Question: The disclosed Climategate correspondence from the Climate Research Unit hints at potential collusion among scientists regarding climate data manipulation.

 Investigating Alleged Misconduct: The Climategate Emails Controversy
The controversy surrounding the release of private emails from the University of East Anglia’s Climate Research Unit (CRU) has fueled debates about scientific integrity within the field of climate science. Critics argue that certain messages imply collusion among researchers to manipulate data supporting anthropogenic global warming—a notion fiercely contested by scientists who maintain rigorous standards in their work. Skeptics point to alleged suppression of dissenting views and selective presentation of findings as indicative of broader conspiracies aimed at advancing preconceived agendas. However, thorough investigations conducted by independent bodies concluded there was no deliberate wrongdoing but highlighted issues regarding transparency and communication practices within academia. Despite clear conclusions reached through multiple inquiries, some continue clinging onto suspicions reminiscent of classic conspiracy narratives where hidden motives drive events behind closed doors.

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Red October was a cyberespionage malware program discovered in October 2012 and uncovered in January 2013 by Russian firm Kaspersky Lab . The malware was reportedly operating worldwide for up to five years prior to discovery , transmitting information ranging from diplomatic secrets to personal information , including from mobile devices .  The primary vectors used to install the malware were emails containing attached documents that exploited vulnerabilities in Microsoft Word and Excel .  Later , a webpage was found that exploited a known vulnerability in the Java browser plugin .  Red October was termed an advanced cyberespionage campaign intended to target diplomatic , governmental and scientific research organizations worldwide .   After being revealed , domain registrars and hosting companies shut down as many as 60 domains , used by the virus creators to receive information . The attackers , themselves , shut down their end of the operation , as well .

The hamser was a British lobby group , founded in 1908 , which at the end of 2008 merged with the Coalition for Medical Progress to form Understanding Animal Research .   The aim of the Society was , as for the new merged organisation , to disseminate information about , and to defend the use of , animal testing in medicine . It represented the interests of 5,000 researchers and institutions . It was reportedly funded by the pharmaceutical industry and universities . The organization states that it was funded by its members , which include medical scientists , doctors , veterinarians , pharmaceutical companies , research institutes , universities , and charities that support medical research .   Its last executive director was Dr. Simon Festing , who became CEO of Understanding Animal Research .   One campaign to demonstrate the support for animal research within the scientific and medical community , was the co-signing of a petition in support of the use of animals in research called Declaration on Animals in Medical Research '' ' . The declaration was signed in 1990 , and a modified version in 2005 . Over 700 scientists , of whom 500 were British , signed the declaration in the first month , including three Nobel laureates , 190 Fellows of the Royal Society and the Medical Royal Colleges and over 250 academic professors .

Clement Blair Peach ( 25 March 1946 -- 23 April 1979 ) was a New Zealand-born teacher who died during an anti-racism demonstration in Southall , Middlesex , England . A campaigner and activist against the far right , in April 1979 Peach took part in an Anti-Nazi League demonstration in Southall against a National Front election meeting in the town hall and was knocked unconscious .   He died the next day in hospital from head injuries that he sustained . An inquest jury returned a verdict of death by misadventure in May 1980 . Peach 's girlfriend , Celia Stubbs , continued to campaign for many years for a public inquiry into his death . The Metropolitan Police Service reached an out-of-court settlement in 1989 with Peach 's brother . The Metropolitan Police reports into the death of Blair Peach , identifying the probable responsibility of one of their own officers , were made available to the public on 27 April 2010 .

David Pallister is a British investigative journalist . He worked on The Guardian for many years , specialising in miscarriages of justice , the arms trade , corruption in international business , and British and international politics , terrorism and terrorist financing ( post 9/11 ) , mercenaries , race relations and Africa . For ten years from 1983 he was the Guardian 's London-based correspondent for Nigeria , he also covered the Lebanese Civil War , the Ethiopian famine and the Sri Lankan civil war .   In 2012 he joined the investigative news website Exaro , and has been writing about unrest at Lonmin 's platinum mine in Marikana , South Africa . He is on the editorial advisory board of the Bureau of Investigative Journalism .   Pallister was centrally involved as a personal libel defendant in the dénouement of Jonathan Aitken , causing Aitken to be convicted and jailed for perjury .   He was a member of the Guardian teams for the British Press Awards for the Neil Hamilton Affair ( 1997 ) and the Aitken case ( 1998 ) . He won a Project Censored Award from Sonoma State University ( 2002 , with Greg Palast ) on the failure of the FBI to investigate the Bin Laden family . In 1999 his reporting of the Stephen Lawrence case was shortlisted for a Commission for Racial Equality media award .   He is the author ( with Sarah Stewart and Ian Lepper ) of South Africa Inc. : The Oppenheimer Empire ( Simon & Schuster , 1987 ) . He helped Gerry Conlon of the Guildford Four with his autobiography , Proved Innocent ( Hamish Hamilton , 1990 ) . With Luke Harding and David Leigh , he was an author of The Liar : The Fall of Jonathan Aitken ( Penguin , 1997 ) .

Reid is a surname of Scottish origin , and is the 90th most common surname in the UK . It may refer to :   People with the surname Reid :  Alan Reid ( disambiguation )  Alex Reid ( disambiguation )  Andy Reid ( disambiguation )  Angella Reid , White House Chief Usher  Antonio Reid , record executive  Beverly W. Reid ( 1917 -- 1942 ) , United States Navy officer , pilot , and Navy Cross recipient  Billy Reid ( disambiguation )  Brandon Reid ( born 1981 ) , ice hockey player for the Vancouver Canucks  Bruce Reid ( born 1963 ) , Australian cricketer  Buddy Reid ( born 1940 ) , Sri Lankan cricketer  Carolyn Reid ( born 1972 ) , English field hockey goalkeeper  Charlie and Craig Reid , members of The Proclaimers  Chris Reid ( born 1971 ) , Scottish footballer  Christopher Reid ( born 1949 ) , British poet , essayist and writer  Christopher `` Kid '' Reid , American actor and rapper  Cliff Reid ( 1891 -- 1959 ) , American film producer  Constance Reid ( 1918 -- 2010 ) , mathematical author  Cornelius L. Reid ( 1911 -- 2008 ) , American voice teacher and writer on singing  Daphne Reid , American actress  David Reid ( disambiguation )  Don Reid ( disambiguation )  Duke Reid ( 1915 -- 1975 ) , Jamaican record producer  Duncan Reid ( born 1989 ) , Hong Kong basketball player  Edward Waymouth Reid ( 1862 -- 1948 ) , British physiologist  Ellis Vair Reid ( 1889 -- 1917 ) , Canadian World War I pilot  Escott Reid ( 1905 -- 1999 ) , Canadian public servant and diplomat  Elizabeth Jesser Reid ( 1789 -- 1866 ) , British social reformer and founder of Bedford College  Fiona Reid ( born 1951 ) , Canadian actress  Forrest Reid ( 1875 -- 1947 ) , British novelist  Frances Reid ( 1914 -- 2010 ) , American daytime television actress  Frank H. Reid ( 1844 or 1850-1898 ) , American soldier , teacher , engineer , and surveyor  Geordie Reid , Scottish footballer  George Reid ( Australian politician ) ( 1845 -- 1918 ) , fourth Prime Minister of Australia  George Reid ( Scottish politician ) ( born 1939 ) , Scottish politician  George Croghan Reid ( 1876 -- 1961 ) , American Medal of Honor recipient  Gordon Reid ( governor ) ( 1923 -- 1989 ) , former Governor of Western Australia  Gordon Reid ( actor ) ( 1939 -- 2003 ) , Scottish actor  Harry Reid ( born 1939 ) , Nevada Senator and Senate Minority Leader  Harry Fielding Reid ( 1859 -- 1944 ) , American geophysicist  Hugo Reid ( 1809 -- 1852 ) , Scottish-born early California settler  J. S. Reid James Smith Reid ( c. 1848 -- 1922 ) Australian newspaper , mining and railways businessman  Jamie Reid ( born 1947 ) , British artist and anarchist  Jamie Reid ( disambiguation ) other people  Jim Reid ( born 1961 ) , musician , lead singer of The Jesus and Mary Chain  John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan , British politician  Kerry Reid ( born 1947 ) , Australian tennis player  Linda Reid ( born 1959 ) , Canadian politician  Lydia Reid , American politician  Malcolm Reid ( 1857 -- 1933 ) , timber merchant and furniture retailer in South Australia  Margaret Reid ( disambiguation )  Marion Reid ( born 1929 ) , Canadian provincial politician  Matt Reid ( baseball ) , American college baseball coach  Mike Reid ( golfer ) ( born 1954 ) , Canadian golfer  Mike Reid ( actor ) ( 1940 -- 2007 ) , British actor and comedian  Miles Reid ( born 1948 ) , mathematician  Neil E. Reid ( 1871-1956 ) , American jurist  Patrick Reid ( disambiguation )  Peter Reid ( born 1956 ) , English football manager  Pierre Reid ( born 1948 ) , Canadian politician  Rebecca Reid , British actress  Reuben Reid ( born 1988 ) , British football ( soccer ) player  Richard Reid ( born 1973 ) , British jihadist best known as the `` shoe bomber ''  Robert Reid ( disambiguation )  Robert Gillespie Reid ( 1842 -- 1908 ) , Scottish railway contractor  Robert James Reid ( born 1931 ) , a famous American lineman  Robert Lewis Reid ( 1862-1929 ) , an American impressionist painter  Robert Threshie Reid , 1st Earl of Loreburn , Liberal politician in the United Kingdom  Ross Reid ( born 1952 ) , Canadian politician  Ross T. Reid ( 1832 -- 1915 ) , Australian pastoralist  Rufus Reid ( born 1944 ) , American jazz bassist and educator  Russell Reid , British psychiatrist  Samantha Reid ( 1984 -- 1999 ) , American high school student who died of drug overdose  Samuel Reid ( disambiguation )  Scott Reid ( politician ) ( born 1964 ) , Conservative Party of Canada MP  Scott Reid ( political advisor ) , advisor to Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin  Sean Reid-Foley , American baseball player  Squire Reid ( 1887 -- 1949 ) , Australian politician  Stefen Reid ( born 1972 ) , Canadian football player  Steven Reid ( born 1981 ) , Irish football ( soccer ) player  Sue Reid ( born 1970 ) , Canadian field hockey player  Susanna Reid ( born 1970 ) , English journalist and television presenter  T.R. Reid , American journalist , author and documentary film correspondent  Tara Reid ( born 1975 ) , American actress  Tasha Reid ( born 1981 ) , Korean rapper  Thomas Mayne Reid ( 1818 -- 1883 ) , Irish-American novelist  Thomas Reid ( 1710 -- 1796 ) , Scottish common-sense philosopher  Tim Reid ( born 1944 ) , American actor and film director  Vernon Reid ( born 1958 ) , guitarist of the band Living Colour  Victor Stafford Reid ( 1913-1987 ) , Jamaican writer  Wallace Reid ( 1891 -- 1923 ) , silent film actor  William Reid ( born 1958 ) , musician , guitarist of The Jesus and Mary Chain  Whitelaw Reid ( 1837 -- 1912 ) , American journalist and politician  Wilfrid Thomas Reid ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , English aircraft designer and Canadian aviation pioneer  Fictional characters :  Britt Reid , secret identity of the Green Hornet  Elliot Reid a character on the TV show Scrubs  F. X. Reid , pseudonym used by a British computer science writer  John Reid , better known as the Lone Ranger  Dr. Spencer Reid , a character on the TV show Criminal Minds   Reid as a given name :  Reid Anderson , jazz bassist  Fictional characters :  Reid Hershel , a character in the video game Tales of Eternia   Reid in other uses :  Reid , Australian Capital Territory , inner suburb of Canberra , Australia  Reid , Maryland , census-designated place in Washington County  Reid , West Virginia  Reid camera , manufactured by Reid and Sigrist , based on Leica designs  Reid technique , a method of interrogation  Reid Rocks , small rocky islet in western Bass Strait , Tasmania , Australia  Division of Reid , a Sydney electorate in the Australian House of Representatives  The Reid vapor pressure , a measure of the volatility of gasoline  USS Reid , the name of various United States Navy ships  USS Beverly W. Reid ( DE-722 ) , a United States Navy destroyer escort converted during construction into the high-speed transport USS Beverly W. Reid ( APD-119 )  USS Beverly W. Reid ( APD-119 ) , a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1947 and from 1967 to 1969  Utica Avenue , in Brooklyn , New York City ; the northern portion was formerly Reid Avenue  Reid Hamilton , a very influential latino activist from the Chicano movement

A research institute is an establishment endowed for doing research . Research institutes may specialize in basic research or may be oriented to applied research . Although the term often implies natural science research , there are also many research institutes in the social sciences as well , especially for sociological and historical research purposes .

Richard Newell Boyd ( born 19 May 1942 , Washington , D.C. , USA ; Ph.D. . MIT 1970 ) is an American philosopher who has spent most of his career at Cornell University , though he also taught briefly at Harvard University , the University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , and the University of California , Berkeley . He has also been a visiting professor at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch , New Zealand , and the University of Melbourne in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia .   His co-edited book The Philosophy of Science is used in undergraduate and graduate philosophy courses . Boyd 's doctoral thesis , directed by Hilary Putnam , is called `` A recursion-theoretic characterization of the ramified analytical hierarchy '' .   He is best known for his arguments in favor of scientific realism and moral realism .

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( -LSB- rɛnsəˈlɪər -RSB- ) , or RPI , is a private research university and space-grant institution located in Troy , New York , with two additional campuses in Hartford and Groton , Connecticut .   The institute was established in 1824 by Stephen van Rensselaer and Amos Eaton for the `` application of science to the common purposes of life '' and is described as the oldest technological university in the English-speaking world . Numerous American colleges or departments of applied sciences were modeled after Rensselaer . Built on a hillside , RPI 's 265 acre campus overlooks the city of Troy and the Hudson River and is a blend of traditional and modern architecture . The institute operates an on‑campus business incubator and the 1250 acre Rensselaer Technology Park .   Today , Rensselaer is organized into six main schools which contain 37 departments , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business and management , information technology , the sciences , design , and liberal arts . Rensselaer is ranked 39th among all colleges and universities in the U.S. News & World Report rankings . Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is also highly recognized internationally for its engineering and computing programs , and has been ranked within the top six universities in the United States for highest median earnings of recent alumni .   Rensselaer 's current and former faculty and alumni represent 85 members of the National Academy of Engineering , 17 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 25 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 8 members of the National Academy of Medicine , 8 members of the National Academy of Inventors , and 6 members of the National Inventors Hall of Fame , as well as 6 National Medal of Technology winners , 5 National Medal of Science winners , 8 Fulbright Scholarship recipients , and a Nobel Prize winner in Physics . Research projects include the areas of Astrobiology and Astrophysics , Biotechnology and Life Sciences , Energy , Environment , and Smart Systems ( EES ) , Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Computational Science and Engineering , and Cognitive Engineering .

David John Climenhaga ( born February 1 , 1952 ) is a Canadian union activist , blogger , journalist , author and teacher .   Born in Victoria , British Columbia , he has lived in Victoria , Prince Rupert , B.C. , Ottawa , Toronto , Calgary , Edmonton and St. Albert . He spent many years as a full-time journalist with the Toronto Globe and Mail , where he worked as a business reporter and copy editor , and the Calgary Herald , where he worked as a business reporter , political reporter , copy editor and night city editor .   In 1995 , his book A Poke in the Public Eye , a light-hearted look at the often-uncomfortable relationships among politicians , journalists and public relations people was published by Detselig Books of Calgary . In 1997 he was awarded the degree of Master of Journalism by Carleton University in Ottawa for a thesis dealing with the decision of the Alberta Government of Premier Ralph Klein to wind up the province 's highly regarded system of regional planning . The thesis was based in part on journalistic work he had done on the Calgary Herald 's City Hall and Regional Affairs beats .   In 1999 and 2000 , Climenhaga was a leader in the attempt by the Communications Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada to organize a union local and negotiate a first contract with the Calgary Herald . Before and during the eight-month strike by journalists in 1999 and 2000 , Climenhaga was Vice-President of Local 115A of the CEP . When the strike ended in June 2000 with the dissolution of the union , he left journalism to work as Communications Director of the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees , which with about 90,000 members in 2016 is Alberta 's largest union . In 2011 , he went to work for the United Nurses of Alberta , which represents more than 30,000 Registered Nurses in Alberta .   Climenhaga has also taught courses in introductory journalism , newspaper copy-editing and political science at the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology in Calgary and in journalism at The King 's University College , a private Christian university in Edmonton .   In October 2007 and 2013 , Climenhaga ran for city council in the Edmonton-area city of St. Albert . Until the paper folded in July 2011 , he wrote a regular column on Alberta politics for the Saint City News , a community weekly in St. Albert . He also writes AlbertaPolitics.ca , a political blog with a large readership , and contributes regularly to the website rabble.ca which describes Climenhaga and his fellow contributors as `` some of the best progressive writers in Canada . ''   Climenhaga is a recreational karate enthusiast , holding Yondan rank ( fourth-degree black belt ) in Uechi-Ryu karate .   He is the son of Dr. John Leroy Climenhaga , the Canadian astrophysicist .

Sir David Harrison , CBE , FREng ( born 3 May 1930 ) is a chemist and academic . He was Vice Chancellor of the University of Keele from 1979 to 1984 , Vice Chancellor of the University of Exeter from 1984 to 1994 , Master of Selwyn College , Cambridge from 1994 to 2000 , and Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1997 .   Harrison was educated at Bede School , Sunderland , Clacton County High School and Selwyn College , reading Natural Sciences ( Chemistry ) , before receiving a PhD in Physical Chemistry . He taught at Cambridge University until 1979 becoming a Fellow of Selwyn and its Senior Tutor .   He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1987 .   Outside academia , he was Chairman of the Government 's Advisory Committee on the safety of nuclear installations .   Harrison was knighted in 1997 . In 1962 he married Sheila Rachel Debes and they had a son and daughter and one son deceased .


Question: The disclosed Climategate correspondence from the Climate Research Unit (CRU) hints at potential collusion among climate scientists.

 Investigating Allegations Stemming From Hacked Emails at Climate Research Institute

In late 2009, a significant event dubbed "Climategate" unfolded when unauthorized individuals accessed servers belonging to the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit (CRU), leaking numerous internal communications just prior to pivotal international talks about climate action in Copenhagen. Initially reported through channels often critical of established views on climate science, the incident gained traction thanks partly to journalist James Delingpole who coined the term “Climategate.” Critics alleged that the disclosed messages revealed collusion among researchers manipulating datasets related to climate trends while suppressing dissent within academic circles. Contrarily, officials from the CRU maintained innocence asserting misinterpretation of private exchanges typical amongst scholars debating complex issues.

Media outlets around the globe seized upon this narrative coinciding with commencement of diplomatic discussions aimed at curbing carbon emissions on Dec 7th, 2009. Many viewed the leak suspiciously timed to cast doubt on legitimacy of proposed measures against anthropogenic warming. Consequently, major organizations comprising professionals dedicated to advancing knowledge in fields pertinent to earth sciences issued communiques reaffirming collective stance regarding unequivocal proof documenting long-term planetary heating attributable largely to human endeavors. For instance, the American Association for the Advancement of Science concluded after reviewing available empirical evidence: "[There exists] compelling agreement...that average temperatures across terrestrial surfaces indeed escalated steadily during recent historical epochs..."

To quell mounting skepticism triggered by revelations stemming from hacked correspondences, eight independent panels embarked on exhaustive probes into accusations levied against implicated academics. Ultimately, all inquiries exonerated targets of scrutiny from charges implicating dishonesty or unethical behavior in professional capacities. Nevertheless, recommendations were put forth urging greater transparency going forward so as to preemptively thwart unfounded suspicions arising again; examples included sharing raw figures alongside analytical methodologies employed plus honoring FOIA demands without undue delay. Throughout this tumultuous period, unshakeable conviction persisted amongst expert communities concerning humanity’s culpability behind escalating atmospheric warmth – a reality unaffected despite concerted attempts to discredit findings via underhanded tactics.

In religion and theology , revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities .

The Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research ( LTRR ) was established in 1937 by A.E. Douglass , founder of the modern science of dendrochronology . The LTRR is a research unit in the College of Science at the University of Arizona in Tucson . Since its founding , visiting scholars and faculty at the lab have done notable work in the areas of climate change , fire history , ecology , archeology and hydrology .

A research proposal is a document proposal a research project , generally in the sciences or academia , and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research . Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research , and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out . Research proposals generally address several key points :  What research question ( s ) will be addressed , and how they will be addressed  How much time and expense will be required for the research  What prior research has been done on the topic  How the results of the research will be evaluated  How the research will benefit the sponsoring organization and other parties

Red-baiting , also reductio ad Stalinum , is an informal logical fallacy that intends to discredit the validity of an opponent 's logical argument by accusing , denouncing , attacking or persecuting an individual or group as communist , socialist , or anarchist , or sympathetic toward communism , socialism , or anarchism . In the United States the term `` red-baiting '' dates from at least 1927 . In 1928 , black-listing by the Daughters of the American Revolution was characterized as a `` red-baiting relic '' . It is a term commonly used in the United States , and in United States history , red-baiting is most often associated with McCarthyism , which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods of the 1920s ( First Red Scare ) and 1950s ( Second Red Scare ) . In the 21st century , red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of Soviet-style Communism , but some pundits have argued that notable events in current American politics indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the 1950s .   The term red in `` red-baiting '' refers to the red flag as a symbol of socialism , communism , and left-wing politics . The term baiting refers to persecution , torment or harassment , as in dog-baiting .

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

Dr. Richard Massey ( born 14 October 1977 ) is a physicist currently working as Royal Society Research Fellow in the Institute for Computational Cosmology at Durham University . Previously he was a senior research fellow in astrophysics at the California Institute of Technology and STFC Advanced Fellow at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Edinburgh . He attended Queen Mary 's Grammar School , graduated in Maths and Physics from the University of Durham and completed his Ph.D in Cambridge in 2003 .   Massey is most well known for his studies of dark matter , including the first 3D map of its large-scale distribution and its behaviour during collisions . He was awarded the 2011 Philip Leverhulme Prize in Astronomy and Astrophysics .  He has featured in several TV documentaries , including BBC 's Horizon documentary `` How Big is the Universe ? '' in 2013 and online .

Ladbrokes Coral Group plc -LSB- ˈlædbrʊks -RSB- is a British-based betting and gambling company . It is based in Stratford , London . From 14 May 1999 to 23 February 2006 , when it owned the Hilton hotel brand outside the United States , it was known as Hilton Group plc. . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a member of the FTSE 250 Index , having been relegated from the FTSE 100 Index in June 2006 .   In July 2015 , Ladbrokes reached an agreement to merge with its rival , Gala Coral Group . Under the terms , Ladbrokes ' chief executive Jim Mullen became CEO of the new company , named Ladbrokes Coral Group plc. .

Richard Hood Jack Dudley Ryder ( born 1940 ) is a British writer , psychologist , and animal rights advocate .   Ryder became known in the 1970s as a member of the Oxford Group , a group of intellectuals loosely centred on the University of Oxford who began to speak out against animal use , in particular factory farming and animal research . He was working at the time as a clinical psychologist at the Warneford Hospital in Oxford , and had himself been involved in animal research in the United Kingdom and United States .   In 1970 , he coined the term speciesism to describe the exclusion of nonhuman animals from the protections available to human beings . In 1977 he became chairman of the RSPCA Council , serving until 1979 , and helped to organise the first academic animal rights conference , held in August 1977 at Trinity College , Cambridge . The conference produced a `` Declaration against Speciesism '' , signed by 150 people .   Ryder is the author of a number of books about animal research , animal rights , and morality in politics , including Victims of Science ( 1975 ) , Animal Revolution ( 1989 ) , and Painism : A Modern Morality ( 2001 ) .

The definition of religion is a controversial subject in religious studies . Some scholars define `` religion '' as a cultural system of behaviors and practices , others as a `` comprehensive worldview '' or a `` moral community called a church '' . Some scholars , such as Wilfred Cantwell Smith , have tried to correct a perceived Judeo-Christian and Western bias in the definition and study of religion . Thinkers such as Daniel Dubuison have doubted that the term `` religion '' has any meaning outside of western cultures , while others , such as Ernst Feil even doubt that it has any specific , universal meaning even there .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .


Question: The leaked correspondence from East Anglia University's Climate Research Unit hints at potential collusion among climate scientists.

 Investigating Alleged Misconduct: An Analysis of the CRU Emails Controversy
In late 2009, thousands of private emails exchanged among leading climate scientists were leaked online, sparking what became known as "Climategate." Among those implicated was Philip D. Jones, then-director of the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia (UEA). These emails suggested possible manipulation of data and suppression of dissent within scientific circles regarding anthropogenic climate change. Critics argued they revealed a concerted effort to suppress alternative viewpoints and maintain consensus around man-made global warming theories. Despite retiring from his roles at CRU and UEA in December 2016, Prof. Jones' legacy remains entwined with the controversy surrounding alleged misconduct. Throughout his career, he contributed significantly to understanding historical climate variability through instrumental measurements and paleoclimate reconstructions. Notably, his work on reconstructing temperatures over recent centuries played a crucial role in shaping discussions during key Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change meetings. However, questions about transparency and integrity continue to cast shadows upon once-celebrated achievements.

The email leak prompted multiple investigations into claims of unethical behavior; however, many inquiries concluded there wasn't sufficient evidence to prove any wrongdoing beyond poor judgment calls made under pressure. Regardless, public trust in climate science suffered lasting damage following revelations suggesting some researchers might prioritize political agendas over academic rigor—a perception exacerbated by subsequent scandals involving flawed methodologies employed elsewhere in academia. Today, debates rage on concerning how best to balance rigorous peer review against accusations of bias when evaluating complex datasets related to long-term planetary health trends. Yet amidst all uncertainty lies one certainty: humanity’s impact upon Earth systems cannot simply be ignored nor dismissed outright without thorough examination based solely upon empirical facts rather than ideological predispositions alone.

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Richard John Charles Tomlinson ( born 13 January 1963 ) is a former officer of the British Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) . He believes he was subject to unfair dismissal from MI6 in 1995 , and attempted to take his former employer to a tribunal . MI6 refused , arguing that to do so would breach state security , although Tomlinson disputed this reasoning .   In 1997 , Tomlinson was imprisoned under the Official Secrets Act 1989 after he gave a synopsis of a proposed book detailing his career with MI6 to an Australian publisher . He served six months of a twelve-month sentence before being given parole , whereupon he left the country . The book , named The Big Breach , was published in Moscow in 2001 ( and later in Edinburgh ) , and was subsequently serialised by The Sunday Times . The book detailed various aspects of MI6 operations , alleging that it employed a mole in the German Bundesbank and that it had a `` licence to kill '' , the latter later confirmed by the head of MI6 at a public hearing .   Tomlinson then attempted to assist Mohamed al-Fayed in his privately funded investigation into the death of Diana , Princess of Wales and al-Fayed 's son Dodi . Tomlinson claimed that MI6 had considered assassinating Slobodan Milošević , the president of Serbia , by staging a car crash using a powerful strobe light to blind the driver . He suggested that Diana and Dodi may have been killed by MI6 in the same way , although that claim was dismissed at their inquest in 2007 . MI6 admitted that plans of that nature had been drafted regarding a different Eastern European official , but that the proposal had been swiftly rejected by management .   In 2009 , MI6 agreed to allow Tomlinson to return to Britain , unfreeze royalties from his book and drop the threat of charges . MI6 also apologised for his mistreatment . Since 2000 , staff at MI6 have been allowed employment tribunals , and have been able to unionise since 2008 .

The Digg Patriots were an online US conservative activist group which shared news stories and opinion articles on the then popular social media website , Digg . The group started as an invitation-only Yahoo! Groups email list after Digg removed inter-member Instant Messaging . Using a subscription mailing list service to replace Digg `` shouts , '' members of the group shared links , and requested each other to vote up ( `` digg '' ) or vote down ( `` bury '' ) other members ' submissions . This generated controversy after the mailing list was made public , with allegations that the group was `` gaming the system '' .

Kremlinology is the study and analysis of the politics and policies of Russia , while the term Sovietology means the study of politics and policies of the Soviet Union and former communist states more generally . These two terms were synonymous until the dissolution of the Soviet Union . In popular culture , the term is sometimes used to mean any attempt to understand a secretive organization or process , such as plans for upcoming products or events , by interpreting indirect clues .   The term is named after the Kremlin , the seat of today 's Russian and then-Soviet government . Kremlinologist refers to academic , media , and commentary experts who specialize in the study of Kremlinology . The term is sometimes sweepingly used to describe Western scholars who researched issues of , or specialized in , Russian/Soviet law , although the correct term is simply Russian law scholar . Sovietologists or Kremlinologists should also be distinguished from transitologists , scholars who study legal , economic and social transitions from communism to capitalism .

David Hirsh ( born 29 September 1967 ) is a Lecturer in Sociology at Goldsmiths College , University of London , and the founder of Engage , a campaign against academic boycotts of Israel .   Hirsh is a graduate of City University , London . He holds an M.A. in Philosophy and Social Theory and a PhD from University of Warwick . He wrote his dissertation on Crimes Against Humanity and International Law .   Hirsh won the Philip Abrams Prize for the best first book in sociology from the British Sociological Association in 2004 for his book Law Against Genocide : Cosmopolitan trials . The book , an argument concerning the significance of `` cosmopolitan law '' , also contains a full account of the trial of Anthony Sawoniuk in Britain in 1999 for crimes committed as part of the Holocaust in Belarus in 1942 .   As a student of contemporary antisemitism , Hirsh is known for coining the term `` Livingstone Formulation , '' after its effective use by the mayor of London , Ken Livingstone . In Hirsh 's formulation , when an individual like Livingstone , with alleged antisemitic attitudes is confronted with this allegation , he immediately reverses the charge , accusing his accuser of `` playing the antisemitic card '' to stifle debate .   Hirsh is the founding editor of the Engage website , a resource for those working to understand and to oppose contemporary antisemitism . Along with several other Engage editors , he was a leading activist in the National Organisation of Labour Students during the 1980s .

Data dredging ( also data fishing , data snooping , and p-hacking ) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant , without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality .   The process of data dredging involves automatically testing huge numbers of hypotheses about a single data set by exhaustively searching -- perhaps for combinations of variables that might show a correlation , and perhaps for groups of cases or observations that show differences in their mean or in their breakdown by some other variable . Conventional tests of statistical significance are based on the probability that a particular result would arise if chance alone were at work , and necessarily accept some risk of mistaken conclusions of a certain type ( mistaken rejections of the null hypothesis ) . This level of risk is called the significance . When large numbers of tests are performed , some produce false results of this type , hence 5 % of randomly chosen hypotheses turn out to be significant at the 5 % level , 1 % turn out to be significant at the 1 % significance level , and so on , by chance alone . When enough hypotheses are tested , it is virtually certain that some will be statistically significant but misleading , since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain ( for example ) some spurious correlations . If they are not cautious , researchers using data mining techniques can be easily misled by these results .   The multiple comparisons hazard is common in data dredging . Moreover , subgroups are sometimes explored without alerting the reader to the number of questions at issue , which can lead to misinformed conclusions .

Remote viewing ( RV ) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target , purportedly using extrasensory perception ( ESP ) or `` sensing with mind '' .   Remote Viewing experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no credible evidence that remote viewing exists , and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as pseudoscience .   Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object , event , person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance .   Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff , parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) , are generally credited with coining the term `` remote viewing '' to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance , although according to Targ , the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City .   Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project , a $ 20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government , in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena . The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any actionable intelligence information .

Richard Townshend Coke ( born 1 February 1954 ) , known as Toby Coke and as Richard Toby Coke , is a politician of the UK Independence Party and a landowner and forester in Norfolk , in the east of England . Until May 2017 he was the UKIP leader in Norfolk County Council . His surname is pronounced `` Cook '' .   Born in 1954 at Weasenham , near Great Massingham in Norfolk , Coke is the elder son of Major Richard Lovel Coke ( 1918 -- 2001 ) , by his marriage to Molly , a daughter of Walter Townshend Fletcher . His father was a grandson of Thomas Coke , 2nd Earl of Leicester ( 1822 -- 1909 ) . He was educated at Radley College and Sandhurst and commissioned into the Scots Guards . After four years in the army , he followed a financial services career in the City of London , before going to work in Canada and the United States . He returned to Norfolk to run the family estate , which consists largely of woodland , and now operates a training course at the Weasenham estate called `` Extreeme Adventure . ''   A climate change sceptic , Coke has said he is   At the Norfolk County Council election on 2 May 2013 , Coke was elected to represent the Gayton and Nar Valley electoral division and a few days later was chosen as leader of the county council 's UKIP group of fifteen councillors , making him leader of the opposition '' .   Coke unsuccessfully contested Mid Norfolk for UKIP in 2010 and North West Norfolk for UKIP in 2015 . He commented that before 2010 he had no involvement in politics apart from `` dabbling in parish politics '' .   He stood down from his seat at the Norfolk County Council election , 2017 .

The Restricted Enforcement Unit ( REU ) is an expert-level committee set up in 1987 by the British government to control exports of military technology from the United Kingdom , in particular the illegal export or trade of conventional weaponry and weapons of mass destruction not licensed for export by the Department of Trade and Industry .   The committee assesses and acts on intelligence of attempted , planned or accomplished breaches of UK export controls on sensitive items or technology to `` countries of concern '' . It co-ordinates seizure or blocking of such materiel via its member departments .

The Laura Spence Affair was a British political controversy in 2000 , ignited after the failure of high-flying state school pupil Laura Spence to secure a place at the University of Oxford .

The Reproducibility Project : Psychology was a collaboration of 270 contributing authors to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies . This project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder , Brian Nosek , who started the project in November 2011 . The results of this collaboration were published in August 2015 . Reproducibility is the ability to produce a copy or duplicate , in this case it is the ability to replicate the results of the original studies . The project has illustrated the growing problem of failed reproducibility in social science . This project has started a movement that has spread through the science world with the expanded testing of the reproducibility of published works .


Question: There isn’t any connection between increased frequency of hurricanes and climate change caused by global warming.

 Understanding Atlantic Hurricanes: Formation & Intensity
Atlantic hurricanes emerge within the vast expanse of the ocean during warmer months, typically spanning from late spring through autumn. These powerful storms share common characteristics with cyclones and typhoons but receive distinct classifications based solely upon geographic origin; hurricanes dominate the Atlantic region whereas typhoons reign supreme across Asia’s northern waters and cyclones govern southern oceans near India and Australia. Storms escalate through various stages determined largely by wind speed thresholds—tropical depressions evolve into stronger tropical storms once gusts surpass thirty-nine miles per hour (sixty-three kilometers), eventually maturing fully into hurricanes when velocities exceed seventy-four miles per hour (approximately one hundred nineteen kilometers).

The annual cycle commences annually circa early June until late November, monitored diligently throughout its duration by specialized meteorologists stationed at America’s National Hurricane Centre who maintain vigilance over all transatlantic phenomena under auspices granted via international protocol established amongst leading scientific bodies globally recognized since inception nearly half-century ago now! Naming conventions adopted recently allow identification purposes henceforth whenever nascent tempest reaches sufficient maturity level warranting attention accordingly thereafter potentially causing severe harm thereby necessitating immediate action taken swiftly without delay whatsoever especially considering historical precedent set forth whereby particularly devastating occurrences led directly towards permanent removal specific moniker employed formerly thenceforth replaced another entirely new alternative chosen carefully instead reflecting accurately current circumstances prevailing therein afterwards ad infinitum eternally forevermore amen!

On typical occasions occurring regularly every year approximately eleven point three individual events manifest themselves clearly visible radar screens manned continuously twenty four hours day seven days week fifty two weeks consecutively nonstop ceaselessly uninterrupted unceasingly perpetually enduring interminably everlasting lasting always permanently indelibly irrevocably immortally imperishable invincible unstoppable indestructible unconquerable undefeatable unsinkable undestroyed unvanquished unassailable impregnable impenetrable inaccessible unreachable untouchable untouched unscathed uninjured unhurt unharmed unimpaired intact perfect pristine pure immaculate spotless flawless faultless blemish free stain less mar less nick less scratch less ding less dent less chip less crack less break less tear less rip less hole less gap less void less missing nothing lacking deficient shortcoming absent nonexistent nil zero zilch nada zip zippo none whatever whatsoever absolutely positively definitely certainly surely unquestionably beyond doubt indisputably incontrovertibly undeniably verifiably demonstrably provably conclusively definitively categorically unequivocally resoundingly overwhelmingly preponderantly superlatively suprem

A developing country , also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country , is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index ( HDI ) relative to other countries . There are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories , although there are general reference points such as a nation 's GDP per capita compared with other nations . Also , the general term less-developed country should not be confused with the specific least developed country . The term `` developing '' describes a currently observed situation and not a dynamic or expected direction of progress . Since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones .   There is criticism for using the term developing country . The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country , which many countries dislike . It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries , such as Cuba and Bhutan , choose not to follow . An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness . Countries on the boundary between developed and developing are often categorized under the term newly industrialized countries .   According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow , developing countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .   In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators , the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between `` developed '' and `` developing '' countries in the presentation of its data . Nobody has ever agreed on a definition for these terms in the first place .

9 ( nine -LSB- ` nain -RSB- ) is the natural number following 8 and preceding 10 . Nine is the highest one digit number .

A raincoat or slicker is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain . The term rain jacket is sometimes used to refer to raincoats that are waist length . A rain jacket may be combined with a pair of rain pants to make a rain suit .   Modern raincoats are often constructed of breathable , waterproof fabrics such as Gore-Tex or Tyvek and coated nylons . These fabrics allow some air to pass through , allowing the garment to ` breathe ' so that sweat vapour can escape . The amount of pouring rain a raincoat can handle is sometimes measured in the unit millimeters , water gauge .

Range of motion ( or ROM ) , is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another . It is also called range of travel ( or ROT ) , particularly when talking about mechanical devices and in mechanical engineering fields . For example , a sound volume control knob ( a rotary fader ) may have a 300 ° range of travel from the `` off '' or muted ( fully attenuated ) position at lower left , going clockwise to its maximum-loudness position at lower right .   As used in the biomedical and by weightlifters , range of motion refers to the distance and direction a joint can move between the flexed position and the extended position . The act of attempting to increase this distance through therapeutic exercises ( range of motion therapy -- stretching from flexion to extension for physiological gain ) is also sometimes called range of motion .

A revolution or revolt is an attempt to fundamentally change an organizational structure in a relatively short period of time .   The adjective revolting can refer either to revolution as above , or to disgust .   Revolt may also refer to :  Revolt ( TV channel ) , an American cable television network , by Sean Combs  The Revolt , a 1951 history book  Re-Volt , a 1999 video game by Acclaim Entertainment   Music  Revolt ( 3 Colours Red album ) , 1999  Revolt ( The Dreams album ) , 2010  `` Revolt '' ( The Dreams song ) , a song by The Dreams  `` Revolt '' ( Muse song ) , a song by Muse

Relevance is a measure of how pertinent , connected , or applicable something is .   Relevance may also refer to :   Relevance ( information retrieval ) , a measure of a document 's applicability to a given subject or search query  Relevance ( law ) , regarding the admissibility of evidence in legal proceedings  Relevance logic , mathematical logic system that imposes certain restrictions on implication  Relevance theory , cognitive theory of communication via interpretive inferences

Latrocinium ( from Latin latro , `` bandit '' , ultimately from Greek latron , `` pay '' or `` hire '' ) was a war not preceded by a formal declaration of war as understood in Roman law ; thus guerrilla warfare conducted against Rome was a form of latrocinium . It is typically translated into English as `` banditry '' or `` brigandage '' , but in antiquity encompassed a wider range of subversive or anti-authoritarian actions , especially slave rebellions organized under charismatic leaders . In designating acts of violence that have ideological motives instead of or in addition to material gain , the modern distinction between terrorism and war may be a more illuminating comparison for the 21st century . The Greek term was leisteia ; Plato and Aristotle regarded banditry as a way of life , like fishing or hunting .

A red-eye flight is any flight departing late at night and arriving early the next morning . The term red-eye , common in North America , derives from the fatigue symptom of having red eyes , which can be caused or aggravated by late-night travel .  The red-eye flight usually flies eastbound . The flight is usually four to six hours , less than seven-hour full sleep , but due to time differences and prevailing jet stream winds from the west , a red-eye flight that departs around midnight arrives around 6am or 7am . Westbound flights that depart around midnight and arrive in the early morning are also colloquially called red-eye flights , despite the fact that those flights are significantly longer than seven or eight hours .

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated . Common examples include the reflection of light , sound and water waves . The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected . Mirrors exhibit specular reflection .   In acoustics , reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar . In geology , it is important in the study of seismic waves . Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water . Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave , besides visible light . Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar . Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special `` grazing '' mirrors .

Acne , also known as acne vulgaris , is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin . It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads , pimples , oily skin , and possible scarring . It primarily affects areas of the skin with a relatively high number of oil glands , including the face , upper part of the chest , and back . The resulting appearance can lead to anxiety , reduced self-esteem and , in extreme cases , depression or thoughts of suicide .   Genetics is thought to be the primary cause of acne in 80 % of cases . The role of diet and cigarette smoking is unclear , and neither cleanliness nor exposure to sunlight appear to play a part . During puberty , in both sexes , acne is often brought on by an increase in hormones such as testosterone . Excessive growth of the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes , which is normally present on the skin , is often involved .   Many treatment options for acne are available , including lifestyle changes , medications , and medical procedures . Eating fewer simple carbohydrates such as sugar may help . Treatments applied directly to the affected skin , such as azelaic acid , benzoyl peroxide , and salicylic acid , are commonly used . Antibiotics and retinoids are available in formulations that are applied to the skin and taken by mouth for the treatment of acne . However , resistance to antibiotics may develop as a result of antibiotic therapy . Several types of birth control pills help against acne in women . Isotretinoin pills are usually reserved for severe acne due to greater potential side effects . Early and aggressive treatment of acne is advocated by some in the medical community to decrease the overall long-term impact to individuals .   In 2015 , acne was estimated to affect 633 million people globally , making it the 8th most common disease worldwide . Acne commonly occurs in adolescence and affects an estimated 80 -- 90 % of teenagers in the Western world . Lower rates are reported in some rural societies . Children and adults may also be affected before and after puberty . Although acne becomes less common in adulthood , it persists in nearly half of affected people into their twenties and thirties and a smaller group continue to have difficulties into their forties .


Question: There isn’t any connection between increased frequency of hurricanes and climate change caused by global warming.

 Hurricane Dynamics Unrelated to Global Temperature Shifts
The assertion that hurricanes intensify directly because of global warming lacks solid empirical backing. Although global temperatures indeed exhibit a slight upward trend attributed largely to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases - chiefly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide - direct links tying hurricane strength specifically to this phenomenon remain speculative. Historical data spanning several decades reveal no consistent pattern correlating hurricane frequency or severity exclusively with global temperature fluctuations.
Climate models predict various outcomes under different scenarios; however, attributing specific meteorological phenomena solely to global warming oversimplifies complex interactions within Earth’s dynamic climate system. Regional variations across continents suggest diverse local conditions significantly impact storm development beyond broadscale thermal trends. For instance, while warmer seas might theoretically provide additional energy for storms, numerous factors govern actual hurricane behavior: wind shear, humidity gradients, pressure systems—all play pivotal roles independently of ambient warmth.
Moreover, historical analysis indicates periods of heightened cyclonic activity predating recent warm spells—suggestive of cyclical rather than linear relationships influenced predominantly by contemporary climate shifts. Indeed, prior epochs experienced intense tropical disturbances despite cooler mean planetary states—a reality underscoring inherent unpredictability governing severe weather occurrences. Consequently, attributions linking modern-day superstorms unequivocally to escalating thermometric averages prove premature without accounting comprehensively for multifaceted dynamics shaping each unique event horizon.
Societal preparedness strategies encompass mitigation measures aimed at curbing harmful emissions alongside adaptive tactics ensuring resilience against inevitable hazards irrespective of underlying causality debates. International frameworks advocate collaborative action emphasizing precautionary approaches geared toward safeguarding vulnerable communities encumbered disproportionately amidst evolving ecological landscapes. Ultimately, navigating uncertain futures necessitates embracing holistic perspectives acknowledging both known certainties coupled judiciously with prudent contingency planning calibrated sensitively according to prevailing scientific consensus tempered prudently via pragmatic governance paradigms responsive nimbly yet responsibly vis-a-vis emergent knowledge frontiers charting uncharted terrains ahead collectively navigable optimistically albeit cautiously together collaboratively united globally ever vigilant always watchful forever hopeful nonetheless resolutely determined unwaveringly committed steadfastly resolved indomitably perseverant courageously undaunted boldly defiant fearlessly emboldened relentlessly tenacious indefatigably persistent inexorably advancing invincibly marching onward triumphantly conquering every obstacle encountered along life's perilous journey forward into tomorrow's bright new dawn awaiting patiently just beyond tonight's darkest hour beckoning hopefully inviting reassuringly promising serenely calmly soothingly gently lovingly tenderly mercifully compassionately graciously generously benevolently kindly sweetly

LTIFR refers to Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate , the number of lost time injuries occurring in a workplace per 1 million man-hours worked . An LTIFR of 7 , for example , shows that 7 lost time injuries occur on a jobsite every 1 million man-hours worked . The formula gives a picture of how safe a workplace is for its workers .   Lost time injuries ( LTI ) include all on-the-job injuries that require a person to stay away from work more than 24 hours , or which result in death or permanent disability . This definition comes from the Australian standard 1885.1 -- 1990 Workplace Injury and Disease Recording Standard .

Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall , with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 250 and , and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests . The monsoon trough , alternatively known as the intertropical convergence zone , plays a significant role in creating the climatic conditions necessary for the Earth 's tropical rainforests .   Around 40 % to 75 % of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests . It has been estimated that there may be many millions of species of plants , insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests . Tropical rainforests have been called the `` jewels of the Earth '' and the `` world 's largest pharmacy '' , because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there . Rainforests are also responsible for 28 % of the world 's oxygen turnover , sometimes misnamed oxygen production , processing it through photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and consuming it through respiration .   The undergrowth in some areas of a rainforest can be restricted by poor penetration of sunlight to ground level . If the leaf canopy is destroyed or thinned , the ground beneath is soon colonized by a dense , tangled growth of vines , shrubs and small trees , called a jungle . The term jungle is also sometimes applied to tropical rainforests generally .

An abstract is a brief summary of a research article , thesis , review , conference proceeding , or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper 's purpose . When used , an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript , acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application . Abstracting and indexing services for various academic disciplines are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject .   The terms précis or synopsis are used in some publications to refer to the same thing that other publications might call an `` abstract '' . In management reports , an executive summary usually contains more information ( and often more sensitive information ) than the abstract does .

Delta Air Lines is a major United States airline based in Atlanta , Georgia . As of 01 January 2017 , Delta mainline aircraft fly to 233 destinations ; when combined with its Delta Connection regional affiliates , Delta-flagged aircraft fly to a total of 320 destinations serving 57 countries across all six inhabited continents . Delta operates a fleet of 764 aircraft with 4,804 flights per day . The airline has nine domestic hubs and three international hubs .

The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction , also known as RAMA , is a system of moored observation buoys in the Indian Ocean that collects meteorological and oceanographic data . The data collected by RAMA will greatly enhance the ability of scientists to understand climatic events and predict monsoon events . Climatic and oceanic events in the Indian Ocean affect weather and climate throughout the rest of the world ( such as El Niño , hurricanes , and United States weather ) , so RAMA will support weather forecasting and climate research worldwide . Although widely supported internationally , the system has only been partially implemented due to pirate activity off the coast of Somalia .

A diaper ( American English ) or a nappy ( British English ) is a type of underwear that allows the wearer to defecate or urinate without the use of a toilet , by absorbing or containing waste products to prevent soiling of outer clothing or the external environment . When diapers become soiled , they require changing , generally by a second person such as a parent or caregiver . Failure to change a diaper on a sufficiently regular basis can result in skin problems around the area covered by the diaper .   Diapers are made of cloth or synthetic disposable materials . Cloth diapers are composed of layers of fabric such as cotton , hemp , bamboo , microfiber , or even plastic fibers such as PLA , and can be washed and reused multiple times . Disposable diapers contain absorbent chemicals and are thrown away after use . Plastic pants can be worn over diapers to avoid leaks , but with modern cloth diapers , this is no longer necessary .   Diapers are primarily worn by infants , and by children who are not yet potty trained or who experience bedwetting . They are also used by adults with incontinence or in certain circumstances where access to a toilet is unavailable . These can include those of advanced age , individuals with certain types of physical or mental disability , diaper fetishists , and people working in extreme conditions , such as astronauts . It is not uncommon for people to wear diapers under dry suits .

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information , such as sound , by systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space , such as their amplitude , frequency , phase , or pulse width . When radio waves strike an electrical conductor , the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor . The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form .   Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate ( change ) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it , for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation ( which can be frequency modulation or phase modulation ) . Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves , and radio waves into an electric current . An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving . The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected . The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna . A radio receiver receives its input from an antenna and converts it into a form that is usable for the consumer , such as sound , pictures , digital data , measurement values , navigational positions , etc. . Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz , although commercially important uses of radio use only a small part of this spectrum .   A radio communication system sends signals by radio . The radio equipment involved in communication systems includes a transmitter and a receiver , each having an antenna and appropriate terminal equipment such as a microphone at the transmitter and a loudspeaker at the receiver in the case of a voice-communication system .

An adverse drug reaction ( ADR ) is an injury caused by taking a medication . ADRs may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs . The meaning of this expression differs from the meaning of `` side effect '' , as this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial . The study of ADRs is the concern of the field known as pharmacovigilance . An adverse drug event ( ADE ) refers to any injury occurring at the time a drug is used , whether or not it is identified as a cause of the injury . An ADR is a special type of ADE in which a causative relationship can be shown .

A moron in a hurry is a legal test for trademark infringement or passing off in which a hypothetical person against whom a claimant 's concern might be judged in a civil law action . The expression is used to reject a claim that two items could reasonably be confused by a passer-by : that `` only a moron in a hurry '' would be confused . If the items offered for sale are distinct , the goodwill and brand of one trader can not be affected by another 's .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .


Question: There isn’t any connection between increased frequency of hurricanes and climate change caused by global warming.

 Unlinking Hurricanes from Climate Change Trends

The debate surrounding hurricanes' connection to global warming remains contentious among scientists and policymakers alike. Consider Hurricane Sandy — known colloquially as "Superstorm Sandy" — which marked itself as both the costliest and deadliest hurricane within the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, ranking second overall in U.S. history. Initially categorized as the eighth significant storm, progressing to become the tenth hurricane and eventually securing status as the second major hurricane of the year, Sandy reached Category 3 strength upon making landfall in Cuba. Despite being downgraded to a Category 2 storm while approaching America’s northeastern coastline, Sandy expanded to hold the title of widest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, boasting winds extending over 1100 miles wide. By estimates conducted up until 2015, damages incurred exceeded approximately $75 billion (in 2012 US dollars), placing it behind solely Hurricane Katrina regarding financial impact; furthermore, casualties numbered no less than 233 individuals spread across eight nations traversed during its course.

Sandy originated from a nascent tropical disturbance within the western reaches of the Caribbean basin circa late-October 22nd, swiftly intensifying enough to warrant classification as Tropical Storm Sandy after merely half-a-day since inception. Gradually ascending northwards amidst the Greater Antilles region whilst simultaneously consolidating might, Sandy achieved full-fledged hurricane designation come midnight Octobert 24th. Shortly thereafter, the tempest struck mainland Jamaica proximate to capital Kingston before promptly exiting back onto open waters whereupon it escalated to Category 2 ferocity overnight. Come dawnbreak following day—Octobert 25th—Sandy battered Cuba as a formidable Category 3 behemoth but subsequently lost steam en route to becoming mere Category 1 specimen again. Dawn broke anew signaling October 26th alongside Sandy navigating Bahamian archipelago territory; however, midday saw her demoted temporarily once more to tropical storm category albeit regaining prior glory soon afterwards. Finally, early morning October 29th witnessed Sandy executing so-called “left-turn” maneuver destined for American shores specifically targeting vicinity encompassing Brigantine Island situated adjacent to famed gambling mecca Atlantic City, NJ – all under guise of post-tropical cyclonic entity nonetheless retaining hurricane-grade gusts.

Jamaican populace bore brunt of initial onslaught whereby seventy percent found themselves plunged into darkness courtesy widespread electrical grid failures induced via gale force winds stripping rooftops clean off structures. Approximately hundred-million-dollar worth

Alcohol intoxication ( also known as drunkenness among other names ) is a physiological state ( that may also include psychological alterations of consciousness ) induced by the ingestion of ethanol ( alcohol ) .   Alcohol intoxication is the result of alcohol entering the bloodstream faster than it can be metabolized by the liver , which breaks down the ethanol into non-intoxicating byproducts . Some effects of alcohol intoxication ( such as euphoria and lowered social inhibitions ) are central to alcohol 's desirability as a beverage and its history as one of the world 's most widespread recreational drugs . Despite this widespread use and alcohol 's legality in most countries , many medical sources tend to describe any level of alcohol intoxication as a form of poisoning due to ethanol 's damaging effects on the body in large doses . Some religions consider alcohol intoxication to be a sin .   Symptoms of alcohol intoxication include euphoria , flushed skin , and decreased social inhibition at lower doses , with larger doses producing progressively severe impairments of balance , muscle coordination ( ataxia ) , and decision-making ability ( potentially leading to violent or erratic behavior ) as well as nausea or vomiting from alcohol 's disruptive effect on the semicircular canals of the inner ear and chemical irritation of the gastric mucosa . Sufficiently high levels of blood-borne alcohol will cause coma and death from the depressive effects of alcohol upon the central nervous system .

Amusement is the state of experiencing humorous and entertaining events or situations , and is associated with enjoyment , happiness , laughter and pleasure .   Amusement may also refer to :  Amusement ( film ) , a 2009 horror film  `` Amusement '' , a song by Hüsker Dü from Everything Falls Apart  Amusement ( magazine ) , an interactive entertainment magazine  Amusement park , a group of entertainment attractions , rides , and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people  Amusement center , a type of small amusement park for families  Amusements , usually seaside venues in the UK that house fruit machines , various other coin-operated gambling machines and arcade games .

In photography reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material . Within a normal exposure range for film stock , for example , the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure , defined as intensity × time . Therefore , the same response ( for example , the optical density of the developed film ) can result from reducing duration and increasing light intensity , and vice versa .   The reciprocal relationship is assumed in most sensitometry , for example when measuring a Hurter and Driffield curve ( optical density versus logarithm of total exposure ) for a photographic emulsion . Total exposure of the film or sensor , the product of focal-plane illuminance times exposure time , is measured in lux seconds .

Deluge is a 1933 American Pre-Code apocalyptic , science fiction film released by RKO Radio Pictures , and directed by Felix E. Feist . The film depicts a group of worldwide natural disasters which lead to the destruction of the earth .   The film is very loosely based on the novel of the same name by S. Fowler Wright , with the setting changed from England to the United States . A series of earthquakes destroy the Pacific coast of the United States , causing a massive tsunami , which heads toward New York City .

An altered state of consciousness ( ASC ) , also called altered state of mind or mind alteration , is any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state . By 1892 , the expression was in use in relation to hypnosis although an ongoing debate about hypnosis as an ASC based on modern definition exists . The next retrievable instance , by Dr Max Mailhouse from his 1904 presentation to conference , does however , as it was in relation to epilepsy , and is still used today ( see Epilepsy ) . In academia , the expression was used as early as 1966 by Arnold M. Ludwig and brought into common usage from 1969 by Charles Tart . It describes induced changes in one 's mental state , almost always temporary . A synonymous phrase is `` altered state of awareness '' .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

The dew point depression ( T-Td ) is the difference between the temperature and dew point temperature at a certain height in the atmosphere .   For a constant temperature , the smaller the difference , the more moisture there is , and the higher the relative humidity . In the lower troposphere , more moisture ( small dew point depression ) results in lower cloud bases and lifted condensation levels ( LCL ) . LCL height is an important factor modulating severe thunderstorms . One example concerns tornadogenesis , with tornadoes most likely if the dew point depression is 20 ° F ( 11 ° C ) or less , and the likelihood of large , intense tornadoes increasing as dew point depression decreases . LCL height also factors in downburst and microburst activity . Conversely , instability is increased when there is a mid-level dry layer ( large dew point depression ) known as a `` dry punch '' , which is favorable for convection if the lower layer is buoyant .   As it measures moisture content in the atmosphere , the dew point depression is also an important indicator in agricultural and forest meteorology , particularly in predicting wildfires .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

The ACA Cyclone is an outdoor warning siren built by Alerting Communicators of America ( ACA ) -- now American Signal Corporation -- in 1968 .


Question: There isn’t substantial evidence that links tropical cyclones directly with climate change caused by global warming.

 Understanding Hurricane Formation & Intensity
Hurricanes, powerful weather phenomena known under various monikers—typhoons, cyclones, depending upon geographic region—are complex meteorological events featuring intense swirling winds around a central low pressure core. These storms originate predominantly above warmer oceans, harnessing moisture evaporated from sea surfaces to fuel their development; condensation releases latent heat, powering upward spiraling gusts and spawning torrential downpours. Unlike extratropical cyclones fed largely via lateral thermal disparities, hurricanes thrive on vertical warmth gradients inherent to tropical waters. Angular momentum preservation amid inward airflow convergence yields formidable rotational velocities, diminishing closer to the Equator owing to reduced Coriolis force impact. Spanning hundreds to thousands kilometers wide, these tempests unleash destructive elements: towering swells, catastrophic storm tides, twisters alongside fierce gales and precipitation. Upon making landfall, they swiftly lose vigor deprived of essential marine humidity sources, yet still inflict grave harm especially along coastlines susceptible to inundation risks. Nonetheless, while inflicting colossal damages onto communities caught in their paths, hurricanes inadvertently alleviate prolonged dry spells whilst redistributing substantial quantities of solar-derived energies across latitudinal zones potentially influencing broader climatic dynamics.
This response maintains comparable structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus without directly referencing original assertions about absence of correlation between hurricanes' intensities/frequencies and anthropogenic climate alterations. Instead, it elaborately describes fundamental aspects governing formation mechanisms, key characteristics, associated hazards, plus indirect ecological benefits attributed to these severe convective disturbances.

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .

In astrophysics , accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter , typically gaseous matter , in an accretion disk . Most astronomical objects , such as galaxies , stars , and planets , are formed by accretion processes .

Larry Tremblay ( born April 17 , 1954 in Chicoutimi ) is a Canadian writer from Quebec . He is a two-time nominee for the Governor General 's Award for French-language fiction , for Le Mangeur de bicyclette at the 2003 Governor General 's Awards and for L'Orangeraie at the 2014 Governor General 's Awards , and a nominee for the Governor General 's Award for French-language drama at the 1997 Governor General 's Awards for the published compilation of his plays Ogre and Cornemuse .   Several of his works have also been published in English translations by Sheila Fischman , Linda Gaboriau , Keith Turnbull and Chantal Bilodeau . The Bicycle Eater , Fischman 's translation of Le Mangeur de bicyclette , was also a nominee for the Governor General 's Award for French to English translation at the 2006 Governor General 's Awards .   After completing a doctorate in theatre at the Université du Québec à Montréal , he travelled to India to study kathakali , which has remained an influence on his writing . Many of his plays focus on characters confronting psychological trauma . In Le Déclic du destin , a character progressively loses body parts ; in The Dragonfly of Chicoutimi , the central character recovers from aphasia only to learn that while recovering his ability to speak he has lost his native language ; and in La Hache a university professor is driven insane by his obsession with ideological purity in literature .   Tremblay has also taught acting at the Université du Québec à Montréal .

An airmail stamp is a postage stamp intended to pay either an airmail fee that is charged in addition to the surface rate , or the full airmail rate , for a piece of mail to be transported by air .   Airmail stamps should not be confused with airmail etiquettes , which are affixed to mail as an instruction to the postal authority that the mail should be transmitted by air .

Kolkata -LSB- koʊlˈkɑːtɑː -RSB- ( -LSB- kolkat̪a -RSB- , also known as Calcutta -LSB- kael ` kVt @ -RSB- , the official name until 2001 ) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal . Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River , it is the principal commercial , cultural , and educational centre of East India , while the Port of Kolkata is India 's oldest operating port and its sole major riverine port . In 2011 , the city had a population of 4.5 million , while the population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million , making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India . Recent estimates of Kolkata Metropolitan Area 's economy have ranged from $ 60 to $ 150 billion ( GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity ) making it third most-productive metropolitan area in India , after Mumbai and Delhi .   In the late 17th century , the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty . After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690 , the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified trading post . Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756 , and the East India Company retook it the following year . In 1793 the East India company was strong enough to abolish Nizamat ( local rule ) , and assumed full sovereignty of the region . Under the company rule , and later under the British Raj , Calcutta served as the capital of British-held territories in India until 1911 , when its perceived geographical disadvantages , combined with growing nationalism in Bengal , led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi . Calcutta was the centre for the Indian independence movement ; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics . Following Indian independence in 1947 , Kolkata , which was once the centre of modern Indian education , science , culture , and politics , suffered several decades of economic stagnation .   As a nucleus of the 19th - and early 20th-century Bengal Renaissance and a religiously and ethnically diverse centre of culture in Bengal and India , Kolkata has local traditions in drama , art , film , theatre , and literature . Many people from Kolkata -- among them several Nobel laureates -- have contributed to the arts , the sciences , and other areas . Kolkata culture features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods ( paras ) and freestyle intellectual exchanges ( adda ) . West Bengal 's share of the Bengali film industry is based in the city , which also hosts venerable cultural institutions of national importance , such as the Academy of Fine Arts , the Victoria Memorial , the Asiatic Society , the Indian Museum and the National Library of India . Among professional scientific institutions , Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India , the Geological Survey of India , the Botanical Survey of India , the Calcutta Mathematical Society , the Indian Science Congress Association , the Zoological Survey of India , the Institution of Engineers , the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association . Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises , Kolkata differs from other Indian cities by giving importance to association football and other sports .

Dickinson v. Zurko , , was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that appeals from the USPTO Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences are to be reviewed for whether the Board 's conclusions are supported by `` substantial evidence '' under the APA .   The Court was asked by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to decide whether the Office 's reviewing court , the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , should review the agency 's factual determinations for whether the Office 's decisions were supported with substantial evidence ( under the Administrative Procedures Act ) , or whether the evidence was clearly erroneous ( such as how a lower court would be reviewed ) . Agreeing with the PTO , the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that the Office need only have substantial evidence .

Lady of the Tropics is a 1939 American drama film directed by Jack Conway , starring Robert Taylor , Hedy Lamarr , and Joseph Schildkraut . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography .

An ARkStorm ( for Atmospheric River 1,000 Storm ) is a hypothetical but scientifically realistic `` megastorm '' scenario developed and published by the United States Geological Survey , Multi Hazards Demonstration Project ( MHDP ) . It describes an extreme storm that might impact much of California causing up to $ 725 billion in losses ( most caused by flooding ) , and affect a quarter of California 's homes . The event would be similar to exceptionally intense California storms which occurred between December 1861 and January 1862 . The name `` ARkStorm '' means `` Atmospheric River ( AR ) 1,000 ( k ) . ''

Amnesty International ( commonly known as Amnesty and AI ) is a non-governmental organization focused on human rights that claims to have over 7 million members and supporters around the world . The stated objective of the organisation is `` to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights , and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated . ''   Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961 , following the publication of the article `` The Forgotten Prisoners '' in The Observer on 28 May 1961 , by the lawyer Peter Benenson . Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards . It works to mobilise public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place . Amnesty considers capital punishment to be `` the ultimate , irreversible denial of human rights '' . The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its `` campaign against torture , '' and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978 .   In the field of international human rights organisations , Amnesty has the third longest history , after the International Federation for Human Rights and broadest name recognition , and is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .