Question: However, as Schmidt elaborated, when viewed within the broader framework, the discrepancies between the data from NOAA and NASA do not hold substantial weight.

 Climate Data Analysis: A Comparative Perspective
In discussing discrepancies among various scientific agencies' climate data analyses, experts often highlight subtle methodological variations. However, when viewed within the broader context of long-term trends, these disparities become less significant, according to Dr. Gavin Schmidt. He emphasizes that while minor differences exist between datasets provided by institutions like NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), they do not alter the overarching narrative about rising temperatures globally.
Climate studies rely heavily on sophisticated models and empirical observations gathered through extensive networks of monitoring stations across land, sea, and air. Both NOAA and NASA employ rigorous methodologies to compile historical records and predict future scenarios based on current understanding of atmospheric physics. Despite slight variances attributable to distinct approaches—such as adjustments for instrument biases—the core findings remain consistent regarding anthropogenic impacts leading to increased average planetary warmth.
To mitigate uncertainties inherent in complex systems analysis, scientists continuously refine modeling techniques alongside improving observational capabilities. Satellite imagery plays a crucial role here; its high-resolution coverage facilitates more accurate assessments than ground-based measurements alone could provide. Moreover, cross-validation against independent sources ensures reliability even amidst evolving technological advancements.
Ultimately, whether examining Arctic ice extent reductions or tracking carbon dioxide concentrations, consensus emerges clearly despite nuanced analytical distinctions. Policymakers therefore needn't dwell excessively upon minute details but rather focus energies on addressing urgent challenges posed by indisputable evidence pointing towards escalating environmental risks associated with unchecked greenhouse gas accumulations.

Richard Anthony Scheuring , D.O. , FAsMA is an osteopathic physician and a NASA flight surgeon . Dr. Scheuring holds the rank of lieutenant colonel and was involved in the constellation program at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . He graduated from Midwestern University 's Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine in 1993 and completed a family medicine residency . After completing his first residency , Dr. Scheuring pursued additional training in aerospace medicine and preventive medicine at Wright State University .

Lane Plateau is a flat , ice-covered plateau that rises to 3,000 m between Mount Waterman , Mount Cartwright , and Mount Bronk in the central Hughes Range of the Queen Maud Mountains , Antarctica . It trends north -- south for 9 nmi and is 2.5 nmi wide .   The plateau was discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on the Baselaying Flight of November 18 , 1929 , and surveyed by A.P. Crary , 1957 -- 58 . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys , 1962 -- 63 , and U.S. Navy photography taken 1958 -- 63 . The plateau is named in honor of Neal Lane , Director of the National Science Foundation ( NSF ) from 1993 to 1998 . Under his leadership the NSF won congressional approval for rebuilding South Pole Station as a premier international science facility set to open at the beginning of the 21st century .

The 1881 -- 1884 Lady Franklin Bay Expedition ( officially the International Polar Expedition ) into the Canadian Arctic was led by Lt. Adolphus Greely and was promoted by the United States Army Signal Corps . Its purpose was threefold : to establish a meteorological-observation station as part of the First International Polar Year , to collect astronomical data , and polar magnetic data . During the expedition , two members of the crew reached a new `` Farthest North '' record .   The expedition was under the auspices of the Signal Corps at a time when the Corps ' Chief Disbursements Officer , Henry W. Howgate , was arrested for embezzlement . However , that did not deter the planning and execution of the voyage .

David W. Allan ( born September 25 , 1936 , Mapleton , Utah ) is an American atomic clock physicist and author of the Allan variance , also known as the two-sample variance , a measure of frequency stability in clocks , oscillators and other applications . He worked for the National Bureau of Standards in Colorado .   Allan studied physics at the Brigham Young University ( B.S. 1960 ) and at the University of Colorado ( M.S. 1965 ) . From 1960 he was a physicist in the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( then the National Bureau of Standards ) in Boulder , and from 1979 was 1988 chief of the Time and Frequency Coordination Group . He retired in 1992 and lives in Fountain Green , Utah .   In 1982 , Allan was a guest scientist in the People 's Republic of China and in 1981 a consultant for the United Nations Development Program in New Delhi .   Allan is a Latter-day Saint . He has been married since 1959 and has seven children .

Reed Smoot ( January 10 , 1862February 9 , 1941 ) was a businessman and apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) when he was elected by the state legislature to the United States Senate in 1903 ; he served as a Republican senator until 1933 . From his time in the Senate , Smoot is primarily remembered as the co-sponsor of the 1930 Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , which raised U.S. import tariffs on over 20,000 dutiable items to record levels and is widely regarded as having exacerbated the Great Depression .   Smoot was a prominent leader of the LDS Church , chosen to serve as an apostle in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles prior to his election to the Senate . His role in the LDS Church ( together with rumors of a secret church policy continuing polygamy and a secret oath against the United States ) led to a lengthy controversy of four years after he was elected to the Senate . A Senate committee investigated his eligibility to serve and recommended against him , but the full Senate voted to seat him . After being defeated for office in 1932 , the year Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency , Smoot returned to Utah in 1933 . Retiring from politics and business , he devoted himself to the church . At the time of his death , he was third in the line of succession to lead the LDS Church .

Lambert Schmithausen ( born November 17 , 1939 in Cologne , Germany ) is a retired professor of Buddhist Studies , having served in positions  at the University of Munster and the University of Hamburg ( Germany ) .  He is one of the leading academics in the field .

David A. Johnson ( born 1952 ) is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yeshiva University and has previously taught at UCLA , University of Missouri , and Syracuse University . Raised in Nebraska , he earned his BA from the University of Nebraska , where he studied under Robert Audi , and his PhD from Princeton University . His areas of concentration are Philosophy of Religion , Metaphysics , and Epistemology . His brother , Edward , is Professor of Philosophy at University of New Orleans .   In his first book , Hume , Holism , and Miracles , Johnson purports to have refuted David Hume 's popular argument for the irrationality of belief in testimony of miracles ( as can be found in his essay entitled `` Of Miracles '' ) as well as several reconstructions of Hume 's argument ( most notably that of Bayesian philosopher Jordan Howard Sobel ) . Subsequently , Robert Fogelin ( of Dartmouth College ) responded to Johnson 's critique of Hume in his book A Defense of Hume on Miracles .   Johnson 's second book , Truth Without Paradox , consists mostly of Johnson 's claimed resolutions of many alleged paradoxes , such as the Liar Paradox . Towards the end of the book , Johnson presents his version of the ontological argument for the existence of God . He also gives a historical argument for the validity of the Bible .

David Merritt is an American astrophysicist and professor at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester , New York . He received his PhD in Astrophysical Sciences from Princeton University and held postdoctoral positions at the University of California , Berkeley and the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics in Toronto . His fields of specialization include dynamics and evolution of galaxies , supermassive black holes , and computational astrophysics .   David Merritt is a former Chair of the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society . He is a founding member of the Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation at RIT .   His scientific contributions include Osipkov-Merritt models , black hole spin flips , the Leonard-Merritt mass estimator , the M-sigma relation , stellar systems with negative temperatures ,  and rotational Brownian motion .

Knut Sejersted Selmer ( 7 November 1924 -- 25 March 2009 ) was a Norwegian legal scholar .   He was born in Aker as a son of professor Ernst Westerlund Selmer ( 1890 -- 1971 ) and Ella Sejersted ( 1895 -- 1968 ) . He was a grandnephew of Johan Selmer and Jens Selmer and a first cousin of Francis Sejersted . He finished his secondary education at the Haagaas School in 1944 and graduated with the cand.jur . degree in 1949 . He was a deputy judge in Nord-Troms and Fredrikstad between 1949 and 1952 . In January 1950 he married Elisabeth Schweigaard .   He was a research fellow at the University of Oslo from 1953 to 1959 , took the dr.juris degree in 1958 on the thesis The Survival of General Average . A Necessity or an Anachronism ? , and also had an average adjuster exam from 1954 . He was appointed as a professor of insurance law at the University of Oslo in 1959 , and remained here until 1989 . He served as dean from 1970 to 1973 . His fields in addition to insurance law were maritime law , tort , computer law and privacy law . His best known book was Forsikringsrett ( 1982 ) , and he also expanded on Ragnar Knoph 's basic law book together with Birger Stuevold Lassen , issued the fourth through seventh edidions of Knophs oversikt over Norges rett between 1966 and 1975 .   Together with Jon Bing he organized the `` department for EDB issues '' in 1971 , the current Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law , creating one of the world 's first centres of research into that type of issues . Selmer he has also chaired the boards of the Norwegian Data Inspectorate and Lovdata .   He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1961 and was decorated as a Knight , First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1993 as well as with the Defence Medal 1940 -- 1945 . He died in March 2009 in Oslo . A bust of him is located at the Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law .

Data Smog is a 1997 book by journalist David Shenk and published by Harper Collins . It addresses the author 's ideas on how the information technology revolution would shape the world , and how the large amount of data available on the Internet would make it more difficult to sift through and separate fact from fiction .


Question: However, as Schmidt elaborated, within the broader perspective, the discrepancies between the data from NOAA and NASA do not hold substantial importance.

 Comparing Climate Records: NOAA vs. NASA
When comparing records maintained by major scientific organizations like NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), slight discrepancies can arise due to different methodologies employed in collecting and analyzing climate data. However, according to Dr. Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, these variations remain insignificant when viewed within the broader framework of long-term climate trends. Both agencies rely heavily on comprehensive networks comprising land-based weather stations, sea-surface temperature gauges aboard ships and buoys, alongside satellite observations spanning several decades. Such vast databases enable researchers to track changes in atmospheric conditions accurately since the late nineteenth century. Despite minor divergences resulting from unique processing techniques utilized by each institution, they concur regarding critical aspects concerning rising global mean temperatures attributed largely to anthropogenic influences.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and overall tone while addressing essentially equivalent information about two authoritative bodies involved in monitoring earth ’ s changing climate through diverse yet complementary approaches. Additionally, it highlights how despite methodological distinctions leading occasionally to minute inconsistencies; overarching conclusions drawn independently converge highlighting shared concerns over escalating planetary warmth levels.

David Schultz ( born June 1 , 1955 ) is an American former professional wrestler . Although he is known for competing in North American regional promotions such as Stampede Wrestling , the National Wrestling Alliance and the American Wrestling Association during the late 1970s and early 1980s , he is perhaps best remembered for his short stint in the World Wrestling Federation in 1984 , where he gained notoriety after assaulting 20/20 reporter John Stossel during a report on the legitimacy of professional wrestling .

David J. Lipman is an American biologist who since 1989 to 2017 had been the Director of the National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI ) at the National Institutes of Health . NCBI is the home of GenBank , the U.S. node of the International Sequence Database Consortium , and PubMed , one of the most heavily used sites in the world for the search and retrieval of biomedical information . Lipman is one of the original authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program , and a respected figure in bioinformatics . In May 2017 , is was announced that he would be leaving NCBI and would be taking the position of Chief Science Officer at Impossible Foods .

Lauren Schmetterling ( born August 3 , 1988 ) is an American rower who won a total of four gold medals in the Women 's eight competition at the 2013 World Rowing Championships , the 2014 World Rowing Championships , the 2015 World Rowing Championships and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro .   Born in Voorhees Township , New Jersey , Schmetterling grew up in Moorestown , New Jersey and graduated from Moorestown High School as part of the class of 2006 . She graduated in 2010 from Colgate University with a degree in economics .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .

Reproducibility is the ability of an entire analysis of an experiment or study to be duplicated , either by the same researcher or by someone else working independently , whereas reproducing an experiment is called replicating it . Reproducibility and replicability together are among the main principles of the scientific method .   The values obtained from distinct experimental trials are said to be commensurate if they are obtained according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure . The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle 's dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual , where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence . Thus all knowledge , all science , necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language ( cf. Turner ) . Aristotle ′ s conception about the knowledge of the individual being considered unscientific is due to lack of the field of statistics in his time , so he could not appeal to statistical averaging by the individual .   A particular experimentally obtained value is said to be reproducible if there is a high degree of agreement between measurements or observations conducted on replicate specimens in different locations by different people -- that is , if the experimental value is found to have a high precision . However , in science , a very well reproduced result is one that can be confirmed using as many different experimental setups as possible and as many lines of evidence as possible ( consilience ) .

Albert Fred `` Red '' Schoendienst ( -LSB- ˈʃeɪndiːnst -RSB- born February 2 , 1923 ) is an American Major League Baseball ( MLB ) coach , and former player and manager . An outstanding second baseman , he played for 19 years with the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1945 -- 56 , 1961 -- 63 ) , New York Giants ( 1956 -- 57 ) and Milwaukee Braves ( 1957 -- 60 ) , and was named to 10 All Star teams . He then managed the Cardinals from 1965 through 1976 - the second-longest managerial tenure in the team 's history ( behind Tony La Russa ) . Under his direction , St. Louis won the 1967 and 1968 National League pennants and the 1967 World Series , and he was named National League Manager of the Year in both 1967 and 1968 . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989 . Schoendienst remains with the Cardinals as a special assistant coach ; as of 2017 he has worn a Major League uniform as a player , coach , or manager for 72 consecutive seasons .

Richard Brice Hoover ( B.Sc . ) ( born January 3 , 1943 ) is a scientist who has authored 33 volumes and 250 papers on astrobiology , extremophiles , diatoms , solar physics , X-ray/EUV optics and meteorites . He holds 11 U.S. patents and was 1992 NASA Inventor of the Year . He was employed at the United States ' NASA Marshall Space Flight Center from 1966 , where he worked on astrophysics and astrobiology . He established the Astrobiology Group there in 1997 and until his retirement late 2011 he headed their astrobiology research . He conducted research on microbial extremophiles in the Antarctic , microfossils , and chemical biomarkers in precambrian rocks and in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites .   Hoover is best known for having claimed three times ( 1997 , 2007 , and 2011 ) to have discovered fossilized microorganisms in a collection of select meteorites .

Deep Space 2 was a NASA probe part of the New Millennium Program . It included two highly advanced miniature space probes that were sent to Mars aboard the Mars Polar Lander in January 1999 . The probes were named `` Scott '' and `` Amundsen '' , in honor of Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen , the first explorers to reach the Earth 's South Pole . Intended to be the first spacecraft to penetrate below the surface of another planet , after entering the Mars atmosphere DS2 was to detach from the Mars Polar Lander mother ship and plummet to the surface using only an aeroshell impactor , with no parachute . The mission was declared a failure on March 13 , 2000 , after all attempts to reestablish communications following the descent went unanswered .

Data fusion is the process of integration of multiple data and knowledge representing the same real-world object into a consistent , accurate , and useful representation .  The goal of data fusion is to combine relevant information from two or more data sources into a single one that provides a more accurate description than any of the individual data sources .   Data fusion processes are often categorized as low , intermediate or high , depending on the processing stage at which fusion takes place . Low level data fusion combines several sources of raw data to produce new raw data . The expectation is that fused data is more informative and synthetic than the original inputs .   For example , sensor fusion is also known as ( multi-sensor ) data fusion and is a subset of information fusion .

( also written 2006 SU49 ) is a near-Earth asteroid that had a 1 in 42,000 chance of impacting Earth on January 22 , 2029 . By October 29 , 2006 , it was listed with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 0 . It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on November 23 , 2006 . It is now known that on January 28 , 2029 , the asteroid will be 0.00818 AU from Earth .   It is a near-Earth asteroid that received minor attention in late September and early October 2006 because initial observations indicated a higher than usual probability that it would strike the Earth in 2029 . However , the Near-Earth Object ( NEO ) Office at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) removed from its risk list as additional observations provided improved predictions that eliminated the possibility of an impact on Earth or the Moon through 2106 . Similarly , NEODyS estimates show a zero impact probability through 2080 .   briefly led the Earth-impact hazard list from September 27 , 2006 , through October 4 , 2006 , temporarily displacing ( 144898 ) 2004 VD17 from the number one position . At the time , both held a Torino scale of level 1 and were the only asteroids to hold a Torino value greater than 0 .   Even though has an Earth MOID of 0.0003 AU , the orbit and future close approaches are well determined with an orbital uncertainty of 0 .   was discovered on September 20 , 2006 , by the Spacewatch project at the University of Arizona . The object is estimated at 380 meters in diameter with a mass of about 7.3 kg .


Question: However, as Schmidt elaborated, within the broader perspective, the discrepancies observed between the data sets from NOAA and NASA do not hold substantial weight.

 Comparative Analysis: NOAA vs. NASA on Climate Change Data
In discussing the nuances of climate research, some argue that discrepancies exist between datasets provided by two leading U.S. agencies—NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). However, according to Dr. Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, these apparent inconsistencies pale when viewed against the broader landscape of climate studies. Both agencies agree fundamentally on critical points—that Earth's average surface temperature has risen since preindustrial times; humans contribute substantially through CO2 emissions; and the impacts span across ecosystems, weather extremes, sea levels, etc., affecting life profoundly.
Despite minor methodological variances reflecting different approaches to satellite measurements, land-use changes tracking, ocean heat content estimation, among others, core conclusions align closely. Scientific communities universally recognize anthropogenic climate alteration as factually substantiated rather than speculative theory. Contrarian voices tend to emphasize uncertainties around specific projections' precision (e.g., future warming scenarios under various emission pathways), localized variability interpretations, economic implications assessment methodologies, adaptation strategies efficacy versus mitigation actions costs. Yet even here, broad agreement persists amongst experts who prioritize evidence-based reasoning over ideologically-driven skepticism.
It becomes evident then why prominent figures like Schmidt stress unity amidst diversity when comparing seemingly divergent analyses produced independently yet collaboratively by NOAA & NASA teams respectively dedicated to advancing understanding surrounding arguably humanity's greatest collective challenge moving forward into uncertain tomorrows defined largely by decisions made today regarding energy policies shaping tomorrow's planetary health outcomes irrevocably linked back to atmospheric composition trajectories set forth during formative stages following Industrial Revolution onset circa late eighteenth century onwards until now...and beyond? Indeed, while recognizing valid critiques aimed at refining models continuously improved upon via iterative feedback loops incorporating latest empirical findings gleaned from cutting-edge instrumentation deployed strategically throughout globe spanning air-sea-land interfaces constituting complex interconnected web comprising biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere atmosphere cryosphere collectively referred to simply as 'Earth System', overarching message conveyed consistently across multiple disciplines converges unequivocally onto single undeniable truth - We Are All Connected! Thus, whatever choices we make reverberate far reaching repercussions rippling outward exponentially impacting every corner imaginable within finite confines imposed naturally inherent within closed ecological systems incapable expansion ad infinitum unlike open-ended mathematical constructs devoid physical constraints governing behavior exhibited therein...

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus alignment, argumentation coherence, evidentiary reliance, rhetorical strategy deployment mirroring original input parameters specified

13123 Tyson , provisional designation , is a stony Phocaea asteroid and a possible binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David H. Levy at the U.S. Palomar Observatory , California , on 16 May 1994 .   The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family , a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics , named after its largest member , 25 Phocaea . It orbits orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7 -- 3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months ( 1,324 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 23 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The first precovery was taken at Palomar 's Digitized Sky Survey ( DSS ) in 1953 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 41 years prior to its discovery .   In February 2015 , a rotational light-curve was obtained by astronomer Petr Pravec at the Astronomical Institute , Czech Republic . It showed a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 in magnitude . A previous photometric observation in August 2009 , at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory , Australia , gave a light-curve with a similar period of and a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , the asteroid measures 10.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.197 , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and calculates a smaller diameter of 8.2 kilometers , based on an absolute magnitude of 12.64 .   The minor planet was named in honor of American astrophysicist and popular science communicator , Neil deGrasse Tyson ( b. 1958 ) . In 1996 , he became director of New York 's Hayden Planetarium and oversaw its complete renovation . Tyson was also a research affiliate at Princeton University . Naming citation was published on 11 November 2000 .

Data integrity is the maintenance of , and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of , data over its entire life-cycle , and is a critical aspect to the design , implementation and usage of any system which stores , processes , or retrieves data . The term data integrity is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on the specific context even under the same general umbrella of computing . This article provides only a broad overview of some of the different types and concerns of data integrity .   Data integrity is the opposite of data corruption , which is a form of data loss . The overall intent of any data integrity technique is the same : ensure data is recorded exactly as intended ( such as a database correctly rejecting mutually exclusive possibilities , ) and upon later retrieval , ensure the data is the same as it was when it was originally recorded . In short , data integrity aims to prevent unintentional changes to information . Data integrity is not to be confused with data security , the discipline of protecting data from unauthorized parties .   Any unintended changes to data as the result of a storage , retrieval or processing operation , including malicious intent , unexpected hardware failure , and human error , is failure of data integrity . If the changes are the result of unauthorized access , it may also be a failure of data security . Depending on the data involved this could manifest itself as benign as a single pixel in an image appearing a different color than was originally recorded , to the loss of vacation pictures or a business-critical database , to even catastrophic loss of human life in a life-critical system .

The Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science ( RIACS ) was founded June 1 , 1983 as a joint collaboration between the Universities Space Research Association ( USRA ) and the NASA Ames Research Center . The Institute was created to conduct basic and applied research in computer science , covering a broad range of research topics of interest to the aerospace community including supercomputing , computational fluid dynamics , computational chemistry , high performance networking , and artificial intelligence .   Since its inception , a goal of the Institute 's research has been to support scientific research and engineering from problem formulation to results dissemination , combining concurrent processing systems with intelligent systems to allow users to interact in the language of their discipline . This goal has since expanded to support a broad range of activities associated with space exploration and science , including mission operations and innovative information systems for technology research and development .   An underlying philosophy and approach of the Institute is that successful research is interdisciplinary , and that challenging applications associated with NASA 's mission provide a driving force for developing innovative information systems and advancing computer science . To implement this approach , research staff undertakes collaborative projects with research groups at NASA , integrating computer science with other disciplines to support NASA 's mission .   Over its nearly twenty five year history , RIACS has acted as a bridge between academia and government research , engaging talented researchers from around the world to collaborate with NASA on challenging research topics . RIACS has also acted as a bridge between industry and the government to mature information technologies for infusion into NASA operations , enabling broader public benefit from research results .   For NASA , RIACS has collaborated most closely with the Intelligent Systems Division and the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division ( NAS ) at the NASA Ames Research Center -- NASA 's Center for Excellence in Information Technology . RIACS , which was formed the same year as the NAS , worked closely with the division in its early years to develop a strong competency in supercomputing and computational fluid dynamics at NASA . RIACS helped establish the Intelligent Systems Division , and has since collaborated closely with the division to develop and infuse a number of software innovations in the areas of autonomous systems ; intelligent information management and data understanding ; and human-centered computing .

Richard C. Cook ( born October 20 , 1946 ) is a former U.S. federal government analyst , who was instrumental in exposing White House cover-ups regarding the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of 1986 . As a witness to the incident and a participant in the subsequent investigations , Cook provided key documents to The New York Times and testified before the Rogers Commission . In 1990 , he received the Cavallo Foundation Award for Moral Courage in Business and Government for his testimony . In 2007 , his memoirs of the tragedy were published in a book entitled , Challenger Revealed : An Insider 's Account of How the Reagan Administration Caused the Greatest Tragedy of the Space Age .   As a Policy Analyst for the U.S. Government from 1970 until 1986 , Richard Cook 's career included service with the U.S. Civil Service Commission , the Food and Drug Administration , the White House Consumer Office , and NASA . From 1986 until 2007 , Cook served as a Project Manager for the U.S. Treasury Department , Financial Management Service ( FMS )   Now retired from 32-years of government service , Cook works as a writer and private consultant with particular focus on Monetary Reform . His articles on economics , politics , and space policy have been published in numerous magazines , newspapers and websites , and have been translated into several languages . A leading spokesman for Economic Democracy , Cook 's most recent book , We Hold These Truths : The Hope of Monetary Reform was published in 2009 . He is also author of In the Footsteps of the Yogi : The 1999 U.S. Tour of Sri Sri Sri Shivabalayogi Maharaj , and was recently named the U.S. director for White Light Books , a company based in Australia that focuses on the merging of public affairs with world spiritual currents .

Richard Schatzki ( 1901 -- 1992 ) was a German-American radiologist . He was born in Klafeld , Germany on February 22 , 1901 . In 1933 , Nazi leadership declared that no one of Jewish background could hold a position in German governmental facilities . As a result , Schatzki was forced to leave his University Hospital position . Four months later , Schatzki moved to America with his wife Greta and young son Stefan . They were the first Schatzkis to leave Germany , although other family members would join them in America in the years leading up to the war as conditions in Germany deteriorated further . Upon leaving his home nation , Germany , his wife was pregnant with their second son . After arriving in the United States , George Schatzki came into the world .   He trained in radiology in Berlin with Hans Heinrich Berg ( 1889-1968 ) who was the leading diagnostic radiologist in Germany at that time . He immigrated to the United States in 1933 and worked as a radiologist physician in Boston at MGH until 1943 . He subsequently took a position as chief of radiology at Mount Auburn Hospital where he established a diagnostic radiology residency training program and was largely responsible for changing Mount Auburn from `` minimally sophisticated community hospital into one of the teaching hospitals associated with Harvard Medical School . '' . He served as President of the New England Roentgen Ray Society , of which he became an honorary member in 1967 .   In the 1950s , Schatzki first characterized a type of pathological stricture of the lower esophagus , which is now known as a Schatzki ring .

114 Kassandra is a large and dark main-belt asteroid . It belongs to the rare class T . It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on July 23 , 1871 , and is named after Cassandra , the prophetess in the tales of the Trojan War . The asteroid is featured in the 2009 film Meteor , in which it is split in two by a comet , and set on a collision course with Earth .   This object is classified as a rare T-type asteroid , with parts of the spectrum displaying properties similar to the mineral troilite and to carbonaceous chondrite . The shape of the spectrum also appears similar to fine grain from the Ornans meteorite , which landed in France in 1868 . The light curve for this asteroid displays a period of 10.758 ± 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 ± 0.01 in magnitude .   During 2001 , 114 Kassandra was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory . The return signal matched an effective diameter of 100 ± 14 km . This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means .

Konrad Albert Schmidt ( born August 2 , 1984 ) is a former professional baseball catcher who played for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in 2010 and 2012 .

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an astronomical object is moving away , typically from Earth . It can be measured by shifts in spectral lines or estimated by general reddening of a galactic spectra .   Galaxies outside our galaxy often have their recessional velocity calculated relative to the cosmic microwave background .

Dieter Schmalstieg is an Austrian computer scientist , full professor , and head of the Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision at Graz University of Technology . In 1993 he received a master of science diploma and by 1997 became doctor of technology . Currently he has over 300 peer-reviewed works which were cited over 12,000 times which brought him an h-index of 53 .   He is the author of the book `` Augmented Reality - Principles and Practice '' ( with Tobias Höllerer , ISBN 978-0321883575 ) , published by Addison-Wesley in 2016  .

Raymond Thayer Birge ( March 13 , 1887 -- March 22 , 1980 ) was a physicist . Born in Brooklyn , New York , into an academic scientific family , Birge obtained his Doctor 's Degree from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison in 1913 . In the same year he married Irene A. Walsh . The Birges had two children , Carolyn Elizabeth ( Mrs. E.D. Yocky ) and Robert Walsh , Associate Director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1973-1981 . After five years as an instructor at Syracuse University , he became a member of the physics department at University of California , Berkeley , where he remained until he retired , as chairman , in 1955 .   On his arrival at Berkeley , Birge sought collaboration with the Berkeley College of Chemistry , then under the leadership of Gilbert N. Lewis . However , Birge 's championing of the Bohr atom led him into conflict with the chemists who defended Lewis ' earlier theory of the cubical atom . Birge was unafraid of scientific controversy and persevered with his course on atomic structure , attracting future Nobel Laureates in chemistry William Francis Giauque and Harold Clayton Urey . His work on molecular spectra included the development of the Birge-Sponer method .   Birge 's later work arose from his initial bewilderment at the variety and inconsistency among measurements of the fundamental physical constants . His interest led to a broad mastery of all branches of the physical sciences and gave fruit with many publications , in particular , a 1929 paper in Reviews of Modern Physics that recommended a standard set of values for the constants based on earlier published results . There ensued a frustration with the conventional methods of statistics as applied in physical science which led to a collaboration with W. Edwards Deming . Following their 1934 joint paper in Reviews of Modern Physics , their approaches diverged with Deming following the work of Walter A. Shewhart while Birge became interested in the more conventional statistical approaches of least squares and maximum likelihood . Birge 's interest in statistics led him to the investigation of parapsychology in which he conducted many experiments without finding any conclusive results .   Birge was an active administrator and was the architect of the Berkeley department 's prestige , seeking out physicists such as Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence and guiding the department through its golden years of the 1930s and through the changes brought on by World War II , the Manhattan Project , and the birth of `` Big Science . '' However , during the McCarthy era in 1949 , the Regents of the University of California enforced an anti-communist oath to be signed by all employees . Though an outspoken critic of the oath , after much searching of conscience , Birge decided that his loyalty to the department and the university demanded that he sign and fight from within for freedom of speech . Many of his colleagues did not sign and were dismissed .   Birge died in Berkeley , California . His honors include :   President of the American Physical Society ;  Member of the National Academy of Sciences ; and  Honorary degree of LLD from the University of California , Berkeley .   In December 1964 , the new Physics building at Berkeley , Birge Hall was dedicated to Raymond Birge .


Question: However, as Schmidt elaborated, within the broader perspective, the discrepancies observed between the data from NOAA and NASA do not hold substantial significance.

 Disparity Between NOAA and NASA Data: An Overview

The debate regarding discrepancies between data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), while intriguing, loses significance when viewed within the broader perspective of climate research. Both organizations play pivotal roles in monitoring earth’s climate conditions; however, they employ different methodologies leading occasionally to slight variances in results. Despite these minor variations, both agencies agree unanimously on core issues surrounding global warming - namely, its existence and human contribution being paramount amongst contributing factors.

Climate scientists argue that focusing solely on minute disparities obscures larger truths concerning planetary health. They emphasize instead how overwhelming consensus exists across various studies conducted independently confirming alarming trends indicative of rapid climate deterioration. According to recent reports published jointly under auspices of International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme & World Meteorological Organization, there can no longer remain doubt regarding humanity’s role exacerbating current crisis through excessive release harmful pollutants into environment resulting increased atmospheric concentrations greenhouse gases trapping additional solar radiation causing temperatures globally soar higher ever recorded before historical timescales extending back several millennia prior advent Industrial Revolution circa late eighteenth century onwards.

Moreover, simulations run using sophisticated computer models predict dire consequences unless drastic measures taken immediately curb escalating emissions trajectory. Projections indicate likelihood global mean surface air temperature could potentially climb anywhere upwards three degrees Celsius end twenty-first century depending upon implementation stringent policies aimed drastically cutting down usage fossil fuels reliance renewable energy sources mitigate worst-case scenarios outlined earlier.

It becomes abundantly clear therefore urgent action needed tackle impending catastrophe head-on without delay. Governments world-over need commit themselves fully achieving ambitious targets set forth Paris Agreement signed COP21 summit held December 2015 whereby signatories pledged collectively reduce net GHG output substantially compared baseline year 1990 moving forward strive attain zero balance latest date feasible preferably sooner rather later bearing mind finite nature remaining reserves non-renewable hydrocarbons imperative transition away dependence thereof safeguard long-term sustainability ecosystems inhabitants alike.

Public awareness growing steadily alongside mounting pressure exerted civil society groups urging leaders take decisive steps combat looming disaster. Polls reveal majority citizens recognize severity challenge posed rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions demand immediate attention prioritizing preservation ecological integrity above short-sighted economic gains achieved exploiting natural resources unsustainably. Ultimately, collective effort required overcome seemingly insurmountable odds restore delicate balance disrupted countless generations reckless exploitation Mother Nature bestowed us stewardship responsibility treat accordingly ensuring survival prosperity posterity.

David F. Schmitz . ( born September 4 , 1956 ) holds the Robert Allen Skotheim Chair of History at Whitman College . He specializes in 20th Century United States history , especially United States Foreign Policy .   He received a PhD , from Rutgers University in 1985 , with a thesis `` United States foreign policy toward fascist Italy , 1922-1940 '' .

Richard Anthony Proctor ( 23 March 1837 -- 12 September 1888 ) was an English astronomer .   He is best remembered for having produced one of the earliest maps of Mars in 1867 from 27 drawings by the English observer William Rutter Dawes .   His map was later superseded by those of Giovanni Schiaparelli and Eugène Antoniadi and his nomenclature was dropped ( for instance , his `` Kaiser Sea '' became Syrtis Major Planum ) .   He used old drawings of Mars dating back to 1666 to try to determine the sidereal day of Mars . His final estimate , in 1873 , was 24h 37m 22.713 s , very close to the modern value of 24h 37m 22.663 s. Nevertheless , Frederik Kaiser 's value of 24h 37m 22.622 s is closer , by 0.012 seconds in 88,642.688 seconds , a very small difference in the error of both computations .   A crater on Mars is named after Proctor .

Remko Jan Hendrik Scha ( 15 September 1945 -- 9 November 2015 ) was a professor of computational linguistics at the faculty of humanities and Institute for Logic , Language and Computation at the University of Amsterdam . He made important contributions to semantics , in particular the treatment of plurals , and to discourse analysis , and laid the foundations for what became an important research paradigm in computational linguistics , Data Oriented Parsing .   He was a composer and performer of algorithmic art . He made recordings of music which has been generated by motor-driven machines . One notable example of this type of music is his 1982 album of electric guitar music , `` Machine Guitars '' , on which all guitars are played by saber saws without human intervention , except for one in which the guitar is played by a rotating wire brush , again with no human intervention . Recorded in Eindhoven and New York , it was described by Byron Coley in The Wire 231 as one of `` the definitive modern NYC guitar work -LSB- s -RSB- '' , and its influence can be heard in the music of Eli Keszler , Alan Courtis and many more . Performances by The Machines took place in Amsterdam , Brussels , London , Berlin , New York , San Francisco . The most recent performance was in Leiden ( 2015 ) .   Scha had a longrunning involvement in the arts in the Netherlands . Alongside Paul Panhuysen he founded Het Apollohuis , a former cigar factory in Eindhoven which became a space for performance , art and music in 1980 . It played host to performers such as Ellen Fullman , whose The Long String Instrument LP was recorded there in the venue 's first year . Scha also founded the Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam . In IAAA he brought together machines , computers , algorithms and human persons to work together toward the complete automatization of art production . With IAAA collaborators Remko developed machines and algorithms for the production of random artworks in a range of fields : music , drawing , architecture , graphical and product design , facial expressions . On the radicalart.info site he created an extensive analytical anthology of anti-art and meta-art that lists and discusses the art historical sources that informed his artistic views .

A radio telescope is a specialized antenna and radio receiver used to receive radio waves from astronomical radio sources in the sky in radio astronomy . Radio telescopes are the main observing instrument used in radio astronomy , which studies the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by astronomical objects , just as optical telescopes are the main observing instrument used in traditional optical astronomy which studies the light wave portion of the spectrum coming from astronomical objects . Radio telescopes are typically large parabolic ( `` dish '' ) antennas similar to those employed in tracking and communicating with satellites and space probes . They may be used singly , or linked together electronically in an array . Unlike optical telescopes , radio telescopes can be used in the daytime as well as at night . Since astronomical radio sources such as planets , stars , nebulas and galaxies are very far away , the radio waves coming from them are extremely weak , so radio telescopes require very large antennas to collect enough radio energy to study them , and extremely sensitive receiving equipment . Radio observatories are preferentially located far from major centers of population to avoid electromagnetic interference ( EMI ) from radio , television , radar , motor vehicles , and other manmade electronic devices .   Radio waves from space were first detected by engineer Karl Guthe Jansky in 1932 at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel , New Jersey using an antenna built to study noise in radio receivers . The first purpose-built radio telescope was a 9-meter parabolic dish constructed by radio amateur Grote Reber in his back yard in Wheaton , Illinois in 1937 . The sky survey he did with it is often considered the beginning of the field of radio astronomy .

Laramie Potts is an American scientist at Ohio State University who identified the Wilkes Land mass concentration in Antarctica in collaboration with Ralph von Frese . He is from South Africa . He currently ( December 2010 ) teaches geomatics ( surveying ) at the New Jersey Institute of Technology .   Potts is a Post-Doctoral Researcher in Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science .   He and von Frese used gravity measurements by NASA 's GRACE satellites to identify a 200-mile ( 300 km ) wide mass concentration . This mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap . This combination led these researchers to speculate that it may be the result of a large impact event .

Denise Schmandt-Besserat ( born August 10 , 1933 in Ay , Marne , France ) is a French-American archaeologist and retired professor of art and archaeology of the ancient Near East . She spent much of her professional career as a professor at the University of Texas .

The Department of Commerce Bronze Medal is the third of three honor awards of the United States Department of Commerce . Since 1949 , the Bronze Medal is the highest award presented by the head or secretarial officer of an operating unit of the Department of Commerce such as the NOAA , NIST , NWS , etc. for superior performance . The award may be presented to an individual , group ( or team ) , or organization for outstanding or significant contributions which have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of the operating unit of the Department of Commerce .   The annual operating unit Bronze Medal Awards ceremony in the Washington D.C. area is scheduled by the operating unit sometime after the annual Department of Commerce Gold and Silver Medal Awards ceremony . An Individual and members of a group ( or team ) which is awarded the Bronze Medal Award are each presented a framed certificate and medal . An organization receiving the award is presented one framed certificate and medal .

Knut Emil Lundmark , born 14 June 1889 in Älvsbyn , Sweden , died 23 April 1958 in Lund , Sweden , was a Swedish astronomer , professor of astronomy and head of the observatory at Lund University from 1929 to 1955 .   Lundmark received his astronomical education at the observatory of Uppsala University . His dissertation ( 1920 ) was titled : The relations of the globular clusters and spiral nebulae to the stellar system . During the 1920s he worked at several observatories in the USA , mainly the Lick Observatory and the Mount Wilson Observatory .   Knut Lundmark was one of the pioneers in the modern study of the galaxies and their distances . He was one of the first to suspect that the galaxies are remote stellar systems at vast distances and not nearby objects belonging to our own galaxy , the Milky Way . In 1919 he measured the distance to M31 -- the Andromeda Galaxy , to 650,000 light years ( about a fourth of the present day value ) using magnitudes of novae found in M31 and comparing them to nearby ones with known distances . Lundmark 's work contributed to the later famous Great Debate over whether nebulae were galaxies or concentrations of glowing gas .   Lundmark also studied the light distribution in the galaxies , and discovered that the distribution could only properly be explained if the galaxies contained vast amounts of light-blocking dark clouds .   He was the leading writer of popular astronomy among the professional astronomers in Sweden from the 1930s and onwards . He also often appeared in the Swedish national radio with programs on popular astronomy and the history of science . He made generations of Swedes fascinated and interested in astronomy .   The lunar crater Lundmark and the minor planet 1334 Lundmarka were named after him . The Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte Galaxy is named after Lundmark , Max Wolf and Philibert Jacques Melotte .

1123 Shapleya , provisional designation , is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 11 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 21 September 1928 , by Russian astronomer Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula . It was named after American astronomer Harlow Shapley .

In statistics , the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values .   However , in descriptive statistics , this concept of range has a more complex meaning . The range is the size of the smallest interval which contains all the data and provides an indication of statistical dispersion . It is measured in the same units as the data . Since it only depends on two of the observations , it is most useful in representing the dispersion of small data sets .


Question: "While delving into specifics about record data holds intrigue and offers ample opportunity for intricate analysis, it's crucial to emphasize that climate patterns observed post-1970 persist unabated; no evidence suggests these trends have decelerated or halted," he remarked. This perspective underscores continuity rather than cessation in environmental shifts over recent decades.

 Climate Change Trends: A Persistent March Forward

"Climate science experts emphasize that while debates about specific data points might captivate attention, what truly matters is observing uninterrupted climate trend progressions evident since the 1970s," explained Dr. Jane Doe, renowned climate scientist. She continued, "The core message here isn't just about record-breaking temperatures; rather, it underscores how consistently warmer conditions align with predictions made decades ago."

Diving deeper into historical context reveals pivotal moments shaping modern understanding of climate dynamics. Since the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide levels escalated dramatically—initially spurred by coal combustion then amplified through oil and gas exploitation. These greenhouse gases trap heat within Earth's atmosphere, triggering global warming effects observed across continents.

Innovative research methodologies enabled scientists to reconstruct past climates accurately, confirming current anomalies aren’t mere fluctuations but indicative of profound systemic shifts. Ice cores drilled from Greenland glaciers provide invaluable insights dating back millennia, revealing CO₂ concentrations far exceeding pre-industrial norms—a clear testament to anthropogenic impacts. Satellite imagery complements ground measurements, showcasing shrinking Arctic sea ice extent alongside accelerating glacier retreat globally. Ocean acidification metrics highlight another dimension where marine ecosystems face mounting pressures from rising acidity linked directly to absorbed atmospheric CO₂ increases.

Critics sometimes point fingers at so-called “pauses” or periods when warming appeared less pronounced compared to previous years. However, rigorous statistical analyses debunked those claims convincingly, demonstrating overall upward trajectories remained unaltered throughout alleged hiatuses. Moreover, recent studies suggest even brief slowdowns could partly result from enhanced oceanic absorption capacity temporarily buffering air temperatures—an intriguing phenomenon underscoring interconnectedness among various components comprising Earth systems.

Amidst ongoing scientific advancements, public discourse remains mired in skepticism fueled largely by misinformation campaigns targeting vulnerable segments susceptible to doubt-mongering tactics. Educating society becomes paramount under such circumstances, ensuring accurate information reaches broad audiences effectively combating disinformation onslaughts. Collaborations involving educators, policymakers, media professionals, and community leaders hold promise fostering informed dialogues conducive to collective action addressing urgent challenges posed by escalating planetary fever symptoms.

As humanity confronts daunting tasks ahead necessitating transformative societal adjustments, embracing evidence-backed knowledge paves pathways toward sustainable futures safeguarding ecological integrity essential for survival prospects spanning generations yet unborn. Let us heed wisdom imparted by seasoned researchers urging vigilance amidst unfolding narratives chronicling Earth's tumultuous journey navigating treacherous terrains wrought by unchecked greed masquerading as economic prosperity illusions.

Remember, confronting climate crises demands unwavering commitment transcending ideological divides

In mountaineering and hiking , the rest step is a human walking gait used in ascending steep slopes . Its essential characteristic is a pause of motion with the rear leg vertical and fully extended , while the front leg is relaxed except as needed to adjust the balancing of the climber 's body and burden on the rear leg .   The goal includes `` locking '' the knee , in order to rest the weight on the skeleton ( and relieve the leg muscles of exertion as much as possible ) .   Climbers may often execute the rest step spontaneously , if waiting either for the next step of a climber who is a step or two ahead , or for the energy to continue . Nevertheless , conscious practice at delaying the next step ( requiring inhibition of a walking reflex ) is widely deemed worthwhile . That skill enables ascent at the maximum steady pace , on slopes where quadriceps endurance , or the rate of consumption of either energy or oxygen is the factor limiting the rate of advance , whether some climbers or all in the party are operating at that limit .   The rest step is especially emphasized in steep ascents on firm snow , often including the additional feature of keeping the moving foot close to the snow surface and scraping it against the snow as it comes to rest , especially to preserve and reinforce the improved footing available in the footprint left by the immediately previous climber .

A data entry clerk is a member of staff employed to enter or update data into a computer system . Data are often entered into a computer from paper documents using a keyboard , optical scanner , or data recorder . The keyboards used can often have specialist keys and multiple colors to help in the task and speed up the work . While requisite skills can vary depending on the nature of the data being entered , few specialized skills are usually required , aside from touch typing proficiency with adequate speed and accuracy . The ability to focus for lengthy periods is necessary to eliminate or at least reduce errors . When dealing with sensitive or private information such as medical , financial or military records , a person 's character and discretion become very relevant as well . Beyond these traits , no technical knowledge is generally required and these jobs can even be worked from home .

Redemptor hominis ( Latin : The Redeemer of Man ) is the name of the first encyclical written by Pope John Paul II . It lays a blueprint for his pontificate in its exploration of contemporary human problems and especially their proposed solutions found in a deeper understanding of the human person . The encyclical was promulgated on 4 March 1979 , less than five months after his installation as pope .

Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information to Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of The Washington Post , in 1972 , about the involvement of U.S. President Richard Nixon 's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal . In 2005 , 31 years after Nixon 's resignation and 11 years after Nixon 's death , a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat . Felt was suffering from dementia at the time and had previously denied being Deep Throat , but Woodward and Bernstein confirmed the attorney 's claim .

Repetition is the simple repeating of a word , within a sentence or a poetical line , with no particular placement of the words , in order to secure emphasis . This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech . It also has connotations to listing for effect and is used commonly by famous poets such as

Richard M. Perloff is an American academic . He is professor of communication at Cleveland State University , where he has taught since 1979 . He has written on persuasion , on political communication , on the psychology of perception of the effects of mass media , and on the third-person effect .

Repetition compulsion is a psychological phenomenon in which a person repeats a traumatic event or its circumstances over and over again . This includes reenacting the event or putting oneself in situations where the event is likely to happen again . This `` re-living '' can also take the form of dreams in which memories and feelings of what happened are repeated , and even hallucination .   The term can also be used to cover the repetition of behaviour or life patterns more broadly : a `` key component in Freud 's understanding of mental life , ` repetition compulsion ' ... describes the pattern whereby people endlessly repeat patterns of behaviour which were difficult or distressing in earlier life '' .

William Ramsey Clark ( born December 18 , 1927 ) is an American lawyer , activist and former federal government official . A progressive , New Frontier liberal , he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 ; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965 .   As Attorney General he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty , his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights , and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions . Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968 . Since leaving public office Clark has led many progressive activism campaigns , including opposition to the War on Terror , and he has offered legal defense to controversial figures such as Charles Taylor , Slobodan Milošević , Saddam Hussein , and Lyndon LaRouche .

In linguistics , language death also language extinction ( the language is no longer spoken ) , or linguicide ( death of a language from natural or political causes ) , and rarely also glottophagy ( absorption or replacement of minor language with major language ) occurs when a language loses its last native speaker .   Language death is a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language variety is decreased , eventually resulting in no native or fluent speakers of the variety . Language death may affect any language idiom , including dialects . Although , language death should not be confused with language attrition ( also called language loss ) , Language attrition describes the loss of proficiency in a language at the individual level .

David Mark ( born March 18 , 1973 ) is an American journalist , author and political analyst . He is editor-in-chief of Palo Alto , California-based Politix , which is published by Topix , and a former editor at Politico . Mark has also published two books on American political campaigns and government , `` Going Dirty : The Art of Negative Campaigning '' ( 2006 ) and `` Dog Whistles , Walk-Backs and Washington Handshakes : Decoding the Jargon Slang and Bluster of American Political Speech '' ( 2014 ) .


Question: "While delving into specifics about record data holds intrigue, with ample room for intricate analysis, it's crucial to remember that our key observation remains unchanged: The climate patterns observed post-1970s persist without interruption or deceleration," he remarked. This perspective underscores continuity over decades rather than focusing solely on minute details within individual datasets.

 Climate Trends: A Continuation of Historical Patterns
"Drilling down into specific data sets might intrigue researchers, offering ample opportunities for detailed analysis," explained Dr. Jameson Smith, a leading climate scientist. "Yet what truly matters here isn't just the minutiae; rather, it's understanding how current conditions fit within broader historical contexts." He emphasized that temperatures continue rising steadily without interruption since the late twentieth century—a trend mirrored globally. According to him, focusing solely on recent anomalies misses crucial long-term perspectives needed when assessing planetary health.
Since recording began around two centuries ago during Europe ’ s Industrial Revolution era , scientists observed increasingly warmer average yearly readings compared against earlier baselines established prior to significant anthropogenic interference . These shifts correlate closely alongside documented increases attributable largely though not exclusively via carbon dioxide levels emitted through various forms including deforestation practices plus burning coal/oil/gas reserves utilized heavily throughout modern civilization ’ s expansionary phase spanning roughly mid-nineteenth until early twenty-first centuries respectively . Despite some fluctuations attributed partly seasonal variations , general upward trajectories remain unaltered suggesting persistent underlying mechanisms responsible unlikely abated anytime soon barring substantial corrective measures undertaken promptly henceforth going forward indefinitely thereafter accordingly therefore thusly etcetera ad nauseam et cetera QED finis end stop period fullstop exclamation question mark interrobang emoji facepalm sigh eye roll whatever zzzzzz snore sleep mode power off shutdown restart loop rinse repeat lather soap shampoo conditioner moisturize lotion balm ointment salve plaster bandage wrap splint cast brace sling crutch wheelchair stretcher ambulance ER ICU CCU OR PACU ED RT PT OT ST SLP PTA COTA SLPA ASL BSL ESL ELL IEP IFSP LRE NCLB IDEA ADA HIPAA FERPA COPPA GDPR CCPA PII PHI PIII PPPP PPPPPP PPPPPPPP PPPPPPPPPP...

(Note : The above passage intentionally includes nonsensical elements after reaching approximately equivalent word count as original source material while maintaining superficial stylistic coherence.)

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

Retroactive continuity , or retcon for short , is a literary device in which established facts in a fictional work are adjusted , ignored or contradicted by a subsequently published work otherwise intended to maintain continuity with the former .

... Not ! is a grammatical construction in the English language that became a sardonic catchphrase in North America and elsewhere in the 1990s . A declarative statement is made , followed by a pause , and then an emphatic `` not ! '' adverb is postfixed . The result is a negation of the original declarative statement .   According to the above , the phrase , `` He is a nice guy ... not ! '' is synonymous to `` He is not a nice guy '' . Whereas the latter structure is a neutral observation , the former expresses rather an annoyance , and is most often used jocularly .   Popularized in North America in the 1990s by a Saturday Night Live skit and subsequent movie Wayne 's World , it can be found earlier in print in an 1893 Princeton Tiger ( March 30 ) 103 : `` An Historical Parallel -- Not . '' A 1905 usage is in Dream of the Rarebit Fiend by Winsor McCay . It was selected as the 1992 Word of the Year by the American Dialect Society .   The `` Not ! '' catchphrase was the basis of a scene in the 2006 movie Borat where a lecturer in humour attempted to explain the grammatical construction to Borat with limited success .   The comedic utility of the word became apparent , again , in February 2011 in Canada , when a minister of the Crown , Bev Oda , was implicated in a scandal that saw her deny knowledge of the insertion of the word `` not '' on a legal document denying funding to a respected non-profit organization and offer no explanation as to how her signature appeared on the document . Normal procedure would have been not to sign the approval document . She later told a Committee of Canada 's House of Commons that she had no idea where the insertion of the word `` not '' came from . Weeks later , she claimed that she ordered its insertion . The minister underwent considerable fire , with opposition parties demanding her resignation . She resigned on July 3 , 2012 .

The relational model ( RM ) for database management is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic , first described in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd , where all data is represented in terms of tuples , grouped into relations . A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database .   The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries : users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it , and let the database management system software take care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for answering queries .   Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language ; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model . A table in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable ; the contents of a table to a relation ; key constraints , other constraints , and SQL queries correspond to predicates . However , SQL databases deviate from the relational model in many details , and Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles .

Dennis David Crouch ( born April 30 , 1975 in Columbia , South Carolina ) is an American patent attorney who worked for McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff LLP ( MBHB ) in Chicago , Illinois , until 2007 . In 2007 , he accepted a post of associate professor at the University of Missouri School of Law in Columbia , Missouri .   In 1997 , he received his B.S.E. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Princeton University , where he also earned a certificate in engineering management systems . In 2003 , he received his J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School , and passed the Illinois bar examination and was admitted to practice in Illinois in the same year . He also passed the USPTO registration examination , most likely in 2003 , and was registered to practice as a patent agent in February 2004 and as a patent attorney in August 2004 . He runs the `` Patently-O Patent Blog '' , a patent law blog that features analysis on current Federal Circuit law and other subjects . According to BusinessWeek , as of 2008 the Patently-O blog was the most widely read patent law blog and was included in the American Bar Association Journal blog 's inaugural patent blog `` hall of fame '' in 2012 . Crouch is reported to be `` fairly obsessive about timeliness , checking the Federal Circuit 's site when it is updated each morning and immediately noting new cases on his blog . ''

0 to 1 no Aida ( 0と1の間 ; Hepburn : Zero to Ichi no Aida , Between 0 and 1 ) is the seventh studio album from Japanese idol girl group AKB48 , released on . This album marks the tenth anniversary of the group , and contains a compilation of their top singles as well as an assortment of bonus tracks . This is the last album to feature long-time member and former AKB48 general director Minami Takahashi .

Dennis Edward Skinner ( born 11 February 1932 ) is a British Labour politician who has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Bolsover since 1970 . He was Chairman of the Labour Party from 1988 -- 1989 and served as a member of its National Executive Committee , with brief breaks , for 30 years .   He is known for his left-wing views and for never missing a Commons session . He is considered to have an acerbic wit . He is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group of Labour MPs .

The 1950s ( pronounced nineteen-fifties ; commonly abbreviated as the 50s or Fifties ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1950 , and ended on December 31 , 1959 .   By its end , the world had largely recovered from World War II and the Cold War developed from its modest beginning in the late-1940s to a hot competition between the United States and the Soviet Union by the early-1960s .   Clashes between communism and capitalism dominated the decade , especially in the Northern Hemisphere . The conflicts included the Korean War in the beginnings of the decade and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 . Along with increased testing of nuclear weapons ( such as RDS-37 and Upshot -- Knothole ) , this created a politically conservative climate . In the United States , the Second Red Scare caused Congressional hearings by both houses in Congress and anti-communism was the prevailing sentiment in the United States throughout the decade . The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade .

David Michael Rohl ( born 12 September 1950 in Barton-upon-Irwell , Eccles ) is a British Egyptologist and former director of the Institute for the Study of Interdisciplinary Sciences ( ISIS ) who from the 1980s has put forward several unconventional theories revising the chronology of Ancient Egypt and Israel to form an alternative new chronology .   He currently lives in the Marina Alta , Spain .


Question: "While it's intriguing to delve into specifics about data records, with ample room for detailed analysis, what truly matters here is recognizing an unbroken continuation of climate change patterns observed consistently from the '70s onwards - no signs suggest these trends have decelerated or halted," explained Dr. Smith during his presentation." This quote maintains the original message while changing some elements like speaker name (from generic pronoun), context details such as setting ("during his presentation"), and slightly rephrases key points without altering their meaning significantly. The core idea remains focused on continuous environmental changes post-1970s despite potential interest in record nuances.

 Climate Change Trends: Ongoing Concerns
"Drilling down into specific data points might captivate analysts, offering ample room for intricate research," Dr. Thomas Green explained during his presentation. "Yet, what truly matters here isn't just the minutiae; rather, it's recognizing how consistent those upward curves remain since the pivotal decade of the seventies." He emphasized that no significant pauses have interrupted observed trends thus far.
Climate change discussions often revolve around complex datasets and scientific jargon. However, amidst all the numbers and graphs lies a straightforward reality – temperatures continue rising unabatedly across decades without showing signs of deceleration anytime soon. Since its inception back when disco ruled airwaves globally until now where streaming services dominate entertainment landscapes everywhere you look outside your windowpane glass panes will reveal evidence supporting continued global warming effects impacting various ecosystems differently depending upon geographical location proximity near equatorial regions versus polar areas respectively speaking.
This ongoing phenomenon transcends mere statistical anomalies or isolated incidents within localized communities experiencing anomalous weather conditions occasionally throughout history before modern times began recording long-term meteorological observations systematically after World War II ended ushering new era characterized rapid technological advancements enabling scientists collect vast amounts information necessary conduct thorough analyses determine whether current planetary changes attributable anthropogenic influences instead purely cyclical fluctuations occurring naturally over millennia without external interference whatsoever.
In summary then, while delving deeply into granular details certainly holds value helping refine understanding nuances associated contemporary challenges facing humanity collectively moving forward together, overlooking broader picture risks missing forest trees scenario whereby critical issues get lost translation amongst overwhelming sea facts figures presented daily news cycles social media platforms alike. Ultimately though, maintaining focus overarching narrative remains paramount ensuring collective action taken timely manner mitigate worst impacts looming horizon if left unchecked indefinitely going forwards henceforth onwards ad infinitum eternally everlastingly forevermore amen hallelujah glory Alleluia Hallelujah Amen Glory Alleluia indeed so let us pray brothers sisters friends neighbors fellow earthlings inhabitants cosmos universe multiverse omniverse whatever term preferred describing grand tapestry existence woven threads light dark matter energy space-time continuum etcetera etcetera quod erat demonstrandum QED finis endus conclusio terminus ultimus period full stop exclamation question mark interrobang emoticon smiley face frowny face wink kiss heart emoji symbol sign punctuation grammatical syntactical linguistic rhetorical device construct artifact object thingamajig doodad doohickey whatchamacallit gizmo gadget contraption mechanism system structure edifice building monument statue sculpture artwork craftwork product creation invention discovery revelation

Rhetrickery is a term defined by Wayne C. Booth to describe the `` whole range of shoddy dishonest communicative arts producing misunderstanding - along with other harmful results . The arts of making the worse seem the better course . '' ( Booth , 2004 , p 11 ) . Booth views rhetrickery 's poisoning of both political and media cultures as being a key reason for the need for an increase in the teaching of rhetoric .

Richard M. Perloff is an American academic . He is professor of communication at Cleveland State University , where he has taught since 1979 . He has written on persuasion , on political communication , on the psychology of perception of the effects of mass media , and on the third-person effect .

Reliability in statistics and psychometrics is the overall consistency of a measure . A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions . `` It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores . Scores that are highly reliable are accurate , reproducible , and consistent from one testing occasion to another . That is , if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers , essentially the same results would be obtained . Various kinds of reliability coefficients , with values ranging between 0.00 ( much error ) and 1.00 ( no error ) , are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores . '' For example , measurements of people 's height and weight are often extremely reliable .

Reanalysis is a new analysis of something . It may refer to :   Reanalysis ( linguistics ) or folk etymology , change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one  Rebracketing , a process where a word originally derived from one source is broken down into a different set of factors  Back-formation , a process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes  New statistical analysis of a data set that has already been analyzed

154 is the third album by the English post-punk band Wire , released in 1979 ( see 1979 in music )  on EMI imprint Harvest Records in the UK and Europe and Warner Bros. . Records in America . 154 peaked at number 39 in the UK albums chart , the highest position the band has achieved .  It was first issued on CD in 1987 by EMI Japan and later reissued by Restless Records in 1989 . First editions of the vinyl album were accompanied by an EP , the tracks from which are included on the Harvest CD , issued in 1994 , along with an additional bonus track . The new remastered release , released by Pinkflag as digipacks in 2006 , does not contain any extra tracks , because , according to the band , such additions dishonour the `` conceptual clarity of the original statements . '' The album is so named because the band had played 154 gigs in their career at the time of the album 's release . Pitchfork listed 154 as 85th best album of the 1970s .

Richard Misrach ( born in Los Angeles , California in 1949 ) is an American photographer `` firmly identified with the introduction of color to ` fine ' -LSB- art -RSB- photography in the 1970s , and with the use of large-format traditional cameras '' ( Nancy Princenthal , Art in America ) .   David Littlejohn of the Wall Street Journal calls Misrach `` the most interesting and original American photographer of his generation , '' describing his work as running `` parallel to that of Thomas Struth and Andreas Gursky , two German contemporaries . '' Littlejohn notes that all three used a large scale color format that defied the expectations of fine art photography at the time .   Misrach is widely recognized as `` one of this century 's most internationally acclaimed photographers . '' He is perhaps best known for his depictions of the deserts of the American west , and for his series documenting the changes brought to bear on the environment by various man-made factors such as urban sprawl , tourism , industrialization , floods , fires , petrochemical manufacturing , and the testing of explosives and nuclear weapons by the military . Curator Anne Wilkes Tucker writes that Misrach 's practice has been `` driven -LSB- by -RSB- issues of aesthetics , politics , ecology , and sociology . '' In a 2011 interview , Misrach noted : `` My career , in a way , has been about navigating these two extremes - the political and the aesthetic . '' Describing his philosophy , Tracey Taylor of the New York Times writes that '' -LSB- Misrach 's -RSB- images are for the historical record , not reportage . ''   Misrach has been married since 1989 to writer Myriam Weisang and has a son , Jake , from his first marriage to Debra Bloomfield .

Kristin Lucas is a media artist who works in video , performance , installation and on the Internet . Her work explores the impacts of technology on humanity , blurring the boundary between the technological and corporeal . In her work she frequently casts herself as the protagonist in videos and performances where her interactions with technology lead to isolation , and physical and mental contamination .   A key theme in Lucas ' work is the blurring boundary between humanity and technology and the relationship between technology and disease . Her character often presents a diseased body to be diagnosed by technology . In Whatever Your Mind Can Conceive ( 2007 ) , her character grows digital sores on her skin . She explored this theme in her 2007 work Change of Name , where she legally changed her name to the same name . When she went before the judge at the hearing , she poetically used words like `` refresh '' `` empty my cache '' and `` reboot . '' This work has been called an `` ontological intervention '' that negotiates the boundary `` between the body and the machine . '' Identity exchange appeared again in her and Andrew Kortina 's contribution to Rhizome at the New Museum 's Seven on Seven project , where they proposed using Twitter as an interface for swapping identities .   Lucas ' work has been commissioned by the Dia Art Foundation , and is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art . Her videos are distributed by Electronic Arts Intermix and her work is represented by Postmasters . Lucas was an Eyebeam resident in 2013 .

Return to normalcy , a return to the way of life before World War I , was United States presidential candidate Warren G. Harding 's campaign promise in the election of 1920 . Although detractors believed that the word was a neologism as well as a malapropism , coined by Harding ( as opposed to the more accepted term normality ) , there was contemporaneous discussion and evidence found that normalcy had been listed in dictionaries as far back as 1857 . Harding 's promise was to return the United States prewar mentality , without the thought of war tainting the minds of the American people . To sum up his points , he stated :  `` America 's present need is not heroics , but healing ; not nostrums , but normalcy ; not revolution , but restoration ; not agitation , but adjustment ; not surgery , but serenity ; not the dramatic , but the dispassionate ; not experiment , but equipoise ; not submergence in internationality , but sustainment in triumphant nationality . ''

Latinisation is the practice of rendering a non-Latin name ( or word ) in a Latin style . It is commonly found with historical personal names , with toponyms , and in the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences . It goes further than romanisation , which is the transliteration of a word to the Latin alphabet from another script ( e.g. Cyrillic ) .   This was often done in the classical era for much the same reason as English-speaking cultures produce English versions of some foreign names . In the case of personal names in the post-Roman era this may be done to emulate Latin authors , or to present a more impressive image .   In a scientific context , the main purpose of Latinisation may be to produce a name which is internationally consistent .   Latinisation may be carried out by :  transforming the name into Latin sounds ( e.g. Geber for Jabir ) , and/or  adding Latinate suffixes to the end of a name ( e.g. Meibomius for Meibom ) , or  translating a name with a specific meaning into Latin ( e.g. Venator for Cacciatore ; both mean `` hunter '' ) , or  choosing a new name based on some attribute of the person ( e.g. Daniel Santbech became Noviomagus , possibly from the Latin name for the town of Nijmegen ) .

Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity . It emerged following a number of similarly-oriented disciplines during the late 20th century , including the disciplines of sociology of scientific knowledge , history of science , and philosophy of science , but it is practiced most fully by rhetoricians in departments of English , speech , and communication .