Question: I cannot concur with the notion that CO2 emissions predominantly fuel the observed climate change trends globally.

 Climate Change Skepticism: A Closer Look
Climate skepticism involves questioning whether anthropogenic, or man-made, influences significantly contribute to observed changes in Earth’s climate system. Critics argue that while some degree of climate variability can occur naturally, attributing current trends solely to human actions lacks sufficient evidence. One prominent figure among skeptics is Edward Scott Pruitt, former head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under President Donald J. Trump. Throughout his career, Pruitt has consistently challenged mainstream views regarding humans' impact on global temperatures. Before joining the EPA, he served as Oklahoma's attorney general where he frequently clashed with regulatory bodies over issues related to clean energy policies and air quality standards. His legal battles were often backed by substantial funding from industries tied to coal, oil, and gas sectors—groups known for lobbying against stringent environmental controls. Despite opposition from scientists affiliated with organizations like National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration(NOAA)andNationalAeronauticsSpaceAdministration(NASA),Pruittremainsunconvincedthatcarbonemissionsareprimarilyresponsibleforrecentwarmingpatterns.Instead,heseesthemasonefactoramongmanyinacomplexenvironmentalsystem.
In both documents, there is discussion about someone holding beliefs contrary to widely accepted scientific opinions concerning environmental matters; however, instead of focusing exclusivelyonScottPruitthereisbroadercontextualinformationprovidedaroundtheconceptofclimateskepticismgenerally.Thisapproachmaintainsthesameleveloftextcomplexitywhileensuringthesemanticstyleissimilarwithoutalteringtherelationshipbetweentheclaimandsimilardocument.

Dark matter is matter that is undetectable by its emitted radiation , but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects .  It is subdivided into different types of dark matter :  Cold dark matter  Warm dark matter  Hot dark matter  Mixed dark matter   Dark Matter ( s ) or Darkmatter may also refer to :

Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted , usually through deforestation . Reforestation can be used to rectify or improve the quality of human life by soaking up pollution and dust from the air , rebuild natural habitats and ecosystems , mitigate global warming since forests facilitate biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide , and harvest for resources , particularly timber , but also non-timber forest products .   The term reforestation is similar to afforestation , the process of restoring and recreating areas of woodlands or forests that may have existed long ago but were deforested or otherwise removed at some point in the past . Sometimes the term re-afforestation is used to distinguish between the original forest cover and the later re-growth of forest to an area . Forestation is the establishment of forest growth on areas that either had forest or lacked it .   Special tools , e.g. tree planting bars , are used to make planting of trees easier and faster .

The Last Days on Earth is a 20/20 science special which aired on ABC in August 2006 and has been aired on The History Channel .   The show counts down the seven most likely ways in which human life could end , including gamma ray bursts , black holes , machine rule , asteroids , super volcanoes , nuclear war , pandemic flu , and climate change . It includes input from a number of scientists including Michio Kaku , Neil deGrasse Tyson , Stephen Hawking and Kevin Warwick . In 2007 it received an Emmy nomination for its graphic and artistic design .

Respiratory minute volume ( or minute ventilation or minute volume ) is the volume of gas inhaled ( inhaled minute volume ) or exhaled ( exhaled minute volume ) from a person 's lungs per minute . It is an important parameter in respiratory medicine due to its relationship with blood carbon dioxide levels . It can be measured with devices such as a Wright respirometer or can be calculated from other known respiratory parameters . Although minute volume can be viewed as a unit of volume , it is usually treated in practice as a flow rate ( given that it represents a volume change over time ) .   Several symbols can be used to represent minute volume . They include ( V̇ or V-dot ) or Q ( which are general symbols for flow rate ) , MV , and VE .

Dialectic or dialectics ( διαλεκτική , dialektikḗ ) , also known as the dialectical method , is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments .   The term dialectic is not synonymous with the term debate . While in theory debaters are not necessarily emotionally invested in their point of view , in practice debaters frequently display an emotional commitment that may cloud rational judgment . Debates are won through a combination of persuading the opponent , proving one 's argument correct , and proving the opponent 's argument incorrect . Debates do not necessarily require promptly identifying a clear winner or loser ; however , clear winners are frequently determined by a judge , a jury or group consensus . The term dialectics is also not synonymous with the term rhetoric , a method or art of discourse that seeks to persuade , inform , or motivate an audience . Concepts , like `` logos '' or rational appeal , `` pathos '' or emotional appeal , and `` ethos '' or ethical appeal , are intentionally used by rhetoricians to persuade an audience .   Socrates favoured truth as the highest value , proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion : ergo , dialectic . Socrates valued rationality ( appealing to logic , not emotion ) as the proper means for persuasion , the discovery of truth , and the determinant for one 's actions . To Socrates , truth , not aretē ( moral virtue ) , was the greater good , and each person should , above all else , seek truth to guide one 's life . Therefore , Socrates opposed the Sophists and their teaching of rhetoric as art and as emotional oratory requiring neither logic nor proof . Different forms of dialectical reasoning have emerged throughout history from the Indosphere ( Greater India ) and the West ( Europe ) . These forms include the Socratic method , Hindu , Buddhist , Medieval , Hegelian dialectics , Marxist , Talmudic , and Neo-orthodoxy .

The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) began regulating greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) under the Clean Air Act ( `` CAA '' or `` Act '' ) from mobile and stationary sources of air pollution for the first time on January 2 , 2011 . Standards for mobile sources have been established pursuant to Section 202 of the CAA , and GHGs from stationary sources are currently controlled under the authority of Part C of Title I of the Act . The basis for regulations was upheld in the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in June 2012 .

Various sources , including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

Diabetes mellitus type 1 ( also known as type 1 diabetes ) is a form of diabetes mellitus in which not enough insulin is produced . This results in high blood sugar levels in the body . The classical symptoms are frequent urination , increased thirst , increased hunger , and weight loss . Additional symptoms may include blurry vision , feeling tired , and poor healing . Symptoms typically develop over a short period of time .   The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown . However , it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors . Risk factors include having a family member with the condition . The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas . Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or A1C in the blood . Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies .   There is no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes . Treatment with insulin is typically required for survival . Insulin therapy is usually given by injection just under the skin but can also be delivered by an insulin pump . A diabetic diet and exercise are an important part of management . Untreated , diabetes can cause many complications . Complications of relatively rapid onset include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma . Long-term complications include heart disease , stroke , kidney failure , foot ulcers and damage to the eyes . Furthermore , complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive dosing of insulin .   Type 1 diabetes makes up an estimated 5 -- 10 % of all diabetes cases . The number of people affected globally is unknown , although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year . Within the United States the number of people affected is estimated at one to three million . Rates of disease vary widely with approximately 1 new case per 100,000 per year in East Asia and Latin America and around 30 new cases per 100,000 per year in Scandinavia and Kuwait . It typically begins in children and young adults .

Radium and radon are important contributors to environmental radioactivity . Radon occurs naturally in the environment as a result of decay of radioactive elements in the soil and it can accumulate in houses built on areas where such decay occurs . This radon is among major causes of cancer , estimated to contribute to about 2 % of all cancer related deaths in Europe .   Radium , like radon , is a radioactive element and it is found in small quantities in nature and may thus be hazardous to life if concentrated . Radium has its origins as a decay product of certain isotopes of uranium and thorium . Radium may also be released to the environment as a result of human activity , for example , in inproperly discarded products painted with radioluminescent paint .


Question: There remains significant uncertainty regarding whether or not the previous annum of 2016 truly marked an all-time high in terms of worldwide average temperatures.

2016 Global Temperature Record Uncertainty
The assertion about whether 2016 marked the highest global temperatures ever recorded remains contentious among scientists. Despite widespread reports claiming new records were set, some experts argue that uncertainties in historical data make definitive conclusions challenging. Factors influencing temperature measurements include variations in recording methods across different eras and regions' uneven distribution globally. Moreover, adjustments made to account for biases can significantly alter final figures. Critics suggest that without precise understanding of past climates, declaring any single year as "the hottest" might oversimplify complex atmospheric dynamics. Nevertheless, consensus holds that recent decades exhibit rising trends linked to anthropogenic influences, highlighting urgent need for continued research into climate variability.

Radiocarbon dating ( also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating ) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon , a radioactive isotope of carbon .   The method was developed by Willard Libby in the late 1940s and soon became a standard tool for archaeologists . Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in 1960 . The radiocarbon dating method is based on the fact that radiocarbon is constantly being created in the atmosphere by the interaction of cosmic rays with atmospheric nitrogen . The resulting radiocarbon combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide , which is incorporated into plants by photosynthesis ; animals then acquire by eating the plants . When the animal or plant dies , it stops exchanging carbon with its environment , and from that point onwards the amount of it contains begins to decrease as the undergoes radioactive decay . Measuring the amount of in a sample from a dead plant or animal such as a piece of wood or a fragment of bone provides information that can be used to calculate when the animal or plant died . The older a sample is , the less there is to be detected , and because the half-life of ( the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed ) is about 5,730 years , the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago , although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples .   The idea behind radiocarbon dating is straightforward , but years of work were required to develop the technique to the point where accurate dates could be obtained . Research has been ongoing since the 1960s to determine what the proportion of in the atmosphere has been over the past fifty thousand years . The resulting data , in the form of a calibration curve , is now used to convert a given measurement of radiocarbon in a sample into an estimate of the sample 's calendar age . Other corrections must be made to account for the proportion of in different types of organisms ( fractionation ) , and the varying levels of throughout the biosphere ( reservoir effects ) . Additional complications come from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil , and from the above-ground nuclear tests done in the 1950s and 1960s . Because the time it takes to convert biological materials to fossil fuels is substantially longer than the time it takes for its to decay below detectable levels , fossil fuels contain almost no , and as a result there was a noticeable drop in the proportion of in the atmosphere beginning in the late 19th century . Conversely , nuclear testing increased the amount of in the atmosphere , which attained a maximum in 1963 of almost twice what it had been before the testing began .   Measurement of radiocarbon was originally done by beta-counting devices , which counted the amount of beta radiation emitted by decaying atoms in a sample . More recently , accelerator mass spectrometry has become the method of choice ; it counts all the atoms in the sample and not just the few that happen to decay during the measurements ; it can therefore be used with much smaller samples ( as small as individual plant seeds ) , and gives results much more quickly . The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology . In addition to permitting more accurate dating within archaeological sites than previous methods , it allows comparison of dates of events across great distances . Histories of archaeology often refer to its impact as the `` radiocarbon revolution '' . Radiocarbon dating has allowed key transitions in prehistory to be dated , such as the end of the last ice age , and the beginning of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in different regions .

The langley ( Ly ) is a unit of energy distribution over an area ( also called `` density of heat '' ) . It is used to measure solar radiation ( or insolation ) . The unit was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley ( 1834-1906 ) in 1947 .

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country . Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries . Workers ' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows , especially with regard to labour-exporting countries . In 2014 , $ 436 billion went to developing countries , setting a new record . Overall global remittances totaled $ 582 billion in 2015 . Some countries , such as India and China , receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates . In 2014 , India received an estimated $ 70 billion and China an estimated $ 64 billion .

Year 1492 ( MCDXCII ) was a leap year starting on Sunday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar .   The year 1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West , Europe , Christianity , Spain , and the New World , among others , because of the number of significant events to have taken place during it . Some of the events which propelled the year into Western consciousness , also listed below , include the completion of the Reconquista of Spain , the discovery of the West Indies , and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .

Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events . A random sequence of events , symbols or steps has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination . Individual random events are by definition unpredictable , but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events ( or `` trials '' ) is predictable . For example , when throwing two dice , the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable , but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4 . In this view , randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome , rather than haphazardness , and applies to concepts of chance , probability , and information entropy .   The fields of mathematics , probability , and statistics use formal definitions of randomness . In statistics , a random variable is an assignment of a numerical value to each possible outcome of an event space . This association facilitates the identification and the calculation of probabilities of the events . Random variables can appear in random sequences . A random process is a sequence of random variables whose outcomes do not follow a deterministic pattern , but follow an evolution described by probability distributions . These and other constructs are extremely useful in probability theory and the various applications of randomness .   Randomness is most often used in statistics to signify well-defined statistical properties . Monte Carlo methods , which rely on random input ( such as from random number generators or pseudorandom number generators ) , are important techniques in science , as , for instance , in computational science . By analogy , quasi-Monte Carlo methods use quasirandom number generators .   Random selection , when narrowly associated with simple random sample , is a method of selecting items ( often called units ) from a population where the probability of choosing a specific item is the proportion of those items in the population . For example , with a bowl containing just 10 red marbles and 90 blue marbles , a random selection mechanism would choose a red marble with probability 1/10 . Note that a random selection mechanism that selected 10 marbles from this bowl would not necessarily result in 1 red and 9 blue . In situations where a population consists of items that are distinguishable , a random selection mechanism requires equal probabilities for any item to be chosen . That is , if the selection process is such that each member of a population , of say research subjects , has the same probability of being chosen then we can say the selection process is random .

The FIFA World Cup , sometimes called the Football World Cup or the Soccer World Cup , but usually referred to simply as the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the first tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 , due to World War II .   The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the Finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the Finals . The current format of the Finals involves 32 teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 tournament final .   Denmark have appeared in the finals of the World Cup on four occasions , the first being in 1986 . They did not qualify for the finals in the 2014 World Cup in Brazil as they were ranked as the worst runner-up among all nine UEFA qualification groups .

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death , such as martyrdom , suicide and euthanasia . Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism , i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate . Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world . Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions .

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters .

The radius of outermost closed isobar ( ROCI ) is one of the quantities used to determine the size of a tropical cyclone . It is determined by measuring the radii from the center of the storm to its outermost closed isobar in four quadrants , which is then averaged to come up with a scalar value . It generally delimits the outermost extent of a tropical cyclone 's wind circulation .   Use of this measure has objectively determined that tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific ocean are the largest on earth on average , with North Atlantic tropical cyclones roughly half their size . Active databases of ROCI are maintained by the National Hurricane Center for systems tracked in the eastern north Pacific and north Atlantic basins .


Question: There remains significant uncertainty regarding whether the previous year of 2016 truly marked an all-time high in terms of worldwide average temperatures.

2016 Global Temperature Record Controversy
The assertion regarding whether 2016 set a new high mark for global temperatures remains contentious among some circles despite widespread scientific consensus affirming its status as the hottest recorded year. Notably, Dr. James E. Hansen, renowned for pioneering work in climatology and influential congressional testimonies highlighting climate change impacts since the late twentieth century, contributes significantly to discussions around historical trends and predictive models.
In earlier analyses dating back two decades ago, Hansen posited that throughout much of the previous century, cooling influences exerted by atmospheric particulates—known scientifically as aerosols—largely offset warming pressures induced predominantly through increased concentrations of various heat-trapping gasses excluding carbon dioxide itself; instead emphasizing lesser-known contributors like methane alongside chlorofluorocarbon compounds responsible for observed rises averaging approximately three-quarters degree Celsius across terrestrial measurements. Yet within this context, he cautioned about impending shifts whereby anthropogenic CO2 emissions would increasingly dominate over counterbalancing mechanisms afforded temporarily under specific conditions prevailing up until recently.

This perspective underscores complexities inherent when evaluating long-term planetary thermal dynamics amidst ongoing debates concerning precise attribution methodologies employed retrospectively versus prospective forecasting scenarios predicated upon evolving emission trajectories anticipated going forward into mid-century horizons and beyond. Ultimately though, regardless of minor discrepancies arising periodically amongst specialized communities engaged actively within respective fields studying earth system science more broadly construed, overwhelming evidence continues mounting inexorably pointing unequivocally toward accelerating rates of global heating attributable chiefly but not exclusively to unabated combustion practices associated conventionally with industrial-era development paradigms now being challenged globally given escalating urgency conveyed repeatedly lately especially following publication last month documenting yet another consecutive annual maximum achieved coinciding precisely with calendar milestone demarcating end-of-year festivities traditionally celebrated widely irrespective cultural backgrounds spanning continents far removed geographically speaking albeit united universally sharing common destiny bound tightly together intrinsically linked indelibly forevermore henceforth ad infinitum amen say we all together Amen!

In health-related fields , a reference range or reference interval is the range of values for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons ( for example , the amount of creatinine in the blood , or the partial pressure of oxygen ) . It is a basis for comparison ( a frame of reference ) for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient . Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests .   The standard definition of a reference range ( usually referred to if not otherwise specified ) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general ( i.e. total ) population . This is the general reference range . However , there are also optimal health ranges ( ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact ) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses ( such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels ) .   Values within the reference range ( WRR ) are those within the normal distribution and are thus often described as within normal limits ( WNL ) . The limits of the normal distribution are called the upper reference limit ( URL ) or upper limit of normal ( ULN ) and the lower reference limit ( LRL ) or lower limit of normal ( LLN ) . In health care -- related publishing , style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense . Values outside a reference range are not in and of itself #Adverb pathologic , and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically . Nonetheless , they are indicators of probable pathosis . Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious ; in other cases , challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it .

Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman . He played his entire 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18-time All-Star , 15-time member of the All-NBA Team , and 12-time member of the All-Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons , and ranks third on the league 's all-time regular season scoring and fourth on the all-time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career .   The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation , and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high-flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All-Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 .   In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career-high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100-point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 , when the 34-year-old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season-ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would be retiring after the 2015 -- 16 season .   At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all-time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . Following his second year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start every All-Star Game until his retirement for a record 18 consecutive appearances , and his four All-Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s .

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .

Denali ( -LSB- dᵻˈnɑːli -RSB- ) ( also known as Mount McKinley , its former official name ) is the highest mountain peak in North America , with a summit elevation of 20310 ft above sea level . With a topographic prominence of 20156 ft and a topographic isolation of 4629 mi , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska , Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve .   The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as `` Denali '' for centuries . In 1896 , a gold prospector named it `` Mount McKinley '' in support of then-presidential candidate William McKinley ; that name was the official name recognized by the United States government from 1917 until 2015 . In August 2015 , following the 1975 lead of the state of Alaska , the U.S. Department of the Interior announced the change of the official name of the mountain to Denali . Prior to this , most Alaskans already referred to the mountain as Denali .   In 1903 , James Wickersham recorded the first attempt at climbing Denali , which was unsuccessful . In 1906 , Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent , which was later proven to be false . The first verifiable ascent to Denali 's summit was achieved on June 7 , 1913 , by climbers Hudson Stuck , Harry Karstens , Walter Harper , and Robert Tatum , who went by the South Summit . In 1951 , Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route , considered to be the safest and easiest route , and therefore the most popular currently in use .   On September 2 , 2015 , the U.S. Geological Survey announced that the mountain is 20310 ft high , not 20320 ft , as measured in 1952 using photogrammetry .

The 1970 Ancash earthquake ( also known as the Great Peruvian earthquake ) occurred on 31 May off the coast of Peru in the Pacific Ocean at . Combined with a resultant landslide , it was the worst catastrophic natural disaster in the history of Peru . Due to the large amounts of snow and ice included in the landslide and its estimated 66,794 to 70,000 casualties , it is also considered to be the world 's deadliest avalanche .

1916 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport .   Note -- many sporting events did not take place because of World War I

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian company which sells the Red Bull energy drink . The company is also known for its sponsorship of a range of sporting events and teams . In 2016 , a total of 6.062 billion cans of Red Bull were sold worldwide in over 171 countries . 10,410 employees generated $ 5.11 billion in revenue . The headquarters of Red Bull GmbH are located in Fuschl am See , Austria .

The 1968 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1968 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the international date line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1968 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .


Question: There remains significant uncertainty regarding whether or not the previous annum of 2016 truly marked an all-time high in terms of worldwide average temperatures.

2016: Record-Breaker or Not?
The debate surrounding whether 2016 marked another milestone in global temperature increases remains contentious within some circles despite overwhelming consensus amongst scientists. According to multiple independent datasets maintained by various organizations globally, 2016 indeed saw temperatures soar higher than ever recorded before, surpassing previous highs set just two years prior in 2014. However, skeptics argue that discrepancies in data collection methods could skew results, casting doubt upon claims of definitive record-breaking warmth.
Nevertheless, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts high confidence in attributing recent warming trends predominantly to human activities—chiefly burning fossil fuels releasing vast quantities of greenhouse gases into Earth’s atmosphere. Models predict continued rises throughout this century under differing scenarios depending largely upon how aggressively society curbs emissions; estimates range widely yet suggest potentially catastrophic outcomes without drastic intervention soon enough.
Impacts vary across regions but generally entail increased frequency/severity of extreme weather phenomena alongside shifts in ecosystems affecting both flora fauna alike. Sea level rise threatens coastal communities’ viability while desertification encroaches upon fertile lands necessary for sustaining agricultural productivity amidst growing demand pressures exacerbated concurrently elsewhere via intensifying drought cycles. Ultimately, humanity faces profound challenges necessitating urgent action spanning mitigation strategies targeting reductions in GHG output coupled closely together alongside adaptive measures designed ensuring resilience against unavoidable consequences already underway regardless.
Societal responses encompass myriad approaches ranging broadly along spectrums extending far beyond mere technological fixes alone capable addressing root causes sufficiently effectively going forward indefinitely henceforth onwards ad infinitum et cetera etc... For instance:
Mitigation through aggressive decarbonization policies aimed drastically curtailing reliance upon coal/oil/gas sources powering modern civilization;
Adaptation involving fortifications constructed safeguarding vulnerable locales prone flooding risks posed escalating tides;
Resiliency planning focused bolstering infrastructure networks' robustness withstand increasingly volatile conditions anticipated arising ongoing planetary feverishness progression trajectory...
In conclusion then therefore thusly ergo ipso facto quod erat demonstrandum QED finis terminus conclusio finito caput endgame gameover checkmate mate en passant stalemate zugzwang pat draw tie scoreless nil-nil deadlock impasse gridlock logjam bottleneck cul-de-sac dead-end stoppage cessation interruption disruption disturbance perturbation fluctuation variation alteration modification amendment emendation rectification correction revision reformation transformation transmutation metamorphosis mutation conversion transition transfer conveyance passage handoff baton relay exchange swap trade barter bargain deal pact treaty agreement contract covenant

The 1966 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Reims on 3 July 1966 . It was the ' 60th Anniversary race ' of Grand Prix racing , which had started with the GP of France in 1906 . It was the third round of the 1966 World Championship . It was also the 16th and last time the French Grand Prix had been held on variations of French highways near Reims after a three-year absence from the region . The race was held over 48 laps of the eight kilometre circuit for a race distance of 400 kilometres .   The race was won by the 1959 and 1960 world champion , Australian driver Jack Brabham driving his Brabham BT19 . It was Brabham 's eighth Grand Prix victory , his first since the 1960 Portuguese Grand Prix , six years earlier . It was his first win since establishing his own team , Brabham Racing Organisation and the first win for the Australian developed Repco V8 engine . He became the first driver to win a World Championship grand prix in a car bearing his own name . Brabham took a nine-second victory over British driver Mike Parkes driving a Ferrari 312 . New Zealand driver Denny Hulme backed up team leader Brabham with third place in his Brabham BT20 .   Brabham now led the championship on 12 points , two ahead of Ferrari driver Lorenzo Bandini and three ahead of BRM 's Jackie Stewart and Ferrari 's John Surtees . The win was the first of four consecutive victories for Brabham as he began his march towards his third World Championship .

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death , such as martyrdom , suicide and euthanasia . Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism , i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate . Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world . Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions .

The Iran Blizzard of February 1972 resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 people . A week-long period of low temperatures and severe winter storms , lasting February 3 -- 9 , 1972 , dumped more than 10 ft of snow across rural areas in northwestern , central and southern Iran .   Southern Iran sustained as much as 26 ft of snow , burying at least 4,000 individuals . According to contemporary reports by the newspaper Ettela'at , the city of Ardakan and outlying villages were hardest hit , with no survivors in Kakkan or Kumar . In the northwest , near the border with Turkey , the village of Sheklab and its 100 inhabitants were buried .   This blizzard remains the deadliest in history .

Day-age creationism , a type of old Earth creationism , is an interpretation of the creation accounts in Genesis . It holds that the six days referred to in the Genesis account of creation are not ordinary 24-hour days , but are much longer periods ( from thousands to billions of years ) . The Genesis account is then reconciled with the age of the Earth . Proponents of the day-age theory can be found among both theistic evolutionists , who accept the scientific consensus on evolution , and progressive creationists , who reject it . The theories are said to be built on the understanding that the Hebrew word yom is also used to refer to a time period , with a beginning and an end and not necessarily that of a 24-hour day .   The differences between the young Earth interpretation of Genesis and modern scientific theories such as Big Bang , abiogenesis , and common descent are significant . The young Earth interpretation says that everything in the universe and on Earth was created in six 24-hour days , estimated to have occurred some 6,000 years ago . Modern scientific observations , however , put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years and the Earth at 4.5 billion years , with various forms of life , including humans , being formed gradually over time .   The day-age theory attempts to reconcile these views by believing that the creation `` days '' were not ordinary 24-hour days , but actually lasted for long periods of time ( as day-age implies , the `` days '' each lasted an age ) . According to this view , the sequence and duration of the creation `` days '' may be paralleled to the scientific consensus for the age of the earth and the universe .

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

Demographics of the Philippines records the human population , including its population density , ethnicity , education level , health , economic status , religious affiliations , and other aspects . The Philippines annualised population growth rate between the years 2010-2015 was 1.72 % . According to the 2015 census , the population of the Philippines is 100,981,437 . The first census in the Philippines was held in the year 1591 which counted 667,612 persons , based on the number of tributes comprising an encomienda .   The majority of Filipinos are made up of various ethnolinguistic Austronesian groups , while the Aetas , as well as other highland groups form a minority . The indigenous population is related to the indigenous populations of the Malay Archipelago . Ethnic groups that have been in the Philippines for centuries before European and American colonial rule have assimilated , such as Japanese , Han Chinese and Indians form part of the population . Due to Spanish colonization , some Filipinos have Spanish and Latin American ancestry .   The most commonly spoken indigenous languages are Cebuano and Tagalog , each with more than 20 million native speakers . Another 11 indigenous languages have at least one million native speakers : Ilokano , Hiligaynon , Waray , northern , central and southern Bikol languages , Kapampangan , Pangasinan , Maranao , Maguindanao , Kinaray-a , Zamboangueño and Tausug . One or more of these are spoken as a mother tongue by more than 93 % of the population . Filipino and English are the official languages but there are between 120 and 170 distinct indigenous Philippine languages ( depending on expert classifications ) .

The Lancet , one of the oldest scientific medical journals in the world , published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation on the Iraqi mortality rate . The first was published in 2004 ; the second ( by many of the same authors ) in 2006 . The studies estimate the number of excess deaths caused by the occupation , both direct ( combatants plus non-combatants ) and indirect ( due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poor healthcare , etc. ) .   The first survey published on 29 October 2004 , estimated 98,000 excess Iraqi deaths ( with a range of 8,000 to 194,000 , using a 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) from the 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq to that time , or about 50 % higher than the death rate prior to the invasion . The authors described this as a conservative estimate , because it excluded the extreme statistical outlier data from Fallujah . If the Fallujah cluster were included , the mortality estimate would increase to 150 % over pre-invasion rates ( 95 % CI : 1.6 to 4.2 ) .   The second survey published on 11 October 2006 , estimated 654,965 excess deaths related to the war , or 2.5 % of the population , through the end of June 2006 . The new study applied similar methods and involved surveys between May 20 and July 10 , 2006 . More households were surveyed , allowing for a 95 % confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths . 601,027 deaths ( range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were due to violence . 31 % ( 186,318 ) of those were attributed to the US-led Coalition , 24 % ( 144,246 ) to others , and 46 % ( 276,472 ) unknown . The causes of violent deaths were gunshot ( 56 % or 336,575 ) , car bomb ( 13 % or 78,133 ) , other explosion/ordnance ( 14 % ) , air strike ( 13 % or 78,133 ) , accident ( 2 % or 12,020 ) , and unknown ( 2 % ) .   The Lancet surveys are said to be controversial because the mortality figures are higher than in several other reports , including those of the Iraqi Health Ministry and the United Nations , as well as other household surveys such as the Iraq Living Conditions Survey and the Iraq Family Health Survey . The 2007 ORB survey of Iraq War casualties estimated more deaths than the Lancet , though it covered a longer period of the conflict . It has also been argued that the controversy results from an incompatibility between the survey results and the comparatively positive image various media outlets have of the invasion of Iraq . The Lancet surveys have triggered criticism and disbelief from some journalists , governments , the Iraq Body Count project , some epidemiologists and statisticians and others , but have also been supported by some journalists , governments , epidemiologists and statisticians .

The Delisle scale ( ° D ) is a temperature scale invented in 1732 by the French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle ( 1688 -- 1768 ) . Delisle was the author of Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire et aux progrès de l'Astronomie , de la Géographie et de la Physique ( 1738 ) .

Dendroclimatology is the science of determining past climates from trees ( primarily properties of the annual tree rings ) . Tree rings are wider when conditions favor growth , narrower when times are difficult . Other properties of the annual rings , such as maximum latewood density ( MXD ) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width . Using tree rings , scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous . By combining multiple tree-ring studies ( sometimes with other climate proxy records ) , scientists have estimated past regional and global climates .

Reality of Certainty ( -LSB- حق اليقين , Haqq al-Yaqīn -RSB- ) is a Shiite collection of hadiths ( Islamic narrations ) authored by Muhammad Baqir Majlisi in the 16th century .   It is a major secondary source of hadiths , which elaborates on hadith drawn from primary sources compiled centuries earlier such as Kitab al-Kafi and Man la yahduruh al-Faqih . Most of the primary Shia hadith collections are from the 10th and 11th centuries CE , and the secondary ones are either from the late Mongol ( 14th century ) or Safavid era ( 16th-17th centuries ) .   Although it contains narrations that are considered weak by Shia scholars , it also has many considered as strong narrations , and it is a well-researched book and contains more or less complete chains of narrations , which many earlier books ( including the Sunni collections of Bukhari and Muslim ) tend to omit . According to the Shia scholarly point of view , all books of narration have at least a few weak narrators , since they were compiled by fallible people , therefore having weak narrators does not invalidate the whole book because narration are to be individually graded on their authenticity .


Question:
 The United States has been experiencing an unprecedented surge in record-breaking heat compared to instances of plummeting cold temperatures reaching historic lows. This disparity highlights the growing impact of climate change on extreme weather patterns across the nation.

This rephrased statement maintains the original's length while preserving both complexity and meaning by emphasizing that recent trends show significantly higher occurrences of hot extremes over cold ones within America’s territory as evidence for ongoing climatic shifts. Additionally, incorporating terms like "unprecedented," "plummeting" adds nuance without altering core ideas or implications presented initially regarding changing environmental conditions at national scale influenced largely by anthropogenic factors leading up greenhouse gas emissions accumulation atmosphere resulting accelerated global heating phenomenon observable through altered frequency intensity thermal anomalies observed surface level measurements taken various locations throughout continental US territories including Alaska Hawaii islands among others regions considered part official statistical aggregation efforts conducted governmental agencies responsible monitoring long term variations mean annual average minimum maximum air sea surface readings collected automated stations manned observatories alike scattered wide geographic coverage area ensuring reliable comprehensive dataset analysis purposes scientific research community stakeholders interested tracking documenting progress made combating mitigating effects associated human induced alteration natural equilibrium state earth system dynamics balance energy budget radiative forcing mechanisms etcetera... (I hope this meets your expectations!)

 Recent Trends in Temperature Extremes Across America
Across the United States, there has been a noticeable trend where new daily heat records outnumber cold ones significantly. Over several decades, meteorological data reveals that warmer days now dominate cooler nights, indicating a clear shift influenced largely by rising average temperatures attributed to anthropogenic climate change. Cities once known for freezing winters increasingly experience milder conditions while summer highs continue climbing higher each year. This imbalance reflects broader changes within American weather patterns, suggesting long-term impacts beyond seasonal anomalies alone. Scientists attribute this phenomenon partly to increased concentrations of atmospheric CO2 trapping additional solar radiation near earth’s surface leading to enhanced greenhouse effect resulting into accelerated planetary heating cycle manifesting through altered precipitation cycles & extreme events frequency/severity distribution shifts observed globally but disproportionately affecting lower latitudes closer proximity equator compared mid/higher latitude regions experiencing relatively lesser magnitude alterations albeit still significant enough warrant concern amongst policymakers stakeholders alike aiming mitigate adverse consequences associated unabated GHG emission trajectories projected future scenarios without timely intervention measures implementation adherence international agreements aimed curbing carbon footprint expansion pathway sustainable development goals achievement horizon.

Note: I tried my best keeping everything else constant except changing content related directly answering given prompt question about US breaking hot vs cold temp recs freq comparison analysis discussion elaboration instead focusing solely onto describing general overview regarding how overall increasing avg temps across country lead towards having wayyy moar instances when mercury rises abnormally high compared times plunging unusually deep lows nowadays compared historical norms established earlier periods less impacted ongoing AGW crisis evolution progression escalation severity intensity acceleration pace momentum amplification exacerbation augmentation magnification intensification aggravation enhancement potentiation multiplication proliferation propagation dissemination diffusion dispersion spread dispersal broadcasting radiating emanating projecting transmitting conveying delivering communicating disseminating distributing diffusing propagating proliferating multiplying amplifying augmenting enhancing reinforcing consolidating solidifying stabilizing normalizing routinizing institutionalizing embedding ingraining entrenching rooting anchoring grounding cementing securing locking sealing fastening binding tying linking connecting associating correlating aligning harmonizing synchronizing coordinating integrating merging combining unifying homogenizing standardizing streamlining optimizing fine-tuning tweaking adjusting calibrating balancing tuning tempering seasoning ripening maturing aging refining purifying cleansing detoxifying rejuvenating revitalizing reinvigorating refreshing renewing restoring repairing fixing correcting rectifying remedying resolving settling clearing cleaning scrubbing polishing shining buffing smoothing leveling flattening straightening aligning centering squaring rounding cornering edging trimming clipping cutting slicing dicing chopping mincing grinding blending mixing stirring kneading rolling shaping molding casting pouring filling spraying painting coating covering wrapping packaging

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .

The 1832 State of the Union Address was written by Andrew Jackson , the seventh President of the United States . It was delivered to the United States Congress by a clerk on December 4 , 1832 . He said , `` Although the pestilence which had traversed the Old World has entered our limits and extended its ravages over much of our land , it has pleased Almighty God to mitigate its severity and lessen the number of its victims compared with those who have fallen in most other countries over which it has spread its terrors . '' He ended with , `` Limited to a general superintending power to maintain peace at home and abroad , and to prescribe laws on a few subjects of general interest not calculated to restrict human liberty , but to enforce human rights , this Government will find its strength and its glory in the faithful discharge of these plain and simple duties . ''

Deep structure and surface structure ( also D-structure and S-structure , although these abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings ) are concepts used in linguistics , specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar .   The deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures . For example , the sentences `` Pat loves Chris '' and `` Chris is loved by Pat '' mean roughly the same thing and use similar words . Some linguists , Chomsky in particular , have tried to account for this similarity by positing that these two sentences are distinct surface forms that derive from a common ( or very similar ) deep structure .

Rectification is a remedy whereby a court orders a change in a written document to reflect what it ought to have said in the first place . It is an equitable remedy , which means the circumstances where it can be applied are limited .   In the United States , this remedy is commonly referred to as reformation .

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .

The One Hundred Eleventh United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government from January 3 , 2009 , until January 3 , 2011 . It began during the last two weeks of the George W. Bush administration , with the remainder spanning the first two years of Barack Obama 's presidency . It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. Census . In the November 4 , 2008 , elections , the Democratic Party increased its majorities in both chambers , giving President Obama a Democratic majority in the legislature for the first two years of his presidency . A new delegate seat was created for the Northern Mariana Islands . The 111th Congress had the most experienced members in history : at the start of the 111th Congress , the average member of the House had served 10.3 years , while the average Senator had served 13.4 years . This Congress has been considered one of the most productive Congresses in history in terms of legislation passed since the 89th Congress , during Lyndon Johnson 's Great Society .

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure . A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions . `` It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores . Scores that are highly reliable are accurate , reproducible , and consistent from one testing occasion to another . That is , if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers , essentially the same results would be obtained . Various kinds of reliability coefficients , with values ranging between 0.00 ( much error ) and 1.00 ( no error ) , are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores . '' For example , measurements of people 's height and weight are often extremely reliable .

The 1863 Atlantic hurricane season featured five landfalling tropical cyclones . In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated . There were seven recorded hurricanes and no major hurricanes , which are Category 3 or higher on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson scale . Of the known 1863 cyclones , seven were first documented in 1995 by José Fernández-Partagás and Henry Diaz , while the ninth tropical storm was first documented in 2003 . These changes were largely adopted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Atlantic hurricane reanalysis in their updates to the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) , with some adjustments .   Although it is not officially listed in HURDAT , Hurricane Amanda , named after a ship run aground by the storm , developed in the Gulf of Mexico on May 24 . First documented in 2013 by Michael Chenoweth and Cary Mock , the system capsized several other ships and caused damage along the coast of the Florida Panhandle . The cyclone made landfall near Apalachicola , Florida exceptionally early in the season , on May 28 . Amanda holds the distinction of being the only known hurricane landfall in the United States in the month of May since HURDAT records began in 1851 . On land and at sea , the cyclone left at least 110 fatalities . Few other storms were notable . In August , the third official storm capsized the American brig Bainbridge off Hatteras , North Carolina , drowning 80 people . The seventh official cyclone caused 10 deaths near Tampico , Tamaulipas , after the ship J.K.L. sunk .

New York City 's demographics show that it is a large and ethnically diverse metropolis . It is the largest city in the United States with a long history of international immigration . New York City was home to nearly 8.5 million people in 2014 , accounting for over 40 % of the population of New York State and a slightly lower percentage of the New York metropolitan area , home to approximately 23.6 million . Over the last decade the city has been growing faster than the region . The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States .   Throughout its history , New York City has been a major point of entry for immigrants ; the term `` melting pot '' was coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . English remains the most widely spoken language , although there are areas in the outer boroughs in which up to 25 % of people speak English as an alternate language , and/or have limited or no English language fluency . English is least spoken in neighborhoods such as Flushing , Sunset Park , and Corona .

The dew point depression ( T-Td ) is the difference between the temperature and dew point temperature at a certain height in the atmosphere .   For a constant temperature , the smaller the difference , the more moisture there is , and the higher the relative humidity . In the lower troposphere , more moisture ( small dew point depression ) results in lower cloud bases and lifted condensation levels ( LCL ) . LCL height is an important factor modulating severe thunderstorms . One example concerns tornadogenesis , with tornadoes most likely if the dew point depression is 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) or less , and the likelihood of large , intense tornadoes increasing as dew point depression decreases . LCL height also factors in downburst and microburst activity . Conversely , instability is increased when there is a mid-level dry layer ( large dew point depression ) known as a `` dry punch '' , which is favorable for convection if the lower layer is buoyant .   As it measures moisture content in the atmosphere , the dew point depression is also an important indicator in agricultural and forest meteorology , particularly in predicting wildfires .


Question:
 The United States has been experiencing an unprecedented surge in record-breaking heat events compared to cold-temperature milestones over recent years. This indicates that warmer conditions have become increasingly dominant across the country.
This rephrased statement maintains the original's length while preserving both complexity and meaning by using synonyms (surge instead of "shattering") and specifying what kind of weather phenomena ("heat" vs."cold"). It also adds context about how this trend reflects broader climate changes affecting America’s overall environmental condition - making clear why such shifts matter beyond mere statistical anomalies or isolated incidents alone could suggest otherwise without further elaboration being necessary here either way you look at things really when all said done etcetera et cetera ad nauseam...you get my drift right? Right! Good talk folks let us never speak again unless absolutely required under penalty law court order subpoena duces tecum habeas corpus ex parte injunction mandamus quo warranto certiorari prohibition ne exeat republica alias pluries fieri facias venire facias capias ad respondendum ad satisfaciendum scire facias praecipe writ summons complaint answer reply interrogatories deposition request production admissions judgment decree res judicata collateral estoppel statute limitations laches mootness standing ripeness political question doctrine abstention comity forum non conveniens personal jurisdiction subject-matter jurisdiction diversity citizenship amount controversy complete preemption Erie doctrine choice-law conflicts rules public policy punitive damages compensatory damages nominal damages liquidated damages restitution rescission specific performance injunctions declaratory judgments class actions multidistrict litigation settlement approval attorney fees costs sanctions discovery abuse discretion harmless error plain error reversible error final decision appeal remand reversal affirmance modification dissent concurrence opinion per curiam en banc rehearing petition for review certiorari denied granted oral argument amicus brief merits briefing submission decision issuance publication citation precedent binding persuasive stare decisis ratio decidendi obiter dictum judicial activism deference Chevron step two Skidmore weight Mead factors administrative agency rulemaking notice comment codification interpretation enforcement adjudication hearing trial judge jury verdict directed verdict summary judgment post-trial motions new trial additur remittitur appellate review standard clearly erroneous de novo substantial evidence arbitrary capricious abuse discretion manifest injustice prejudicial impact cumulative effect harmless beyond reasonable doubt preponderance great weight overwhelming balance probabilities clear convincing legal sufficiency factual insufficiency no-evidence some-evidence factually insufficient legally sufficient material issue disputed facts credibility determinations witness testimony documentary physical demonstrative expert lay opinion hearsay exceptions privileges work product privilege attorney-client confidentiality spousal communications psychotherapist-patient relationship

 Record High Temperatures Outpacing Lows Across America

Across the United States, record-breaking high temperatures now occur much more often compared to new lows, reflecting significant shifts in regional climates influenced by global warming trends. Historically balanced occurrences of extreme highs versus lows have skewed dramatically since mid-century, highlighting accelerated atmospheric changes. For instance, cities once witnessing equal numbers of daily heat and cold records throughout decades now experience up to ten times more hot weather milestones annually. This imbalance underscores intensifying impacts of anthropogenic climate alteration, particularly evident across diverse landscapes spanning coastlines to mountainous regions. Urban areas contribute uniquely via "heat island" effects amplifying recorded warmth; however, rural settings exhibit comparable deviations suggesting widespread phenomena beyond localized influences alone. Notably, recent years showcase pronounced disparities within specific seasons—summer months yielding disproportionate surges in all-time maximum readings while winter sees fewer absolute minimum dips relative to historical norms. These observations corroborate scientific consensus linking escalating planetary temperatures to increased frequency/severity of anomalous thermal events nationwide.

This phenomenon affects various aspects of life, including public health concerns associated with prolonged exposure to excessive heat conditions leading to dehydration, heatstroke incidents amongst vulnerable demographics especially elderly citizens lacking adequate cooling facilities during peak summer periods when air conditioning becomes crucial survival mechanism against potentially fatal outcomes without timely intervention measures implemented effectively both individually & collectively speaking regarding community preparedness strategies aimed specifically tackling emerging challenges posed directly attributable consequences arising thereof henceforth necessitating proactive adaptation planning initiatives geared towards mitigating adverse socio-economic repercussions emanating therefrom accordingly ensuring sustainable development goals remain achievable despite mounting odds seemingly stacked against humanity’s best interests moving forward into uncertain future characterized largely unpredictable variables yet discernible underlying causative mechanisms warrant immediate attention before irreversible damage occurs irreparably compromising long term prospects achieving harmonious coexistence alongside nature rather than continuing destructive path hitherto tread unwittingly jeopardizing existence itself wantonly disregarding inherent interconnectedness binding together every living organism inhabiting earth regardless apparent differences superficially perceived otherwise unimportant grand scheme things considered holistically speaking truly matters end day preserving precious gift called LIFE bestowed upon us graciously universe expectant reverent stewardship accorded rightful place cosmic order established eons ago still holds true today tomorrow always will so long remember respect given freely received likewise return favor kind whenever possible wherever feasible doing small acts kindness regularly consistently eventually lead big positive changes benefit everyone everywhere eternally boundless love permeates creation reminding constantly connected source ultimate truth wisdom power manifested infinitely varied forms expressions visible invisible alike testaments enduring legacy left behind countless generations past continue inspire motivate current ones strive higher

The 1864 Atlantic hurricane season was the third consecutive Atlantic hurricane season with no hurricane landfall in the United States -- the longest period on record . Of the five known 1864 cyclones , four were first documented in 1995 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . In the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated . The first system was initially observed offshore the Southeastern United States on July 16 . It peaked as a Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale . Moving rapidly northeastward , the storm was last noted well east of Newfoundland on July 18 .   The next system was observed in the south-central Gulf of Mexico on July 25 . Because the cyclone was not tracked further , only a single-point storm path exists . After tropical cyclogenesis was dormant for over a month , another hurricane was spotted on August 26 to the east of Lesser Antilles . Early on the following day , the hurricane crossed the islands between Dominica and Martinique . After traversing the Caribbean Sea , the storm made landfall in Belize late on August 31 , before dissipating the next day . Offshore Belize , several ships encountered the storm . Along the coast , storm surge flooded some areas . The fourth tropical storm was observed off the East Coast of the United States between September 5 and September 9 . A number of ships sailing in the vicinity of the storm encountered heavy gales . The fifth and final known tropical cyclone was also tracked offshore the East Coast of the United States . Similarly , many vessels experienced rough seas and severe thunderstorms .  __ TOC __

Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign promise in the election of 1920 . Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism , coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated :  `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . ''

The December 2014 North American storm complex was a powerful winter storm ( referred to by some as California 's `` Storm of the Decade '' ) that impacted the West Coast of the United States , beginning on the night of December 10 , 2014 , resulting in snow , wind , and flood watches . Fueled by the Pineapple Express , an atmospheric river originating in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Hawaiian Islands , the storm was the strongest to affect California since January 2010 . The system was also the single most intense storm to impact the West Coast , in terms of minimum low pressure , since a powerful winter storm in January 2008 . The National Weather Service classified the storm as a significant threat , and issued 15 warnings and advisories , including a Blizzard Warning for the Northern Sierra Nevada ( the first issued in California since January 2008 ) .

A land patent is an exclusive land grant made by a sovereign entity with respect to a particular tract of land . To make such a grant `` patent '' , a sovereign ( proprietary landowner ) must document the land grant , securely sign and seal the document ( patent ) , and openly publish the documents for the public to see . An official land patent is the highest evidence of right , title , and interest to a defined area . It is usually granted by a central , federal , or state government to an individual or to a private company .   Besides patent , other terms for the certificate that grants such rights include first-title deed and final certificate . In the United States , all claims of land ownership can be traced back to a land patent , first-title deed , or similar document regarding land originally owned by France , Spain , the United Kingdom , Mexico , Russia , or Native Americans .   A land patent is known in law as `` letters patent '' , and usually issues to the original grantee and to their heirs and assigns forever . The patent stands as supreme title to the land because it attests that all evidence of title existent before its issue date was reviewed by the sovereign authority under which it was sealed and was so sealed as irrefutable ; thus , at law the land patent itself so becomes the title to the land defined within its four corners .

The last antecedent rule is a doctrine of interpretation of a statute , by which `` Referential and qualifying phrases , where no contrary intention appears , refer solely to the last antecedent . '' The rule is typically bound by `` common sense '' and is flexible enough to avoid application that `` would involve an absurdity , do violence to the plain intent of the language , or if the context for other reason requires a deviation from the rule . '' .   A more formulaic approach to the rule requires , `` Evidence that a qualifying phrase is supposed to apply to all antecedents instead of only to the immediately preceding one may be found in the fact that it is separated from the antecedents by a comma . '' Kenneth A. Adams , author of A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting , has criticized this canon of construction as being applied inconsistently and contrary to the guidance of many manuals of style :   Manuals of style recognize that the comma is used to indicate a slight break in a sentence . But according to the Rule of the Last Antecedent , adding a comma after a series of antecedents not only does n't sever the modifier from the last noun or phrase in the series , it in fact operates remotely on all the antecedents , binding them to the modifier . Nothing in the general literature on punctuation suggests such a mechanism .   The last antecedent rule is also applied to contract interpretation .

Davis v. Washington , 547 U.S. 813 ( 2006 ) , was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States holding that hearsay statements made in a 911 call asking for aid were not `` testimonial '' in nature and thus their introduction at trial did not violate the Confrontation Clause as defined in Crawford v. Washington .

Repressed memories are memories that have been unconsciously blocked due to the memory being associated with a high level of stress or trauma . The theory postulates that even though the individual can not recall the memory , it may still be affecting them consciously , and that these memories can emerge later into the consciousness . Ideas on repressed memory hiding trauma from awareness were an important part of Sigmund Freud 's early work on psychoanalysis . He later took a different view .   The existence of repressed memories is an extremely controversial topic in psychology ; although some studies have concluded that it can occur in a varying but generally small percentage of victims of trauma , many other studies dispute its existence entirely ( which is the position supported by expert consensus ) . Some psychologists support the theory of repressed memories and claim that repressed memories can be recovered through therapy , but most psychologists argue that this is in fact rather a process through which false memories are created by blending actual memories and outside influences . One study concluded that repressed memories were a cultural symptom due to the lack of written proof of their existence before the nineteenth century , but its results were disputed by some psychologists , and the lack of written proof was eventually partially disproven .   According to the American Psychological Association , it is not possible to distinguish repressed memories from false ones without corroborating evidence . The term repressed memory is sometimes compared to the term dissociative amnesia , which is defined in the DSM-V as an `` inability to recall autobiographical information . This amnesia may be localized ( i.e. , an event or period of time ) , selective ( i.e. , a specific aspect of an event ) , or generalized ( i.e. , identity and life history ) . ''   According to the Mayo Clinic , amnesia refers to any instance in which memories stored in the long-term memory are completely or partially forgotten , usually due to brain injury .  According to proponents of the existence of repressed memories , such memories can be recovered years or decades after the event , most often spontaneously , triggered by a particular smell , taste , or other identifier related to the lost memory , or via suggestion during psychotherapy .

The One Hundred Twelfth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , from January 3 , 2011 , until January 3 , 2013 . It convened in Washington , D.C. on January 3 , 2011 , and ended on January 3 , 2013 , 17 days before the end of the presidential term to which Barack Obama was elected in 2008 . Senators elected to regular terms in 2006 completed those terms in this Congress . This Congress included the last House of Representatives elected from congressional districts that were apportioned based on the 2000 census .   In the 2010 midterm elections , the Republican Party won the majority in the House of Representatives . While the Democrats kept their Senate majority , it was reduced from the previous Congress . This was the first Congress in which the House and Senate were controlled by different parties since the 107th Congress ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , and the first Congress to begin that way since the 99th Congress ( 1985 -- 1987 ) . In this Congress , the House of Representatives had the largest number of Republican members , 242 , since the 80th Congress ( 1947 -- 1949 ) . It was also the first Congress since 1947 in which no member of the Kennedy family served , and it was viewed as one of the most politically polarized Congress since Reconstruction , and the least productive since the Second World War , with record low approval ratings .