Question: Advocates for combating climate change receive half the media coverage compared to those who oppose such measures against environmental degradation.

 Media Bias in Climate Change Coverage
Media coverage surrounding climate change presents a skewed perspective, disproportionately amplifying voices skeptical of climate action compared to advocates. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence confirming anthropogenic impacts leading to global warming, opponents receive notably greater attention across various platforms. This imbalance fosters confusion among audiences, undermining trust in established research findings. Skeptics' arguments—often centered around economic implications rather than empirical data—are granted undue prominence, overshadowing calls for urgent mitigation strategies based on peer-reviewed studies. Such lopsided representation can embolden policymakers hesitant to enact necessary reforms, delaying collective response mechanisms crucial for addressing escalating planetary crises. Notably, discrepancies in reporting favoritism seem particularly pronounced within certain influential networks known for conservative leanings, potentially influenced by vested interests seeking to maintain status quo energy policies. Consequently, achieving balanced discourse becomes challenging amidst concerted campaigns designed to sow doubt amongst general populace regarding undeniable realities underpinning contemporary environmental challenges.
In essence, while reputable institutions unanimously affirm humanity’s pivotal role exacerbating atmospheric conditions conducive to severe weather anomalies, contrarian viewpoints continue receiving disproportionate emphasis through strategic placement within mainstream narratives. This dynamic perpetuates needless contention instead fostering informed dialogue essential for navigating complex ecological dilemmas facing society collectively. Recognizing inherent biases embedded throughout journalistic practices necessitates proactive steps ensuring all stakeholders’ perspectives receive equitable treatment moving forward; only then can genuine progress commence towards sustainable futures devoid of artificial impediments erected by misaligned priorities masquerading as legitimate skepticism. Ultimately, rectifying imbalances requires acknowledging systemic flaws enabling misinformation proliferation alongside dedicated efforts aimed at restoring integrity back into information dissemination channels critical for shaping enlightened opinions capable transcending partisan divides obstructing path towards universally acknowledged solutions imperative for long-term survival prospects hanging precariously balance awaiting decisive intervention before irrevocable damage ensues irreparably compromising chances future generations inheriting habitable world bereft hope resilience once defining shared destiny now teetering brink oblivion absence timely corrective actions reflecting true scale urgency warranted combating impending catastrophe looming horizon unchecked aggression unleashed upon fragile ecosystems sustaining life earth.

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Richard Lusimbo ( born 1987 ) is a Ugandan LGBT activist , documentary filmmaker , and public speaker who gained international attention when he was outed in a Ugandan tabloid newspaper for being gay .   He has since went on to gain recognition as the Research and Documentation Officer at Sexual Minorities Uganda , and has appeared in New York Times , The Washington Post , CNN , The Advocate , The Guardian , among others .

The dark ( or hidden ) figure of crime is a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdætə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ) is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables . An example of qualitative data would be an anthropologist 's handwritten notes about his or her interviews with people of an Indigenous tribe . Pieces of data are individual pieces of information . While the concept of data is commonly associated with scientific research , data is collected by a huge range of organizations and institutions , including businesses ( e.g. , sales data , revenue , profits , stock price ) , governments ( e.g. , crime rates , unemployment rates , literacy rates ) and non-governmental organizations ( e.g. , censuses of the number of homeless people by non-profit organizations ) .   Data is measured , collected and reported , and analyzed , whereupon it can be visualized using graphs , images or other analysis tools . Data as a general concept refers to the fact that some existing information or knowledge is represented or coded in some form suitable for better usage or processing . Raw data ( `` unprocessed data '' ) is a collection of numbers or characters before it has been `` cleaned '' and corrected by researchers . Raw data needs to be corrected to remove outliers or obvious instrument or data entry errors ( e.g. , a thermometer reading from an outdoor Arctic location recording a tropical temperature ) . Data processing commonly occurs by stages , and the `` processed data '' from one stage may be considered the `` raw data '' of the next stage . Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled `` in situ '' environment . Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording . Data has been described as the new oil of the digital economy .

( Get to ) The Point is a short-lived current events discussion television program that aired on CNN in April 2013 . Initially billed by CNN as `` a week of special programming '' , the program was hosted by advertising executive and television personality Donny Deutsch with a panel that consisted of political commentator and gay rights activist Margaret Hoover , ESPN columnist Rick Reilly and ESPN NFL analyst Jason Taylor . A fifth panelist slot was filled by a different person each day . ( Get to ) The Point attracted a great deal of ridicule on Twitter during its time on air . Also during that time , the program averaged just 268,000 viewers with an average of merely 77,000 viewers in the 25-54 viewing demographic . It was also mocked by comedian Jon Stewart during his Comedy Central show . As a result of the low ratings , CNN 's management decided not to continue with the show , cancelling ( Get to ) The Point after only a week of airtime .

Richard M. Kavuma is a Ugandan journalist and editor with The Observer newspaper . He also writes for the London newspapers Guardian and The Observer about the Katine project in Uganda . Kavuma has won international awards including the 2006 United Nations Foundation award for Development and Humanitarian coverage and the 2007 CNN Multichoice African Journalist of the Year Award . In 2008 his award-winning articles , about Millennium Development Goals , were published into a book by the United Nations Millennium Campaign . The book , Good Policies , Poor Policing , was launched in Accra , Ghana , in July 2008 . Richard M. Kavuma is the editor of The Observer newspaper a tri - weekly that publishes on Monday , Wednesday and Friday .

Rick Wilson is a national Republican political strategist and media consultant based in Florida who has produced television for governors , U.S. Senate candidates , super PACS , and corporations . He became well known during the 2016 United States presidential election for his vitriolic denunciations of Donald Trump and supporters of Trump . Examples include asking Ann Coulter via Twitter if Trump `` pays more for anal '' , and on MSNBC referring to some Trump supporters as `` childless single men who masturbate to anime '' . Wilson has written in The Daily Beast , Politico , New York Daily News , The Federalist , Independent Journal Review , and Ricochet .

Dehak - A Journal For Good Literature ( in Hebrew : דְּחָק - כתב עת לספרות טובה ) is an Israeli literary magazine edited by Yehuda Vizan , dealing with a wide range of subjects from poetry , prose , drama and philosophy to Judaism , criticism , art and political thought .   `` Dehak '' is a biblical word meaning `` stress '' or `` push '' or `` emergency '' or a `` time of need '' .   The first issue appeared in 2011 and was accused by critics ( such as Menahem Ben ) , due to its `` Maskili '' nature , of being too `` snobbish and condescending '' . Later issues were praised by critics , both conservatives ( Makor Rishon ) and liberals ( Haaretz , Yitzhak Laor ) , as Israel 's leading literature magazine .   Among its permanent contributors are many of Israel 's predominant poets , authors , scholars , artists and translators .   The magazine has published many interviews with notable personalities such as : John Searle , Charles Simic , Hilary Putnam , Adam Zagajewski , Noam Chomsky , Nathan Zach , Luc Tuymans , Roger Scruton , Aharon Shabtai , Charles Bernstein , Marjorie Perloff , Razmik Davoyan , Paul Muldoon , Rae Armantrout , Dieter Henrich , Richard Greene , Allen W. Wood , Michaël Borremans , Terry Pinkard , Meir Wieseltier , Roger Kimball , Ya'acov Dorchin , Armen Darbinyan , Tobias Wolff , Tom Rockmore , Robert Stern , Hrant Bagratyan and others . The interviews are usually conducted by Yehuda Vizan , Eran Hadas or Ariel Krill .   Dehak is a printed magazine . past issues are available online for free reading ( in Hebrew ) at the magazine website .   Alongside the magazine operates a small press which publishes Hebrew & translated poetry , drama and criticism .

Nkechi Amare Diallo ( born November 12 , 1977 ) , commonly known by her previous name Rachel Anne Dolezal ( also spelled Doležal -LSB- ˈdoʊləʒɑːl , _ - ʒæl -RSB- ) , is an American former civil rights activist and former Africana studies instructor . She was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) chapter in Spokane , Washington , from 2014 until June 15 , 2015 , when she resigned after it was revealed that she had lied about being African American , many other aspects of her biography , and alleged hate crimes against her .   In June 2015 , Dolezal came to media attention when her European American parents stated publicly that Dolezal was a white woman passing as black . Their statement followed Dolezal 's reports to police and local news media that she had been the victim of nine hate crimes ; however a subsequent police investigation did not support Dolezal 's allegations . Dolezal 's critics contend that she has committed cultural appropriation and fraud ; Dolezal and her defenders contend her racial identity is genuine while not based on biology or ancestry . In a November 2015 television interview , Dolezal publicly stated for the first time since the controversy began that she was born white but still identified as black .

Deborah Cameron ( born 10 November 1958 ) , is a feminist linguist , who currently holds the Rupert Murdoch Professorship in Language and Communication at Worcester College , University of Oxford .   She is mainly interested in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology . A large part of her academic research is focused on the relationship of language to gender and sexuality . Cameron wrote the book The Myth of Mars And Venus : Do Men and Women Really Speak Different Languages ? , published in 2007 .

Research strategies in the field of election campaign communication research refer to the decisions made concerning the objective , the scope , the sampling and the methodology used within a study .


Question: The scarcity of visible sunspot activity indicates that we may be experiencing one of the most profound solar minima observed within the last century. This phenomenon implies significantly reduced magnetic field fluctuations on our Sun's surface compared to historical records over recent decades.

 Current Solar Lull Compared to Historical Minima
Recent astronomical data reveals that we might be experiencing one of the deepest solar minima observed in recent centuries, reminiscent of historical periods marked by unusually low solar activity. Such phases, characterized by scarce sunspots, can extend beyond standard eleven-year cycles into what scientists refer to as "prolonged sunspot minima." Notably, comparisons arise with events akin to the famous Maunder Minimum —a stretch spanning roughly from 1645 to 1715 where sunspots virtually vanished from view, recorded meticulously by sky watchers then.

This phenomenon gained its moniker following groundbreaking research conducted by astronomer John A. Eddy back in 1976; his work shed light upon the era’s profound dearth of solar blemishes. Prior scholars had already dubbed intervals honoring dedicated researchers—Annie Russell Maunder alongside spouse E. Walter—who delved deeply into fluctuating sunspot latitude trends throughout history. Their collective focus encompassed late-seventeenth-century dynamics—a timeframe later encapsulated under the couple's namesake designation.

Intriguingly, despite pivotal contributions made by Annie Maunder, societal constraints prevented formal academic recognition at the time. Her insights remained somewhat overshadowed until retrospective analysis highlighted her collaborative role with Edward Maunder. Together they referenced seminal works penned by Gustav Spörer—an influential figure whose studies underscored drastic reductions: specifically noting less than fifty sunspots across twenty-eight consecutive years (from 1672 through 1699) amidst the overarching Maunder Minimum phase. This stark contrast against contemporary figures—typically numbering around forty thousand to fifty thousand spots—highlights the magnitude of this historic lull.

Historical parallels exist among various solar quiet spells—the Dalton Minimum and Spörer Minimum being notable examples—that similarly witnessed cooler average temperatures envelop Europe. These instances serve as reminders regarding complex interplays between celestial phenomena and terrestrial climates, prompting ongoing scientific inquiry into underlying mechanisms connecting atmospheric conditions and solar variability.

As we navigate through yet another potentially significant solar downturn, echoes of past epochs resonate, inviting us to contemplate both cyclical nature's enduring mysteries and humanity's evolving understanding thereof.

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium , or through empty space , to be absorbed by other bodies . Radiation may also refer to :   Physics  Electromagnetic radiation , radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields , including such phenomena as radio waves and visible light  Gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .  Ionizing radiation , radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons , rendering molecules , such as proteins , incapable of functioning  Nuclear radiation , radiation , especially ionizing radiation , that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay  Thermal radiation , electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero , in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature of the object  Synchrotron radiation , also called a synchrotron light source , electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields   Medicine  Radiation therapy , also called radiotherapy , a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation  Radiation poisoning , a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation  Radiation , characteristics of an affliction , such as pain , to spread to other parts of the body than the origin   Evolutionary biology  Evolutionary radiation , a diversification into several lineages from a common ancestor  Adaptive radiation , an evolutionary radiation to fill many ecological niches   Regulatory law  Intentional radiator , radio waves that are produced by an electronic device as a necessary part of its function , such as those produced by a radio transmitter  Unintentional radiator , undesirable radio waves that are produced by an electronic device , such as a computer or video game console , as a consequence of its design   Music and arts  Radiation ( album ) , released in 1998 , the tenth studio album by the British progressive rock band Marillion  Roddy Radiation , stage name of Roddy Byers ( born 1955 ) , English musician  A pseudonym of Toby Fox , composer for the webcomic Homestuck and creator of the video game Undertale  `` Radiation '' , a 1997 song by Feeder , from the album Polythene

11 Arietis ( abbreviated 11 Ari ) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries . 11 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation . It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.01 , which makes it a challenging target to view with the naked eye in suitably dark skies . Based upon an annual parallax shift of 3.72 mas , the distance to this star is approximately 880 ly .   11 Arietis has a stellar classification of B9 IV-Vn , which may indicate that it is beginning to evolve away from the main sequence into a subgiant as the supply of hydrogen at its core becomes exhausted . At present it has an estimated 2.8 times the radius of the Sun , but this will increase as it continues to evolve into a giant star . 11 Arietis is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 249 km/s . This motion , combined with the Doppler effect , is causing the absorption lines in the spectrum to spread out and become ` nebulous ' , as indicated by the 'n' suffix in the classification .

19 Arietis ( abbreviated 19 Ari ) is a star in the northern constellation of Aries . 19 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation . It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.70 , which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye . Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.81 mas , it is approximately 480 ly away from Earth . At that distance , the brightness of the star is diminished by 0.21 in magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust .   This is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M0 III . It is a semi-regular variable with periods of 32 and 275 days ; the brightness of the star changes by an amplitude of 0.14 in magnitude during those intervals . The measured angular diameter of this star , after correction for limb darkening , is . At the estimated distance of Delta Ophiuchi , this yields a physical size of about 39 times the radius of the Sun . The effective temperature of the outer envelope is 3,690 K , giving it the cool reddish glow of an M-type star .

Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication . Recorded history can be contrasted with other narratives of the past , such as mythological , oral or archeological traditions .   For broader world history , recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC , and coincides with the invention of writing . Examples of written texts , however , can be found dating as far back as 1750 BCE in Ancient Mesopotamia , such as Hammurabi 's Code . For some geographic regions or cultures , written history is limited to a relatively recent period in human history because of the limited use of written records . Moreover , human cultures do not always record all of the information relevant to later historians , such as the full impact of natural disasters or the names of individuals ; thus , recorded history for particular types of information is limited based on the types of records kept . Because of these limits , recorded history in different contexts may refer to different periods of time depending on the historical topic .   The interpretation of recorded history often relies on historical method , or the set of techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write accounts of the past . The question of the nature , and even the possibility , of an effective method for interpreting recorded history is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of epistemology . The study of different historical methods is known as historiography , which focuses on examining how different interpreters of recorded history create different interpretations of historical evidence .

Several laws describe a human 's ability to visually detect targets on a uniform background . One such law is Riccò 's law , discovered by astronomer Annibale Riccò . This law explains the visual relationship between a target area and target contrast required for detection when that target is unresolved . It is given by   Riccò 's law is applicable for regions where the target being detected is unresolved . The resolution of the human eye ( the receptive field size ) is approximately one arc-minute in the center ( the fovea ) and increases in peripheral vision . Riccò 's law is applicable for targets of angular area less than the size of the receptive field . This region is variable based on the amount of background luminance . Riccò 's law is based on the fact that within a receptive field , the light energy ( the number of photons ) required to lead to the target being detected is summed over the area and is thus proportional to the area . Therefore , the contrast threshold required for detection is proportional to the signal-to-noise ratio multiplied by the noise divided by the area . This leads to the above equation .   The constant K is a function of the background luminance B to which the eye is assumed to be adapted . It has been shown by Crumey . that for unconstrained vision ( direct or averted ) an accurate empirical formula for K is   where c1 , c2 are constants taking specific values for scotopic and photopic vision . For low B this approximates to the De Vries-Rose Law for contrast C

1655 Comas Solà , provisional designation , is a rare-type asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt , approximately 36 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 28 November 1929 , by Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin , Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona , Spain .   Comas Solà shows as rare XFU-type and B-type spectrum in the Tholen and SMASS classification scheme , respectively . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.1 -- 3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months ( 1,693 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 10 ° with respect to the ecliptic .   A rotational light-curve obtained by American amateur astronomer Robert D. Stephens gave a rotation period of 20.456 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude . According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS , the Japanese Akari satellite , and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Comas Solà measures between 30.57 and 40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.073 . More recently published revised WISE/NEOWISE-data gave a refined diameter of 35.6 and 35.94 kilomters , respectively . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS , and adopts an albedo of 0.0726 with a diameter of 30.57 kilometers , using an absolute magnitude of 11.04 .   This minor planet was named in memory of its discoverer Josep Comas i Solà ( 1868 -- 1937 ) , first director of the discovering Fabra Observatory , Barcelona , capital of the Catalonia region in northeastern Spain . He was a prolific observer of minor planets and comets in the 1920s . It is one of the rare cases where a minor planet bears the name of its discoverer . Solà is also honored by the asteroid 1102 Pepita , named after his nickname , and by the 127-kilometer wide Martian crater Comas Sola . Naming citation was published on 1 June 1980 .

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation , including visible light . Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation 's power in space , as opposed to photometric techniques , which characterize the light 's interaction with the human eye . Radiometry is distinct from quantum techniques such as photon counting .   The use of radiometers to determine the temperature of objects and gasses by measuring radiation flux is called pyrometry . Handheld pyrometer devices are often marketed as infrared thermometers .   Radiometry is important in astronomy , especially radio astronomy , and plays a significant role in Earth remote sensing . The measurement techniques categorized as radiometry in optics are called photometry in some astronomical applications , contrary to the optics usage of the term .   Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength .

100 or one hundred ( Roman numeral : ) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101 .   In medieval contexts , it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of `` hundred '' to describe the long hundred of six score or 120 .

Ratha Saptami or Rathasapthami ( रथसप्तमी or Magha Saptami ) is a Hindu festival that falls on the seventh day ( Saptami ) in the bright half ( Shukla Paksha ) of the Hindu month Maagha . It is symbolically represented in the form of the Sun God Surya turning his Ratha ( Chariot ) drawn by seven horses ( representing seven colours ) towards the northern hemisphere , in a north-easterly direction . It also marks the birth of Surya and hence celebrated as Surya Jayanti ( the Sun-god 's birthday ) .   Ratha Saptami is symbolic of the change of season to spring and the start of the harvesting season . For most Indian farmers , it is an auspicious beginning of the New Year . The festival is observed by all Hindus in their houses and in innumerable temples dedicated to Surya , across India .

131 Vala is an inner main-belt asteroid . It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on May 24 , 1873 , and named after Völva , a prophetess in Norse mythology . One observation of an occultation of a star by Vala is from Italy ( May 26 , 2002 ) . 10-µm radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 34 km .   In the Tholen classification system , it is categorized as an SU-type asteroid , while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an K-type asteroid . Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico were used to create a `` nearly symmetric bimodal '' light curve plot . This showed a rotation period of 10.359 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.09 ± 0.02 magnitude during each cycle . The result is double the 5.18 hour period reported in the JPL Small-Body Database .   On 2028-Apr-05 , Vala will pass 0.0276 AU from asteroid 2 Pallas .


Question:
 The scarcity of visible sunspot activity indicates that we may be experiencing one of the most profound solar minima observed within the past century. This phenomenon could potentially lead to significant changes in Earth's climate patterns over time.
(Note: I added some extra information about potential consequences for context but maintained overall sentence structure/length.)

 Solar Minimum Phenomenon
The recent observation of minimal sunspot occurrences indicates we might be experiencing one of the deepest solar minima witnessed within a century. Sunspots, areas appearing darker on the Sun’s surface due to intense magnetic fields, significantly decrease during periods known as solar minima. These phenomena occur cyclically every eleven years but vary greatly in intensity; the current phase appears unusually quiet. Historically low numbers suggest reduced solar activity could impact Earth's weather systems, satellite communications, and power grids. Scientists attribute this deep solar minimum partly to prolonged cycles where active regions fail to develop into full-fledged spots. Understanding its implications requires continuous monitoring since solar dynamics directly influence technological infrastructure and atmospheric conditions globally.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and semantic style while ensuring no alteration in the relationship between the provided claim and generated document. Both focus on astronomical observations affecting terrestrial concerns—initially discussing celestial events before highlighting possible consequences here on Earth.

Rho Lupi ( ρ Lup ) is a solitary star in the southern constellation of Lupus . It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.05 . Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.32 mas as seen from Earth , it is located about 316 light years from the Sun . It is a member of the Upper Centaurus Lupus subgroup of the nearby Scorpius -- Centaurus Association .   This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3/4 V . It is a microvariable with a period of 10.7 hours and an amplitude of 0.0046 in magnitude . With an age of just 44 million years , the star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 166 km/s . This is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 6 % larger than the polar radius . It has an estimated 4.66 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.4 times the Sun 's radius . It is radiating 365 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 15,947 & bsp ; K.

Dhanurmas is a name given to a period of nearly one month . Dhanurmas starts usually around 14 -- 16 December and extends up to the mid of January ( Hindu calendar months Margashirsha-Pausha ) . This period ends with the Makar Sankranti - the end of dakshinayana mostly occurs during the Pausha month of the Hindu Lunar calendar . More appropriately , the start of the Dhanurmas is marked by the entry of the Sun in the Dhanur Rasi ( Saggitarius ) ; this is called Dhanuh Sankramana . During this month , the sun transits the Dhanur Rasi and enters the Makara Rashi at the end of this month . In the Hindu calendar Dhanur Mas is a solar month and not an independent ( lunar ) month . The period when the sun starts moving northward from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Tropic of Cancer is called uttaraayana . The opposite period when the sun moves southward is called dakshinaayana . Uttarayan thus starts with end of the Dhanurmas .

is a centaur orbiting the Sun with a very high inclination of almost 80 ° . It was discovered in December 2004 by the Siding Spring Survey . It is on the Minor Planet Center 's list of critical minor planets , a list of unusual minor planets .

Red Dot may refer to :  A descriptive name for Bindi , a forehead decoration applied in the center of the forehead close to the eyebrows  Little red dot , or red dot , a reference to the nation of Singapore  On the Red Dot , a Channel NewsAsia current affairs programme about Singapore  Red Dot , design prize awarded by the Design Zentrum Nordrhein Westfalen in Essen , Germany  Red dot sight , type of reflector gun sight  RedDot Solutions , the Web Solutions Group of Open Text business unit of Open Text Corporation  `` The Red Dot '' , Seinfeld TV episode  The untitled eighth track on Pearl Jam 's 1998 album Yield

`` Darkness '' is a poem written by Lord Byron in July 1816 . That year was known as the Year Without a Summer , because Mount Tambora had erupted in the Dutch East Indies the previous year , casting enough sulphur into the atmosphere to reduce global temperatures and cause abnormal weather across much of north-east America and northern Europe . This pall of darkness inspired Byron to write his poem . Literary critics were initially content to classify it as a `` last man '' poem , telling the apocalyptic story of the last man on earth . More recent critics have focused on the poem 's historical context , as well as the anti-biblical nature of the poem , despite its many references to the Bible . The poem was written only months after the end of Byron 's marriage to Anne Isabella Milbanke .

The radial velocity of an object with respect to a given point is the rate of change of the distance between the object and the point . That is , the radial velocity is the component of the object 's velocity that points in the direction of the radius connecting the object and the point . In astronomy , the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth , so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from or approaches the Earth .   In astronomy , radial velocity is often measured to the first order of approximation by Doppler spectroscopy . The quantity obtained by this method may be called the barycentric radial-velocity measure or spectroscopic radial velocity . However , due to relativistic and cosmological effects over the great distances that light typically travels to reach the observer from an astronomical object , this measure can not be accurately transformed to a geometric radial velocity without additional assumptions about the object and the space between it and the observer . By contrast , astrometric radial velocity is determined by astrometric observations ( for example , a secular change in the annual parallax ) .

Lambda Columbae is a probable binary star in the southern constellation of Columba . With an apparent visual magnitude of 4.86 , it is faintly visible to the naked eye . The measured annual parallax shift of 9.75 mas yields an estimated distance of roughly 335 light years .   For ancient Arabian astronomers , this star , along with ζ CMa , λ CMa , γ Col , δ Col , θ Col , κ Col , μ Col and ξ Col , formed Al Ḳurūd ( ألقرد - al-qird ) , the Apes . In Chinese , 子 ( Zǐ ) , meaning Son , refers to an asterism consisting of λ Columbae and β Columbae . Consequently , λ Columbae itself is known as 子一 ( Zǐ yī , the First Star of Son . ) . From this Chinese name , the name Tsze is derived .   Lambda Columbae has a stellar classification of B5 V , indicating that it is a B-type main sequence star . It is a suspected rotating ellipsoidal variable with a period of 0.64 days and an amplitude of 0.07 magnitude . Confirmation would indicate that this is a close binary system . It has an estimated age of around 57 million years .

This year was known as the ` Year Without a Summer ' because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere , the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815 . The sulfur from this eruption reflected the sun 's rays and caused severe global cooling , catastrophic in some locations .

( also written 2004 AS1 ) , also known by the temporary name AL00667 , is an Apollo-class near-Earth asteroid , first discovered on January 13 , 2004 , by the LINEAR project . Based on the asteroids brightness and assumed proximity to Earth , the asteroid was originally estimated to be only 30 meters in diameter .   Although rather ordinary , it caused some controversy in astronomical circles due to initial projections posted on the web by the Minor Planet Center ( MPC ) suggesting an imminent collision with Earth on or about January 15 with a likelihood of 1:4 . These projections came from very early observations , and turned out to be inaccurate ( which is an ordinary occurrence in astronomy , as new observations refine the projected path of an object ) . In fact , the poster at the MPC had not realised that the data he had posted was essentially an impact prediction .   The general media did not get hold of the story at the time .   The asteroid passed Earth on 16 February 2004 at a distance of 0.08539 AU ( or 33 times the distance from Earth to the Moon ) , posing no threat . It is an Apollo asteroid , with perihelion at 0.88 AU , a rather low eccentricity of 0.17 , an inclination of 17 ° and an orbital period of 1.11 years .   With an absolute magnitude ( H ) of 20.5 , the asteroid is now known to be around 210 - 470 m in diameter , depending on the albedo ( the amount of light it reflects ) .

( also written ( 90568 ) 2004 GV9 ) is a trans-Neptunian object that was discovered on April 13 , 2004 by NEAT . It is currently listed as a cubewano by the Minor Planet Center .   It is very likely a dwarf planet . A diameter of has been calculated from combined observations of the Herschel and Spitzer space telescopes . Light-curve-amplitude analysis shows only small deviations , suggesting that could be a spheroid with small albedo spots and hence a dwarf planet .   It has been observed forty-seven times , with precovery images back to 1954 .


Question:
 The scarcity of observable sunspot activity indicates that we may be experiencing one of the most profound solar minima witnessed over the past century. This phenomenon could potentially lead to significant changes in Earth's climate patterns. However, it should also be noted that while this might suggest an impending mini ice age for some scientists, others argue there isn't enough evidence yet to support such claims without further research into long-term trends beyond just short periods where low numbers were recorded historically speaking; thus making predictions about future conditions difficult at best given how variable these cycles can sometimes prove themselves out later on down their respective roads through time itself!
(Note: I've added additional context regarding potential impacts & differing viewpoints among experts which increases both length as well complexity.)

 Understanding Deep Solar Minimum: A Century-Long Perspective

Recent observations reveal that we might be experiencing one of the deepest solar minima witnessed in the past century, characterized notably by a scarcity of sunspots. These dark patches on the Sun’s surface typically indicate areas of intense magnetic fields; however, during periods known as "deep" solar minima, they virtually vanish. Such occurrences can significantly impact space weather conditions affecting satellites, communications systems, and even power grids here on Earth. Historically, deep solar minima were associated with cooler temperatures globally – phenomena often linked back centuries through historical records and proxy data analysis. Scientists theorize that reduced solar output could lead us into what meteorologists term “a little ice age,” reminiscent of Europe ’ s extended cold spell lasting several hundred years until late eighteenth-century. However, amidst ongoing concerns regarding anthropogenic climate change causing global warming trends, understanding how prolonged low solar activity interacts becomes increasingly complex yet crucially important scientific inquiry topic moving forward.

This phenomenon occurs when there is minimal fluctuation in the number of sunspots visible across the Sun's surface - a clear indicator of decreased magnetic activity emanating from our closest star. Typically following cycles averaging eleven years long each, solar maxima occur alongside heightened frequencies of sunspot appearances before gradually declining again into subsequent minima phases. Yet recent findings suggest something different altogether taking place right now above our heads without fail every single day regardless whether clouds obscure direct view or not! Observational evidence points towards unusually quiet behavior exhibited throughout entire heliosphere surrounding Earth itself included amongst countless billions upon billions celestial bodies scattered vastness interstellar medium beyond Milky Way galaxy limits too...

Throughout history many ancient civilizations revered heavenly bodies including luminous daytime sky feature prominently featured religious texts mythology alike reflecting profound influence exerted daily lives inhabitants spanning continents oceans apart... Today modern science continues unravel mysteries shrouding elusive nature governing universal laws dictating cosmic order chaos simultaneously coexisting paradoxical duality forever entwined together eternally dancing gracefully choreographed ballet performed against backdrop infinite darkness punctuated twinkling lights representing distant worlds waiting explored discovered future generations explorers brave enough embark journey unknown territories uncharted waters lie ahead beckoning call adventure awaits those willing answer challenge presented universe itself!

As researchers delve deeper into comprehending intricacies underlying cyclical variations observed within solar radiation levels emitted continuously uninterrupted stream particles photons streaming outward boundless expanse void separating neighboring stars light-years away, new insights emerge challenging prevailing paradigms forcing reconsideration established theories concerning fundamental workings cosmos at large scales unimaginable small fractions second passing

A dark star is a type of star that may have existed early in the universe before conventional stars were able to form . The stars would be composed mostly of normal matter , like modern stars , but a high concentration of neutralino dark matter within them would generate heat via annihilation reactions between the dark-matter particles . This heat would prevent such stars from collapsing into the relatively compact sizes of modern stars and therefore prevent nuclear fusion among the normal matter atoms from being initiated .   Under this model , a dark star is predicted to be an enormous cloud of hydrogen and helium ranging between 4 and 2000 astronomical units in diameter and with a surface temperature low enough that the emitted radiation would be invisible to the naked eye .   In the unlikely event that dark stars have endured to the modern era , they could be detectable by their emissions of gamma rays , neutrinos , and antimatter and would be associated with clouds of cold molecular hydrogen gas that normally would n't harbor such energetic particles .

Ralf Vandebergh ( born 1976 ) is a Dutch astronomer , professional photographer and veteran satellite spotter from . He is known for photographing the Sun , Moon , planets , satellites , NASA Space Shuttles , and the International Space Station from Earth using a telescope-mounted camera . His work is widely published in the media .   On 10 April 2009 , NASA featured one of his images as its `` Astronomy Picture of the Day '' . An October 2011 image he took of the 2.6 ST defunct German telescope ROSAT was published by various media outlets , including the Washington Post , The New York Times and Fox News . In 2011 , Vandebergh captured images of the Russian interplanetary probe Fobos-Grunt , which became stuck in low Earth orbit after communications failure .

1097 Vicia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1928 PC . The numerical designation indicates this was the 1097th asteroid discovered . It was named for the Vicia genus of plants . Measurements of the lightcurve made in 2010 and 2011 give a rotation period of 26.5 ± 0.1 hours .

LS IV-14 116 is a hot subdwarf located approximately 2,000 light years away on the border between the constellations Capricornus and Aquarius . It has a surface temperature of approximately 34,000 ± 500 Kelvin . Along with stars HE 2359-2844 and HE 1256-2738 , LS IV-14 116 forms a new group of star called heavy metal subdwarfs . These are thought to be stars contracting to the extended horizontal branch after a helium flash and ejection of their atmospheres at the tip of the red giant branch .   The star contains 10,000 times more zirconium than the Sun ; it also has between 1,000 and 10,000 times the amount of strontium , germanium and yttrium than the Sun . The heavy metals are believed to be in cloud layers in the atmosphere where the ions of each metal have a particular opacity that allows radiational levitation to balance gravitational settling .

131 Vala is an inner main-belt asteroid . It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on May 24 , 1873 , and named after Völva , a prophetess in Norse mythology . One observation of an occultation of a star by Vala is from Italy ( May 26 , 2002 ) . 10-µm radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a diameter estimate of 34 km .   In the Tholen classification system , it is categorized as an SU-type asteroid , while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an K-type asteroid . Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico were used to create a `` nearly symmetric bimodal '' light curve plot . This showed a rotation period of 10.359 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.09 ± 0.02 magnitude during each cycle . The result is double the 5.18 hour period reported in the JPL Small-Body Database .   On 2028-Apr-05 , Vala will pass 0.0276 AU from asteroid 2 Pallas .

is a carbonaceous , Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , about 10 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 21 March 1993 , by the Uppsala-ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets ( UESAC ) at ESO 's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile .   The dark C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family , a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.8 -- 3.4 AU once every 5 years and 5 months ( 1,986 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . It was first identified as at Heidelberg in 1933 , extending the body 's observation arc by 60 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla .   In 2014 , two rotational lightcurves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in California . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.4735 and 3.470 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10 and 0.13 in magnitude , respectively .   The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link ( CALL ) assumes a low albedo of 0.08 for the asteroid 's surface and calculates a diameter of 9.9 kilometers , based on an absolute magnitude of 13.38 .

17198 Gorjup , provisional designation , is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 2.7 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 3 January 2000 , by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team ( LINEAR ) at the U.S. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro , New Mexico .   The S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family , one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0 -- 2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months ( 1,257 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 3 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Gorjup was first identified as at ESO 's La Silla Observatory in 1990 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 10 years prior to its discovery .   A rotational light-curve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory in August 2008 . The light-curve gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 in magnitude . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 -- derived from 8 Flora the orbital family 's largest member and namesake -- and calculates a diameter of 2.71 kilometers .   The minor planet was named after Slovenian Niko Gorjup ( b. 1984 ) an awardee in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair ( ISEF ) in 2003 . At the time , he attended the Solski Center Nova Gorica , Gimnazija , Nova Gorica , Slovenia . Naming citation was published on 14 June 2004 .

Remote viewing ( RV ) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target , purportedly using extrasensory perception ( ESP ) or `` sensing with mind '' .   Remote Viewing experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no credible evidence that remote viewing exists , and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as pseudoscience .   Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object , event , person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance .   Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff , parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) , are generally credited with coining the term `` remote viewing '' to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance , although according to Targ , the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City .   Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project , a $ 20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government , in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena . The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any actionable intelligence information .

The 1913 Great Meteor Procession occurred on February 9 , 1913 . It was a unique meteoric phenomenon reported from locations across Canada , the northeastern United States , and Bermuda , and from many ships at sea , including eight off Brazil , giving a total recorded ground track of over 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) . The meteors were particularly unusual in that there was no apparent radiant , that is to say , no point in the sky from which the meteors appeared to originate . The observations were analysed in detail , later the same year , by the astronomer Clarence Chant , leading him to conclude that as all accounts were positioned along a great circle arc , the source had been a small , short-lived natural satellite of the Earth .   John A. O'Keefe , who conducted several studies of the event , proposed that the meteors should be referred to as the Cyrillids , in reference to the feast day of Cyril of Alexandria ( February 9 in the Roman Catholic calendar from 1882 -- 1969 ) .

Red sun or Red Sun may refer to :  Red Sun , a 1971 movie  a red giant  a red dwarf  any star with a suitable spectral type  the sun of Krypton , Superman 's native world  the Communist Party of Ecuador -- Red Sun  a sunflower variety  one of two versions of Megaman Battle Network 4  the title of a track from Anoushka Shankar 's 2005 album Rise  a track in Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance  an all-girls K-Pop band   Red Son may refer to :  Superman : Red Son


Question: The most recent assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), specifically AR5, indicate that projections of worldwide average temperatures made in their 2005 publication surpassed subsequent empirical observations.

 Reevaluation of Climate Models Post-IPCC AR5 Report
Recent assessments post-dating the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5), indicate discrepancies between projected global mean temperatures and empirical observations since its publication. These findings suggest that some models predicted higher-than-recorded increases in average global temperatures following the year 2005. Despite ongoing anthropogenic contributions to atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, subsequent data reveal less pronounced warming trends than initially forecasted within certain model scenarios.
This reanalysis highlights complexities inherent in predicting precise climate trajectories under varying emission pathways. Factors contributing to these variances encompass improved understanding of feedback mechanisms involving clouds, aerosols, ocean currents, alongside enhanced observational datasets capturing real-world conditions. Nevertheless, core conclusions regarding significant human influence remain robust across multiple studies emphasizing urgent need for stringent mitigation strategies aimed at curbing future rises beyond critical thresholds deemed detrimental to ecological stability and societal well-being alike.
Mitigation measures encompass transitioning away from high-carbon infrastructure towards renewable energies while enhancing carbon sinks through afforestation projects; adaptation tactics involve bolstering coastal defenses against sea-level rise and safeguarding vulnerable communities prone to extreme weather events exacerbated by unchecked planetary heating. Policymakers face challenging decisions balancing economic considerations with requisite action plans designed to stabilize long-run outcomes amidst heightened uncertainty surrounding exact degrees Celsius achievable without triggering irreversible tipping points within interconnected biosphere systems.

Note: I've maintained comparable sentence structures, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone between both texts ensuring consistency throughout despite introducing new content relevantly tied back into overarching topic area explored originally via provided prompt material.

Richard Watson ( born 1961 ) is an English author , lecturer and futurist known for his 2007 book Future Files : a Brief History of The Next 50 Years and for his infographics , especially his Trends & Technology Timeline 2010-2050 and the Timeline of Emerging Science and Technology 2015-2030 .   He has written 5 books about the future and is the founder of What 's Next , a website that documents global trends . He has been a blogger on innovation for Fast Company Magazine and has written about creativity , innovation , and future thinking for a variety of publications including Future Orientation ( Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies ) and What Matters ( McKinsey & Company ) . He is a proponent of scenario planning and an advocate of preferred futures , believing it is incumbent upon organisations to create compelling visions of the future and work towards their realisation .   In addition to writing , Watson works with the Technology Foresight Practice at Imperial College London and Lectures at London Business School and the King 's Fund . He is also a network member of Stratforma and has worked with the Strategic Trends Unit at the UK Ministry of Defence , the RAND Corporation , CSIRO , the Cabinet Office and the Departments of Education in the UK and Australia .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

Death Rates in the 20th century is the ratio of deaths compared to the population around the world throughout the 20th century . When giving these ratios , they are most commonly expressed by number of deaths per 1,000 people per year . Many factors contribute to death rates such as cause of death , increasing the death rate , an aging population , which could increase and decrease the death rates by birth rates , and improvements in public health , decreasing the death rate .   According to the CIA World Factbook , as of July 2012 , the global crude death rate is 7.99 deaths/1 ,000 population . The crude death rate represents the total number of deaths per year per thousand people . Comparatively , the crude death rate in the year 1900 was 17.2 deaths/1 ,000 population and 9.6 deaths/1 ,000 population in 1950 in America .

The Lakatos Award is given annually for a contribution to the philosophy of science which is widely interpreted as outstanding . The contribution must be in the form of a book published in English during the previous six years .   The Award is in memory of Imre Lakatos and has been endowed by the Latsis Foundation . It is administered by the following committee :   The Director of the London School of Economics ( Chairman )  Professor John Worrall ( Convenor )  Professor Hans Albert  Professor Nancy Cartwright  Professor Adolf Grünbaum  Professor Philip Kitcher  Professor Alan Musgrave  Professor Michael Redhead   The Committee makes the Award on the advice of an independent and anonymous panel of selectors . The value of the Award is # 10,000 .   To take up an Award a successful candidate must visit the LSE and deliver a public lecture .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

The ` Ndràngheta ( -LSB- ( n ) ˈdraŋɡeta -RSB- ) is organized crime centered in Calabria , Italy . Despite not being as famous abroad as the Sicilian Mafia , and having been considered more rural than the Neapolitan Camorra and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita , the ` Ndrangheta became the most powerful crime syndicate in Italy in the late 1990s and early 2000s . While commonly tied together with the Sicilian Mafia , the ` Ndrangheta operates independently from them , though there is contact between the two , due to the geographical proximity and shared culture and language between Calabria and Sicily . A US diplomat estimated that the organization 's narcotics trafficking , extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least 3 % of Italy 's GDP . Since the 1950s , the organization has spread towards Northern Italy and worldwide . According to a 2013 `` Threat Assessment on Italian Organised Crime '' of Europol , the ` Ndrangheta is among the richest and most powerful organised crime groups at a global level .

Latinobarómetro Corporation is a private non-profit organization , based in Providencia , Chile . It is responsible for carrying out Latinobarómetro , an annual public opinion survey that involves some 20,000 interviews in 18 Latin American countries , representing more than 600 million people . It observes the development of democracies , economies and societies , using indicators of attitude , opinion and behavior .

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .

Deploying Renewables 2011 : Best and Future Policy Practice is a 2011 book by the International Energy Agency . The book analyses the recent successes in renewable energy , which now accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide , and addresses how countries can best capitalize on that growth to realise a sustainable energy future . The book says that renewable energy commercialization must be stepped up , especially given the world 's increasing appetite for energy and the need to meet this demand more efficiently and with low-carbon energy sources . Wind power and other renewable energy sources offer great potential to address issues of energy security and sustainability .   This analysis updates and expands Deploying Renewables : Principles for Effective Policies , published by the IEA in 2008 , in light of events and trends in the last five years . It also `` extends the analysis to a wider range of countries beyond the OECD and BRICS countries , focussing on 56 countries representative of each world region '' .

A day is a unit of time . In common usage , it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime , the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon . The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day . Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context , need and convenience . In 1960 , the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth , and was designated the SI base unit of time . The unit of measurement `` day '' , redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d , is not an SI unit , but is accepted for use with SI . A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds , plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time . The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date , as in answer to the question , `` On which day ? '' The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth 's solar day and the day-night cycle ( see circadian rhythms ) .   In recent decades the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86 400.002 seconds ( 24.000 000 6 hours ) and there are about 365.242 2 solar days in one mean tropical year . Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular , and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit , a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year . A day , understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation  with respect to the celestial background or a distant star ( assumed to be fixed ) , is called a stellar day . This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours ( 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds ) and there are about 366.242 2 stellar days in one mean tropical year ( one stellar day more than the number of solar days ) . Mainly due to tidal effects , the Earth 's rotational period is not constant , resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar `` days '' . Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths to Earth 's .


Question: The most recent assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), specifically the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), indicate that projections of worldwide average temperatures made in their earlier reports published around 2005 surpassed subsequent real-world measurements. This suggests an overestimation in previous climate models regarding near-term global warming trends.

 Reevaluation of Temperature Projections: A Closer Look Post-IPCC AR5
In reviewing projections made within earlier assessments, particularly those outlined in the landmark year of 2005, recent analyses reveal discrepancies when comparing forecasted global temperatures against observed data post-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). Established under joint auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the IPCC has since 1988 served as a pivotal body dedicated to evaluating comprehensive evidence regarding climate alterations, associated impacts, alongside strategies for both mitigating risks and adapting effectively.
Finalized in 2014, the AR5 encapsulates insights garnered via meticulous scrutiny conducted by leading scientists across diverse fields, complemented by inputs solicited directly from governmental bodies. To craft this assessment, extensive consultations took place involving specialists who contributed knowledge spanning various dimensions related to climate dynamics; feedback gathered ensured relevance to stakeholders’ needs—most notably state authorities.
Delivered incrementally throughout two years preceding completion, initial segments focused specifically upon underlying physics governing atmospheric phenomena influenced heavily by anthropogenic influences. Drawing upon nearly ten thousand rigorously vetted scholarly articles published prior to deliberations commencing, findings underscored growing consensus surrounding mechanisms propelling planetary heating trends. Policy-oriented synopses emerged sequentially following rigorous review cycles culminating respectively around key milestones set forth:
September 27th, 2013 – Physical Science Basis Summary;
March 31st, 2014 - "Impacts, Adaptation & Vulnerabilities";
April 14th, 2014 — “Mitigating Climate Alterations”.
Culmination arrived November 2nd, 2014 unveiling synthesis encompassing collective wisdom aimed at informing policymakers ahead crucial dialogues convened later next calendar cycle targeting reductions in carbon footprints globally. These events unfolded setting stage for pivotal discussions held amidst French capital city wherein international community coalesced around shared objectives countering escalating thermal anomalies witnessed universally.

Dieter Schmalstieg is an Austrian computer scientist , full professor , and head of the Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision at Graz University of Technology . In 1993 he received a master of science diploma and by 1997 became doctor of technology . Currently he has over 300 peer-reviewed works which were cited over 12,000 times which brought him an h-index of 53 .   He is the author of the book `` Augmented Reality - Principles and Practice '' ( with Tobias Höllerer , ISBN 978-0321883575 ) , published by Addison-Wesley in 2016  .

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas . It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science , engineering or medicine .   The book presents recent research findings in different fields that suggest human populations in the Western Hemisphere -- that is , the indigenous peoples of the Americas -- were more numerous , had arrived earlier , were more sophisticated culturally , and controlled and shaped the natural landscape to a greater extent than scholars had previously thought .   The author notes that , according to these findings , two of the first six independent centers of civilization arose in the Americas : the first , Norte Chico or Caral-Supe , in present-day northern Peru ; and that of Mesoamerica in what is now Central America .

Dietary exposure assessments involve the evaluation of dietary consumption and chemical residue data while taking into consideration additional factors that may affect a specified population of interest or sensitive population . The process of conducting a dietary exposure assessment involves the determination of the chemical residues on a particular food or foods and the calculation of the dietary exposure to these chemicals based on consumption data for the specified food or foods . In the most simplified form , a dietary exposure assessment can be summarized with the following calculation :   Dietary exposure = food consumption X food chemical concentration   The purpose of calculating dietary exposure to a given chemical or contaminant is so the estimated dietary exposure can be compared to a relevant health standard such as the acceptable daily intake ( ADI ) , the acute reference dose ( ARfD ) or reference dose ( RfD ) , or a level known to cause adverse effects in animal or human health studies . From this comparison , one can begin to assess the risk of adverse effects from a chemical or contaminant due to dietary exposure .   Quantifying dietary exposure most often involves the use of models . Dietary exposure models vary in complexity depending on the tier , or level of detail of the assessment in which they are utilized . Lower tier models may be deterministic and use single point estimates for inputs whereas higher tier models may be more stochastic , utilizing probabilistic inputs . Simple dietary exposure models calculate dietary intake of the chemical of concern as the product of the mass of the food item consumed during the specified time period and the average concentration of the contaminant in the item . This basic approach is also used in more complex models ; however , the contributions of various food items and types are summed as inputs . Exposure model outputs can be expressed as a single point estimates or as a probability distribution . In general , the more robust and extensive the input data , the more accurate the estimate of exposure .   Modeling dietary exposure is important to support dietary risk assessments . Validated dietary exposure models can be used in total ingestion studies which focus on the level of exposure to a contaminant from all food sources and they can also be used in aggregate exposure models which may include exposure to a chemical or contaminant through additional means of exposure such as inhalation and dermal or skin contact exposure . In addition , dietary exposure models are useful for identifying at risk populations and potential exposure `` hot-spots '' . For government agencies , modeling dietary exposure is especially useful in estimating possible exposure to a chemical during a pre-market review . An example of such review would the evaluation of a new pesticide by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) to determine if it is safe for use or to determine regulations to control such use .

Regular temperament is any tempered system of musical tuning such that each frequency ratio is obtainable as a product of powers of a finite number of generators , or generating frequency ratios . For instance , in 12-TET , the system of music most commonly used in the Western world , the generator is a tempered fifth ( 700 cents ) , which is the basis behind the circle of fifths .   When only two generators are needed , with one of them the octave , this is called `` linear temperament '' . The best-known example of a linear temperaments is meantone temperament , where the generating intervals are usually given in terms of a slightly flattened fifth and the octave . Other linear temperaments include the schismatic temperament of Hermann von Helmholtz and miracle temperament .

Köppen Point is a point marking the northeast side of the entrance to Moltke Harbor in Royal Bay , South Georgia .   The name Köppenberg was originally given by the German group of the International Polar Year Investigations , 1882 -- 83 , to a small hill lying close inland from the point now described , and about 0.5 nmi east of the German base . It was named for Professor Wladimir Köppen , a noted meteorologist and climatologist , who had recommended the establishment of a high level observatory near the base . The South Georgia Survey , 1951 -- 52 , reported that the hill is too small and unimportant to require a name , but that one is needed for the nearby point . For the sake of historical continuity , the name of Köppen was transferred to this previously unnamed point , and the name Köppenberg was rejected .

Richard Watson ( born 1961 ) is an English author , lecturer and futurist known for his 2007 book Future Files : a Brief History of The Next 50 Years and for his infographics , especially his Trends & Technology Timeline 2010-2050 and the Timeline of Emerging Science and Technology 2015-2030 .   He has written 5 books about the future and is the founder of What 's Next , a website that documents global trends . He has been a blogger on innovation for Fast Company Magazine and has written about creativity , innovation , and future thinking for a variety of publications including Future Orientation ( Copenhagen Institute for Future Studies ) and What Matters ( McKinsey & Company ) . He is a proponent of scenario planning and an advocate of preferred futures , believing it is incumbent upon organisations to create compelling visions of the future and work towards their realisation .   In addition to writing , Watson works with the Technology Foresight Practice at Imperial College London and Lectures at London Business School and the King 's Fund . He is also a network member of Stratforma and has worked with the Strategic Trends Unit at the UK Ministry of Defence , the RAND Corporation , CSIRO , the Cabinet Office and the Departments of Education in the UK and Australia .

The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

The red clump is a clustering of red giants in the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram at around 5,000 K and absolute magnitude ( MV ) +0.5 , slightly hotter than most red-giant-branch stars of the same luminosity . It is visible as a more dense region of the red giant branch or a bulge towards hotter temperatures . It is most distinct in many , but not all , galactic open clusters , but it is also noticeable in many intermediate-age globular clusters and in general nearby field stars ( e.g. the Hipparcos stars ) .   The red clump giants are cool horizontal branch stars , stars originally similar to the sun which have undergone a helium flash and are now fusing helium in their cores .

Rachel Sussman ( born 1975 ) is an American contemporary artist and photographer based in Brooklyn . She graduated from the School of Visual Arts in New York with a BFA , studied at the Bard College MFA program , and began a practice-based fine arts PhD at Central Saint Martins in London . Sussman is a Guggenheim and MacDowell Colony Fellow , spoke about her work at the TEDGlobal conference in 2010 , and was a 2016 TED Resident . Sussman 's interdisciplinary project `` The Oldest Living Things in the World , '' has been featured in the media all over the world , including the New Yorker , New York Times , Wall Street Journal , CNN , The Guardian , NPR 's Picture Show , New Scientist , as well as publications in China , Brazil , New Zealand , and throughout Europe .   In 2008 critic Jerry Saltz cited her work as the `` best photography that slipped under the radar '' in New York Magazine , having stated in the exhibition review : `` These stately pictures quiet the soul : You enter a reverie wondering how these organisms managed to live so long and if there 's anything in them that might help us stave off the inevitable ... Sussman brings you to the place where science , beauty , and eternity meet '' Sussman continues to make artwork about connecting personal time to cosmic time through new installation-based works . These include a sand mandala of the Cosmic Microwave Background at the New Museum Los Gatos , the destruction of which was covered by WIRED Magazine , a handwritten timeline of the history of the spacetime continuum at MASS MoCA , and Sidewalk Kintsukuroi , a contemporary take on the Japanese art of repairing broken pottery with gold , at the Des Moines Art Center .   Sussman is a 2016-2017 artist in residence with the SETI Institute .


Question: The most recent assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), specifically the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), reveal that projections of worldwide average temperatures made in their previous 2005 publication surpassed subsequent empirical observations. This indicates potential overestimations or uncertainties within climate models used at the time regarding Earth's thermal equilibrium response under anthropogenic forcing scenarios.

 Reassessing Global Mean Temperature Projections: Post-IPCC AR5 Insights

In light of recent analyses comparing projections outlined within earlier Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports against observed data, discrepancies have emerged regarding predictions made prior to 2005. Specifically, the projected increases in global average temperatures forecasted during previous assessment cycles appear exaggerated when juxtaposed with empirical measurements post-2005. These findings suggest that certain modeling assumptions might require recalibration to better align future scenarios with real-world trends.

Historically, scientific models employed by the IPCC aimed to predict how rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations could influence long-term planetary heating. However, subsequent observations indicate that some early estimates overstated expected thermal changes. Factors contributing to this disparity encompass improved understanding of complex feedback mechanisms governing climate sensitivity alongside enhanced observational datasets capturing nuanced aspects of regional weather dynamics.

It’s crucially important to recognize that despite apparent mismatches concerning absolute magnitude estimations, core conclusions emphasizing humanity’s pivotal role in exacerbating global warming remain robust. Moreover, ongoing research continues refining predictive capabilities through iterative model refinement incorporating latest insights gleaned across multiple disciplines spanning physics, chemistry, biology etc., ensuring progressively accurate assessments moving forward.

Addressing any identified shortcomings represents an integral component of advancing knowledge frontiers enabling more precise quantification of probable outcomes associated with unabated greenhouse gas accumulation pathways versus mitigation strategies designed curbing emissions trajectories. Such endeavors underscore collective responsibility enshrined within frameworks akin to those established via landmark agreements exemplified by the Kyoto Protocol - where signatory nations committed themselves towards collectively striving achieve stabilization atmospheric GHG concentrations sufficient safeguard ecological integrity whilst facilitating sustainable development aspirations globally.

Conclusively acknowledging past projection inaccuracies facilitates forging ahead armed renewed confidence methodologies utilized projecting plausible futures grounded rigorous analytical rigor reflective contemporary scientific consensus. Thus paving way formulation informed policy prescriptions capable addressing impending challenges posed escalating thermodynamic disequilibrium engendered persistent anthropocentric perturbations earth systems equilibrium state.

In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .

The Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement ( LSCE , Climate and Environment Sciences Laboratory ) is a laboratory for the study of climate and in particular climate change . It plays a very important role within the framework of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which involves many of its researchers . It is very diversified because it includes modellers like experimenters , glaciologists as specialists in remote sensing or air quality study .   The climate scientist Valerie Masson-Delmotte is involved in the laboratory .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Rape in Sweden has a legal definition described in Chapter 6 in the Swedish Penal Code . Historically , rape has been defined as forced sexual intercourse initiated against a woman or man by one or several people , without consent . In recent years , several revisions to the definition of rape have been made to the law of Sweden , to include not only intercourse but also comparable sexual acts initiated against someone passive , incapable of giving consent , because of being are in a vulnerable situation such as a state of fear or unconsciousness .   In 2014 , there were 6,700 rapes reported to the Swedish police , or 69 cases per 100,000 population , according to the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention ( BRÅ ) , which is an 11 % increase from the previous year . In 2015 , the number of reported rapes declined 12 % , to 5920 ( although reported exposure to sexual offenses in the Swedish Crime Survey rose by 70 % that same year ) . The number of convictions has remained relatively unchanged since 2005 , with approximately 190 convictions on average each year .

Patients are exposed to ionizing radiations when they undergo diagnostic examinations using x-rays or radiopharmaceuticals , therapy of cancer or benign lesions using radiations emitted by radioisotopes or those by radiation generators ; and in interventional procedures using fluoroscopy . There has been a tremendous increase in the use of ionizing radiation in medicine during recent decades . Health professionals and patients are concerned about the harmful effects of radiation . International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) has established a programme on radiological protection of patients in recognition of the increasing importance of this topic . The emphasis in the past had been on radiation protection of staff and this emphasis has helped to reduce radiation doses to staff to levels much below the dose limits prescribed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection ( ICRP ) and accepted by most countries . The recent emphasis on radiation protection of patients is helping in developing strategies to reduce radiation doses to patient without compromising on diagnostic or therapeutic purpose .

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer . The curve was constructed from psychophysical data collected by Dutch physicist Arie Andries Kruithof , though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself . Lighting conditions within the bounded region were empirically assessed as being pleasing or natural , whereas conditions outside of the region were considered uncomfortable , displeasing or unnatural . sources that are considered natural or closely resemble Plankian black bodies , but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting .   For example , natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 104 to 105 lux . This color temperature -- illuminance pair results in natural color rendition , but if viewed at a low illuminance , would appear bluish . At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux , pleasing color temperatures are lower ( between 3000 and 6000 K ) , and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux , pleasing color temperatures are even lower ( between 2400 and 2700 K ) . These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with fluorescent and incandescent sources , respectively . It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments .

As of 2010 dengue fever is believed to infect 50 to 100 million people worldwide a year with 1/2 million life-threatening infections . It dramatically increased in frequency between 1960 and 2010 , by 30 fold . This increase is believed to be due to a combination of urbanization , population growth , increased international travel , and global warming . The geographical distribution is around the equator with 70 % of the total 2.5 billion people living in endemic areas from Asia and the Pacific . Many people in outbreaks are not virally tested , therefore their infections may also be due to chikungunya , a coinfection of both , or even other similar viruses .

Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how , why , and at what rate new ideas and technology spread . Everett Rogers , a professor of communication studies , popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations ; the book was first published in 1962 , and is now in its fifth edition ( 2003 ) . Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system . The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines .   Rogers proposes that four main elements influence the spread of a new idea : the innovation itself , communication channels , time , and a social system . This process relies heavily on human capital . The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain . Within the rate of adoption , there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass .   The categories of adopters are innovators , early adopters , early majority , late majority , and laggards . Diffusion manifests itself in different ways and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process . The criterion for the adopter categorization is innovativeness , defined as the degree to which an individual adopts a new idea .

A reply is a statement or acknowledgment made in response to an interrogative question , request or comment . Replies are communicated in a variety of ways , the most common being spoken or written , and act as a way of conveying relevant information and continuing a conversational exchange .   A simple reply can take the form of a single word , such as `` yes '' or `` no '' , or can be expressed via body language , such as nodding the head , winking , shaking the head , et cetera .