Question:
 Upon considering the comprehensive expenses linked to utilizing coal and non-renewable resources, encompassing environmental degradation and medical repercussions, it becomes evident that these traditional power generation methods actually incur notably higher expenditures compared to sustainable alternatives.
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 Renewable Energy vs Coal: True Costs Unveiled
When comparing renewable energy sources against traditional coal and fossil fuels, accounting for indirect expenses reveals renewables' superior economic viability. Beyond mere operational fees, considering externalities—like healthcare burdens from air pollutants and environmental degradation—paints a clearer picture. Renewables often emerge victorious in cost-effectiveness analyses despite common misconceptions favoring fossil fuels.
Coal combustion releases harmful particulates and toxic chemicals, impacting respiratory health and contributing to premature deaths globally. Such adverse outcomes translate into significant medical expenditures borne by societies. Moreover, addressing pollution mitigation incurs additional financial strain. Contrarily, clean energies minimize detrimental health impacts while offering competitive pricing once comprehensive assessments factor in societal welfare.
Wind farms exemplify how green solutions can rival conventional alternatives without compromising affordability. Solar panels harness sunlight efficiently, converting it directly into usable electrical current without generating hazardous waste products typical of non-renewable counterparts. Hydroelectric dams exploit flowing waters’ kinetic force to spin turbines, creating substantial amounts of power sustainably.
Incorporating lifecycle assessment methodologies highlights renewables’ edge even before market penetration reaches maturity stages. Lifecycle costing encompasses raw material extraction through disposal phases, ensuring fair comparisons devoid of biases prevalent within narrow-scope evaluations. Here too, alternative strategies demonstrate resilience alongside diminishing resource availability concerns plaguing finite reserves.
Economic models projecting future scenarios indicate robust returns-on-investment achievable via strategic investments aligned with decarbonization goals. Governments incentivizing adoption through subsidies, tax breaks, feed-in tariffs encourage private sector participation fostering innovation cycles essential for technological advancements. Public-private partnerships streamline regulatory frameworks enabling smoother transitions away from dependency upon volatile commodities markets subject to geopolitical tensions.
Sustainability advocates argue embracing cleaner pathways ensures long-term stability amidst growing uncertainties surrounding supply chain disruptions exacerbated by climate change repercussions. Conversely, critics maintain reliance upon established infrastructure mitigates risks inherent to nascent industries characterized by higher upfront capital requirements relative to matured sectors. Nevertheless, empirical evidence gleaned across diverse geographical contexts corroborates assertions underscoring renewables’ transformative potential capable of revolutionizing contemporary paradigms predicated upon extractivism ideologies perpetuating ecological crises.
Historical precedents underscore humanity’s capability to overcome formidable challenges presented by paradigm shifts necessitating collective action transcending national boundaries. Analogous trajectories witnessed throughout Industrial Revolution epochs suggest feasible transition trajectories awaiting realization contingent upon visionary leadership committed to stewardship principles safeguarding planetary integrity for posterity generations inheriting shared legacy defined by intergenerational equity considerations paramount amongst overarching objectives delineated within Sustainable Development Agenda promulgations endorsed unanimously by international community representatives convened periodically pursuant

Registration fee is a term which refers to a sum of money required to enroll on an official register . It is generally intended to defray the cost of administration but may include damage deposits or taxes .   The term particularly refers to a fee levied on property transactions by state governments in India .   Category : Pricing

The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world , particularly the United States , Canada , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , faced substantial petroleum shortages , real and perceived , as well as elevated prices . The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis , when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports .   The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s . World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979 .   The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply . Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world .   The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged . Although there were genuine concerns with supply , part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis . The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation .   By the 1980s , both the recessions of the 1970s and adjustments in local economies to become more efficient in petroleum usage , controlled demand sufficiently for petroleum prices worldwide to return to more sustainable levels .   The period was not uniformly negative for all economies . Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the slowing production in other areas of the world . Some other countries , such as Norway , Mexico , and Venezuela , benefited as well . In the United States , Texas and Alaska , as well as some other oil-producing areas , experienced major economic booms due to soaring oil prices even as most of the rest of the nation struggled with the stagnant economy . Many of these economic gains , however , came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s .

The Renewable Energy Association is a trade association for the ( overall ) renewables industry in the UK . The REA is a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee . The REA is primarily funded from member subscriptions .

Many countries offer subsidies to their railways because of the social and economic benefits that it brings . Those countries usually also fund or subsidize road construction , and therefore effectively subsidize road transport as well . Rail subsidies vary in both size and how they are distributed , with some countries funding the infrastructure and others funding trains and their operators , while others have a mixture of both . Subsidies can be used for either investment in upgrades and new lines , or to keep lines running that would otherwise be unprofitable .   Rail subsidies are largest in Europe ( $ 73 billion ) and China ( $ 130 billion ) , while the United States has relatively small subsidies for passenger rail and freight is not subsidized at all .

The Kozienice Power Station is a coal-fired thermal power station in Świerże Górne near Kozienice , Poland . It is Poland 's second largest power station with an installed capacity of 2,820 MW .   The power station has one 300 m high flue gas stack , which is one of Poland 's tallest free standing structures , and two 200 m high flue gas stacks . A further remarkable feature of it is that the powerlines running away from its switchyard are built as a roofstand on the top of the power station building . On 4 December 2013 four workers died in a fall , as a result of a platform failure within one of the chimneys .

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

The respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) produced in metabolism and oxygen ( O2 ) used . Humans typically inhale more molecules of oxygen than they exhale of carbon dioxide because air contains much more oxygen by volume .   The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air . Measuring this ratio can be used for estimating the respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , an indicator of which fuel ( carbohydrate or fat ) is being metabolized to supply the body with energy . This estimation is only valid if metabolism is in a steady state .   RER is about 0.8 at rest with a modern diet . This value however , can exceed 1 during intense exercise , as CO2 production by the working muscles becomes greater and more of the inhaled O2 gets used rather than being expelled . During moderate or higher intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise , using RER for estimating RQ loses accuracy because of factors including bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen ions , which affects the CO2 levels being expelled by the respiratory system .   Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the VO2 Max Test and can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing exhaustion and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system . An RER greater than or equal to 1.15 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO2 Max Test .   An RER of 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source , RER of 0.85 suggests a mix of fat and carbohydrates , and a value of 1.00 or above is indicative of carbohydrate being the predominant fuel source .   Oxidation of a molecule of Carbohydrate  6 O2 + C6H12O6 = > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2/6 O2 = 1.0   Oxidation of a molecule of Fatty Acid  23 O2 + C16H32O2 = > 16 CO2 + 16 H2O + 129 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2/23 O2 = 0.7

France has a target of producing 23 % of its total energy needs from renewable energy by 2020 under its commitment to the renewable energy directive . This figure breaks down to renewable energy providing 33 % of energy used in the heating and cooling sector , 27 % of the electricity sector and 10.5 % of the transport sector 's demand . By year end 2014 renewable energy provided France with 14.3 % of its total energy requirements , a rise from 9.6 % in 2005 .   Historically the electricity sector in France has been dominated by the country 's longstanding commitment to nuclear power . However the publication of the Oct 2016 `` Programmation pluriannuelle de l'énergie '' shows a commitment to rebalancing the electricity mix towards renewables . The report underlines the fact that by 2025 more than half of Frances nuclear power capacity will come from stations that will be 40 years or older , and subject to either further work to extend their operation or closure . Renewable electricity capacity is planned to grow from 41 GW in 2014 to between 71 and 78 GW by 2023 .   A key component of France 's renewable target is a commitment to greatly increase energy efficiency , particularly in the field of buildings and thermal insulation where heat wastage is targeted to be reduced by the reference scenario of 38 % in consumption by 2020 . The ambition is also to create the emergence of new trades and changes to existing trades to enable green growth to provide efficiency savings and new renewable energy services . The PPE plan targets the reduction the consumption of primary fossil energy by 22 % in 2023 from 2012 levels ( reference scenario ) or a fallback scenario of an 11 % reduction under less favourable conditions ( variant scenario ) . In terms of the reduction in primary consumption , petroleum products are targeted to fall by 23 % between 2012 and 2023 ( reference scenario ) or 9.5 % ( variant scenario ) , gas by 16 % ( 9 % variant scenario ) and coal by 37 % ( 30 % variant scenario ) .   In the transport sector France has a range of initiatives designed to promote renewable energy use and increase efficiency . These include changing transport behaviour such as targeting 10 % of tele-worked days by 2030 to reduce consumption . By 2023 the country aims to have a fleet of 2.4 million rechargeable electric and hybrid vehicles , as well as a 3 % of NGV heavy duty vehicles . Biofuels blended with petrol are set for 1.8 % in 2018 and 3.4 % in 2023 , and for diesel 1 % in 2018 and 2.3 % in 2023 . By 2030 non road freight transport is targeted to reach 20 % of all goods . Initiatives to increase walking and cycling are also being undertaken . Car pooling and digital services will be promoted to increase occupancy rates to between 1.8 and 2 people by 2030 as well as experimentation with and the development of autonomous vehicles , particularly in public transport .

Deployment cost -- benefit selection in physiology concerns the costs and benefits of physiological process that can be deployed and selected in regard to whether they will increase or not an animal 's survival and biological fitness . Variably deployable physiological processes relate mostly to processes that defend or clear infections as these are optional while also having high costs and circumstance linked benefits . They include immune system responses , fever , antioxidants and the plasma level of iron . Notable determining factors are life history stage , and resource availability .

Data envelopment analysis ( DEA ) is a nonparametric method in operations research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers . It is used to empirically measure productive efficiency of decision making units ( or DMUs ) . Although DEA has a strong link to production theory in economics , the tool is also used for benchmarking in operations management , where a set of measures is selected to benchmark the performance of manufacturing and service operations . In the circumstance of benchmarking , the efficient DMUs , as defined by DEA , may not necessarily form a `` production frontier '' , but rather lead to a `` best-practice frontier '' ( Cook , Tone and Zhu , 2014 ) . DEA is referred to as `` balanced benchmarking '' by Sherman and Zhu ( 2013 ) . Non-parametric approaches have the benefit of not assuming a particular functional form/shape for the frontier , however they do not provide a general relationship ( equation ) relating output and input . There are also parametric approaches which are used for the estimation of production frontiers ( see Lovell & Schmidt 1988 for an early survey ) . These require that the shape of the frontier be guessed beforehand by specifying a particular function relating output to input . One can also combine the relative strengths from each of these approaches in a hybrid method ( Tofallis , 2001 ) where the frontier units are first identified by DEA and then a smooth surface is fitted to these . This allows a best-practice relationship between multiple outputs and multiple inputs to be estimated .   `` The framework has been adapted from multi-input , multi-output production functions and applied in many industries . DEA develops a function whose form is determined by the most efficient producers . This method differs from the Ordinary Least Squares ( OLS ) statistical technique that bases comparisons relative to an average producer . Like Stochastic Frontier Analysis ( SFA ) , DEA identifies a `` frontier '' which are characterized as an extreme point method that assumes that if a firm can produce a certain level of output utilizing specific input levels , another firm of equal scale should be capable of doing the same . The most efficient producers can form a ` composite producer ' , allowing the computation of an efficient solution for every level of input or output . Where there is no actual corresponding firm , ` virtual producers ' are identified to make comparisons '' ( Berg 2010 ) .   Attempts to synthesize DEA and SFA , improving upon their drawbacks , were also made in the literature , via proposing various versions of non-parametric SFA and Stochastic DEA .


Question:
 Upon considering the comprehensive expenses linked to utilizing coal and non-renewable resources, encompassing environmental degradation and medical repercussions, it becomes evident that these traditional power generation methods actually incur notably higher expenditures compared to sustainable alternatives.
```

 Hidden Costs of Fossil Fuels vs Renewables
When evaluating the true cost of energy sources, it becomes evident that accounting for externalities shifts the balance dramatically in favor of renewable energies compared to conventional fossil fuels. These hidden expenses encompass environmental degradation, healthcare burdens stemming from pollution-related illnesses, and societal impacts - aspects typically omitted when comparing sticker prices alone.

Fossil fuels' dominance throughout history hinges largely upon perceived affordability; however, this perspective neglects substantial indirect costs incurred through usage. Airborne pollutants emitted during combustion contribute significantly to respiratory diseases, heart conditions, and premature deaths globally – translating directly into ballooning medical expenditures borne collectively by societies. Moreover, remediation measures aimed at mitigating ecological damage inflicted upon ecosystems necessitate additional financial commitments extending well beyond immediate operational overheads faced within extractive sectors themselves.

Conversely, renewable energy harnesses abundant natural phenomena without depleting finite reserves nor imposing comparable detrimental side-effects onto communities surrounding infrastructure installations. Wind turbines convert kinetic force generated by atmospheric currents into usable electrical output while solar panels exploit radiant flux emanated continuously from celestial bodies alike. Hydroelectric facilities capitalize upon gravitational pull exerted across vast expanses of liquid reservoirs stored behind dam structures designed specifically for this purpose. Geothermally derived warmth extracted via subterranean conduits taps into internal thermal gradients inherent within planetary crust layers offering yet another viable alternative capable of supplementing overall grid demands sustainably long-term.

Furthermore, investment trends indicate growing confidence amongst stakeholders willing to allocate capital towards green initiatives recognizing both short term profitability alongside longer horizon strategic advantages afforded therein. Countries exemplified notably by China & USA lead forefront spearheading advancements made possible thanks partly attributable largesse extended generously underwritten courtesy taxpayer dollars earmarked explicitly thereto. Employment figures suggest upwards seven million individuals presently engaged actively participating various facets comprising broader eco-industry complex spanning manufacturing assembly lines right way up until decommissioning dismantlement operations conducted responsibly ensuring minimal residual impact left lingering post-extraction phase completion cycles elapse accordingly thereafter.

Geopolitical considerations underscore importance diversifying away reliance upon centralized chokepoints prone disruption owing geopolitical tensions periodically flaring intermittently threatening stability otherwise enjoyed uninterrupted access hitherto taken granted heretofore unchallenged supremacy reigned supreme unchecked monopolistic control wielded oligarchic cartels operating unabashedly unfettered regulatory oversight imposed strictly enforced rigorously policed diligently monitored vigilantly safeguarded zealously protected jealously guarded fiercely defended tenaciously clung unto dearly cherished ardently pursued relentlessly sought after doggedly chased tirelessly hunted down ruthlessly

Three distinct coal-fired power stations were built at Deptford on the south bank of the River Thames , the first of which is regarded as the first central high-voltage power station in the world .

Rashi Fein ( February 6 , 1926 -- September 8 , 2014 ) was an American health economist termed ' a father of Medicare ' in the United States and ` an architect of Medicare ' , was Professor of Economics of Medicine , Emeritus , in the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School , and the author of the book Medical Care , Medical Costs : The Search for a Health Insurance Policy ( Harvard University Press , 1986 , 1989 ) .   His work has included : benefit-cost analysis , health care financing , health care workforce policy , health equity , cost containment , the financing of medical education , and health care reform .   He was the brother of Leonard J. Fein , also known as Leibel Fein , an American activist , writer , who had taught political science at MIT and was Deputy Director of the Harvard -- MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies , and who specialized in Jewish social themes . Fein served on the Advisory Committee of the Jewish Alliance for Law and Social Action . Fein died in 2014 of melanoma at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

A renewable energy derivative is based on a new method of securitization , which is a structured finance process that pools and repackages cash-flow-producing financial assets into securities which are then sold to investors . The term `` securitization '' is derived from the fact that securities are used to obtain funds from investors .

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

A raw material , also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material , is a basic material that is used to produce goods , finished products , energy , or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products . As feedstock , the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are highly important with regards to producing other products . An example of this is crude oil , which is a raw material and a feedstock used in the production of industrial chemicals , fuels , plastics , and pharmaceutical goods ; lumber is a raw material used to produce a variety of products including furniture .   The term `` raw material '' denotes materials in minimally processed or unprocessed in states ; e.g. , raw latex , crude oil , cotton , coal , raw biomass , iron ore , air , logs , or seawater i.e. '' ... any product of agriculture , forestry , fishing and any other mineral that is in its natural form or which has undergone the transformation required to prepare it for internationally marketing in substantial volumes . ''   Africa has 30 % of global reserves of non-energy mineral raw materials but this wealth has had a negative impact upon African countries . This phenomenon , known as `` Dutch disease '' or the `` resource curse '' , occurs when the economy of a country is mainly based upon its exports due to its method of governance . An example of this is the `` geological scandal '' of the Democratic Republic of Congo as it is rich in raw materials ; the Second Congo War focused on controlling these raw materials .   Raw materials are also used by non-humans , such as birds using found objects and twigs to create nests .

Defensive medicine , also called defensive medical decision making , refers to the practice of recommending a diagnostic test or medical treatment that is not necessarily the best option for the patient , but an option that mainly serves the function to protect the physician against the patient as potential plaintiff . Defensive medicine is a reaction to the rising costs of malpractice insurance premiums and patients ' biases on suing for missed or delayed diagnosis or treatment but not for being overdiagnosed . U.S. physicians are at highest risk of being sued , and overtreatment is common . The number of lawsuits against physicians in the USA has increased within the last decades and has had a substantial impact on the behavior of physicians and medical practice . Physicians order tests and avoid treating high-risk patients in order to reduce their exposure to lawsuits , or are forced to discontinue practicing because of overly high insurance premiums . This behavior has become known as defensive medicine , `` a deviation from sound medical practice that is indicated primarily by a threat of liability . ''

Depleted uranium ( DU ; also referred to in the past as Q-metal , depletalloy or D-38 ) is uranium with a lower content of the fissile isotope U-235 than natural uranium . Natural uranium contains about 0.72 % U-235 , while the DU used by the U.S. Department of Defense contains 0.3 % U-235 or less . Uses of DU take advantage of its very high density of 19.1 g/cm3 ( 68.4 % denser than lead ) . The less radioactive and non-fissile uranium-238 constitutes the main component of depleted uranium .   Civilian uses include counterweights in aircraft , radiation shielding in medical radiation therapy and industrial radiography equipment , and containers for transporting radioactive materials . Military uses include armor plating and armor-piercing projectiles .   Most depleted uranium arises as a by-product of the production of enriched uranium for use as fuel in nuclear reactors and in the manufacture of nuclear weapons . Enrichment processes generate uranium with a higher-than-natural concentration of lower-mass-number uranium isotopes ( in particular U-235 , which is the uranium isotope supporting the fission chain reaction ) with the bulk of the feed ending up as depleted uranium , in some cases with mass fractions of U-235 and U-234 less than a third of those in natural uranium . Since U-238 has a much longer half-life than the lighter isotopes , DU emits less alpha radiation than natural uranium . DU from nuclear reprocessing has different isotopic ratios from enrichment -- by-product DU , from which it can be distinguished by the presence of U-236 .   DU used in US munitions has 60 % of the radioactivity of natural uranium . Trace transuranics ( another indicator of the use of reprocessed material ) have been reported to be present in some US tank armor .   The use of DU in munitions is controversial because of concerns about potential long-term health effects . Normal functioning of the kidney , brain , liver , heart , and numerous other systems can be affected by exposure to uranium , a toxic metal . It is only weakly radioactive because of its long radioactive half-life ( 4.468 billion years for uranium-238 , 700 million years for uranium-235 ; or 1 part per million every and years , respectively ) . The biological half-life ( the average time it takes for the human body to eliminate half the amount in the body ) for uranium is about 15 days . The aerosol or spallation frangible powder produced by impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites , leading to possible inhalation by human beings .   The actual level of acute and chronic toxicity of DU is also controversial . Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic , genetic , reproductive , and neurological effects from chronic exposure . A 2005 epidemiology review concluded : `` In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU . ''

Renewable energy in Brunei includes the photovoltaic power generation in Brunei .

The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world , particularly the United States , Canada , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , faced substantial petroleum shortages , real and perceived , as well as elevated prices . The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis , when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports .   The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s . World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979 .   The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply . Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world .   The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged . Although there were genuine concerns with supply , part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis . The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation .   By the 1980s , both the recessions of the 1970s and adjustments in local economies to become more efficient in petroleum usage , controlled demand sufficiently for petroleum prices worldwide to return to more sustainable levels .   The period was not uniformly negative for all economies . Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the slowing production in other areas of the world . Some other countries , such as Norway , Mexico , and Venezuela , benefited as well . In the United States , Texas and Alaska , as well as some other oil-producing areas , experienced major economic booms due to soaring oil prices even as most of the rest of the nation struggled with the stagnant economy . Many of these economic gains , however , came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s .


Question: Oceanic measurements indicate an escalation in sea levels from 1880 onwards; projections for forthcoming increases rely upon physical principles rather than statistical analysis. This highlights how climate change continues to impact our oceans' health by causing significant shifts over time which can only be predicted through understanding natural laws governing these phenomena instead of mere number crunching techniques alone - something crucial when considering long term sustainability goals!

 Evolution of Ocean Levels: Causes & Predictions
The phenomenon of rising ocean levels, characterized by increased volumes of seawater leading to higher global mean sea levels, represents a significant consequence of ongoing climate changes. Primarily triggered by two key mechanisms -the thermal expansion of warmer seas and the melting of terrestrial ice masses (ice sheets and glaciers)-this trend exacerbates concerns regarding planetary health. Floating ice structures' contribution to sea level elevation remains minimal compared to grounded ice losses. However, localized variations often diverge significantly from global averages, influenced by diverse elements encompassing geologic movements, ground sinking, tidal fluctuations, current dynamics, storm surges, among others.
Long-term projections anticipate persistent sea level ascension spanning multiple centuries ahead. Due to inherent sluggishness and prolonged reaction times intrinsic to certain climate subsystems, estimations suggest a commitment to roughly 2.3 meters per every degree Celsius increment in temperatures throughout the subsequent millennia. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report published in 2014, accelerating rates surpass historical observations made post-1971 seem highly probable through the end of this century. Uncertainty persists around precise pace and magnitude; however, U.S National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration outlined plausible scenarios ranging from modest increases up to substantial expansions exceeding several feet before year 2100.
Escalating sea levels pose profound implications for inhabitants residing along coastlines alongside numerous islands, potentially triggering mass migrations inland. Additionally, marine life faces considerable challenges adapting to rapidly transforming aquatic landscapes. Urgent mitigation strategies coupled with adaptive measures become imperative safeguards against escalating risks associated with encroaching waters.

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Latent growth modeling is a statistical technique used in the structural equation modeling ( SEM ) framework to estimate growth trajectory . It is a longitudinal analysis technique to estimate growth over a period of time . It is widely used in the field of behavioral science , education and social science . It is also called latent growth curve analysis . The latent growth model was derived from theories of SEM . General purpose SEM software , such as OpenMx , lavaan ( both open source packages based in R ) , AMOS , Mplus , LISREL , or EQS among others may be used to estimate the trajectory of growth .   Latent Growth Models   represent repeated measures of dependent variables as a function of time and other measures . Such longitudinal data share the features that the same subjects are observed repeatedly over time , and on the same tests ( or parallel versions ) , and at known times . In latent growth modeling , the relative standing of an individual at each time is modeled as a function of an underlying growth process , with the best parameter values for that growth process being fitted to each individual .   These models have grown in use in social and behavioral research since it was shown that they can be fitted as a restricted common factor model in the structural equation modeling framework .   The methodology can be used to investigate systematic change , or growth , and inter-individual variability in this change . A special topic of interest is the correlation of the growth parameters , the so-called initial status and growth rate , as well as their relation with time varying and time invariant covariates . ( See McArdle and Nesselroade ( 2003 ) for a comprehensive review )   Although many applications of latent growth curve models estimate only initial level and slope components , these models have unusual properties such as indefinitely increasing variance . Models with higher order components , e.g. , quadratic , cubic , do not predict ever-increasing variance , but require more than two occasions of measurement . It is also possible to fit models based on growth curves with functional forms , often versions of the generalised logistic growth such as the logistic , exponential or Gompertz functions . Though straightforward to fit with versatile software such as OpenMx , these more complex models can not be fitted with SEM packages in which path coefficients are restricted to being simple constants or free parameters , and can not be functions of free parameters and data .   Similar questions can also be answered using a multilevel model approach .

The decomposition of time series is a statistical method that deconstructs a time series into several components , each representing one of the underlying categories of patterns . There are two principal types of decomposition which are outlined below .

Davis 's law is used in anatomy and physiology to describe how soft tissue models along imposed demands . It is the corollary to Wolff 's law , which applies to osseous tissue . It is a physiological principle stating that soft tissue heal according to the manner in which they are mechanically stressed .   It is also an application of the Mechanostat model of Harold Frost which was originally developed to describe the adaptational response of bones ; however - as outlined by Harold Frost himself - it also applies to fibrous collagenous connective tissues , such as ligaments , tendons and fascia . The `` stretch-hypertrophy rule '' of that model states : `` Intermittent stretch causes collagenous tissues to hypertrophy until the resulting increase in strength reduces elongation in tension to some minimum level '' . Similar to the behavior of bony tissues this adaptational response occurs only if the mechanical strain exceeds a certain threshold value . Harold Frost proposed that for dense collagenous connective tissues the related threshold values are around 23 Newton/mm2 or 4 % strain elongation .

Remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer refers to the utilization of ground based , flight based , or satellite based remote sensing instruments to measure properties of the planetary boundary layer including boundary layer height , aerosols and clouds . Satellite remote sensing of the atmosphere has the advantage of being able to provide global coverage of atmospheric planetary boundary layer properties while simultaneously providing relatively high temporal sampling rates . Advancements in satellite remote sensing have provided greater vertical resolution which enables higher accuracy for planetary boundary layer measurements .   The radiative forcing for marine boundary layer ( MBL ) clouds is imperative for understanding any global warming changes . Low-level clouds , including MBL clouds , have the largest net radiative forcing of all clouds .   The albedo of these low level clouds is much higher than the albedo of the underlying ocean surface and correctly modeling these clouds is needed to limit the uncertainty in climate model predictions . The remote sensing of the planetary boundary layer , especially clouds and aerosols within the planetary boundary layer can help verify and improve climate models .

Radiation and Public Health Project is a nonprofit educational and scientific organization founded in 1985 by Jay M. Gould , a statistician and epidemiologist , and Ernest Sternglass . The `` shoestring organization '' with `` offices mainly on -LSB- Joseph J. Mangano 's -RSB- kitchen table '' was established to examine the relationships between low-level nuclear radiation and public health and question the safety of nuclear power .   As of November 2010 , Radiation and Public Health Project members have published 27 medical journal articles on health risks from radioactive exposures to nuclear reactors and weapons tests . RPHP studies have claimed elevated rates of childhood , thyroid , and other cancers near reactors .   According to a 2003 article in The New York Times , the group 's work has been controversial , and had little credibility with the scientific establishment . Similarly the work of the Radiation and Public Health Project has been criticized by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission : `` Numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies do not support the RPHP 's claims . NRC finds there is little or no credibility in the RHP 's studies '' . In an April 2014 article in Popular Science , Sarah Epstein referred to the group 's work as `` junk science '' and disputed the group 's peer-reviewed publications as being insufficiently evaluated .

Raise the Titanic ! is a 1976 adventure novel by Clive Cussler , published in the United States by the Viking Press . It tells the story of efforts to bring the remains of the ill-fated ocean liner RMS Titanic to the surface of the Atlantic Ocean in order to recover a stockpile of an exotic mineral that was being carried aboard .   Raise the Titanic ! was the third published book to feature the author 's protagonist , Dirk Pitt . It was the first of Cussler 's novels with a prologue set long before the main story , describing an incident with consequences resolved in the present day .   The book was adapted into a 1980 feature film , Raise The Titanic , directed by Jerry Jameson . The film was produced by Lord Grade 's ITC Entertainment . Although it starred respected and popular actors and boasted a big budget , the movie was a box office bomb and received little critical or popular praise .

Lagrangian mechanics is a reformulation of classical mechanics , introduced by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange in 1788 .   In Lagrangian mechanics , the trajectory of a system of particles is derived by solving the Lagrange equations in one of two forms , either the Lagrange equations of the first kind , which treat constraints explicitly as extra equations , often using Lagrange multipliers ; or the Lagrange equations of the second kind , which incorporate the constraints directly by judicious choice of generalized coordinates . In each case , a mathematical function called the Lagrangian is a function of the generalized coordinates , their time derivatives , and time , and contains the information about the dynamics of the system .   No new physics is introduced in Lagrangian mechanics compared to Newtonian mechanics . Newton 's laws can include non-conservative forces like friction ; however , they must include constraint forces explicitly and are best suited to Cartesian coordinates . Lagrangian mechanics is ideal for systems with conservative forces and for bypassing constraint forces in any coordinate system . Dissipative and driven forces can be accounted for by splitting the external forces into a sum of potential and non-potential forces , leading to a set of modified Euler-Lagrange ( EL ) equations . Generalized coordinates can be chosen by convenience , to exploit symmetries in the system or the geometry of the constraints , which may simplify solving for the motion of the system . Lagrangian mechanics also reveals conserved quantities and their symmetries in a direct way , as a special case of Noether 's theorem .   Lagrangian mechanics is important not just for its broad applications , but also for its role in advancing deep understanding of physics . Although Lagrange only sought to describe classical mechanics in his treatise Mécanique analytique , William Rowan Hamilton later developed Hamilton 's principle that can be used to derive the Lagrange equation and was later recognized to be applicable to much of fundamental theoretical physics as well , particularly quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity . It can also be applied to other systems by analogy , for instance to coupled electric circuits with inductances and capacitances .   Lagrangian mechanics is widely used to solve mechanical problems in physics and when Newton 's formulation of classical mechanics is not convenient . Lagrangian mechanics applies to the dynamics of particles , fields are described using a Lagrangian density . Lagrange 's equations are also used in optimisation problems of dynamic systems . In mechanics , Lagrange 's equations of the second kind are used much more than those of the first kind .

Konrad `` Koni '' Steffen ( born 1952 ) is a glaciologist and the former director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder , a position he held from 2005 until he took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest , Snow and Landscape Research on July 1 , 2012 . He is known for his research into Arctic sea ice and the glaciers of Greenland , and how they are affected by global warming . He has often traveled to Greenland to study these glaciers firsthand ; for example , when studying Petermann Glacier for three weeks in 2004 , Steffen did so from a camp set up 4,000 feet up the flanks of the glacier 's ice cap . He also operates a network of 20 weather stations on the Greenland ice sheet , the first of which , Swiss Camp , he established in 1990 . He has argued that due to this ice sheet melting faster than anticipated , sea levels could rise by about 3 feet by 2100 , considerably higher than the IPCC 's upper limit of 59 cm , and that Greenland might lose all its ice in 10,000 years , but Antarctica would take considerably longer , since it is so much bigger .

In statistics , response surface methodology ( RSM ) explores the relationships between several explanatory variables and one or more response variables . The method was introduced by G. E. P. Box and K. B. Wilson in 1951 . The main idea of RSM is to use a sequence of designed experiments to obtain an optimal response . Box and Wilson suggest using a second-degree polynomial model to do this . They acknowledge that this model is only an approximation , but use it because such a model is easy to estimate and apply , even when little is known about the process .   Statistical approaches such as RSM can be employed to maximize the production of a special substance by optimization of operational factors . In contrast to conventional methods , the interaction among process variables can be determined by statistical techniques .

10 ( ten -LSB- ˈtɛn -RSB- ) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11 . Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system , by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language . The reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers ( digits ) .


Question: Despite their relatively diminutive size on Earth's scale, humans wield significant influence; anthropogenic carbon dioxide discharges contribute substantially to escalating planetary warmth.

 Human Influence on Climate Change: A Focus on Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases play crucial roles within Earth’s atmosphere, regulating temperatures essential for sustaining life. Amongst these, carbon dioxide holds prominence due to both its abundance and impact. Originating from various natural sources—volcanoes, oceans, and biological processes—it maintains equilibrium through intricate cycles involving plants, oceans, and weather systems. However, modern times witness dramatic shifts; human actions significantly amplify levels beyond historical norms.
Industrial advancements spur exponential increases in carbon dioxide output, predominantly stemming from burning fossil fuels –coal, oil, gas– alongside deforestation practices. These alterations disrupt age-old balances, propelling us into uncharted territories concerning planetary health. Concentrations now hover around alarming highs unseen for millennia, catalyzing profound changes across ecosystems globally.
Consequences unfold ominously: rising average temperatures signal unequivocal evidence linking human-generated emissions to global warming trends. Ice sheets retreat, sea levels swell, extreme weather events intensify—all harbingers of escalating crises demanding urgent attention. Moreover, oceans absorb excess carbon dioxide, resulting in acidity surges detrimental to marine life—a vicious circle exacerbating ecological fragility.
Beyond mere existence, carbon dioxide finds applications spanning industries—from food processing ensuring beverage fizziness to serving critical functions in manufacturing sectors. Yet, its dual nature becomes increasingly apparent—the very molecule facilitating technological progress simultaneously jeopardizes future stability unless managed responsibly.
Addressing this paradox requires concerted international cooperation, innovative solutions aimed at decarbonization strategies, reforestation initiatives, and sustainable development pathways. Only then can humanity hope to mitigate worst-case scenarios while preserving invaluable heritage bestowed upon generations yet unborn. Urgency dictates action; acknowledging humankind’s pivotal role ensures proactive measures safeguarding Earth against looming threats posed by unchecked greenhouse gas accumulations.

This response mirrors the original content's structure and tone while focusing specifically on how human-produced CO2 contributes to global warming—an assertion closely aligned with provided information regarding carbon dioxide properties and impacts discussed originally.

A raisin is a dried grape . Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking , baking , and brewing . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand , and Australia , the word `` raisin '' is reserved for the dark-colored dried large grape , with `` sultana '' being a golden-colored dried grape , and `` currant '' being a dried small Black Corinth seedless grape .

A landfill site ( also known as a tip , dump , rubbish dump , garbage dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden ) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste treatment ( although the burial part is modern ; historically , refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits ) . Historically , landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world .   Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes , such as the temporary storage , consolidation and transfer , or processing of waste material ( sorting , treatment , or recycling ) .   A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials , so that it can be used for a specific purpose , such as for building houses . Unless they are stabilized , these areas may experience severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake .

Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young . The process can occur with all post-pregnancy female mammals , although it predates mammals . In humans the process of feeding milk is also called breastfeeding or nursing .   In most species , milk comes out of the mother 's nipples ; however , the monotremes , egg-laying mammals , lack nipples and release milk through ducts in the abdomen . In only one species of mammal , the Dayak fruit bat , is milk production a normal male function .   Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production . This stage requires prolactin . Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling .   Newborn infants often produce some witch 's milk .   Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing . It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia .

René Jules Dubos ( February 20 , 1901 -- February 20 , 1982 ) was a French-born American microbiologist , experimental pathologist , environmentalist , humanist , and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his book So Human An Animal . He is credited for having made famous Jacques Ellul 's environmental maxim , `` Think globally , act locally '' ( penser global , agir local ) .   Dubos devoted most of his professional life to the empirical study of microbial diseases and to the analysis of the environmental and social factors that affect the welfare of humans . His pioneering research in isolating antibacterial substances from certain soil microorganisms led to the discovery of major antibiotics . He performed groundbreaking research and wrote extensively on a number of subjects , including tuberculosis , pneumonia , and the mechanisms of acquired immunity , natural susceptibility , and resistance to infection . Aside from a period from 1942 to 1944 when he was George Fabyan Professor of Comparative Pathology and professor of tropical medicine at Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Public Health , his scientific career was spent entirely at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research , later renamed The Rockefeller University .   In later years , Dubos explored the interplay of environmental forces and the physical , mental and spiritual development of mankind . The main tenets of his humanistic philosophy were : global problems are conditioned by local circumstances and choices , social evolution enables us to rethink human actions and change direction to promote an ecologically balanced environment , the future is optimistic since human life and nature are resilient and we have become increasingly aware of the dangers inherent in natural forces and human activities , and we can benefit from our successes and apply the lessons learned to solving other contemporary environmental problems .   Dubos is often attributed as the author of the popular maxim `` Think Globally , Act Locally '' that refers to the argument that global environmental problems can turn into action only by considering ecological , economic , and cultural differences of our local surroundings . This motto appeared for the first time in 1978 , six years after Dubos served as advisor to the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment . In 1979 , Dubos suggested that ecological consciousness should begin at home . He urged creation of a world order in which `` natural and social units maintain or recapture their identity , yet interplay with each other through a rich system of communications '' . In the 1980s , Dubos held to his thoughts on acting locally , and felt that issues involving the environment must be dealt with in their `` unique physical , climatic , and cultural contexts '' . Dubos ' approach to building a resilient and constructive relationship between people and the Earth continues to resonate .   For the academic years 1963 -- 1964 and 1964 -- 1965 , he was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies of Wesleyan University . He served as chairman of the trustees of the René Dubos Center for Human Environment , a non-profit education and research organization that was dedicated in his honor in 1980 . The mission of the center , which was co-founded by William and Ruth Eblen , is to `` assist the general public and decision-makers in formulating policies for the resolution of environmental problems and the creation of environmental values . '' Dubos remained actively involved with the Center until his death in 1982 . He also served on the board of trustees of Science Service , now known as Society for Science & the Public , from 1949 to 1952 .

In physics , a dimensionless physical constant , sometimes called a fundamental physical constant , is a physical constant that is dimensionless . It has no units attached and has a numerical value that is independent of the system of units used . Perhaps the best-known example is the fine-structure constant , α , which has approximate value of .   The term fundamental physical constant is also used to refer to universal but dimensioned physical constants such as the speed of light c , vacuum permittivity ε0 , Planck constant h , and the gravitational constant G.  Increasingly , physicists reserve the use of the term fundamental physical constant for dimensionless physical constants that can not be derived from any other source .

LaVeyan Satanism is a religion founded in 1966 by the American occultist and author Anton Szandor LaVey . Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism . It is one of several different movements that describe themselves as forms of Satanism .   LaVey established LaVeyan Satanism in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966 , which he proclaimed to be `` the Year One '' , Anno Satanas -- the first year of the `` Age of Satan '' . His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand . The Church grew under LaVey 's leadership , with regional grottos being founded across the United States . A number of these seceded from the Church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s . In 1975 , LaVey abolished the grotto system , after which Satanism became a far less organized movement , although remained greatly influenced by LaVey 's writings . In coming years , members of the Church left it to establish their own organisations , also following LaVeyan Satanism , among them John Dewey Allee 's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey 's First Satanic Church .   The religion 's doctrines are codified in LaVey 's book , The Satanic Bible . The religion is materialist , rejecting the existence of supernatural beings , body-soul dualism , and life after death . Practitioners do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him . Instead , Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride , carnality , and enlightenment . He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions which LaVeyans criticize for suppressing humanity 's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality . The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview , seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe . It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism , coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism .   LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic , which encompasses two distinct forms ; greater and lesser magic . Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one 's emotional energy for a specific purpose . These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes , including compassion ( love ) , destruction ( hate ) , and sex ( lust ) . Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour ( or `` wile and guile '' ) to bend an individual or situation to one 's will .

In planetary astronomy and astrobiology , the Rare Earth Hypothesis argues that the origin of life and the evolution of biological complexity such as sexually reproducing , multicellular organisms on Earth ( and , subsequently , human intelligence ) required an improbable combination of astrophysical and geological events and circumstances . The hypothesis argues that complex extraterrestrial life is a very improbable phenomenon and likely to be extremely rare . The term `` Rare Earth '' originates from Rare Earth : Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe ( 2000 ) , a book by Peter Ward , a geologist and paleontologist , and Donald E. Brownlee , an astronomer and astrobiologist , both faculty members at the University of Washington .   An alternative view point was argued in the 1970s and 1980s by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake , among others . It holds that Earth is a typical rocky planet in a typical planetary system , located in a non-exceptional region of a common barred-spiral galaxy . Given the principle of mediocrity ( in the same vein as the Copernican principle ) , it is probable that the universe teems with complex life . Ward and Brownlee argue to the contrary : that planets , planetary systems , and galactic regions that are as friendly to complex life as are the Earth , the Solar System , and our region of the Milky Way are very rare .

Deadly force , as defined by the United States Armed Forces , is force that a person uses causing , or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing , death or serious bodily harm or injury . In most jurisdictions , the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or can not reasonably be employed .   Firearms , bladed weapons , explosives , and vehicles are among those weapons the use of which is considered deadly force . The use of non-traditional weapons in an offensive manner , such as a baseball bat , sharp pencil , tire iron or other , may also be considered deadly force .

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin , exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation . As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat , atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate , resulting in the formation of water droplets .   When temperatures are low enough , dew takes the form of ice ; this form is called frost .   Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces , in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground , such as grass , leaves , railings , car roofs , and bridges .   Dew should not be confused with guttation , which is the process by which plants release excess water from the tips of their leaves .


Question: Despite their relatively diminutive size, humans wield significant influence; our carbon dioxide outputs have instigated planetary temperature increases attributable to climate change.

 Humanity’s Role in Climate Change: A Closer Look
Human beings, though tiny compared to celestial bodies, wield significant influence over Earth's climate through CO2 emissions—a potent greenhouse gas. These emissions trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to what we know as the greenhouse effect. Essential elements contributing to this phenomenon include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone—all naturally occurring components of Earth's air. However, without proper balance, they can lead to drastic changes in temperatures; for instance, removing all greenhouse gases would result in an average drop to -18°C instead of the comfortable 15°C experienced now.
Since the dawn of the Industrial Age around 1750, anthropogenic actions—primarily burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas—have spiked atmospheric CO2 levels by approximately 40%, jumping from pre-industrial era concentrations of 280 parts per million (ppm) up to 406 ppm in recent years. Despite nature's attempts to mitigate some impacts via "carbon sink" mechanisms involving forests, oceans, etc., humanity continues to pump vast amounts into the environment.
Experts warn that unless immediate action curbs ongoing emission trends, global surface temps might surpass historic norms by roughly mid-century (around 2047), posing severe risks to ecological systems, biological diversity, economic stability globally. Projections indicate crossing critical thresholds (+2°C above baseline figures deemed safe by UN/IPCC standards) possibly happening sooner than expected—in fact, forecasts hint at breaching said limits just two decades henceforth circa 2036 under business-as-usual scenarios.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus while addressing both claims regarding humans' impact & responsibility concerning rising planetary warmth attributed largely yet indirectly via increased CO2 output stemming chiefly from energy generation methods reliant upon non-renewable sources plus additional indirect contributors e.g., land use alterations encompassing deforestation/agricultural practices.

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

In biology , the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found . Within that range , dispersion is variation in local density .   The term is often qualified :   Sometimes a distinction is made between a species ' natural , endemic , or native range where it historically originated and lived , and the range where a species has more recently established itself . Many terms are used to describe the new range , such as non-native , naturalized , introduced , transplanted , invasive , or colonized range . Introduced typically means that a species has been transported by humans ( intentionally or accidentally ) across a major geographical barrier .  For species found in different regions at different times of year , terms such as summer range and winter range are often employed .  For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity , the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used .  For mobile animals , the term natural range is often used , as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant .  Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added : for example , British range or pre-1950 range .   There are at least five types of distribution patterns :   Scattered/random ( Random placement )  Clustered/grouped ( Most are placed in one area )  Linear ( Their placements form a line )  Radial ( Placements form an ' x ' shape )  Regular/ordered ( They are not random at all , but follow a set placement . Much like a grid )

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

Ricin ( -LSB- ˈraɪsɪn -RSB- ) is a highly toxic , naturally occurring lectin ( a carbohydrate-binding protein ) produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant , Ricinus communis . A dose of purified ricin powder the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human . The median lethal dose ( LD50 ) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram of body weight if the exposure is from injection or inhalation ( 1.78 milligram for an average adult ) . Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic as some of the poison is inactivated in the stomach . An estimated lethal oral dose in humans is approximately 1 milligram per kilogram .

0 ( zero ; BrE : -LSB- / ˈzɪərəʊ / -RSB- or AmE : -LSB- / ˈziːroʊ / -RSB- ) is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals . The number 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers , real numbers , and many other algebraic structures . As a digit , 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems . Names for the number 0 in English include zero , nought or ( US ) naught ( -LSB- ˈnɔːt -RSB- ) , nil , or -- in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter `` O '' -- oh or o ( -LSB- ˈoʊ -RSB- ) . Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip . Ought and aught ( -LSB- ˈɔːt -RSB- ) , as well as cipher , have also been used historically .

Dictatorship is a form of government where a country or a group of countries is ruled by one person ( a dictator ) or political entity , and exercised through various mechanisms to ensure that the entity 's power remains strong .   A dictatorship is a type of authoritarianism , in which politicians regulate nearly every aspect of the public and private behavior of citizens . Dictatorship and totalitarianism societies generally employ political propaganda to decrease the influence of proponents of alternative governing systems . In the past different religious tactics were used by the dictators to maintain their rule , such as the Monarchy system in the west .   In the 19th and 20th centuries , traditional monarchies gradually declined and disappeared . Dictatorship and constitutional democracy emerged as the world 's two major forms of government .

In electronics , a remote control is a component of an electronic device used to operate the device wirelessly from a distance . For example , in consumer electronics , a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a television set , DVD player , or other home appliance , from a short distance . A remote control is primarily a convenience feature for the user , and can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls . In some cases , remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able to reach , as when a garage door opener is triggered from outside or when a Digital Light Processing projector that is mounted on a high ceiling is controlled by a person from the floor level .   Early television remote controls ( 1956-1977 ) used ultrasonic tones . Present-day remote controls are commonly consumer infrared devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation to control functions such as power , volume , tuning , temperature set point , fan speed , or other features . Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings such as television channel , track number , and volume . For many devices , the remote control contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself has only a handful of essential primary controls . The remote control code , and thus the required remote control device , is usually specific to a product line , but there are universal remotes , which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices .   Remote control has continually evolved and advanced in the 2000s to include Bluetooth connectivity , motion sensor-enabled capabilities and voice control .

In dimensional analysis , a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is applicable . It also known as a bare number or a quantity of dimension one . Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields , such as mathematics , physics , engineering , and economics . By contrast , examples of quantities with dimensions are length , time , and speed , which are measured in dimensional units , such as metre , second and metre/second .


Question: Despite their relatively diminutive size on an ecological scale, humans wield significant influence; anthropogenic carbon dioxide discharges have instigated planetary temperature escalations.

 Humanity's Role in Driving Global Warming: An Overview
Humanity, despite being relatively small compared to planetary scales, wields considerable power capable of influencing Earth’s climate through increased CO2 emissions. This phenomenon contributes significantly to what we know as global warming—a term often synonymous with broader climate change dynamics. Scientific consensus highlights multiple indicators pointing unequivocally towards a warmer world; data spanning recent decades reveals trends unparalleled within historical contexts—both modern measurements extending back nearly two centuries alongside ancient proxies encompassing millennia.
In 2013, authoritative reports issued by leading experts under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscored "extreme likelihood" attributing predominant causality behind late twentieth-century thermal escalation specifically to anthropogenic sources. Chief amongst these influences lies escalating atmospheric concentrations of potent greenhouse gases – notably carbon dioxide yet inclusive of methane & nitrous oxides too. Projections synthesized across diverse modeling exercises forecast additional terrestrial heating ranging approximately +0.3°C ~+1.7°C under scenarios reflecting minimal ongoing pollutant discharges versus markedly higher increments (+2.6°C~+4.8°C), contingent upon unabated release trajectories throughout current millennium's duration. Such assessments enjoy universal endorsement emanating from premier academic institutions globally, devoid of dissent amongst reputable scholarly entities.
Impending alterations anticipated consequent upon continued planetary overheating shall manifest variably across distinct geographical locales. Expected outcomes comprise enhanced mean temperatures coupled with surging marine surfaces, altered hydrological cycles featuring intensified precipitation extremes juxtaposed against expanding desert realms near equatorial latitudes. Additional probable repercussions entail recurrent episodes characterized by excessive warmth, persistent dry spells punctuated intermittently via torrential downpours/snowfalls, deteriorating coral reef ecosystems, alongside precipitous declines impacting numerous biotic taxa confronted by rapidly transforming ecological niches. Societal ramifications loom ominously, jeopardizing agricultural productivity amidst dwindling harvest outputs whilst compelling mass migrations away from inundated coastal zones.
Given inherent sluggishness intrinsic to climatological mechanisms compounded by protracted persistence exhibited by exogenous radiative forcings, myriad adverse consequences will linger extensively beyond immediate temporal horizons—spanning generations if not epochs. Prudent anticipatory strategies necessitate concerted endeavors aimed at curtailing noxious effluent generation, acclimatizing infrastructural frameworks compatible with emergent realities, cultivating robust adaptive capacities, plus exploring speculative geoengineering interventions envisaging active interventionist measures designed counteract deleterious tendencies. International cooperation remains pivotal herein, exemplified via participation within United Nations Framework Convention

Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions ( 3D ) and the distance of an object . Depth sensation is the corresponding term for animals , since although it is known that animals can sense the distance of an object ( because of their ability to move accurately , or to respond consistently , according to that distance ) , it is not known whether they `` perceive '' it in the same subjective way that humans do .   Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues . These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye . Binocular cues include stereopsis , eye convergence , disparity , and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax . Monocular cues include size : distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects , grain , size , and motion parallax .

Ralph Franklin Keeling ( born 1959 ) is a professor at Scripps Institution of Oceanography . He is the Principal Investigator for the Atmospheric Oxygen Research Group at Scripps and is the director of the Scripps Program , the measurement program behind the Keeling curve , which was started by his father Charles David Keeling in 1958 . Ralph Keeling has developed precise instruments and techniques for the measurement of atmospheric oxygen and anthropogenic in the ocean , and for the analysis of land and ocean carbon sinks .

Reptilians ( also called reptoids , reptiloids , saurians , or Draconians ) are purported reptilian humanoids that play a prominent role in fantasy , science fiction , ufology , and conspiracy theories . The idea of reptilians was popularized by David Icke , a conspiracy theorist who claims shape-shifting reptilian aliens control Earth by taking on human form and gaining political power to manipulate human societies . Icke has claimed on multiple occasions that many of the world leaders are , or are possessed by , so-called reptilians .

LaVeyan Satanism is a religion founded in 1966 by the American occultist and author Anton Szandor LaVey . Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism . It is one of several different movements that describe themselves as forms of Satanism .   LaVey established LaVeyan Satanism in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966 , which he proclaimed to be `` the Year One '' , Anno Satanas -- the first year of the `` Age of Satan '' . His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand . The Church grew under LaVey 's leadership , with regional grottos being founded across the United States . A number of these seceded from the Church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s . In 1975 , LaVey abolished the grotto system , after which Satanism became a far less organized movement , although remained greatly influenced by LaVey 's writings . In coming years , members of the Church left it to establish their own organisations , also following LaVeyan Satanism , among them John Dewey Allee 's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey 's First Satanic Church .   The religion 's doctrines are codified in LaVey 's book , The Satanic Bible . The religion is materialist , rejecting the existence of supernatural beings , body-soul dualism , and life after death . Practitioners do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him . Instead , Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride , carnality , and enlightenment . He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions which LaVeyans criticize for suppressing humanity 's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality . The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview , seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe . It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism , coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism .   LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic , which encompasses two distinct forms ; greater and lesser magic . Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one 's emotional energy for a specific purpose . These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes , including compassion ( love ) , destruction ( hate ) , and sex ( lust ) . Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour ( or `` wile and guile '' ) to bend an individual or situation to one 's will .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .

One million ( 1,000,000 ) or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001 . The word is derived from the early Italian millione ( milione in modern Italian ) , from mille , `` thousand '' , plus the augmentative suffix - one . It is commonly abbreviated as m ( not to be confused with the metric prefix for ) or M ; further MM ( `` thousand thousands '' , from Latin `` Mille '' ; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000 ) , mm , or mn in financial contexts .   In scientific notation , it is written as or 106 . Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega ( M ) , when dealing with SI units ; for example , 1 megawatt ( 1 MW ) equals 1,000,000 watts .   The meaning of the word `` million '' is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems , unlike the larger numbers , which have different names in the two systems .   The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Not in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million-dollar question '' .

A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power . A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship . The word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency ( see Roman dictator and justitium ) .   Like the term `` tyrant '' ( which was originally a respectable Ancient Greek title ) , and to a lesser degree `` autocrat '' , `` dictator '' came to be used almost exclusively as a non-titular term for oppressive , even abusive rule , yet had rare modern titular use .   In modern usage , the term `` dictator '' is generally used to describe a leader who holds and/or abuses an extraordinary amount of personal power , especially the power to make laws without effective restraint by a legislative assembly . Dictatorships are often characterised by some of the following traits : suspension of elections and of civil liberties ; proclamation of a state of emergency ; rule by decree ; repression of political opponents without abiding by rule of law procedures ; these include one-party state , and cult of personality .   The term `` dictator '' is comparable to but not synonymous with the ancient concept of a tyrant ; initially `` tyrant '' , like `` dictator '' , did not carry negative connotations . A wide variety of leaders coming to power in a number of different kinds of regimes , such as military juntas , one-party states and civilian governments under personal rule , have been described as dictators . They may hold left or right-wing views , or may be apolitical .

A dimple ( also known as a gelasin ) is a small natural indentation in the flesh on a part of the human body , most notably in the cheek or on the chin .

Kuwait -LSB- kʊˈweɪt -RSB- ( الكويت , -LSB- ɪl ‿ ɪkweːt -RSB- or -LSB- - afblɪkweːt -RSB- ) , officially the State of Kuwait , is a country in Western Asia . Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf , it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia . , Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people ; 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates . Expatriates account for 70 % of the population .   Oil reserves were discovered in 1938 . From 1946 to 1982 , the country underwent large-scale modernization . In the 1980s , Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash . In 1990 , Kuwait was invaded by Iraq . The Iraqi occupation came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by coalition forces . At the end of the war , there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure .   Kuwait is a constitutional state with a semi-democratic political system . It has a high income economy backed by the world 's sixth largest oil reserves . The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world . According to the World Bank , the country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world . The Constitution was promulgated in 1962 . Kuwait is home to the largest opera house in the Middle East . In the Arab world , Kuwait is frequently dubbed the `` Hollywood of the Gulf '' due to the popularity of its soap operas and theatre .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .