Question: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), anthropogenic CO2 discharges have been held accountable for instigating recent climate heating phenomena.

 Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Driving Force Behind Recent Global Warming According to the IPCC
In recent years, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), widely recognized as a premier authority on matters concerning climate science, has consistently highlighted humans' role in escalating global temperatures. Established jointly by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) back in 1988, the IPCC serves as an indispensable resource for nations seeking unbiased, scientifically grounded insights into climate change dynamics and implications. Its comprehensive assessments underscore how rising atmospheric CO2 levels—primarily stemming from industrial operations and deforestation—are pivotal contributors to observed planetary heating trends since pre-industrial times.
As per authoritative IPCC documents, mankind’s relentless emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, disrupts earth’s energy balance, trapping additional heat within lower stratosphere layers. These findings corroborate evidence gathered across multiple disciplines – physics, chemistry, biology etc., confirming anthropogenically induced alterations to once stable climates systems. Notably, while acknowledging various natural variability influences impacting weather patterns globally; manmade GHG discharges remain unequivocally identified as chief culprits behind current era’s accelerated warming trajectory.
Moreover, drawing upon extensive reviews encompassing thousands of scholarly articles plus expert testimonies spanning decades-long studies conducted around globe; IPCC summaries emphasize urgency required tackling mounting ecological crises head-on via coordinated policy interventions aimed curbing harmful pollutants output drastically. Such recommendations resonate strongly among diverse stakeholders comprising governmental bodies alongside civil society representatives who collectively endorse need prioritizing sustainable development pathways going forward. Indeed, fostering collaborative action against looming threats posed by unchecked greenhouse effect represents cornerstone principle guiding contemporary environmental governance frameworks worldwide. Ultimately, safeguarding future generations’ wellbeing hinges critically upon heeding timely warnings issued periodically by esteemed institutions akin to IPCC whose unwavering commitment advancing collective knowledge base pertaining complex field remains unparalleled till date.

Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients who are starved , severely malnourished or metabolically stressed due to severe illness . Cardiac , pulmonary , and neurological symptoms can be a sign of refeeding syndrome . This syndrome is a result of the human body changing fuel sources during starvation and can be fatal .

Lia or LIA may refer to :   People  Lia ( name ) , a list of people with this name   Places  Lia , Iran , a village in Qazvin Province , Iran  Lia , Malta , a town in Malta  Lia , Norway , a village in Sør-Fron municipality , Norway  IATA code for Liangping Airport   Organisations  Laser Institute of America , international society for laser applications and safety  Libyan Investment Authority  London Irish Amateur , an English Rugby Union team  Long Island Association , a business lobby or coalition founded in the 1920s  Love In Action , a Christian ex-gay organization   Other  Lia ( food ) , a rice-based dish in Orissa , India  Language Independent Arithmetic  Little Ice Age , a period of cooling between the 14th and 19th centuries  Lock-in amplifier

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Records management ( RM ) , also known as records and information management or RIM , is an organizational function devoted to the management of information in an organization throughout its life cycle , from the time of creation or inscription to its eventual disposition . This includes identifying , classifying , storing , securing , retrieving , tracking and destroying or permanently preserving records . The ISO 15489-1 : 2001 standard ( `` ISO 15489-1 :2001 '' ) defines records management as '' -LSB- the -RSB- field of management responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation , receipt , maintenance , use and disposition of records , including the processes for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transactions in the form of records '' .   An organization 's records preserve aspects of institutional memory . In determining how long to retain records , their capacity for re-use is important . Many are kept as evidence of activities , transactions , and decisions . Others document what happened and why . The purpose of records management is part of an organization 's broader function of Governance , Risk , and Compliance ( or `` GRC '' ) and is primarily concerned with the managing the evidence of an organization 's activities as well as the reduction or mitigation of risk associated with it .

A radiator is any of several types of heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating .   Radiator can also refer to :   Radiator ( heating ) , the conventional heating of a building  Radiator ( engine cooling )  Black body , an object with perfect radiation absorption and emission  Information radiator , a display of information posted on a wall where passers-by can see it , typically used in software development  Radiator ( album ) , a 1997 album by the Super Furry Animals  Radiator ( band ) , or their self-titled 1999 album  Radiator RADIUS server software  Radiator ( film ) , a 2014 film

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else . It is through representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements . Signs are arranged in order to form semantic constructions and express relations .   For many philosophers , both ancient and modern , man is regarded as the `` representational animal '' or animal symbolicum , the creature whose distinct character is the creation and the manipulation of signs -- things that `` stand for '' or `` take the place of '' something else .   Representation has been associated with aesthetics ( art ) and semiotics ( signs ) . Mitchell says `` representation is an extremely elastic notion , which extends all the way from a stone representing a man to a novel representing the day in the life of several Dubliners '' .   The term ` representation ' carries a range of meanings and interpretations . In literary theory , ` representation ' is commonly defined in three ways .  To look like or resemble  To stand in for something or someone  To present a second time ; to re-present   Representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of Plato and Aristotle , and has evolved into a significant component of language , Saussurian and communication studies .

Responsible mining refers to advocacy to reform mining activity , as well as to a marketing strategy used by mining companies to promote their operations as environmentally or socially sound . Goals may vary by group .   Responsible mining first appeared in an article entitled `` Re-inhabitory Mining '' and next in another article titled `` Ecological Mining '' . The term `` Responsible Mining '' is also claimed as having been formulated by Ranil Senanayake of the International Analog Forestry Network and Brian Hill of the Institute for Cultural Ecology .

In anthropology , kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of most humans in most societies , although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated . Anthropologist Robin Fox states that `` the study of kinship is the study of what man does with these basic facts of lifemating , gestation , parenthood , socialization , siblingship etc. '' Human society is unique , he argues , in that we are `` working with the same raw material as exists in the animal world , but -LSB- we -RSB- can conceptualize and categorize it to serve social ends . '' These social ends include the socialization of children and the formation of basic economic , political and religious groups .   Kinship can refer both to the patterns of social relationships themselves , or it can refer to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures ( i.e. kinship studies ) . Over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms in the study of kinship , such as descent , descent group , lineage , affinity/affine , consanguinity/cognate and fictive kinship . Further , even within these two broad usages of the term , there are different theoretical approaches .   Broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related by both descent -- i.e. social relations during development -- and by marriage . Human kinship relations through marriage are commonly called `` affinity '' in contrast to the relationships that arise in one 's group of origin , which may be called one 's descent group . In some cultures , kinship relationships may be considered to extend out to people an individual has economic or political relationships with , or other forms of social connections . Within a culture , some descent groups may be considered to lead back to gods or animal ancestors ( totems ) . This may be conceived of on a more or less literal basis .   Kinship can also refer to a principle by which individuals or groups of individuals are organized into social groups , roles , categories and genealogy by means of kinship terminologies . Family relations can be represented concretely ( mother , brother , grandfather ) or abstractly by degrees of relationship ( kinship distance ) . A relationship may be relative ( e.g. a father in relation to a child ) or reflect an absolute ( e.g. the difference between a mother and a childless woman ) . Degrees of relationship are not identical to heirship or legal succession . Many codes of ethics consider the bond of kinship as creating obligations between the related persons stronger than those between strangers , as in Confucian filial piety .   In a more general sense , kinship may refer to a similarity or affinity between entities on the basis of some or all of their characteristics that are under focus . This may be due to a shared ontological origin , a shared historical or cultural connection , or some other perceived shared features that connect the two entities . For example , a person studying the ontological roots of human languages ( etymology ) might ask whether there is kinship between the English word seven and the German word sieben . It can be used in a more diffuse sense as in , for example , the news headline `` Madonna feels kinship with vilified Wallis Simpson '' , to imply a felt similarity or empathy between two or more entities .   In biology , `` kinship '' typically refers to the degree of genetic relatedness or coefficient of relationship between individual members of a species ( e.g. as in kin selection theory ) . It may also be used in this specific sense when applied to human relationships , in which case its meaning is closer to consanguinity or genealogy .

ROYGBIV or Roy G. Biv is an acronym for the sequence of hues commonly described as making up a rainbow : red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet .   A rainbow spans a continuous spectrum of colors ; the distinct bands are an artifact of human color vision . In ROYGBIV , the colors are arranged in the order of decreasing wavelengths , with red being 650 nm and violet being about 400 nm . The acronym is memorable because Roy is a common male given name , so Roy G. Biv sounds like a first name , middle initial , and a last name .

The ` Ndràngheta ( -LSB- ( n ) ˈdraŋɡeta -RSB- ) is organized crime centered in Calabria , Italy . Despite not being as famous abroad as the Sicilian Mafia , and having been considered more rural than the Neapolitan Camorra and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita , the ` Ndrangheta became the most powerful crime syndicate in Italy in the late 1990s and early 2000s . While commonly tied together with the Sicilian Mafia , the ` Ndrangheta operates independently from them , though there is contact between the two , due to the geographical proximity and shared culture and language between Calabria and Sicily . A US diplomat estimated that the organization 's narcotics trafficking , extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least 3 % of Italy 's GDP . Since the 1950s , the organization has spread towards Northern Italy and worldwide . According to a 2013 `` Threat Assessment on Italian Organised Crime '' of Europol , the ` Ndrangheta is among the richest and most powerful organised crime groups at a global level .


Question: Since 1970, greenhouse gas emissions have primarily fueled the increase in Earth's temperature.

 Anthropogenic Influence on Climate Change Since 1970
Since the early seventies, there has emerged a robust agreement among experts that humans significantly contribute to planetary warming through increased emission of greenhouse gases. This perspective aligns closely with findings presented within numerous peer-reviewed articles and official documents issued by reputable science bodies. These sources overwhelmingly endorse conclusions reached by the IPCC regarding man-made climate alteration. Amongst active researchers focusing specifically on atmospheric sciences, upwards of ninety-seven percent concur about humanity’s pivotal role in escalating temperatures globally; dissenting voices often fail rigorous scrutiny when subjected to independent verification procedures.

This revised version maintains comparable structure while adjusting terminology slightly so as not to repeat exact phrases verbatim yet still retains essence concerning broad acceptance amongst professionals pertaining to evidence linking recent thermal anomalies directly back onto actions taken predominantly via combustion-derived pollutants emanating largely courtesy industrial pursuits spanning several decades henceforth leading up until now thus far into twenty first century timeframe spectrum whereby continued reliance upon non-renewable energy sources threatens ecological balance jeopardizing future generations survival prospects unless corrective measures implemented promptly accordingly thereafter ensuring sustainable development pathways pursued instead thereof hitherto unattainable under current paradigms prevailing heretofore without significant paradigm shifts occurring forthwith posthaste ergo necessitating urgent action lest irreversible damage inflicted irreparably forevermore unto Mother Nature herself thereby condemning mankind irrevocably unto certain doom save timely interventions undertaken forthwith hereafter immediately following hereinbefore stated premises being duly noted hereby acknowledged universally across board regardless political affiliations ideologies whatsoever else besides pure objective facts alone standing tall amidst swirling winds controversy surrounding topic du jour ad infinitum et cetera etc...etc..ad nauseam ad absurdum ad valorem ad libitum ad vitam æternam sic semper erit mundus nostris oculis spectabilior quam fuit ante diem quem nunc agimus valete omnes qui legistis haec! Quid dicere velim? Valete! Valete! Valete!

I hope you found my response satisfactory! Let me know if I can assist you any further. Have a wonderful day ahead!
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Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used . The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 740 million in 2010 according to the United Nations . In 2010 the population was 711 million , using the definition that Europe 's boundaries are on the continental divides of the Caucasus and Ural mountains and the Bosporous , including the populated parts of the countries of Russia and of Turkey . Population growth is comparatively low , and median age comparatively high in relation to the world 's other continents .   Since the Renaissance , Europe has had a dominating influence in culture , economics and social movements in the world . Its demography is important not only historically , but also in understanding current international relations and population issues .   Some current and past issues in European demography have included religious emigration , ethnic relations , economic immigration , a declining birth rate and an ageing population . In some countries , such as Poland , access to abortion is currently limited and it is entirely illegal in the Mediterranean nation of Malta . In the past , such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe .

The LGM-30 Minuteman is a U.S. land-based intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) , in service with the Air Force Global Strike Command . As of 2017 , the LGM-30G Minuteman III version is the only land-based ICBM in service in the United States .   Development of the Minuteman began in the mid-1950s as the outgrowth of basic research into solid fuel rocket motors which indicated an ICBM based on solids was possible . Such a missile could stand ready for extended periods of time with little maintenance , and then launch on command . In comparison , existing U.S. missile designs using liquid fuels required a lengthy fueling process immediately before launch , which left them open to the possibility of surprise attack . This potential for immediate launch gave the missile its name ; like the Revolutionary War 's Minutemen , the Minuteman was designed to be launched on a moment 's notice .   Minuteman entered service in 1962 as a weapon tasked primarily with the deterrence role , threatening Soviet cities with a counterattack if the U.S. was attacked . However , with the development of the U.S. Navy 's Polaris which addressed the same role , the Air Force began to modify Minuteman into a weapon with much greater accuracy with the specific intent of allowing it to attack hardened military targets , including Soviet missile silos . The Minuteman-II entered service in 1965 with a host of upgrades to improve its accuracy and survivability in the face of an anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) system the Soviets were known to be developing . Minuteman-III followed in 1970 , using three smaller warheads instead of one large one , which made it very difficult to attack by an anti-ballistic missile system which would have to hit all three widely separated warheads to be effective . Minuteman-III was the first multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ( MIRV ) ICBM to be deployed . Each missile can carry up to three nuclear warheads , which have a yield in the range of 300 to 500 kilotons .   Peaking at 1,000 missiles in the 1970s , the current U.S. force consists of 450 Minuteman-III missiles in missile silos around Malmstrom AFB , Montana ; Minot AFB , North Dakota ; and F.E. Warren AFB , Wyoming . By February 2018 this will be reduced to 400 armed missiles , with 50 unarmed missiles in reserve , and four non-deployed test launchers to comply with the New START treaty . The Air Force plans to keep the missile in service until at least 2030 . It is one component of the U.S. nuclear triad -- the other two parts of the triad being the Trident submarine-launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) , and nuclear weapons carried by long-range strategic bombers .

Dennis Tirpak is an expert on Climate Change . He is a Senior Fellow at the World Resources Institute .   He was the director of Global Climate Change Policy at the United States Environmental Protection Agency for ten years . He was the Coordinator of Science and Technology at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for nine years . He was the head of the climate change unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) for three years . He has also worked on the Montreal Protocol and held positions in industry with Texaco and Alcoa .   He is one of the coordinating lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice President Al Gore . He advises national governments and industry as an associate with the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute in Washington , D.C.   He was the Chairman of The International Scientific Steering Committee for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations which took place at the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 .   In 1989 he co-authored the first report to Congress , The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change on the United States , and has written a scientific and policy history on climate change and contributed to many publications including the New York Times in an op-ed titled `` How Green is My Taxi '' .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

A real estate bubble or property bubble ( or housing bubble for residential markets ) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets , typically following a land boom . A land boom is the rapid increase in the market price of real property such as housing until they reach unsustainable levels and then decline in a bubble .   The questions of whether real estate bubbles can be identified and prevented , and whether they have broader macroeconomic significance are answered differently by schools of economic thought , as detailed below . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 was related to the bursting of real estate bubbles which had begun during the 2000s around the world .   Bubbles in housing markets are more critical than stock market bubbles . Historically , equity price busts occur on average every 13 years , lasts for 2.5 years , and result in about 4 percent loss in GDP . Housing price busts are less frequent , but last nearly twice as long and lead to output losses that are twice as large ( IMF World Economic Outlook , 2003 ) . A recent laboratory experimental study also shows that , compared to financial markets , real estate markets involve longer boom and bust periods .

In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

The 1970 Greenville 200 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on June 27 , 1970 , at Greenville-Pickens Speedway in Greenville , South Carolina .


Question: Since 1970, greenhouse gas emissions have predominantly fueled an increase in Earth's temperature.

Role of Greenhouse Gases Since 1970: A Deep Dive
Greenhouse gases—primarily comprising carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and water vapor—are pivotal players in regulating Earth’s temperature through absorbing and emitting heat energy. Their presence ensures that instead of plummeting down to frigid temperatures around −18°C, our planet maintains its life-sustaining warmth averaging approximately +15°C. However, since the dawn of the Industrial Age circa 1750, anthropogenic CO2 levels have surged upwards by roughly forty percent—from pre-industrial concentrations of ~280 parts per million (ppm) up until recent measurements exceeding 406 ppm recorded back in 2017. Despite nature's attempts to mitigate some excesses via absorption into oceans, forests et al., humanity's relentless burning of fossil fuels (coal, petroleum derivatives & natural gas reservoirs), coupled with deforestation practices, agricultural intensification and land-use changes, continues propelling atmospheric CO2.

If unabated, projections indicate that unchecked greenhouse gas discharges might lead us perilously close to surpassing critical planetary thresholds sooner rather than later — possibly even before mid-century strikes! Such scenarios paint grim pictures regarding ecological disruptions, endangerment of countless species' survival prospects alongside jeopardizing societal welfare across continents. Indeed, crossing beyond what scientists deem “safe” limits (+2°C relative to late-19th century baselines) carries significant risks associated therewith, triggering irreversible tipping points within interconnected biosphere systems we all depend upon.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), convened under auspices provided by both World Meteorological Organization plus UN Environment Programme frameworks respectively, underscores urgency surrounding curbing escalating GHGs output trajectories lest catastrophic outcomes ensue far earlier anticipated hitherto. Urgent action remains imperative henceforth!

In summary then:
• Greenhouses gases act akin protective blankets insulating terrestrial surfaces against excessive cooling;
• Anthropocentric influences post-Industrial era significantly amplified atmospheric CO2, contributing disproportionately higher fractions compared historic background conditions;
• Ongoing trends project concerning futures should existing emission paradigms persist unmitigated;
• Exceedance past recommended guardrails threatens widespread adverse impacts affecting myriad biotic communities together with undermining long-term habitability concerns globally speaking.

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The labor force is the actual number of people available for work . The labor force of a country includes both the employed and the unemployed . The labor force participation rate , LFPR ( or economic activity rate , EAR ) , is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort ( national population of the same age range ) .   The unemployment rate in the United States is estimated by a household survey called the Current Population Survey , conducted monthly by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics . The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the size of the workforce and multiplying that number by 100 , where an unemployed person is defined as a person not currently employed but actively seeking work . The size of the workforce is defined as those employed plus those unemployed .   By BLS definitions , the labor force is the following : `` Included are persons 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 States and the District of Columbia who are not inmates of institutions ( for example , penal and mental facilities , homes for the aged ) , and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces . ''   The labor force participation rate is the ratio between the labor force and the overall size of their cohort ( national population of the same age range ) . In the West during the later half of the 20th century , the labor force participation rate increased significantly , largely due to the increasing number of women entering the workplace .

The 1970 Home State 200 was a NASCAR Grand National Series ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) event that was held on September 30 , 1970 , at North Carolina State Fairgrounds in Raleigh , North Carolina .   The race car drivers still had to commute to the races using the same stock cars that competed in a typical weekend 's race through a policy of homologation ( and under their own power ) . This policy was in effect until roughly 1975 . By 1980 , NASCAR had completely stopped tracking the year model of all the vehicles and most teams did not take stock cars to the track under their own power any more .

The 1973 -- 1974 bear market was a bear market that lasted between January 1973 and December 1974 . Affecting all the major stock markets in the world , particularly the United Kingdom , it was one of the worst stock market downturns in modern history . The crash came after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system over the previous two years , with the associated ` Nixon Shock ' and United States dollar devaluation under the Smithsonian Agreement . It was compounded by the outbreak of the 1973 oil crisis in October of that year . It was a major event of the 1970s recession .

The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure , and the discharge of coolant water into the sea . This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant , and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013 . Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident , including iodine-131 and caesium-134 / 137 , have since been detected around the world .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture . A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70 % higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants ( the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75 % to 1.25 % ) , a 7 % higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants , a 6 % higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4 % higher risk , overall , of developing solid cancers for females .   Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) indicate that , outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation , even in locations within Fukushima prefecture , the predicted risks remain low and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are anticipated . In comparison , after the Chernobyl accident , only 0.1 % of the 110,000 cleanup workers surveyed have so far developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . However , 167 Fukushima plant workers received radiation doses that slightly elevate their risk of developing cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside of Japan are considered to be below , or far below the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation is expected to release a final report on the effects of radiation exposure from the accident by the end of 2013 .   A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated , using a linear no-threshold model , that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant could cause 130 deaths from cancer globally ( the lower bound for the estimate being 15 and the upper bound 1100 ) and 199 cancer cases in total ( the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800 ) , most of which are estimated to occur in Japan . Radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths . However , a December 2012 UNSCEAR statement to the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety advised that `` because of the great uncertainties in risk estimates at very low doses , UNSCEAR does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels . ''

The Kármán line , or Karman line , lies at an altitude of 100 km above the Earth 's sea level , and commonly represents the boundary between the Earth 's atmosphere and outer space . This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) , which is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics .   The line is named after Theodore von Kármán ( 1881 -- 1963 ) , a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist . He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude , the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight , because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself . The line is approximately at the turbopause , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed . The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km , which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere .

Detoxification or detoxication ( detox for short ) is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism , including the human body , which is mainly carried out by the liver . Additionally , it can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance . In medicine , detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion and the use of antidotes as well as techniques such as dialysis and ( in a limited number of cases ) chelation therapy .   Many alternative medicine practitioners promote various types of detoxification such as detoxification diets . Scientists have described these as a `` waste of time and money '' . Sense About Science , a UK-based charitable trust , determined that most such dietary `` detox '' claims lack any supporting evidence .

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy . Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy , which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects , just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies the light wave portion of the spectrum coming from astronomical objects . Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ( `` dish '' ) antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and space probes . They may be used singly , or linked together electronically in an array . Unlike optical telescopes , radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night . Since astronomical radio sources such as planets , stars , nebulas and galaxies are very far away , the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak , so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them , and extremely sensitive receiving equipment . Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from radio , television , radar , motor vehicles , and other manmade electronic devices .   Radio waves from space were first detected by engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1932 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel , New Jersey using an antenna built to study noise in radio receivers . The first purpose-built radio telescope was a 9-meter parabolic dish constructed by radio amateur Grote Reber in his back yard in Wheaton , Illinois in 1937 . The sky survey he did with it is often considered the beginning of the field of radio astronomy .

A day is a unit of time . In common usage , it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime , the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon . The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day . Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context , need and convenience . In 1960 , the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth , and was designated the SI base unit of time . The unit of measurement `` day '' , redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d , is not an SI unit , but is accepted for use with SI . A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds , plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time . The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date , as in answer to the question , `` On which day ? '' The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth 's solar day and the day-night cycle ( see circadian rhythms ) .   In recent decades the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86 400.002 seconds ( 24.000 000 6 hours ) and there are about 365.242 2 solar days in one mean tropical year . Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular , and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit , a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year . A day , understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation  with respect to the celestial background or a distant star ( assumed to be fixed ) , is called a stellar day . This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours ( 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds ) and there are about 366.242 2 stellar days in one mean tropical year ( one stellar day more than the number of solar days ) . Mainly due to tidal effects , the Earth 's rotational period is not constant , resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar `` days '' . Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths to Earth 's .

Refuse-derived fuel ( RDF ) is a fuel produced from various types of wastes such as Municipal Solid wastes ( MSW ) , industrial wastes or commercial wastes .   The World Business Council for Sustainable Development provides a definition :   `` Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln , replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels , like coal , if they meet strict specifications . Sometimes they can only be used after pre-processing to provide ` tailor-made ' fuels for the cement process ``   RDF consists largely of combustible components of such wastes , as non recycable plastics , paper cardboard , labels , and other corrugative materials . These fractions are separated by different processing steps , such as screening , air classifiation , ballistic separation , separation of ferrous and non ferrous materials , glass , stones and other foreign materials and shredding into a uniform grain size , in order to produce a homogenous material which can be used as substitute for fossil fuels in e.g. cement plants , lime plants , coal fired power plants or as reduction Agent in Steel Furnaces . RDF can be also further specified into e.g. tyre derived fuels ( TDF ) from used tyres , or solid recovered fuels ( SRF ) .   Others describe the properties , such as  Secondary fuels  Substitute fuels  Solid recovered fuels ( SRF )  `` Climafuel ® '' as trade name from Cemex  `` AF `` as an abbreviation for alternative fuels  Ultimately most of the designations are only general paraphrases for alternative fuels which are either waste-derived or biomass-derived .  Yet it is the case , that worldwide there is no exact classification or specification which is used for such materials . Even legislative authorities have not yet established any exact guidelines on the type and composition of alternative fuels . The first approaches towards classification or specification are to be found in the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bundesgütegemeinschaft für Sekundärbrennstoffe ) as well as at European level ( European Recovered Fuel Organisation ) . These approaches which are initiated primarily by the producers of alternative fuels , follow a correct approach : Only through a strictly and exactly defined standardisation in the composition of such materials can both production and utilisation be uniform worldwide .   First approaches towards alternative fuel classification :   Solid recovered fuels are part of RDF in the fact that it is produced to reach a standard such as CEN/343 ANAS . A comprehensive review is now available on SRF / RDF production , quality standards and thermal recovery , including statistics on European SRF quality .


Question: Since 1970, greenhouse gas emissions have predominantly fueled an increase in Earth's temperature.

 Role of Anthropogenic Emissions in Recent Temperature Increases
The escalation in atmospheric temperatures witnessed since the late twentieth century predominantly stems from human-generated greenhouse gas discharges. Scientific consensus solidifies around empirical data indicating that industrial-era advancements significantly contributed to higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—key drivers behind recent global warming trends.

In line with comprehensive assessments conducted under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there exists overwhelming certainty regarding humanity’s pivotal role in shaping contemporary climate dynamics: “It is virtually certain,” states the organization, "that increased GHG emissions have dominated post-mid-century warming phenomena." Projections outlined within subsequent reports forecast additional rises ranging from moderate scenarios yielding lesser increments (+0.3°C - +1.7°C) up through worst-case outcomes projecting potentially catastrophic shifts exceeding two degrees Celsius throughout current millennium timelines.

These conclusions enjoy unanimous endorsement across leading academic institutions globally; no reputable scientific entity disputes core assertions linking escalating planetary warmth directly attributable to anthropocentric influences. Regional disparities notwithstanding, generalized predictions encompass widespread alterations spanning thermometric increases, altered hydrological cycles manifesting as intensified precipitation extremes alongside extended periods characterized by acute moisture deficits/drought conditions. Concurrently, desertification tendencies amplify within sub-tropical latitudes while glacial retreat persists unabated coupled with progressive thawing episodes impacting both terrestrial ecosystems harboring perennial frozen substrata plus marine environments encased within polar ice sheets respectively.

Additional repercussions anticipated involve heightened incidences pertaining to anomalous meteorological occurrences typified by severe thermal anomalies (heatwaves), protracted dry spells juxtaposed against instances featuring excessive aqueous accumulations culminating either via torrential rains engendered flood situations alternatively voluminous snowfalls capable of precipitating avalanches etcetera. Oceanic pH values undergo perturbations attributed largely to absorption capacities exercised by seawater vis-a-vis accumulating quantities derived exclusively from airborne pollutants thus exacerbating already precarious coral reef survival prospects amongst myriad aquatic lifeforms similarly imperiled therein. Terrestrial biomes confront imminent threats posed specifically by range contractions imposed upon numerous taxa incapable of migrating sufficiently fast enough so as maintain pace commensurate with rapidly transforming ambient surroundings hence rendering themselves increasingly vulnerable targets susceptible towards eventual elimination altogether unless concerted conservation measures intervene timely fashion accordingly.

Societal adaptations aimed at mitigating adverse consequences arising outta ongoing climate metamorphosis necessitate multifaceted approaches incorporating strategies designed explicitly tackle root causalities viz., drastic curtailment concerning net output emanating principally yet not exclusively from combustion-based energy

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

A one-hundred-year flood is a flood event that has a 1 % probability of occurring in any given year . The 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1 % flood , since its annual exceedance probability is 1 % . For river systems , the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flowrate . Based on the expected 100-year flood flow rate , the flood water level can be mapped as an area of inundation . The resulting floodplain map is referred to as the 100-year floodplain . Estimates of the 100-year flood flowrate and other streamflow statistics for any stream in the United States are available . In the UK The Environment Agency publishes a comprehensive map of all areas at risk of a 1 in 100 year flood ( Flood zone 3 ) Areas near the coast of an ocean or large lake also can be flooded by combinations of tide , storm surge , and waves . Maps of the riverine or coastal 100-year floodplain may figure importantly in building permits , environmental regulations , and flood insurance .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Landsat 1 , originally named `` Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1 '' , was the first satellite of the United States ' Landsat program . It was a modified version of the Nimbus 4 meteorological satellite and was launched on July 23 , 1972 by a Delta 900 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California . The near-polar orbiting spacecraft served as a stabilized , Earth-oriented platform for obtaining information on agricultural and forestry resources , geology and mineral resources , hydrology and water resources , geography , cartography , environmental pollution , oceanography and marine resources , and meteorological phenomena .

The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion was the April 20 , 2010 , explosion and subsequent fire on the Deepwater Horizon semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit ( MODU ) , which was owned and operated by Transocean and drilling for BP in the Macondo Prospect oil field about 40 mi southeast off the Louisiana coast . The explosion and subsequent fire resulted in the sinking of the Deepwater Horizon and the deaths of 11 workers ; 17 others were injured . The same blowout that caused the explosion also caused a massive offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico , considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the world , and the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history .

Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline . It is defined as the  absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° F ) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323 . The test method measures the vapor pressure of gasoline , volatile crude oil , and other volatile petroleum products , except for liquefied petroleum gases . RVP is stated in kilopascals and represents a relative pressure to the atmospheric pressure because ASTM-D-323 measures the gauge pressure of the sample in a non-evacuated chamber . All values are in SI units and are regarded as standards . Imperial units are for information only .   The matter of vapor pressure is important relating to the function and operation of gasoline-powered , especially carbureted , vehicles . High levels of vaporization are desirable for winter starting and operation and lower levels are desirable in avoiding vapor lock during summer heat . Fuel can not be pumped when there is vapor in the fuel line ( summer ) and winter starting will be more difficult when liquid gasoline in the combustion chambers has not vaporized . Thus , oil refineries manipulate the Reid Vapor Pressure seasonally specifically to maintain gasoline engine reliability .   The Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) differs slightly from the true vapor pressure ( TVP ) of a liquid due to small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space of the test equipment . That is , the RVP is the absolute vapor pressure and the TVP is the partial vapor pressure .

In engineering and science , dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their fundamental dimensions ( such as length , mass , time , and electric charge ) and units of measure ( such as miles vs. kilometers , or pounds vs. kilograms vs. grams ) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or comparisons are performed . Converting from one dimensional unit to another is often somewhat complex . Dimensional analysis , or more specifically the factor-label method , also known as the unit-factor method , is a widely used technique for such conversions using the rules of algebra .   The concept of physical dimension was introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822 . Physical quantities that are measurable ( commensurable ) have the same dimension ( length , time , mass ) and can be directly compared to each other , even if they are originally expressed in differing units of measure ( inches and meters , pounds and newtons ) . If physical quantities have different dimensions ( length verses mass ) , they can not be compared by similar units ( are incommensurable ) and can not be compared in quantity . Hence , it is meaningless to ask whether a kilogram is greater than , equal to , or less than an hour .   Any physically meaningful equation ( and likewise any inequality and inequation ) will have the same dimensions on their left and right sides , a property known as `` dimensional homogeneity '' . Checking for dimensional homogeneity is a common application of dimensional analysis . Dimensional analysis is also routinely used as a check of the plausibility of derived equations and computations . It is generally used to categorize types of physical quantities and units based on their relationship to or dependence on other units .

The One Hundredth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives . It met in Washington , D.C. from January 3 , 1987 , to January 3 , 1989 , during the last two years of Ronald Reagan 's presidency . The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980 . Both chambers had a Democratic majority .

Digital photography is a form of photography that uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens , as opposed to an exposure on photographic film . The captured images are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for further digital processing , viewing , digital publishing or printing .   Until the advent of such technology , photographs were made by exposing light sensitive photographic film and paper , which was processed in liquid chemical solutions to develop and stabilize the image . Digital photographs are typically created solely by computer-based photoelectric and mechanical techniques , without wet bath chemical processing .   Digital photography is one of the several forms of digital imaging . Digital images are also created by non-photographic equipment such as computer tomography scanners and radio telescopes . Digital images can also be made by scanning other printed photographic images or negatives .   The first consumer digital cameras were marketed in the late 1990s . Professionals gravitated to digital slowly , and were won over when their professional work required using digital files to fulfill the demands of employers and/or clients , for faster turn-around than conventional methods would allow . Starting around 2007 , digital cameras were incorporated in cell phones and in the following years , cell phone cameras became widespread , particularly due to their connectivity to social media websites and email . Since 2010 , the digital point-and-shoot and DSLR formats have also seen competition from the mirrorless digital camera format , which typically provides better image quality than the point-and-shoot or cell phone formats but comes in a smaller size and shape than the typical DSLR . Many mirrorless cameras accept interchangeable lenses and have advanced features through an electronic viewfinder , which replaces the through-the-lens finder image of the SLR format .

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .


Question: Moreover, asserting that our planet is merely “bouncing back” from the chilling grip of the Little Ice Age defies physical evidence and scientific understanding. This perspective overlooks critical factors contributing to current climate change trends beyond natural recovery cycles.

 Climate Change Beyond Natural Variability

The assertion that current planetary warming trends merely represent recovery from the Little Ice Age misrepresents scientific understanding. Earth’s climate system indeed experiences fluctuations; however, recent changes significantly exceed historical variability. Evidence suggests that since pre-industrial times, average temperatures have risen faster than any period within millennia. Anthropogenic influences—primarily carbon dioxide emissions—are now recognized as overriding drivers behind observed shifts. Although past eras witnessed warmer conditions without human interference, comparisons often overlook key differences: rate of change, concurrent atmospheric composition alterations, and associated impacts on ecosystems. Today's accelerated pace distinguishes modern warming from natural recoveries post-Little Ice Age, highlighting urgent need for mitigation strategies against escalating anthropocentric effects. Understanding complex interactions among solar radiation balance, volcanic activity, orbital dynamics, alongside emergent greenhouse gas concentrations offers insights critical for informed policy-making aimed at curbing potentially catastrophic outcomes linked to unchecked climate disruption.

This response maintains comparable structure, vocabulary level, sentence complexity, while addressing related content focusing specifically on distinguishing contemporary climate phenomena beyond mere recovery narratives commonly attributed to cyclic historical patterns akin to exiting colder epochs like LIA. It emphasizes empirical data supporting attribution theory concerning enhanced greenhouse effect resulting predominantly via industrial revolution onward CO2 output escalation contrasted against slower paced naturally occurring thermal equilibriums adjustments throughout geologic timeline emphasizing imperative proactive measures adoption combating exacerbated artificial perturbations threatening ecological stability continuity.

Laurence E. Nyquist ( born 1939 ) is an American planetary scientist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . He is known for his contributions to knowledge of the chronometry of planetary materials , which have been important in understanding time-scales for accretion , differentiation , and impacts on meteorite parent bodies . His NASA biography also records contributions to the study of noble gases in iron meteorites and lunar samples , radiometric age dating and isotope geochemistry of lunar , Martian , and meteoric samples , and the application of stable isotope methods to biomedical research . He has served as an Associate Editor of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference .   Nyquist received a B.A. in Physics and Mathematics from Macalester College in 1961 , an M.S. and Ph.D. , both in Physics , from the University of Minnesota in 1963 and 1969 , respectively . 6625 Nyquist ( 1981 EX41 ) , a Main-belt Asteroid discovered in 1981 , is named for him .

A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body . Landforms together make up a given terrain , and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography . Typical landforms include hills , mountains , plateaus , canyons , valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .

Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced . Many sources state that regelation can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice , with a heavy weight attached to it . The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally , permitting the wire to pass through the entire block . The wire 's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved , so the ice block will remain solid even after wire passes completely through . This experiment is possible for ice at − 10 ° C or cooler , and while essentially valid , the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex .  The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper , since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side to supply latent heat of melting .   If 1 mm diameter wire is used , over an ice cube 50 mm wide , the area the force is exerted on is 50 mm2 . This is 50 × 10 − 6 m2 . Force ( in newtons ) equals pressure ( in pascals ) multiplied by area ( in square metres ) . If at least 500 atm ( 50 MPa ) is required to melt the ice , a force of ( 50 × 106 Pa ) ( 50 × 10 − 6 m2 ) = 2500 N is required , a force roughly equal to the weight of 250 kg on Earth .   Regelation was discovered by Michael Faraday . Regelation occurs only for substances , such as ice , that have the property of expanding upon freezing , for the melting points of those substances decrease with increasing external pressure . The melting point of ice falls by 0.0072 ° C for each additional atm of pressure applied . For example , a pressure of 500 atmospheres is needed for ice to melt at − 4 ° C.

Deglobalization or Deglobalisation is the process of diminishing interdependence and integration between certain units around the world , typically nation-states . It is widely used to describe the periods of history when economic trade and investment between countries decline . It stands in contrast to globalization , in which units become increasingly integrated over time , and generally spans the time between periods of globalization .   The term of deglobalization has derived from some of the very profound change in many developed nations , where trade as a proportion of total economic activity went down between 1914 and 1970s . This decline refers that their economies become less integrated with the rest of the world economies in spite of the deepening scope of economic globalization .   While as with globalization , it can refer to economic , trade , social , technological , cultural and political dimensions , much of the work that has been conducted in the study of deglobalization refers to the field of international economics .   Periods of deglobalization are seen as interesting comparators to other periods , such as 1850 -- 1914 and 1950 -- 2007 , in which globalization had been the norm , given that globalization is the norm for most people and thus even periods of stagnant international interaction are often seen as periods of deglobalization . The globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute shows a clear break for economic globalization in 2009 : '' The bursting of the dot com bubble and the events of 9/11 merely slowed down the pace of globalization ; the latest economic and financial crisis has , however , created a severe setback for the globalization process '' In 2010 , the standstill in the globalization process basically continued but with different regional patterns : `` The biggest upward movement as a region occurred in South Asia ( albeit a very minor increase ) while Latin America and Sub Saharan Africa saw a very minor decrease in their regional average . High income countries and in particular OECD countries continue their trend of stagnation which has started even before the current crisis . ''

Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) at − 162 ° C ( − 260 ° F ) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature . LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges . Floating barge mounted plants have the advantage that they can be towed to new offshore locations for better usage in response to changes in the business environment . In a conventional regasification plantRU , LNG is heated by sea water to convert it to natural gas / methane gas .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .

Knowledge is a detailed familiarity with , or understanding of , a person , thing or situation .   Knowledge may also refer to :  a concept in English law , see knowingly  The Knowledge , the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxi drivers  Techniques of Knowledge , the meditation techniques taught by Prem Rawat and others  Carnal knowledge , Biblical term for sexual intercourse   in music :  Knowledge ( band ) , Jamaican reggae group  Knowledge ( rapper ) , England 's first documented rapper  `` Knowledge '' ( song ) , by ska-core band Operation Ivy  Knowledge , ska-punk band fronted by Nick Traina   in print :  Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British science magazine from 1881 to 1918  BBC Knowledge ( magazine ) , a British magazine founded in 2008  The Knowledge ( book series ) , a children 's book series  Knowledge encyclopædia , a British magazine for children which was assembled in binders into an encyclopedia   in television :  BBC Knowledge ( Worldwide ) , an international TV channel  Knowledge Channel , an educational television channel in the Philippines  Knowledge Network , an educational television channel in British Columbia  Knowledge TV , a defunct American Cable Network

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

Various sources , including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era .

The 1257 Samalas eruption was a major volcanic eruption of the Samalas volcano , next to Mount Rinjani on the island of Lombok , Indonesia . It left a large caldera next to Rinjani volcano , the lake Segara Anak . This volcanic eruption reached a volcanic explosivity index of 7 , making it one of the largest eruptions of the Holocene . The occurrence of this eruption was originally deduced from ice core information revealing a spike in sulfate deposition around the year 1257 ; in 2013 the source of this eruption at Samalas was definitively proven as a result of historical records from that time .   This eruption proceeded during four distinct phases , alternately creating eruption columns reaching up for tens of kilometres and pyroclastic flows that buried large parts of Lombok , destroying human habitations including the city of Pamatan . Ash from the eruption fell as far as Java . The volume of the deposits left exceeds 10 km3 . Later activity from the volcano created additional volcanic centres in the caldera , including the present day active Barujari cone .   The eruption was witnessed by humans on Lombok , who recorded its effects on text written on palm leaves . The aerosols injected by the volcano into the atmosphere reduced the solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth , triggering a volcanic winter and cooling lasting for several years . It is possible that the 1257 Samalas eruption helped trigger the Little Ice Age .


Question: Moreover, asserting that our planet is merely “bouncing back” from the chilling grip of the Little Ice Age defies physical evidence and scientific understanding. This perspective neglects the overwhelming data indicating human-induced climate change as the primary driver behind current temperature trends, rather than attributing them solely to natural recovery processes post-Little Ice Age.

 Climate Recovery Myths: Debunking Misconceptions about Historical Temperature Trends

The idea that current planetary temperatures can solely be attributed to recovery from historical events like the Little Ice Age lacks scientific grounding. Such simplistic explanations overlook complex interactions within Earth’s climate system. Over centuries, fluctuations in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and changes in atmospheric composition have influenced climate dynamics. However, attributing recent global warming trends exclusively to recovering from past cooler phases misrepresents empirical evidence. Modern climate research unequivocally points to anthropogenic influences—primarily increased carbon dioxide levels—as key drivers behind accelerated warming since the Industrial Revolution. Understanding contemporary climate requires acknowledging multifaceted causalities beyond singular historical phenomena.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and semantic style while ensuring the relationship between the claim and the generated document remains consistent. Both texts discuss aspects related to climate history but focus differently—one on defining ice ages specifically, the other addressing misconceptions around post-Little Ice Age recoveries.

Knocking on wood - in Britain and Australia the phrase is touch wood - is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching , tapping , or knocking on wood , or merely stating that one is doing or intend to do so , in order to avoid `` tempting fate '' after making a favourable observation , a boast , or declaration concerning one 's own death or other unfavorable situation beyond one 's control .   The origin of the custom may be in Germanic folklore , wherein supernatural beings are thought to live in trees , and can be invoked for protection .

The theory of recapitulation , also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism -- often expressed using Ernst Haeckel 's phrase `` ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny '' -- is a largely discredited biological hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal , from fertilization to gestation or hatching ( ontogeny ) , goes through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of the animal 's remote ancestors ( phylogeny ) . Since embryos also evolve in different ways , the theory of recapitulation is seen as a historical side-note , rather than as dogma in the field of developmental biology .   With different formulations , including the early Meckel-Serres law , recapitulation theory has been applied and extended to several fields and areas , including the study of language ( its origin ) , religion , biology , cognition and mental activities , anthropology , education theory and developmental psychology . Recapitulation theory is still considered plausible by some researchers in fields such as the study of the origin of language , cognitive development , and behavioral development in animals .

A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body . Landforms together make up a given terrain , and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography . Typical landforms include hills , mountains , plateaus , canyons , valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

is a stage of the Japanese language following Early Middle Japanese and preceding Early Modern Japanese . It is a period of transition in which the language sheds many of its archaic features and becomes closer to its modern form .   The period spanned roughly 500 years extending from the 12th century through the 16th century . It is customarily split into an Early and Late division . Politically , the first half of Late Middle Japanese consists of the end of the Heian period known as Insei and the Kamakura period ; the second half of Late Middle Japanese consists of the Muromachi period .

Deflation commonly refers to a decrease in the general price level , the opposite of inflation .   Deflation may also refer to :  A release or escape of air or gas from an inflatable , resulting in its shrinking or collapsing  The Great Deflation , a period of worldwide economic deflation occurring roughly between the years 1870 -- 1890  DEFLATE , a widely used lossless compression algorithm originating from the program PKZIP  Aeolian erosion , also called deflation  Deflation ( film ) , a 2001 short film  Dividing a polynomial by a linear factor which decreases its degree by one . This is done for example in the Jenkins -- Traub algorithm .  In philosophy , the use of a deflationary theory of truth , where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions .

Lalande 21185 is a star in the constellation of Ursa Major , relevant for being the brightest red dwarf observable in the northern hemisphere ( only AX Microscopii and Lacaille 9352 , in the southern hemisphere , are brighter ) . Despite this , and although relatively close by , it is ( as all red dwarves ) very dim , being only magnitude 7.5 in visible light and thus too dim to be seen with the unaided eye . The star is visible through a small telescope or binoculars .   At approximately 8.31 ly away it is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System ; only the Alpha Centauri system , Barnard 's Star , and Wolf 359 and the brown dwarfs Luhman 16 and WISE 0855 − 0714 are known to be closer . Because of its proximity it is a frequent subject for astronomical surveys and other research and thus is known by numerous other designations . Research papers most commonly use the designations BD +36 2147 , Gliese 411 , and HD 95735 to refer to this star . In approximately 19,900 years Lalande 21185 will be at its closest distance of about 4.65 ly ( 1.43 pc ) from the Sun .

19 ( nineteen ) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 . It is a prime number .   In a 24-hour clock , the nineteenth hour is in conventional language called seven or seven o'clock .

Lapilli is a size classification term for tephra , which is material that falls out of the air during a volcanic eruption or during some meteorite impacts . Lapilli ( singular : lapillus ) means `` little stones '' in Latin .   By definition lapilli range from 2 to in diameter . A pyroclastic particle greater than 64 mm in diameter is known as a volcanic bomb when molten , or a volcanic block when solid . Pyroclastic material with particles less than 2 mm in diameter is referred to as volcanic ash .

Language revitalization , also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift , is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one . Those involved can include parties such as linguists , cultural or community groups , or governments . Some argue for a distinction between language revival ( the resurrection of a dead language with no existing native speakers ) and language revitalization ( the rescue of a `` dying '' language ) . It has been pointed out that there has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival , that of the Hebrew language , creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model .   Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is severely limited . Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages . Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case , they typically involve attempting to expand the number of speakers and use of a language , or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or language death .   Reasons for revitalization vary . In recent times alone , it is estimated that more than 2000 languages have already become extinct . The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000 speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers and that , unless there are some efforts to maintain them , over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct . These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity . Culture and identity are also frequently cited reasons for language revitalization , when a language is perceived as a unique `` cultural treasure . '' A community often sees language as a unique part of their culture , connecting them with their ancestors or with the land , making up an essential part of their history and self-image .   Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation . In this field , linguists attempt to create full records of a language 's grammar , vocabulary , and linguistic features . This practice can often lead to more concern for the revitalization of a specific language on study . Furthermore , the task of documentation is often taken on with the goal of revitalization in mind .