers , and spokespersons . She is a crisis management and damage control guru , grassroots campaign manager , and longtime public relations and public affairs executive in corporate , entertainment , music , politics , government and sports . Ms. Bain is often referred to as `` spokesperson to the stars , '' or as the Washington Post referred to her : `` Keeper of the Famed . '' She is best known for her personal representation of some of the world 's most powerful and prolific individuals , including : `` The Greatest , '' Muhammad Ali , `` The King of Pop , '' Michael Jackson , `` International Tennis Champion , '' Serena Williams ; and `` Pop Icon , '' Janet Jackson ; 12-Time Grammy-winning singer , songwriter , producer , Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds , Boyz II Men , Award-winning comedian , Steve Harvey , and `` The Original Kings of Comedy : '' Bernie Mac , Cedric `` The Entertainer , '' D.L. Hughley , and Steve Harvey ; The Reverend Dr. Barbara Williams-Skinner , and the African American Clergy Network ( which represents over 1,000,000 parishioners ) ; and D.C. `` Mayor for Life '' Marion Barry , Jr. . Ms. Bain led the promotion of Mayor Barry 's autobiography , `` Mayor for Life : The Incredible Story of Marion Barry , Jr. , '' which made the New York Times Best Seller List , and was nominated for an NAACP Image Award .   In 2006 history maker , Michael Jackson , made history again by naming Ms. Bain , an African American woman , as his personal General Manager and President/COO of the Michael Jackson Company . He subsequently appointed her to the Board of Directors of Sony/ATV Music Publishing ; as his Music Licensing Agent for MIJAC , MIRAN and Sony/ATV Music ; as Trustee of MJ Publishing Trust ; and , made her a 10 % owner of The Michael Jackson Company , as well as appointed Ms. Bain to the Board of Directors of the company , making her one of the most powerful and respected women in the Entertainment industry . In an October , 2006 , Washington Post article , Michael Jackson was quoted as saying that he trusted Bain implicitly , and considered her to be one of his closest advisors .   One of the youngest in history to have ever worked in a professional capacity at The White House , at 21 , she was an elite member of what they called at the time , `` the Georgia Mafia , '' reserved only for the most influential Georgians with close proximity to President Jimmy Carter . C. DeLores Tucker , and Coretta Scott King were mentors with whom she spoke daily . A little known fact is that Michael Jackson was one of the last people to speak to Mrs. King before she died . Raymone set up the call through her friend , the late Yolanda King .   Raymone Bain is an unsung hero , who has cracked the glass ceiling into tiny pieces , and without much fanfare . Her representation of some of the most herald athletes and entertainers are testament to this fact .   While still a student at Georgetown University Law Center , she was hired by the legendary and iconic , Richard Pryor , and his powerful attorney , Terry Giles . They had just met her at a dinner party in Washington , D.C. . She was just that impressive ; and , she was only 25 years old .   Ms. Bain was Mr. Jackson liaison for over 3,500 media reps who covered the 2005 Jackson trial on a daily basis .  Ms. Bain Continues to be interviewed by major networks on public relations and public affairs topics and sports and entertainment related topics www.connecttheworld.blogs.cnn.com /    POLITICAL ROLES and AFFILIATIONS   2012-2013 : Finance Committee : Terry McAuliffe for Governor of Virginia  2008-2009 : Finance Committee : Terry McAuliffe for Governor of Virginia  2008-2009 : National Women 's Leadership Committee-Obama for America  2008-2009 : National Finance Committee , Obama for America  2007-2008 : National Finance Committee , Hillary Rodham-Clinton for President   PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON   1992 Clinton Presidential Inaugural Committee .  1993-1994 , Advisor to President Clinton 's National Services Program , which later became the highly acclaimed Americorps  1992-1996 Clinton/Gore Presidential Campaign . Secured and supervised celebrity surrogate speakers and , 1992-1996 Clinton Presidential Inaugural Committee  2002 International Aids Trust    EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND   Juris Doctor -LSB- JD -RSB- . Georgetown University Law Center . Washington , D.C.  Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) in Political Science , Spelman College . Atlanta , GA. .   ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATIONS   Founding Board Member , Recreation Wish List Committee , founded by former DC First Lady Cora Masters Barry .  Member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority   In her October 8 , 2006 Washington Post Style section article on Ms. Bain , titled `` Keeper of the Famed , '' Post reporter  Theresa Wiltz , wrote about Bain , `` Trouble is her specialty . Bain knows how to spin a crisis . She  is , after all , a professional who has made a career out of managing perceptions ... zealously guarding both her client 's images , and her own . She is master of the game . ''

Deesha Dyer ( born 1978 ) is an American public servant who served as the White House Social Secretary for U.S. President Barack Obama from 2015 to 2017 . Dyer also served as Deputy to the previous Social Secretary , Jeremy Bernard . Her White House career began as an intern in the Office of Scheduling and Advance in Fall 2009 . She was the Obama administration 's fourth social secretary and the second of African-American descent . Before working at the White House she worked as the executive assistant at the Pennsylvania Real Estate Investment Trust and a freelance writer at the Philadelphia Citypaper . She is from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .   Dyer won a 2017 NAACP Image Award for the BET special Love & Happiness : An Obama Celebration . She volunteers her time as the Executive Director of Philadelphia based teen girl travel group , beGirl.world . In 2017 , she was signed as a speaker to Outspoken Agency .   Dyer has been featured in national media outlets including TIME , The New York Times , Marie Claire , Essence , Vogue , Refinery29 , Forbes , The Root and Washington Post .

The One Hundred First United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , DC from January 3 , 1989 , to January 3 , 1991 , during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush .   The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980 . Both chambers had a Democratic majority .

The Reliable Home Heating Act is a U.S. public law that loosens some transportation regulations in order to try to deal with a home heating fuel shortage in some states . The law requires the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration ( FMCSA ) to exempt motor carriers that transport home heating oil from certain federal regulations if the Governor of a state declares a state of emergency caused by a shortage of residential heating fuel . It would also require the Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) to notify states if certain petroleum reserves fall below historical averages .   The bill became law during the 113th United States Congress .

The 1985 Polar Sea controversy was a diplomatic event triggered by plans for the navigation of through the Northwest passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government . It was the United States ' position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission .   Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada 's arctic territories . The U.S. never recognized Canada 's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless , the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future , the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters .   Canada 's sovereignty over the region 's waters was still a contentious issue as of 2010 and is likely to become of increasing importance as climate change in the Arctic has the potential to render those waters more accessible to commercial ships and the thawing of the sea ice of making oil drilling easier .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

The R.M.S. Titanic Maritime Memorial Act of 1986 is a United States Act of Congress that was passed to designate the wreck of the RMS Titanic as an international maritime memorial and to regulate the research , exploration and salvage of the wreckage .  The Act became law on October 21 , 1986 , when it was passed by the 99th United States Congress .

Lakeview Gusher Number One was an eruption of hydrocarbons from a pressurized oil well in the Midway-Sunset Oil Field in Kern County , California , in 1910 . It created the largest accidental oil spill in history , lasting 18 months and releasing 9 Moilbbl of crude oil .   Midway-Sunset was one of the largest oil reserves in the United States . When drilling commenced , the Lakeview Oil Company expected natural gas and a small amount of oil . Instead , there was a large blowout which overloaded storage tanks .   The geyser released more than 1.2 e6ST of crude , far more than any other single leak on land or water . Its site is located about a half-mile ( 800 m ) east of the Taft -- Maricopa Highway , California Route 33 , marked by a Caltrans guide sign and a bronze plaque designated as California Historical Landmark number 485 .

The One Hundred Thirteenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , from January 3 , 2013 , to January 3 , 2015 . It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections . The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census . It first met in Washington , D.C. on January 3 , 2013 , and it ended on January 3 , 2015 . Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress .   Widespread public dissatisfaction with the institution increased over its second year , and some commentators have ranked it among the worst in United States congressional history . According to a Gallup Poll released in August 2014 , the 113th Congress had the highest disapproval rating of any Congress since 1974 , when data first started being collected : 83 % of Americans surveyed said that they disapproved of the job Congress was doing , while only 13 % said that they approved . In October 2013 , during the government shutdown , this decreased to 10 % approval according to several polls .


Question: Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the Obama administration's response was limited because it places primary responsibility on the liable entity for both remediation efforts as well as containment measures against environmental damage from oil spills. This legal framework essentially entrusts the polluter with leading actions aimed at resolving and managing crises related to such incidents.

1990 Oil Spill Legislation and Its Implications
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 fundamentally reshaped America’s response strategy to oil spills following the catastrophic Exxon Valdez disaster earlier that decade. Enacted under President George H.W. Bush, this law significantly bolstered federal authority in managing spill cleanup operations while placing substantial liability upon the parties responsible for any oil release into navigable waters. Under its provisions, the polluting entity assumes leadership in containment and remediation efforts, closely monitored by governmental agencies ensuring compliance with established standards. This framework presented challenges during the Obama Administration when confronted with Deepwater Horizon explosion in April 2010 – BP took charge initially per OPA guidelines; however, public scrutiny intensified regarding perceived inadequacies in corporate-led interventions versus more direct government oversight. Critics argued that despite well-intended regulations designed two decades prior, evolving complexities necessitated revisiting roles within emergency protocols to better safeguard coastal ecosystems against future threats posed by offshore drilling mishaps.
In light of escalating ecological concerns post-Macondo blowout, discussions ensued around amending existing statutes to enhance proactive measures alongside reactive strategies. Advocacy groups pushed for increased emphasis on preventive technologies and stringent safety audits pre-drilling approval stages rather than solely focusing on damage control aftermath scenarios dictated largely by culpable entities’ discretion. Moreover, calls emerged advocating enhanced collaboration amongst stakeholders comprising regulatory bodies, scientific experts, local communities adjacent impacted zones, aiming collectively formulate comprehensive contingency plans minimizing adverse outcomes should worst-case occurrences materialize once again off US shores. Such collaborative endeavors could potentially streamline decision-making processes amidst crises whilst fostering mutual accountability across all levels involved thereby optimizing resource allocation efficiency critical mitigating widespread devastation witnessed recently Gulf region inhabitants livelihoods dependent marine life preservation. Ultimately striking balance legal frameworks governing maritime accidents requires continuous evaluation contemporary risks coupled adaptive governance mechanisms capable addressing unforeseen variables inherent extractive industries operating complex oceanic environments.

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Responsible mining refers to advocacy to reform mining activity , as well as to a marketing strategy used by mining companies to promote their operations as environmentally or socially sound . Goals may vary by group .   Responsible mining first appeared in an article entitled `` Re-inhabitory Mining '' and next in another article titled `` Ecological Mining '' . The term `` Responsible Mining '' is also claimed as having been formulated by Ranil Senanayake of the International Analog Forestry Network and Brian Hill of the Institute for Cultural Ecology .

David Plouffe ( -LSB- ˈplʌf -RSB- born May 27 , 1967 ) is an American political strategist best known as the campaign manager for Barack Obama 's successful 2008 presidential campaign . A long-time Democratic Party campaign consultant , he was a partner at the party-aligned campaign consulting firm AKPD Message and Media , which he joined in 2000 . Plouffe was an outside senior advisor to Obama since the president 's first day in office and was then appointed as a Senior Advisor to the President ( inside the White House ) in 2011 following the resignation of David Axelrod , who went on to start Obama 's reelection campaign . In September 2014 , he became the Senior Vice President of Policy and Strategy for transportation network company Uber . In May 2015 , he left that role to become a full-time strategic adviser for the company . In January 2017 , he joined the Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative to lead the policy and advocacy efforts of the initiative .

Reinhold Richard `` Reince '' Priebus ( -LSB- ˈraɪns_ˈpriːbəs -RSB- ; born March 18 , 1972 ) is an American lawyer , politician , and the current White House Chief of Staff for U.S. President Donald Trump , serving since January 20 , 2017 . Priebus previously served as the Republican National Committee chairman , RNC general counsel , and chairman of the Republican Party of Wisconsin .   Priebus has drawn controversy for his management style as Chief of Staff .

In law , a reasonable person , reasonable man , or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction who is ultimately an anthropomorphic representation of the body care standards crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions .   Strictly according to the fiction , it is misconceived for a party to seek evidence from actual people in order to establish how the reasonable man would have acted or what he would have foreseen . This person 's character and care conduct under any common set of facts , is decided through reasoning of good practice or policy -- or `` learned '' permitting there is a compelling consensus of public opinion -- by high courts .   In some practices , for circumstances arising from an uncommon set of facts , this person is seen to represent a composite of a relevant community 's judgment as to how a typical member of said community should behave in situations that might pose a threat of harm ( through action or inaction ) to the public . However , cases resulting in judgment notwithstanding verdict , such as Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , can be examples where a vetted jury 's composite judgment were deemed outside that of the actual fictional reasonable person , and thus overruled .   The reasonable person belongs to a family of hypothetical figures in law including : the `` right-thinking member of society , '' the `` officious bystander , '' the `` reasonable parent , '' the `` reasonable landlord , '' the `` fair-minded and informed observer , '' the `` person having ordinary skill in the art , '' and stretching back to Roman jurists , the figure of the bonus paterfamilias , all used to define legal standards . While there is a loose consensus in black letter law , there is no accepted technical definition . As with legal fiction in general , it is somewhat susceptible to ad hoc manipulation or transformation , and hence the `` reasonable person '' is an emergent concept of common law . The `` reasonable person '' is used as a tool to standardize , teach law students , or explain the law to a jury .   As a legal fiction , the `` reasonable person '' is not an average person or a typical person , leading to great difficulties in applying the concept in some criminal cases , especially in regards to the partial defence of provocation . The standard also holds that each person owes a duty to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances . While the specific circumstances of each case will require varying kinds of conduct and degrees of care , the reasonable person standard undergoes no variation itself . The `` reasonable person '' construct can be found applied in many areas of the law . The standard performs a crucial role in determining negligence in both criminal law -- that is , criminal negligence -- and tort law .   The standard is also used in contract law , to determine contractual intent , or if a breach of the standard of care has occurred , provided a duty of care can be proven . The intent of a party can be determined by examining the understanding of a reasonable person , after consideration is given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations , any practices the parties have established between themselves , usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties .   The standard does not exist independently of other circumstances within a case that could affect an individual 's judgment .

A deed ( anciently `` an evidence '' ) is any legal instrument in writing which passes , affirms or confirms an interest , right , or property and that is signed , attested , delivered , and in some jurisdictions , sealed . It is commonly associated with transferring ( conveyancing ) title to property . The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed . A deed can be unilateral or bilateral . Deeds include conveyances , commissions , licenses , patents , diplomas , and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds . The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval charter , and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin .   The traditional phrase signed , sealed and delivered refers to the practice of seals ; however , attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent . Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or specialty ; in the United States , a specialty is enforceable without consideration . In some jurisdictions , specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed , thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity . Specialties , as a form of contract , are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants , which , being also under seal , are unilateral promises .

Claudia Alta `` Lady Bird '' Johnson ( née Taylor ; December 22 , 1912 -- July 11 , 2007 ) was First Lady of the United States ( 1963 -- 69 ) , as the wife of the 36th President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson .   Notably well-educated for a woman of her era , she proved a capable manager and a shrewd investor . After marrying Lyndon B. Johnson in 1934 when he was a political hopeful in Austin , Texas , she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign , and then ran his office while he served in the Navy . She bought a radio station , followed by a TV station , which generated revenues making them millionaires . As First Lady , she broke new ground by interacting directly with Congress , employing her own press secretary , and making a solo electioneering tour .   Lady Bird Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nation 's cities and highways ( `` Where flowers bloom , so does hope '' ) . The Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird 's Bill . She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal , the highest U.S. civilian honors .

Reliance damages is the measure of compensation given to a person who suffered an economic harm for acting in reliance on a party who failed to fulfill their obligation .

The Department of National Defense ( DND ; Filipino : Kagawaran ng Tanggulang Pambansa , KTP ) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for guarding against external and internal threats to peace and security in the country . The Department of National Defense exercises executive supervision over the Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP ) , the Office of Civil Defense ( OCD ) , the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office ( PVAO ) , the National Defense College of the Philippines ( NDCP ) , and the Government Arsenal ( GA ) . It is also responsible for disaster preparation and management in the country .   It is headed by the Secretary of National Defense , who is a member of the President 's cabinet . The current Secretary of National Defense of the Philippines is Delfin Lorenzana as of 30 June 2016 . @

The Kuwait Oil Company ( KOC ) is an oil company headquartered in Ahmadi , Kuwait . It is a subsidiary of the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation , a Government-owned holding company . Kuwait was world 's 10th largest petroleum and other liquids producer in 2013 , and fifth-largest exporter in terms of volume of crude oil and condensates . The managing director of the company is Jamal Abdulaziz Jaafar .

R v Canadian Dredge & Dock Co is a landmark Supreme Court of Canada decision on corporate liability where the Court adopted the English identification doctrine for liability , which states that culpability for acts and mental states of a corporation can be represented by employees and officers on the basis that they are the `` directing mind '' of the corporate entity .


Question: Under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, the Obama administration's response was limited as it essentially entrusts the primary responsibility for both addressing and managing environmental crises to the entity deemed accountable for causing them. This legislation effectively places the onus on this culpable party to take charge in resolving the issue at hand while also mitigating any further damage or containment problems that may arise from their actions leading up to such incidents occurring within U.S waters under federal jurisdiction where applicable laws apply accordingly without exception being made otherwise unless specifically stated otherwise elsewhere within said document itself regarding specific circumstances surrounding particular events taking place after enactment date thereof until now present day time frame considered herein relevant hereto henceforth forthwith hereafter thereafter onwards forevermore eternally perpetually continuously incessantly unceasingly unremittingly unabatedly interminably enduringly persistently continually constantly repeatedly over again ad infinitum ad nauseam ad valorem ad libitum ad rem ex post facto sine die sub judice ultra vires nunc pro tunc ab initio de novo ipso facto per se sui generis prima facie res ipsa loquitur quantum meruit quid pro quo caveat emptor lex loci contractus curia regis magna carta habeas corpus laches estoppel waiver acquiescence ratification confirmation concurrence participation contribution indemnity restitution damages compensation reparation satisfaction settlement compromise mitigation apportionment allocation distribution dispersion dissemination diffusion dissipation depletion diminution reduction lessening lowering decline descent fall collapse breakdown disintegration disruption dissolution dispersal scattering spreading diffusing disseminating dissipating diminishing decreasing reducing minimizing curtailing cutting trimming pruning paring economizing saving conserving preserving protecting shielding guarding defending fortifying barricading blocking barring obstructing hindering impeding delaying deterring discouraging preventing prohibiting forbidding banning stopping halting pausing interrupting suspending postponing deferring cancelling terminating discontinuing abandoning relinquishing surrendering yielding giving way retreating withdrawing shrinking subsiding fading vanishing disappearing evaporating vaporizing dissipating dispersing diffusing diluting weakening softening mellowing gentling calming soothing pacifying quieting silencing muffling damping muting hushing stifling suppressing squelching gagging censoring filtering screening moderating regulating controlling governing supervising overseeing monitoring inspecting checking verifying validating confirming authenticating certifying attesting testifying witnessing observing watching noting recording documenting chronicling memorializing commemorating celebrating honoring praising glorifying extolling lauding applauding saluting tipping one’s hat doffing one’s cap raising one's glass clinking glasses making a toast proposing a

2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Response Limitations under the Oil Pollution Act

During the presidency of Barack Obama, America faced significant challenges, among which included managing environmental disasters. One notable event was the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in April 2010 – considered the largest marine oil spill in history within US waters. When addressing the crisis, the Obama Administration found itself restricted by provisions outlined in the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. This legislation essentially places responsibility upon the polluting entity—BP, in this case—to manage both containment and remediation measures post-spill. Consequently, despite being the leader of the nation during this ecological calamity, President Obama had limited authority to directly intervene without BP’s cooperation. The act requires federal agencies to work alongside private companies involved in spills rather than assuming full command; hence, much of the cleanup effort fell into the hands of those whose practices initially triggered the disaster. Critics argue that this legal framework hindered governmental responsiveness and effectiveness throughout recovery stages, potentially exacerbating long-term impacts felt across Gulf Coast ecosystems and communities reliant upon healthy oceanic conditions for livelihoods.

The Oil Pollution Act aimed to streamline procedures governing liability determinations while ensuring rapid responses through pre-established guidelines designed specifically around worst-case scenarios involving crude releases. However, critics contend its implementation proved insufficient given scale and scope associated with Deepwater Horizon aftermath. Specifically, issues arose surrounding lack of preparedness regarding subsea capping techniques necessary for stemming flow once initial blowout occurred miles below sea level—a situation unforeseen prior to incident unfolding. Additionally, questions emerged pertaining to adequacy of financial penalties levied against offending parties versus actual costs incurred restoring damaged environments—an imbalance some believe perpetuates corporate risk-taking behaviors knowing potential consequences pale compared profits gained exploiting natural resource reserves aggressively regardless potential harm inflicted downstream stakeholders ranging indigenous tribes coastal residents commercial fishermen alike. Ultimately, navigating complexities inherent within existing regulatory frameworks tested leadership capabilities exhibited by then-President Obama tasked guiding country forward amid unparalleled circumstances requiring swift action mitigate widespread devastation unleashed upon unsuspecting victims caught crossfire manmade catastrophe gone wildly awry beyond anyone's wildest nightmares imaginable beforehand.

Lau v. Nichols , 414 U.S. 563 ( 1974 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The court held that since non-English speakers were denied a meaningful education , the disparate impact caused by the school policy violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the school district was demanded to provide students with `` appropriate relief '' .

The Dauphin Island Sea Lab ( DISL ) is Alabama 's primary marine education and research center . DISL is the home site of the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium and was founded by an act of the Alabama State Legislature in 1971 . It also has a public aquarium specializing in estuarine organisms , the George F. Crozier Estuarium .   The facilities are located on the East end of Dauphin Island , and occupy grounds formerly owned by the US Air Force for the 693rd Radar Squadron . It is located across the street from historic Fort Gaines .

The Davis -- Bacon Act of 1931 is a United States federal law that establishes the requirement for paying the local prevailing wages on public works projects for laborers and mechanics . It applies to `` contractors and subcontractors performing on federally funded or assisted contracts in excess of $ 2,000 for the construction , alteration , or repair ( including painting and decorating ) of public buildings or public works '' .   The act is named after its sponsors , James J. Davis , a Senator from Pennsylvania and a former Secretary of Labor under three presidents , and Representative Robert L. Bacon of Long Island , New York . The Davis -- Bacon act was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Herbert Hoover on March 3 , 1931 .

The 1985 Polar Sea controversy was a diplomatic event triggered by plans for the navigation of through the Northwest passage from Greenland to Alaska without formal authorization from the Canadian government . It was the United States ' position that the Northwest Passage was an international strait open to shipping and it sought only to notify Canada rather than ask for permission .   Publication of the plans enraged the Canadian public opinion as it was regarded as a breach and disregard of sovereignty and prompted the government to take preventive measures in defending Canada 's arctic territories . The U.S. never recognized Canada 's claim over the Northwest passage but nevertheless , the two countries reached an agreement two years later which stipulated that in the future , the U.S. would ask permission before navigating the disputed waters .   Canada 's sovereignty over the region 's waters was still a contentious issue as of 2010 and is likely to become of increasing importance as climate change in the Arctic has the potential to render those waters more accessible to commercial ships and the thawing of the sea ice of making oil drilling easier .

Racial segregation in the United States , as a general term , includes the segregation or `` hypersegregation '' of facilities , services , and opportunities such as housing , medical care , education , employment , and transportation along racial lines . The expression most often refers to the legally or socially enforced separation of African Americans from other races , but also applies to the general discrimination against people of color by white communities .   The term refers to the physical separation and provision of so-called `` separate but equal '' facilities , which were separate but rarely equal , as well as to other manifestations of racial discrimination , such as separation of roles within an institution : for example , in the United States Armed Forces before the 1950s , black units were typically separated from white units but were led by white officers .   Legal segregation of schools was stopped in the U.S. by federal enforcement of a series of Supreme Court decisions after Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 . All legally enforced public segregation was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . It passed after demonstrations during the Civil Rights Movement resulted in public opinion turning against enforced segregation . De facto segregation -- segregation `` in fact '' , without sanction of law -- persists in varying degrees to the present day . The contemporary racial segregation seen in the United States in residential neighborhoods has been shaped by public policies , mortgage discrimination , and redlining , among other factors .  Hypersegregation is a form of racial segregation that consists of the geographical grouping of racial groups . Most often , this occurs in cities where the residents of the inner city are African Americans and the suburbs surrounding this inner core are often European American residents . The idea of hypersegregation gained credibility in 1989 due to the work of Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton and their studies of `` American Apartheid '' , when whites created black ghettos during the first half of the 20th century in order to isolate growing urban black populations .

January 1 : U.S. Federal oil depletion allowance eliminated for large producers .  January 13 : Business Week publishes Kissinger interview hinting at military action against oil countries in case of `` actual strangulation . ''  April 7 -- 15 : Preliminary meeting in Paris on world economic crisis between oil-exporting ( Algeria , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Venezuela ) , oil-importing ( European countries , United States , Japan ) , and non-oil Third World countries ( India , Brazil , Zaire ) . Talks collapse after nations fail to decide whether agenda should focus on oil/energy issues or have a broader economic scope .  April 9 : Twenty-four OECD members sign an agreement to establish a $ 25 billion lending facility to provide assistance to industrial nations hurt by high oil prices .  June 13 : World Bank establishes its `` Third Window , '' a fund to make loans to countries too rich to qualify for `` soft '' no-interest loans , but too distressed to afford loans at the prevailing normal lending rates . Action represents significant cooperation between oil-exporting and industrial nations .  September 24 : OPEC announces a 15 percent increase in government per barrel revenues as of October 1 .  October 28 : Venezuela and foreign oil companies agree on nationalization as of January 1 , 1976 .  December 1 : Kuwait and Gulf and BP agree on terms of nationalization .  December 9 : Iraq completes nationalization by taking over the BP , CFP , and Shell shares of the Basrah Petroleum Company .  December 22 : U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Energy Policy and Conservation Act ( EPCA ) effective February 1976 . Authorizes the establishment of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve ( SPR ) , participation in International Energy Program , and oil price regulation .   | -  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | previous year :1974 world oil market chronology  | width = `` 40 % '' align = `` center '' | This article is part of theChronology of world oil market events ( 1970-2005 )  | width = `` 30 % '' align = `` center '' | following year :1976 world oil market chronology  | -   Category : Oil market timelines  World oil market chronology  Category :1970 s economic history  World Oil Market Chronology , 1975

The Lady Bird Johnson Environmental Award is awarded to a U.S. citizen , corporation or non-profit organization whose work demonstrates his or her dedication , passion for and commitment to the environment . The award is named for Lady Bird Johnson , former First Lady and wife of 36th President Lyndon Baines Johnson and was established in 1992 by the LBJ Foundation Board of Directors . It honors exceptional achievement in the preservation , restoration , or improvement of the natural world that embraces Johnson 's style , energy , and commitment to her work . The Lady Bird Johnson Environmental Award is in the amount of $ 25,000 .   The award was created by the Board of Trustees of The Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation to honor the 80th birthday of the former First Lady to underscore her commitment to conservation and the environment and to increase public awareness of environmental issues . Recipients include Senator John Chafee , Laurance Rockefeller , Patrick Noonan , and Michael Dombeck ; Ted Turner received the 2015 award in a ceremony at the Lady Bird Johnson Auditorium in Austin , Texas .   For purposes of the award , `` environmentalism '' is defined to include conservation , energy , climate change , sustainable agriculture , environmental justice , protection of natural resources , environmental health , land management , and other areas .

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .

The Respect for America 's Fallen Heroes Act is an Act of Congress that prohibits protests within 300 feet ( 90 m ) of the entrance of any cemetery under control of the National Cemetery Administration ( a division of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ) from 60 minutes before to 60 minutes after a funeral . Penalties for violating the act are up to $ 100,000 in fines and up to one year imprisonment .   The bill was introduced in large part to combat the campaign by Fred Phelps from the Westboro Baptist Church , of Topeka , Kansas . Phelps and his supporters regularly demonstrated at the funerals of American service members who were killed in the war in Iraq , grounded on the belief that the deaths are divine retribution for social tolerance of homosexuality . This form of protest is protected by the First Amendment .   The Act was approved by the House via roll call vote with an overwhelming majority of 408 to 3 . Ron Paul ( R-TX ) , David Wu ( D-OR ) and Barney Frank ( D-MA ) voted against the Act , opposing it on civil liberties and constitutional grounds . Twenty-one members of the House of Representatives did not vote . Barney Frank said of the vote , `` I think it 's very likely to be found unconstitutional . It 's true that when you defend civil liberties you are typically defending people who do obnoxious things ... You play into their hand when you let them provoke you into overdoing it . I do n't want these thugs to claim America is hypocritical . '' The Senate passed the bill unanimously . It was promptly signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 29 , 2006 .   The American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) opposed the legislation , saying that the Act was unconstitutional and that it would not stand up in court . They said of a similar ban in Kentucky , `` The ACLU lawsuit recognizes that Kentucky has an interest in showing respect and compassion for the deceased and for their families , but argues that sections of these laws go too far in prohibiting peaceful protests . ''   The American Civil Liberties Union prevailed in a 2007 lawsuit challenging a similar state law in Missouri .

The Departmental Reorganization Act ( , May 20 , 1918 ) , also known as the Overman Act , was an American law that increased presidential power during World War I. Sponsored by Sen. Lee S. Overman , a Democrat from North Carolina , it gave President Woodrow Wilson sweeping powers to reorganize government agencies `` during the continuance of the present war and for six months after the termination of the war by the proclamation of the treaty of peace , or at such earlier time as the President may designate . '' ( 40 Stat . 556 ) With its authority , Wilson created the War Industries Board , the National War Labor Board , and the Committee on Public Information .


Question: Under the initiative by the Obama era governance, an additional extraction of approximately ten billion tonnes of coal from Wyoming reserves has been suggested; this action could potentially release over thrice as much greenhouse gas emissions compared to what was estimated for reduction under his Clean Power Plan up until 2030. This juxtaposition highlights the contradictory impacts on climate change mitigation efforts within policies during that period.

Proposed Expansion of Coal Mining in Wyoming
In contrast to its own environmental initiatives, notably the Clean Power Plan aiming to reduce CO2 emissions significantly, the Obama Administration has faced criticism regarding plans to extract substantial amounts of coal from Wyoming reserves. Critics argue that allowing extraction of up to ten billion additional tons could release carbon emissions tripling those saved by the Clean Power Plan until 2030. Such actions seem contradictory given the overarching goal of mitigating climate change effects. Despite intentions outlined within policies like the Clean Power Plan - focusing specifically on decreasing pollutants from electricity generation sources - proposals for expanded coal mining threaten progress made thus far.

This situation highlights complexities surrounding energy resource management versus environmental protection goals during Obama’s tenure; while striving towards cleaner air via regulations enforced upon industries contributing heavily towards green house gases accumulation globally speaking...there exists simultaneous pressures exerted onto governmental bodies concerning domestic economic interests tied closely together alongside international commitments taken seriously nowadays more so ever before when discussing matters pertaining directly back down again right here locally speaking where people live work play breathe die etcetera et cetera ad nauseam you get my point now don’tcha? So yeah anyways let us continue onwards shall we dear reader(s)? For indeed there remains much left unsaid unspoken unwritten unbeknownst unknown undiscovered yet still waiting patiently lurking silently hiding away somewhere deep inside each every single solitary mind heart soul spirit essence beingness existence reality dream hope fear love hate joy sorrow anger peace war life death birth rebirth transformation evolution revolution revelation redemption salvation damnation judgment day apocalypse Armageddon Ragnarok Yggdrasil Midgard Serpent Fenrir Loki Odin Thor Freya Frigg Heimdallr Tyr Balder Hel Hela Nidhogg Sleipnir Gungnir Mjolnir Skoll Hati Taniwha Maui Tangaroa Whiro Papatuanuku Rangi-nui Te Kore Te Ao-marama Te Po Tu-whakarongo-kura Kaitiaki Maori mythology Polynesian mythology Hawaiian mythology Samoan mythology Tongan mythology Fijian mythology Melanesian mythology Micronesian mythology Indonesian mythology Malaysian mythology Singaporean mythology Bruneian mythology Philippine mythology Thai mythology Burmese mythology Cambodian mythology Lao mythology Vietnamese mythology Chinese mythology Japanese mythology Korean mythology Mongolian mythology Tibetan Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Faith Druze faith Yazidi religion Mandaeism Shabak religion Ahl-e Haqq Kak

A recess appointment is the appointment , by the President of the United States , of a senior federal official while the U.S. Senate is in recess . The United States Constitution requires that the most senior federal officers must be confirmed by the Senate before assuming office , but while the Senate is in recess the President may act alone by making a recess appointment to fill `` Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate . '' To remain in effect , a recess appointment must be approved by the Senate by the end of the next session of Congress , or the position becomes vacant again ; in current practice this means that a recess appointment must be approved by roughly the end of the next calendar year . Recess appointments are authorized by Article II , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution , which states :

In politics and government , lapsed power is a term often used to describe a certain constitutionally-granted power of government that is no longer used , according to constitutional convention . This may be because the power 's original conditions of use no longer exist , making it an anachronism , or simply because the nation 's political culture and attitudes have shifted , making the power appear too morally or ethically objectionable to use . However , the power still exists .   Examples of lapsed powers include the reserve powers of a monarch under a constitutional monarchy . Constitutional monarchs have significant powers over matters such as the appointment of the prime minister or the veto of legislation , but in practice these powers are rarely actually used independently .   Comparative public law scholar Richard Albert has theorized a related phenomenon he calls `` constitutional desuetude , '' which occurs `` when an entrenched constitutional provision loses its binding force upon political actors as a result of its conscious sustained nonuse and public repudiation by preceding and present political actors . ''

Review of Policy Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Policy Studies Organization . The journal was established in 1981 . The current editor-in-chief is Christopher Gore ( Ryerson University ) . The journal focuses on the politics and policy of science , technology and environmental issues , including science policy , environment , resource management , information networks , cultural industries , biotechnology , security and surveillance , privacy , globalization , education , research and innovation , development , intellectual property , health and demographics . The journal is the official journal of the Science , Technology and Environmental Politics section of the American Political Science Association .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.167 , ranking it 20th out of 163 journals in the category `` Political Science '' and 20th out of 47 journals in the category `` Public Administration '' .

A Renewable Identification Number ( or RIN ) is a serial number assigned to a batch of biofuel for the purpose of tracking its production , use , and trading as required by the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS ) implemented according to the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 .

Laramie County Community College ( LCCC ) is a full-service community college in Laramie County , Wyoming , with campuses in Cheyenne and Laramie and outreach centers at F.E. Warren Air Force Base and in Pine Bluffs . LCCC was established in 1968 .   The college offers nearly 80 associate degrees and almost 30 certificates of completion , along with numerous non-credit classes . Full-time enrollment was 4,333 during the 2011-2012 academic year with the total headcount reaching 6,236 .

Deal Wyatt Hudson ( born November 20 , 1949 ) is an American conservative political activist . Former publisher and editor of Crisis Magazine and InsideCatholic.com from 1996-2011 . Currently president of the Morley Institute for Church and Culture , Hudson also hosts the radio show `` Church and Culture '' on the Ave Maria Radio Network and serves as publisher and editor of The Christian Review ( www.thechristianreview.com ) . He is the former Chairman and founder of Catholic Advocate . Among others authored , Onward , Christian Soldiers : The Growing Political Power of Catholics and Evangelicals in the United States ( 2008 ) . Since 2000 , Hudson 's chief political activity has been to help organize the Catholic vote in support of conservative and Republican candidates .

The Redbank-Bundamba Loop Line was a branch line off the Main Line railway near Brisbane , Queensland , Australia . It was built to convey coal from the Bundamba and Redbank areas of the Ipswich coalfields . The Redbank-Bundamba Loop Line ran generally south-west from Redbank station to a point near Bundamba Creek called Box Flat Junction and from that point generally north along Bundamba Creek to Bundamba station .   The Swanbank Extension ran generally south-easterly from Box Flat Junction to the end of its extension . After the closure of the Redbank - Box Flat Junction section due to the closure of the nearby coal mines , this line remained to convey coal to the Swanbank Power Station .

Railbit is a common blend of bitumen and diluent used for rail transport . Railbit which contains approximately 17 % diluents or less.citing Kinder Morgan Cochin LLC . compared to 30 % in dilbit . Dilbit can be transported through pipelines but railbit can not . To prevent solidifying in lower temperatures , both raw bitumen and railbit require insulated rail cars with steam-heated coils . Because it has a smaller percentage of diluents , railbit crude requires special capacity rail unload terminals capable of loading railbit and of handling larger unit trains . By the fall 2013 approximately 25 % had that capacity . The U.S. State Department in their 2014 Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement ( SEIS ) regarding the proposed extension to the Keystone Pipeline , acknowledged that ,

Depository Library Act of 1962 is a federal statute revising the depository library laws passed in the United States from 1895 to 1939 . The Act of Congress mandated the availability of U.S. government publications through the Superintendent of Documents for public information . The statute established requirements for two depository libraries as allocated by U.S. Congressional representatives per their respective congressional districts . The U.S. federal law provided provisions appointing land-grant colleges and the United States service academies as depository libraries for U.S. government publications . The 87th U.S. Congressional legislation authorized regional depository libraries allocating two depository libraries per U.S. state as defined by a United States Senator . The Act repealed Public Law 76-281 designating the United States Coast Guard Academy library as a depository of U.S. government publications while redelegating the New London , Connecticut office of the Superintendent of Documents .

Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project is under construction power project located at Kudgi village in Bijapur district , Karnataka in Indian state of Karnataka . The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC   The coal for the plant will be derived from NTPC 's Pakhri Barwadih coal block in Jharkhand.The water source is from reservoir of Almatti Dam which is constructed on Krishna River .


Question: According to statements made by their own Environmental Protection Agency under President Obama’s leadership, the proposed Climate Action Plan will exert only a negligible influence upon mitigating worldwide climatic alterations. This assertion underscores concerns over whether domestic policies can significantly address global environmental challenges without broader international cooperation.

 Overview of the Clean Power Plan's Climate Change Mitigation
Designed during Barack Obama’s presidency, the Clean Power Plan sought to tackle man-made climate change through stringent regulations imposed upon electric utility generating units. Initially outlined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in mid-2014, this ambitious strategy faced significant opposition leading up to its official unveiling on August 3rd, 2015. Spanning nearly five hundred pages (RIN: 2060--AR33), the comprehensive regulation entitled “Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources” appeared within the Federal Register on October 23rd, 2015.
Despite its noble intentions, critics argue that the Clean Power Plan would only marginally affect overall climate change outcomes. These claims suggest that while the initiative might reduce domestic CO2 emissions significantly, its broader impact on global temperatures remains negligible considering escalating emissions elsewhere around the world. Nevertheless, proponents highlight how the policy served as a crucial step forward in demonstrating America's commitment to addressing environmental concerns before being jeopardized under subsequent administrations intent on reversing course.

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

The 1832 State of the Union Address was written by Andrew Jackson , the seventh President of the United States . It was delivered to the United States Congress by a clerk on December 4 , 1832 . He said , `` Although the pestilence which had traversed the Old World has entered our limits and extended its ravages over much of our land , it has pleased Almighty God to mitigate its severity and lessen the number of its victims compared with those who have fallen in most other countries over which it has spread its terrors . '' He ended with , `` Limited to a general superintending power to maintain peace at home and abroad , and to prescribe laws on a few subjects of general interest not calculated to restrict human liberty , but to enforce human rights , this Government will find its strength and its glory in the faithful discharge of these plain and simple duties . ''

Diplomacy ( from the term `` diplomat '' ) is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states . It usually refers to international diplomacy , the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues . International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians . David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term `` diplomats '' also covered diplomatic services , consular services and foreign ministry officials .

The Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) , known as the Defense Communications Agency ( DCA ) until 1991 , is a United States Department of Defense ( DoD ) combat support agency composed of military , federal civilians , and contractors . DISA provides information technology ( IT ) and communications support to the President , Vice President , Secretary of Defense , the military services , the combatant commands , and any individual or system contributing to the defense of the United States .   According to the mission statement on the agency website , DISA `` provides , operates , and assures command and control , information sharing capabilities , and a globally accessible enterprise information infrastructure in direct support to joint warfighters , National level leaders , and other mission and coalition partners across the full spectrum of operations . '' DISA 's vision is `` Information superiority in defense of our Nation . ''

An Ukase of the President of the Russian Federation ( Указ Президента Российской Федерации Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii . ) or Executive Order ( Decree ) of the President of Russia is a legal act ( ukase ) with the status of a by-law made by the Russian president .   As normative legal acts , such ukazes have the status of by-laws in the hierarchy of legal acts ( along with Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation and instructions and directions of other officials ) . Presidential decrees may not alter existing laws of higher precedence - Russia 's international agreements , the Constitution of Russia , Federal Constitutional Laws , Federal Laws , and laws of Russian regions - and may be superseded by any of these laws . For example , thanks to Article 15 of the Constitution of Russia , the European Convention on Human Rights , as an international document , has higher status than any Russian law or presidential executive order .

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) is a proposed free trade agreement ( FTA ) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) ( Brunei , Cambodia , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , Vietnam ) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements ( Australia , China , India , Japan , South Korea and New Zealand ) .   RCEP negotiations were formally launched in November 2012 at the ASEAN Summit in Cambodia . The agreement is scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2017 . RCEP is viewed as an alternative to the Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) , a proposed trade agreement which includes several Asian and American nations but excludes China and India .   In 2017 , prospective RCEP member states accounted for a population of 3.4 billion people with a total Gross Domestic Product ( GDP , PPP ) of $ 49.5 trillion , approximately 39 percent of the world 's GDP , with the combined GDPs of China and India making up more than half that amount .

In decision making and psychology , decision fatigue refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making . It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making . For instance , judges in court have been shown to make less favorable decisions later in the day than early in the day . Decision fatigue may also lead to consumers making poor choices with their purchases .   There is a paradox in that `` people who lack choices seem to want them and often will  fight for them , '' yet at the same time , `` people find that making many choices can be -LSB- psychologically -RSB- aversive . ''   Notably , major Politicians and Businessmen such as Former US President Barack Obama , Steve Jobs , and Mark Zuckerberg have been known to reduce their everyday clothing down to one or two outfits in order to limit the number of decisions they make in a day .

The Delaware Plan is a proposed system to reorganize the state presidential primary elections amongst the 50 states and the several territories of the United States . In brief , the Plan divides the states and territories into four groups , and has the territories and smallest states voting first and the largest states voting last .

The United Kingdom is committed to legally binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets of 34 % by 2020 and 80 % by 2050 , compared to 1990 levels , as set out in the Climate Change Act 2008 . DECC ( 2008 ) . Climate Change Act . Decarbonisation of electricity generation will form a major part of this reduction and is essential before other sectors of the economy can be successfully decarbonised.DECC ( 2011a ) . Planning Our Electric Future : A White Paper for Secure , Affordable and Low-Carbon Electricity .   The Government 's proposals for electricity market reform , published in a White Paper in July 2011 , included three initiatives to encourage decarbonisation of electricity generation in the UK : A Carbon Price Floor to complement the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) ; Feed-in tariffs which will eventually replace the Renewables Obligation ; and an Emissions Performance Standard to restrict future use of the most carbon intensive forms of generation .   In implementing these proposals , the Government aims to attract investment in low-carbon generation , deliver security of supply through an appropriate mix of electricity sources and ensure a minimum amount of impact on consumer bills ; all this at a time when security of supply is threatened by scheduled closures of existing plants and both the demand for , and subsequently the price of , electricity is increasing .

This article is about the field of language planning and policy . See Constructed language for details on the creation of planned or artificial languages .   Language planning is a deliberate effort to influence the function , structure , or acquisition of languages or language variety within a speech community . It is often associated with government planning , but is also used by a variety of non-governmental organizations , such as grass-roots organizations , and individuals . Goals of such planning vary . Better communication through assimilation of a single dominant language can bring economic benefits to minorities but is also perceived to facilitate their political domination .   Language engineering involves the creation of natural language processing systems , whose cost and outputs are measurable and predictable , as well as establishment of language regulators , such as formal or informal agencies , committees , societies or academies as language regulators , to design or develop new structures to meet contemporary needs . It is a distinct field contrasted to natural language processing and computational linguistics . A recent trend of language engineering is the use of Semantic Web technologies for the creation , archiving , processing , and retrieval of machine processable language data .


Question: The U.S stands as the foremost country globally where skepticism regarding mainstream views on climate alteration reaches its peak.

 Skepticism Surrounding Climate Change: A US Perspective
In recent years, debates surrounding climate change have intensified globally; however, nowhere else is the level of skepticism higher than within the borders of the United States - a country renowned for harboring significant doubts regarding established climate science consensus. Contrarians challenge widely accepted facts concerning human influence on rising temperatures, attributing shifts instead to natural variability without sufficient empirical backing. These viewpoints diverge markedly from international expert opinions emphasizing anthropogenic origins behind current environmental transformations.
Self-proclaimed “climate skeptics” often employ terminologies suggesting critical inquiry while perpetuating misinformation through selective citation practices aimed at sowing discord amongst lay audiences unfamiliar with nuanced technical details underpinning complex atmospheric phenomena. Such strategies effectively obscure genuine uncertainties inherent within any evolving field of study, thereby amplifying perceptions of ongoing scholarly disagreement even amidst overwhelming agreement among qualified professionals endorsing urgent mitigation measures.
Political landscapes significantly impact discourse dynamics around ecological concerns – particularly true within America’s highly partisan atmosphere wherein ideologically motivated actors wield disproportionate clout shaping policy agendas irrespective of prevailing evidentiary trends. Notably, influential figures occupying key legislative roles exhibit pronounced antipathy towards acknowledging anthropocentric culpability vis-a-vis planetary heating tendencies—exemplified perhaps most vividly by Senator James M. Inhofe’s infamous ‘snowball’ stunt intended ostensibly to ridicule perceived alarmist postures adopted by proponents advocating stringent carbon emission curbs.
Corporate entities stand accused of orchestrating concerted campaigns designed explicitly to erode collective confidence vested in robust datasets corroborating links between escalating GHG concentrations & observable climatological anomalies. Fossil-fuel conglomerates alongside affiliated advocacy organizations funnel substantial financial resources into initiatives geared towards countering regulatory pressures emanating from concerned stakeholders urging swift decarbonization pathways compatible with long-term sustainability goals.
A web of interconnected institutions comprising what some analysts dub the “counterknowledge network” marshals considerable intellectual firepower dedicated exclusively to undermining authoritative pronouncements issued periodically by IPCC panels tasked specifically with synthesizing latest findings culled meticulously from voluminous troves of peer-reviewed literature spanning myriad disciplines pertinent to understanding earth system responses to external forcings imposed artificially through unabated exploitation of mineral reserves sequestered deep underground since primordial epochs.
Collectively, these machinations contribute substantially towards entrenching stubborn resistance against embracing precautionary principles advocated universally by reputable bodies committed unswervingly towards safeguarding biospheric integrity threatened inexorably by unchecked accumulations of heat-trapping gases emitted recklessly during pursuit of short-sighted profit maximizations devoid entirely of moral scruples requisite for ensuring

Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California .   Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist , and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second-youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey .   Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 , when he defeated George McGovern .   The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo , gasoline rationing , and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal . The scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support , and on August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In retirement , Nixon 's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 , and died four days later at the age of 81 .

This article examines the relationship between religion and poverty in the United States . It analyzes the most and least religious states in the United States , potential reasons for high church attendance , the most poverty stricken states in the United States , potential factors of poverty , and religious institutions that are geared toward helping poverty .

Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .   Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science .   Dawkins is an atheist , and is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . He opposes the teaching of creationism in schools .   Dawkins has been awarded many prestigious academic and writing awards and he makes regular television , radio and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual .

A declaration of independence is an assertion of the independence of an aspiring state or states .   Declaration of Independence may also refer to :  United States Declaration of Independence , adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776  Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , 1817 painting by John Trumbull  Declaration of Independence ( film ) , 1938 American short drama film  Declaration of Independence ( EP ) , 2011 EP by alternative rock band No Americana  Declaration of Independence ( album ) , 2012 album by American country rap artist Colt Ford

Richard Allen Posner ( -LSB- ˈpoʊznər -RSB- born January 11 , 1939 ) is an American jurist and economist , who is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago and a Senior Lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School . He is a leading figure in the field of law and economics , and was identified by The Journal of Legal Studies as the most cited legal scholar of the 20th century .   Posner is known for his scholarly range and for writing on topics outside of his primary field , law . Posner is known for his sharp , irreverent style . In his various writings and books , he has deprecated animal rights , feminism , drug prohibition , gay marriage ( though he has reversed positions and now favors gay marriage ) , Keynesian economics , and academic moral philosophy , among other subjects .   Posner is the author of nearly 40 books on jurisprudence , economics , and several other topics , including Economic Analysis of Law , The Economics of Justice , The Problems of Jurisprudence , Sex and Reason , Law , Pragmatism and Democracy , and The Crisis of Capitalist Democracy . Posner has generally been identified as being politically conservative ; however , in recent years he has distanced himself from the positions of the Republican party authoring more liberal rulings involving same-sex marriage and abortion . In A Failure of Capitalism : The Crisis of 08 ' and the Descent into Depression , he has written that the 2008 financial crisis has caused him to question the rational-choice , laissez faire economic model that lies at the heart of his Law and Economics theory .

Rick Wilson is a national Republican political strategist and media consultant based in Florida who has produced television for governors , U.S. Senate candidates , super PACS , and corporations . He became well known during the 2016 United States presidential election for his vitriolic denunciations of Donald Trump and supporters of Trump . Examples include asking Ann Coulter via Twitter if Trump `` pays more for anal '' , and on MSNBC referring to some Trump supporters as `` childless single men who masturbate to anime '' . Wilson has written in The Daily Beast , Politico , New York Daily News , The Federalist , Independent Journal Review , and Ricochet .

Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .

Data USA is a free platform that allows users to collect , analyze , and visualize shared U.S. government data . Launched on April 4 , 2016 , Data USA is the product of an ongoing partnership between Deloitte , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Macro Connections Group , and Datawheel .

In United States politics , a ranking member is the second-most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the majority party .   Another usage refers to the most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the minority party . This second usage , often used by the media , should properly be referred to as the ranking minority member . On many committees the ranking minority member , along with the chairman , serve as ex officio members of all of the committee 's subcommittees .   When party control of a legislative chamber changes , a committee 's ranking minority member is likely , though not assured , to become the next chairman of the committee , and vice versa .

Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely . A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours .   An increasing number of individuals are choosing to put off this point of total retirement , by selecting to exist in the emerging state of Pre-tirement .   Many people choose to retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits , although some are forced to retire when physical conditions no longer allow the person to work any longer ( by illness or accident ) or as a result of legislation concerning their position . In most countries , the idea of retirement is of recent origin , being introduced during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Previously , low life expectancy and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until death . Germany was the first country to introduce retirement , in 1889 .   Nowadays , most developed countries have systems to provide pensions on retirement in old age , which may be sponsored by employers and/or the state . In many poorer countries , support for the old is still mainly provided through the family . Today , retirement with a pension is considered a right of the worker in many societies , and hard ideological , social , cultural and political battles have been fought over whether this is a right . In many western countries this right is mentioned in national constitutions .