Question: Thus, an increase in carbon dioxide leads to higher temperatures, which subsequently results in further elevation of atmospheric CO2 levels.

 Carbon Dioxide and Temperature Feedback Loop
Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a crucial role in both causing global warming and responding to increased temperatures—a complex feedback loop affecting Earth’s climate. Scientific research indicates that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect, trapping additional solar radiation within the lower atmosphere and leading to higher global temperatures. Over recent decades, human activities—primarily burning fossil fuels and deforestation—have dramatically boosted CO2 levels.
Conversely, warmer climates can lead to enhanced release of CO2 into the atmosphere through various mechanisms: thawing permafrost releases stored organic matter; warmer oceans absorb less CO2; and altered ecosystems might produce more CO2 via decomposition. This bidirectional interaction amplifies climate change, potentially creating a positive feedback mechanism where initial warming leads to even higher CO2 emissions, exacerbating the situation.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), along with numerous independent studies, confirms strong correlations between human-generated CO2 increases and global warming trends. Projections suggest continued rises in global mean temperatures under different scenarios depending upon future CO2 emissions. Potential outcomes range widely—from modest temperature hikes if aggressive action reduces emissions—to severe consequences involving multiple meters of sea-level rise, widespread desertification, intensified storms, and mass extinctions without substantial intervention.
Mitigation strategies focus largely on curbing CO2 output while adapting infrastructure and agricultural practices to cope better with anticipated shifts in climate conditions. International agreements aim to cap global warming below critical thresholds deemed safe by consensus amongst scientists. Yet public awareness varies globally regarding urgency surrounding climate issues despite growing recognition across diverse demographics concerning severity posed by unchecked greenhouse gas accumulation.
In summary, understanding how CO2 influences planetary warmth—and vice versa—is essential when formulating policies aimed at stabilizing Earth’s climate. Immediate steps taken now could mitigate worst-case predictions later, safeguarding ecological health alongside economic prosperity for generations ahead. Given extensive historical data coupled with sophisticated modeling techniques employed nowadays, there exists ample reason supporting proactive measures against escalating CO2-driven thermal anomalies threatening civilization itself.

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .

A deep vein is a vein that is deep in the body . This contrasts with superficial veins that are close to the body 's surface .   Deep veins are almost always beside an artery with the same name ( e.g. the femoral vein is beside the femoral artery ) . Collectively , they carry the vast majority of the blood . Occlusion of a deep vein can be life-threatening and is most often caused by thrombosis . Occlusion of a deep vein by thrombosis is called deep vein thrombosis .   Because of their location deep within the body , operation on these veins can be difficult .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

Langley extrapolation is a method for determining the Sun 's irradiance at the top of the atmosphere with ground-based instrumentation , and is often used to remove the effect of the atmosphere from measurements of , for example , aerosol optical thickness or ozone . It is based on repeated measurements with a sun photometer operated at a given location for a cloudless morning or afternoon , as the Sun moves across the sky . It is named for American astronomer and physicist Samuel Pierpont Langley .

Recruitment ( hiring ) is a core function of human resource management . Recruitment refers to the overall process of attracting , selecting and appointing suitable candidates  for jobs ( either permanent or temporary ) within an organization . Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions , such as voluntary roles or unpaid trainee roles . Managers , human resource generalists and recruitment specialists may be tasked with carrying out recruitment , but in some cases public-sector employment agencies , commercial recruitment agencies , or specialist search consultancies are used to undertake parts of the process . Internet-based technologies to support all aspects of recruitment have become widespread .

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds ( or the same sound ) in two or more words , most often in the final syllables of lines in poems and songs . The word rhyme is also a pars pro toto ( `` a part ( taken ) for the whole '' ) that means a short poem , such as a rhyming couplet or other brief rhyming poem such as nursery rhymes .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .

Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , tissues , cells , or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production ( calorimetry ) .

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) is a common measure of the volatility of gasoline . It is defined as the  absolute vapor pressure exerted by a liquid at 37.8 ° C ( 100 ° F ) as determined by the test method ASTM-D-323 . The test method measures the vapor pressure of gasoline , volatile crude oil , and other volatile petroleum products , except for liquefied petroleum gases . RVP is stated in kilopascals and represents a relative pressure to the atmospheric pressure because ASTM-D-323 measures the gauge pressure of the sample in a non-evacuated chamber . All values are in SI units and are regarded as standards . Imperial units are for information only .   The matter of vapor pressure is important relating to the function and operation of gasoline-powered , especially carbureted , vehicles . High levels of vaporization are desirable for winter starting and operation and lower levels are desirable in avoiding vapor lock during summer heat . Fuel can not be pumped when there is vapor in the fuel line ( summer ) and winter starting will be more difficult when liquid gasoline in the combustion chambers has not vaporized . Thus , oil refineries manipulate the Reid Vapor Pressure seasonally specifically to maintain gasoline engine reliability .   The Reid vapor pressure ( RVP ) differs slightly from the true vapor pressure ( TVP ) of a liquid due to small sample vaporization and the presence of water vapor and air in the confined space of the test equipment . That is , the RVP is the absolute vapor pressure and the TVP is the partial vapor pressure .


Question: Approximately, around 90% of worldwide temperature rise happens subsequent to an escalation in carbon dioxide levels.

 Role of Carbon Dioxide in Climate Change
Carbon dioxide (), a crucial component in Earth’s atmosphere, plays a pivotal role in regulating temperatures through what scientists term "the greenhouse effect." Despite comprising only around 0.04 percent (or roughly 400 parts per million) of the atmosphere under normal conditions, this seemingly minor constituent exerts disproportionate influence on planetary warmth. Its presence results largely from both natural occurrences—volcanic eruptions, thermal vents—and human actions: burning fossil fuels, clearing forests.

The molecule itself features a central carbon atom doubly bound to twin oxygens, forming a stable structure invisible yet potent enough to trap heat within our biosphere. Water bodies across ecosystems—from subterranean aquifers up to vast oceans—are saturated with dissolved thanks to solubility properties; likewise, hydrocarbon reservoirs often harbor substantial quantities too.

In ancient times before complex life forms emerged en masse, levels were kept steady partly by early microbes capable of photosynthesis but mostly by geological cycles involving rock weathering releasing then reabsorption into sedimentary layers over eons. Fast forward billions years later where plants now dominate terrestrial landscapes alongside aquatic counterparts like algae & bacteria performing similar functions converting sunlight into biomass while expelling oxygen—a key ingredient necessary for animal survival.

All living beings partake in respiratory exchanges whereby ingested nutrients get broken down aerobically producing amongst other byproducts. Beyond biological realms though, myriad human endeavors inadvertently contribute significantly more compared against any single organism ever could alone. Cooking fires started millennia ago evolved into modern-day power generation reliant heavily upon extraction & utilization of coal/peat/oil/gas reserves richly endowed w/. Brewing industries rely upon yeasts fermenting sugar-laden solutions generating copious volumes thereof whereas decomposition processes occurring everywhere organics decompose yield additional supplies continuously replenished ad infinitum...

Beyond mere existence however lies multifaceted utility spanning countless applications ranging widely indeed! Industrially speaking serves many masters simultaneously acting either neutrally protective during metal fabrication weldings preventing oxidation damage OR forcefully propulsive powering pneumatic tools/drives facilitating resource extractions/exploration tasks alike... Chemists prize its reactive versatility synthesizing compounds galore whilst engineers exploit liquefied phase attributes cryogenically freezing substances achieving ultra-low temps perfect preservation purposes...

Perhaps most ominously though, acts chief culprit behind escalating average global temps witnessed past century plus owing predominantly unchecked emission rates exacerbated ongoing deforestations robbing earth essential sinks mitigating buildup. Oceans meanwhile absorb excess acidity resulting coral bleaching events threatening marine biodiversities irreparably

A `` Hello , World ! '' program is a computer program that outputs or displays `` Hello , World ! '' to a user . Being a very simple program in most programming languages , it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language for a working program . It is often the very first program people write when they are new to a language .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

A Soda Geyser ( alternatively Diet Coke and Mentos geyser or Mentos eruption ) is a reaction between the carbonated beverage Diet Coke and Mentos mints that causes the beverage to spray out of its container . The gas released by the candies creates an eruption that pushes most of the liquid up and out of the bottle . Lee Marek and `` Marek 's Kid Scientists '' were the first to demonstrate the experiment on television in 1999 . Steve Spangler 's televised demonstration of the eruption in 2005 went viral on YouTube , launching a chain of several other Diet Coke and Mentos experiment viral videos .

Deadweight tonnage ( also known as deadweight ; abbreviated to DWT , D.W.T. , d.w.t. , or dwt ) or tons deadweight ( TDW ) is a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely carry ; it does not include the weight of the ship . DWT is the sum of the weights of cargo , fuel , fresh water , ballast water , provisions , passengers , and crew .   DWT is often used to specify a ship 's maximum permissible deadweight ( i.e. when she is fully loaded so that her Plimsoll line is at water level ) , although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity .

A rebreather is a breathing apparatus that absorbs the carbon dioxide of a user 's exhaled breath to permit the rebreathing ( recycling ) of the substantially unused oxygen content , and unused inert content when present , of each breath . Oxygen is added to replenish the amount metabolised by the user . This differs from an open-circuit breathing apparatus , where the exhaled gas is discharged directly into the environment .   Rebreather technology may be used where breathing gas supply is limited , such as underwater or in space , where the environment is toxic or hypoxic , as in firefighting , mine rescue and high-altitude operations , or where the breathing gas is specially enriched or contains expensive components , such as helium diluent or anaesthetic gases .   Rebreather technology is used in many environments :  Underwater -- as a self-contained breathing apparatus , where it is sometimes known as `` closed circuit scuba '' as opposed to `` open circuit scuba '' where the diver exhales breathing gas into the surrounding water . Surface-supplied diving equipment may incorporate rebreather technology either as a gas reclaim system , where the surface-supplied breathing gas is returned and scrubbed at the surface , or as a self-contained diver bailout system .  Mine rescue and other industrial applications -- where poisonous gases may be present or oxygen may be absent .  Crewed spacecraft and space suits -- outer space is , effectively , a vacuum without oxygen to support life .  Hospital anaesthesia breathing systems -- to supply controlled concentrations of anaesthetic gases to patients without contaminating the air that the staff breathe .  Himalayan mountaineering . High altitude reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient air , which reduces the ability of the climber to function effectively . Mountaineering rebreathers provide a higher partial pressure of oxygen to the climber .  Submarines , underwater habitats , and saturation diving systems use a scrubber system working on the same principles as a rebreather .   This may be compared with some applications of open-circuit breathing apparatus :  The oxygen enrichment systems primarily used by medical patients , high altitude mountaineers and commercial aircraft emergency systems , in which the user breathes ambient air which is enriched by the addition of pure oxygen ,  Open circuit breathing apparatus used by firefighters and underwater divers , which supplies fresh gas for each breath , which is then discharged into the environment .  Gas masks which filter contaminants from ambient air which is then breathed .   The recycling of breathing gas comes at the cost of mass , bulk , technological complexity and specific hazards , which depend on the specific application and type of rebreather used .

Ray Birdwhistell ( September 28 , 1918 -- October 19 , 1994 ) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research . Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics , meaning `` facial expression , gestures , posture and gait , and visible arm and body movements '' . He estimated that `` no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words . '' Stated more broadly , he argued that `` words are not the only containers of social knowledge . '' He proposed other technical terms , including kineme , and many others less frequently used today . Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broadly than is often recognized . Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned rather than universal . His students were required to read widely , sources not only in communication but also anthropology and linguistics . Collaborations with others , including initially Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , and later , Erving Goffman and Dell Hymes had huge influence on his work . For example , the book he is best known for , Kinesics and Context , `` would not have appeared if it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman '' and he explicitly stated `` the paramount and sustaining influence upon my work has been that of anthropological linguistics '' , a tradition most directly represented at the University of Pennsylvania by Hymes .

Diathermancy ( from `` dia '' through and `` thermē '' heat ) is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated . A diathermanous fluid is thus `` permeable '' by heat . ) . Diathermany was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Magnus in the 1800s . Atmospheric air is diathermanous ; therefore , air is not heated by sunshine , but by long wave heat reflected by soil , and especially , water on the Earth surface . Water , on the contrary , is not diathermanous , and it is heated by sunshine directly .

In economics , the Laffer curve is a representation of the relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue . Proponents of the Laffer curve claim that it illustrates the concept of taxable income elasticity -- i.e. , taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation .   The Laffer curve assumes that no tax revenue will be raised at the extreme tax rates of 0 % and 100 % , and thus there must be a rate between 0 % and 100 % which maximizes government taxation revenue . The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0 % tax with zero revenue , rises to a maximum rate of revenue at an intermediate rate of taxation , and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100 % tax rate . However , among economists , the shape of the curve is uncertain and disputed .   One implication of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will be counter-productive for raising further tax revenue . A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are controversial . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue-maximizing tax rates have varied widely , with a mid-range of around 70 % . Generally , economists have found little support for the claim that tax cuts from current rates increase tax revenues or that most taxes are on the side of the Laffer curve where additional cuts could increase government revenue .   Although economist Arthur Laffer does not claim to have invented the Laffer curve concept , it was popularized in the United States with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld in 1974 in which he reportedly sketched the curve on a napkin to illustrate his argument . The term `` Laffer curve '' was coined by Jude Wanniski , who was also present at the meeting . The basic concept was not new ; Laffer himself notes antecedents in the writings of the 14th-century social philosopher Ibn Khaldun .

In the common law of torts , res ipsa loquitur ( Latin for `` the thing speaks for itself '' ) is a doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved . Although modern formulations differ by jurisdiction , common law originally stated that the accident must satisfy the necessary elements of negligence : duty , breach of duty , causation , and injury . In res ipsa loquitur , the elements of duty of care , breach and causation are inferred from an injury that does not ordinarily occur without negligence .

In Christian eschatology the rapture refers to the controversial `` predicted '' end time event when all Christian believers -- living and resurrected dead -- will rise into the sky and join Christ for eternity . Some Christians believe this event is predicted and described , without the term `` rapture '' , in Paul 's First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the Bible . The term `` rapture '' has come especially to distinguish this event from the event of the `` Second Coming '' of Jesus Christ to Earth , as some think is predicted elsewhere in the Bible , in Second Thessalonians , Gospel of Matthew , First Corinthians and the Revelation .   The term `` rapture '' is especially useful in discussing or disputing the exact timing or the scope of the event , particularly when asserting the `` pre-tribulation '' view that the rapture will occur before , not during , the Second Coming , with or without an extended Tribulation period . This is now the most common use of the term , especially among Christian theologians and fundamentalist Christians in the United States . Other , older uses of `` rapture '' were simply as a term for any mystical union with God or for eternal life in Heaven with God .  Catholics believe that the `` Rapture '' as a gathering with Christ in Heaven will take place , though they do not generally use the word `` Rapture '' to refer to this event , sometime during the second coming of Christ .   There are many views among Christians regarding the timing of Christ 's return ( including whether it will occur in one event or two ) , and various views regarding the destination of the aerial gathering described in 1 Thessalonians 4 . Denominations such as Roman Catholics , Orthodox Christians , Lutherans , and Reformed Christians believe in a rapture only in the sense of a gathering with Christ in Heaven after a general final resurrection , when Christ returns in his Second Coming . They do not believe that a group of people is left behind on earth for an extended Tribulation period after the events of 1 Thessalonians 4:17 .   Many authors maintain that the pre-tribulation rapture doctrine originated in the eighteenth century , with the Puritan preachers Increase and Cotton Mather , and was then popularized in the 1830s by John Darby . Others , including Grant Jeffrey , maintain that an earlier document called Ephraem or Pseudo-Ephraem already supported a pre-tribulation rapture .   Pre-tribulation rapture theology was popularized extensively in the 1830s by John Nelson Darby and the Plymouth Brethren , and further popularized in the United States in the early 20th century by the wide circulation of the Scofield Reference Bible .


Question: Approximately, around 90% of the worldwide temperature rise happens subsequent to an escalation in carbon dioxide levels.

 Carbon Dioxide's Role in Climate Change
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a critical component in Earth’s atmosphere, plays a pivotal role in regulating temperatures through its ability to absorb and emit heat energy—this phenomenon underpins the essential greenhouse effect. Water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone join CO2 among key greenhouse gases maintaining Earth's habitable conditions; without them, we'd face frigid averages around −18°C instead of today's comfortable 15°C norm. Notably, Venus, Mars, and Saturn's moon Titan exhibit similar gaseous compositions affecting planetary warmth.
Since pre-industrial times circa 1750 AD, anthropogenic actions spurred a dramatic rise in atmospheric CO2 levels—from roughly 280 parts per million (ppm) up to approximately 406 ppm by early-2017—a staggering forty percent surge! Despite nature's valiant attempts via "carbon sink" mechanisms to mitigate excesses, humanity's relentless burning of fossil fuels (coal/oil/gas), coupled with rampant deforestation practices, exacerbate greenhouse concentrations significantly.
Experts warn: unchecked emission trajectories risk propelling terrestrial surfaces past historic highpoints possibly before mid-century mark (circa 2047). Such shifts promise dire ecological repercussions endangering countless lifeforms alongside jeopardizing societal stability globally. Projections indicate surpassing UN-sanctioned safety benchmarks (+2°C relative warming cap deemed necessary avoidance criterion against catastrophic outcomes) might occur shockingly soon—in fact, forecasts hint at breaching said barrier mere decades henceforth (around late-thirties timeframe).
Throughout history, fluctuations in CO2 content correlate closely with variations in global climates; indeed, overwhelming scientific consensus attributes recent accelerated warming trends predominantly to escalating man-made contributions therein. Thusly, addressing root causes becomes paramount lest irreversible damage ensue threatening long-term survival prospects across myriad fronts—including but certainly not limited exclusively thereto—the majestic polar bear whose plight serves poignant testament underscoring urgent need for concerted action now more vital everbefore.

In physics , the degree of freedom ( DOF ) of a mechanical system is the number of independent parameters that define its configuration . It is the number of parameters that determine the state of a physical system and is important to the analysis of systems of bodies in mechanical engineering , aeronautical engineering , robotics , and structural engineering .   The position of a single car ( engine ) moving along a track has one degree of freedom because the position of the car is defined by the distance along the track . A train of rigid cars connected by hinges to an engine still has only one degree of freedom because the positions of the cars behind the engine are constrained by the shape of the track .   An automobile with highly stiff suspension can be considered to be a rigid body traveling on a plane ( a flat , two-dimensional space ) . This body has three independent degrees of freedom consisting of two components of translation and one angle of rotation . Skidding or drifting is a good example of an automobile 's three independent degrees of freedom .   The position and orientation of a rigid body in space is defined by three components of translation and three components of rotation , which means that it has six degrees of freedom .   The exact constraint mechanical design method manages the degrees of freedom to neither underconstrain nor overconstrain a device .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .

Statistics on rape and other sexual assaults are commonly available in industrialized countries , and are becoming more common throughout the world . Inconsistent definitions of rape , different rates of reporting , recording , prosecution and conviction for rape create controversial statistical disparities , and lead to accusations that many rape statistics are unreliable or misleading . In some jurisdictions , male-female rape is the only form of rape counted in the statistics . Countries may or may not criminalize marital rape .   Rape is a severely under-reported crime with surveys showing dark figures of up to 91.6 % . Prevalence of reasons for not reporting rape differ across countries . They may include fear of retaliation , uncertainty about whether a crime was committed or if the offender intended harm , not wanting others to know about the rape , not wanting the offender to get in trouble , fear of prosecution ( e.g. due to laws against premarital sex ) , and doubt in local law enforcement .   A United Nations statistical report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually . The reported data covered 65 countries .

Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs . The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy . When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less the same . Therefore the process will be exothermic . The heat provided is the latent heat .   Recalescence also occurs after supercooling , when the supercooled liquid suddenly crystallizes , forming a solid but releasing heat in the process .

A day is a unit of time . In common usage , it is either an interval equal to 24 hours or daytime , the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon . The period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun is called a solar day . Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context , need and convenience . In 1960 , the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth , and was designated the SI base unit of time . The unit of measurement `` day '' , redefined in 1960 as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d , is not an SI unit , but is accepted for use with SI . A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds , plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time . The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date , as in answer to the question , `` On which day ? '' The life patterns of humans and many other species are related to Earth 's solar day and the day-night cycle ( see circadian rhythms ) .   In recent decades the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86 400.002 seconds ( 24.000 000 6 hours ) and there are about 365.242 2 solar days in one mean tropical year . Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular , and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit , a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year . A day , understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation  with respect to the celestial background or a distant star ( assumed to be fixed ) , is called a stellar day . This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours ( 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds ) and there are about 366.242 2 stellar days in one mean tropical year ( one stellar day more than the number of solar days ) . Mainly due to tidal effects , the Earth 's rotational period is not constant , resulting in further minor variations for both solar days and stellar `` days '' . Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths to Earth 's .

Ramsbottom Carbon Residue , which abbreviation is RCR , is well known in the petroleum industry as a method to calculate the carbon residue of a fuel . The carbon residue value is considered by some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel .

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster are the observed and predicted effects resulting from the release of radioactive isotopes from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . Radioactive isotopes were released from reactor containment vessels as a result of venting to reduce gaseous pressure , and the discharge of coolant water into the sea . This resulted in Japanese authorities implementing a 20 km exclusion zone around the power plant , and the continued displacement of approximately 156,000 people as of early 2013 . Trace quantities of radioactive particles from the incident , including iodine-131 and caesium-134 / 137 , have since been detected around the world .   The World Health Organization ( WHO ) released a report that estimates an increase in risk for specific cancers for certain subsets of the population inside the Fukushima Prefecture . A 2013 WHO report predicts that for populations living in the most affected areas there is a 70 % higher risk of developing thyroid cancer for girls exposed as infants ( the risk has risen from a lifetime risk of 0.75 % to 1.25 % ) , a 7 % higher risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants , a 6 % higher risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants and a 4 % higher risk , overall , of developing solid cancers for females .   Preliminary dose-estimation reports by WHO and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) indicate that , outside the geographical areas most affected by radiation , even in locations within Fukushima prefecture , the predicted risks remain low and no observable increases in cancer above natural variation in baseline rates are anticipated . In comparison , after the Chernobyl accident , only 0.1 % of the 110,000 cleanup workers surveyed have so far developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . However , 167 Fukushima plant workers received radiation doses that slightly elevate their risk of developing cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside of Japan are considered to be below , or far below the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation is expected to release a final report on the effects of radiation exposure from the accident by the end of 2013 .   A June 2012 Stanford University study estimated , using a linear no-threshold model , that the radioactivity release from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant could cause 130 deaths from cancer globally ( the lower bound for the estimate being 15 and the upper bound 1100 ) and 199 cancer cases in total ( the lower bound being 24 and the upper bound 1800 ) , most of which are estimated to occur in Japan . Radiation exposure to workers at the plant was projected to result in 2 to 12 deaths . However , a December 2012 UNSCEAR statement to the Fukushima Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety advised that `` because of the great uncertainties in risk estimates at very low doses , UNSCEAR does not recommend multiplying very low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or lower than natural background levels . ''

A Ratiometer type temperature indicating system consists of a sensing element and a moving-coil indicator , which unlike the conventional type has two coils moving together in a permanent-magnet field of non-uniform strength . The coil arrangements and the methods of obtaining the non-uniform field depends on the manufacturer 's design .


Question: Approximately, around 90% of the worldwide temperature rise happens subsequent to the escalation in carbon dioxide levels.

 Carbon Dioxide's Role in Global Temperature Increase
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a potent greenhouse gas released through various human activities, significantly contributes to global warming—the ongoing trend of increased temperatures across Earth’s climate system. Scientific consensus confirms that roughly 90% of recent global warming can be attributed directly to heightened atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Since the Industrial Revolution, burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and gas—for energy generation and transportation needs has dramatically escalated CO2 levels.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) asserts high confidence that human actions dominate contemporary climate alterations. Besides CO2, other greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide play roles; however, CO2 remains paramount given its longevity in the atmosphere and cumulative impact on radiative forcing—a measure quantifying how much additional heat-trapping capacity added gases introduce into the climate system.

Climate models predict escalating global surface temperatures throughout the twenty-first century under diverse scenarios ranging from minimal-to-maximum projected emissions. Potential outcomes encompass widespread ecological disruptions: accelerated glacial retreat, desertification intensifications within sub-tropical zones, altered precipitation patterns leading to both drought conditions and flooding extremes, alongside intensified storm severity—all threatening ecosystems' stability and survival prospects globally.

Impacts vary geographically yet universally challenge agricultural productivity via reduced crop yields, exacerbate coastal vulnerability through sea-level rises endangering densely inhabited lowland regions, spur migration crises stemming from habitable area contractions, and escalate health risks attributable to vector-borne diseases proliferation facilitated by warmer climates conducive to pathogen vectors’ life cycles extension.

Mitigation strategies targeting substantial reductions in GHG outputs coupled with adaptive measures designed to bolster resilience against unavoidable consequences comprise humanity’s response toolkit addressing impending challenges posed by unchecked planetary heating trends. International agreements exemplified by commitments outlined within frameworks established pursuant to conventions like those codified under auspices provided by bodies such as U.N.F.C.C.C., underscore collective recognition regarding necessity for urgent action aimed at curbing worst-case projection materializations while striving towards stabilization targets compatible with safeguarding biosphere integrity for posterity.

Public awareness concerning gravity inherent to implications arising from unabated greenhouse effect amplification continues growing steadily amidst mounting empirical evidences corroborating dire prognostications emanating from interdisciplinary research endeavors spanning multiple academic disciplines converging upon common conclusions underscoring imperative need for concerted collaborative endeavours transcending geopolitical boundaries if humankind seeks preserve viable living environments capable sustaining complex civilizations reliant upon finely balanced interdependencies linking terrestrial flora & fauna communities together forming intricate webs-of-life supporting all forms sentient

Approximately 40 % of primary energy is from renewable energy sources in New Zealand . Approximately 80 % of electricity comes from renewable energy , primarily hydropower and geothermal power .

Literature of the 19th century refers to world literature produced during the 19th century . The range of years is , for the purpose of this article , literature written from ( roughly ) 1799 to 1900 . Many of the developments in literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts and other aspects of 19th-century culture .

The dietary energy supply is the food available for human consumption , usually expressed in kilocalories or kilojoules per person per day . It gives an overestimate of the total amount of food consumed as it reflects both food consumed and food wasted . It varies markedly between different regions and countries of the world . It has also changed significantly over the 21st century . Dietary energy supply is correlated with the rate of obesity .

In fluid dynamics , laminar flow ( or streamline flow ) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers , with no disruption between the layers . At low velocities , the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing , and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards . There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the direction of flow , nor eddies or swirls of fluids . In laminar flow , the motion of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with particles close to a solid surface moving in straight lines parallel to that surface .  Laminar flow is a flow regime characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection .   When a fluid is flowing through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates , either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity and viscosity of the fluid : laminar flow or turbulent flow . Laminar flow tends to occur at lower velocities , below a threshold at which it becomes turbulent . Turbulent flow is a less orderly flow regime that is characterised by eddies or small packets of fluid particles which result in lateral mixing . In non-scientific terms , laminar flow is smooth while turbulent flow is rough .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .

The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo . The embargo occurred in response to United States ' support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War .  By the end of the embargo in March 1974 , the price of oil had risen from US$ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; US prices were significantly higher . The embargo caused an oil crisis , or `` shock '' , with many short - and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . It was later called the `` first oil shock '' , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the `` second oil shock . ''

The 1979 ( or second ) oil crisis or oil shock occurred in the United States due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution . Despite the fact that global oil supply decreased by only ~ 4 % , widespread panic resulted , driving the price far higher . The price of crude oil more than doubled to $ 39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months , and long lines once again appeared at gas stations , as they had in the 1973 oil crisis .   In 1980 , following the outbreak of the Iran -- Iraq War , oil production in Iran nearly stopped , and Iraq 's oil production was severely cut as well . Economic recessions were triggered in the US and other countries . Oil prices did not subside to pre-crisis levels until the mid-1980s .   After 1980 , oil prices began a 20-year decline , eventually reaching a 60 percent fall-off during the 1990s . As with the 1973 crisis , global politics and power balance were impacted . Oil exporters such as Mexico , Nigeria , and Venezuela expanded production ; the USSR became the top world producer ; North Sea and Alaskan oil flooded the market ; and OPEC lost influence .

For other uses , see Denmark ( disambiguation ) .   Denmark ( -LSB- ˈdɛnmɑrk -RSB- Danmark -LSB- ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , Kongeriget Danmark , -LSB- ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ -RSB- . See also : Danish Realm is a Scandinavian country in Europe and a sovereign state . The southernmost of the Nordic countries , it is south-west of Sweden and south of Norway , The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country , in the Baltic Sea . and bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also comprises two autonomous constituent countries in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark itself has a total area of 42924 km2 , ; total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2210579 km2 , and a population of 5.75 million . European Denmark consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , with the largest being Zealand and Funen . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate .   The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 10th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden and Norway were ruled together under the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until outside forces dissolved the union in 1814 . The union with Norway made it possible for Denmark to inherit the Faroe Islands , Iceland , and Greenland . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several cessions of territory to Sweden . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the 1864 Second Schleswig War . Denmark remained neutral during World War I . In April 1940 , a German invasion saw brief military skirmishes while the Danish resistance movement was active from 1943 until the German surrender in May 1945 . An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century , Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century that created the basis for the present welfare state model with a highly developed mixed economy .   The Constitution of Denmark was signed on 5 June 1849 , ending the absolute monarchy which had begun in 1660 . It establishes a constitutional monarchy organised as a parliamentary democracy . The government and national parliament are seated in Copenhagen , the nation 's capital , largest city and main commercial centre . Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm , devolving powers to handle internal affairs . Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands  in 1948 ; in Greenland home rule was established in 1979 and further autonomy in 2009 . Denmark became a member of the European Economic Community ( now the EU ) in 1973 , maintaining certain opt-outs ; it retains its own currency , the krone . It is among the founding members of NATO , the Nordic Council , the OECD , OSCE , and the United Nations ; it is also part of the Schengen Area .   Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the country ranks highly in some metrics of national performance , including education , health care , protection of civil liberties , democratic governance , prosperity and human development . The country ranks as having the world 's highest social mobility , a high level of income equality , is the country with the lowest perceived level of corruption in the world , has one of the world 's highest per capita incomes , and one of the world 's highest personal income tax rates .

Rheology ( -LSB- riːˈɒlədʒi -RSB- from Greek ῥέω rhéō , `` flow '' and - λoγία , - logia , `` study of '' ) is the study of the flow of matter , primarily in a liquid state , but also as ` soft solids ' or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force .   The term rheology was coined by Eugene C. Bingham , a professor at Lafayette College , in 1920 , from a suggestion by a colleague , Markus Reiner . The term was inspired by the aphorism of Simplicius ( often attributed to Heraclitus ) , panta rhei , `` everything flows '' , and was first used to describe the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids .  It applies to substances that have a complex microstructure , such as muds , sludges , suspensions , polymers and other glass formers ( e.g. , silicates ) , as well as many foods and additives , bodily fluids ( e.g. , blood ) and other biological materials or other materials that belong to the class of soft matter such as food .   Newtonian fluids can be characterized by a single coefficient of viscosity for a specific temperature . Although this viscosity will change with temperature , it does not change with the strain rate . Only a small group of fluids exhibit such constant viscosity . The large class of fluids whose viscosity changes with the strain rate ( the relative flow velocity ) are called non-Newtonian fluids .   Rheology generally accounts for the behavior of non-Newtonian fluids , by characterizing the minimum number of functions that are needed to relate stresses with rate of change of strain or strain rates . For example , ketchup can have its viscosity reduced by shaking ( or other forms of mechanical agitation , where the relative movement of different layers in the material actually causes the reduction in viscosity ) but water can not . Ketchup is a shear thinning material , like yogurt and emulsion paint ( US terminology latex paint or acrylic paint ) , exhibiting thixotropy , where an increase in relative flow velocity will cause a reduction in viscosity , for example , by stirring . Some other non-Newtonian materials show the opposite behavior , rheopecty : viscosity going up with relative deformation , and are called shear thickening or dilatant materials . Since Sir Isaac Newton originated the concept of viscosity , the study of liquids with strain rate dependent viscosity is also often called Non-Newtonian fluid mechanics .   The experimental characterization of a material 's rheological behaviour is known as rheometry , although the term rheology is frequently used synonymously with rheometry , particularly by experimentalists . Theoretical aspects of rheology are the relation of the flow/deformation behaviour of material and its internal structure ( e.g. , the orientation and elongation of polymer molecules ) , and the flow/deformation behaviour of materials that can not be described by classical fluid mechanics or elasticity .

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating . The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment , although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment , or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it , as for engine cooling . Despite the name , most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation ( the main exception to this rule being the radiators on spacecraft , see spacecraft radiators below ) , though the term `` convector '' is used more narrowly ; see radiation and convection , below .   The Roman hypocaust , a type of radiator for building space heating , was described in 15 AD . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , between 1855 and 1857 .


Question:
 Dr. Spencer’s recent findings reveal that - particularly over brief time spans- the climate responses assumed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which should significantly increase the warmth generated by carbon dioxide emissions actually operate as negative feedback mechanisms, thereby mitigating rather than amplifying this projected thermal rise.
This version maintains the original sentence structure while replacing some of the terms with synonyms or rephrased concepts for variety: 'demonstrates' becomes 'reveal', 'temperature feedbacks' become 'climate responses', 'greatly amplify' changes into 'significantly increase', 'attenuating' shifts to 'mitigating'. The overall meaning remains consistent between both sentences; it still conveys how Dr. Spencer's work suggests an opposing effect compared to what was hypothesized by the IPCC regarding greenhouse gas-induced heating effects.

 Dr. Spencer’s Perspective on Temperature Feedbacks

Recent findings by Dr. Roy Spencer challenge some aspects of mainstream climate science regarding amplification effects assumed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to his work, particularly focusing on shorter-term dynamics, key atmospheric responses to rising temperatures do not significantly intensify warming triggered by carbon dioxide increases but rather mitigate its impact. Contrary to the IPCC projections, where positive feedback loops exacerbate initial warmth, Dr. Spencer argues that mechanisms within earth systems act counterintuitively, dampening expected heat-up scenarios. His conclusions underscore complexities surrounding climate models, suggesting more nuanced interpretations beyond prevailing assumptions about enhanced warming phenomena. Despite widespread agreement among experts affirming human influence on planetary heating trends—echoed through numerous independent surveys and institutional endorsements—the nuances proposed highlight ongoing debates around specific causal relationships linking greenhouse gases to long-range thermal outcomes.

Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications . It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale , harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans , which it is too late to prevent . Hamilton explores why politicians , corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality . He invokes a variety of explanations , including wishful thinking , ideology , consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry . The book builds on the author 's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects , with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher : The Dirty Politics of Climate Change .   Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine , Socialist Review , Sydney Morning Herald , The Age , The Common Review , and Times Higher Education , which named it `` Book of the Week '' . Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine . The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier 's Literary Award .

Death spiral is a condition of the insurance market in which costs rapidly increase as a result of changes in the covered population . It is the result of adverse selection in insurance policies in which lower risk policy holders choose to change policies or be uninsured . The term is found in the academic literature at least as early as Cutler and Zeckhauser 's 1998 paper , `` Adverse Selection in Health Insurance '' , which refers explicitly to an `` adverse selection death spiral '' .

Richard Anthony Harrison MBE FRAS FInstP is the Head of Space Physics Division and Chief Scientist at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom . He is best known for his magnetic twisting theory involving the Coronal heating problem of the Sun 's atmosphere .   He was born in Solihull , West Midlands ( County ) and attended Solihull Sixth Form College and Birmingham University .   Whilst in his late teens , and as a keen acoustic guitarist , he set up a band called Capella . Fellow band members were his brother , Jeremy , and David J Nutting . They performed locally and were influenced by John Denver and The Eagles , amongst others .   Richard Harrison received his B.Sc in 1979 and his Ph.D. in 1983 from the University of Birmingham , United Kingdom . He then became SER ( Research Fellow at the Space Research Department , University of Birmingham , and from 1986 Scientific Officer up to grade 7 of the Astrophysics division of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory . From 1985-1986 he was visiting Scientists at the HAO in Boulder , United States . His main interest has been solar physics research , and he was instigator of the first multi-observatory observation of coronal mass ejections , joint leader at the 81.5 MHz radio array at Cambridge , principal scientists for the first mm observations of the Sun and principal investigator of the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer on SOHO . Moreover , he has been associated with several other experiments on the Solar Maximum Mission ( SMM ) as well as on the solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) . He has been author or co-author of more than 70 articles published in international journals and books .   Richard Harrison served as Editor of the Society 's journal Annales Geophysicae and as General Editor for the COSPAR Information Bulletin as well as member of several committees related to the Royal Society and to ESA , COSPAR or EGS .   Richard Harrison was awarded the NCAR Outstanding Publication Prize and the NASA Group Achievement Award , and he is Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society , Member of the International Astronomical Union and Corresponding Member of the International Academy of Astronautics .   He was awarded the MBE ( Member of the Order of the British Empire ) in the 2004 Queen 's Birthday Honours List for his services to Solar Research .

Rational Recovery and Rational Recovery Systems , Inc. is a commercial vendor of material related to counseling , guidance , and direct instruction for addiction designed as a direct counterpoint to Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) and 12-step programs . Rational Recovery Systems , Inc. was founded in 1986 by Jack Trimpey , a California-licensed clinical social worker . Trimpey is a recovered alcoholic who works in the field of treatment of alcoholism and other drug addictions . Rational Recovery is a commercial trademark , along with the Addictive Voice Recognition Technique ( AVRT ) . The organization published a periodical , the Journal of Rational Recovery , from at latest 1993 until at least June 2001

Richard D. North ( born 1946 ) , is a UK conservative commentator . He worked for The Independent newspaper as its first environment correspondent ( 1986 -- 1990 ) and then as environmental columnist for The Sunday Times ( 1990 -- 1992 ) . His book , Life On a Modern Planet : A manifesto for progress ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) was widely regarded as a renunciation of his green ideals . He now works with the free-market thinktank , the Institute of Economic Affairs ( as media fellow ) and with the conservative Social Affairs Unit , where he blogs on art , film and social issues .   The Social Affairs Unit has published North 's Rich Is Beautiful : A very personal defence of Mass Affluence ( 2005 ) , Mr Blair 's Messiah Politics : Or what happened when Bambi tried to save the world ( 2006 ) and ` Scrap the BBC ! ' : Ten years to set broadcasters free ( 2007 ) .   In 2012 , North published a 650-entry , interactive eBook entitled The Right-wing Guide to Nearly Everything .

Rapid Interpretation of EKG 's is a best-selling textbook for over 30 years that teaches the basics of interpreting electrocardiograms . It adopts a simplistic fill-in-the-blank style and is suited for medical students and junior residents . The book was written by Dale Dubin , M.D. , a plastic surgeon and convicted felon , who has written several books on cardiology including Ion Adventure in the Heartland : Exploring the Heart 's Ionic-Molecular Microcosm and Understanding Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation .   The large yellow book was originally published in 1972 ; the sixth and most recent edition was published in 2000 . In the fiftieth printing , the author hid within the copyright notice an offer to give his prized 1965 Ford Thunderbird ( which was featured in several photographs in the book ) to anyone who actually read the message and responded . Out of 60,000 copies in that printing , only 5 readers noticed and responded , and Dubin 's own daughter delivered the car to the winner , a Yale medical student , as selected by a random drawing .

Rational Behavior Therapy ( RBT ) is a form of Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by psychiatrist Dr. Maxie C. Maultsby , Jr. a professor at the Medical College at Howard University . RBT is designed to be a short term therapy which is based on the belief of discovering an unsuspected problem which creates unwanted mental , emotional and physical behaviors .

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) monitors meteorological , oceanographic , and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense . The program is managed by the Air Force Space Command with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The ( originally classified ) mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973 . They provide cloud cover imagery from polar orbits that are sun-synchronous at nominal altitude of 450 nautical miles ( 830 km ) .

David J. Graham is an American epidemiologist who is the Associate Director of the Food and Drug Administration 's ( FDA ) Office of Drug Safety .   Graham has spent his career at the FDA studying the safety of drugs , many of them after approval using data from medical insurance companies . He claims successes in removing from the U.S. market the unsafe drugs Omniflox an antibiotic , Rezulin , a diabetes treatment , Fen-Phen and Redux , weight-loss drugs , and phenylpropanolamine , an over-the-counter decongestant , and in restricting the use of Trovan , an antibiotic , to use in hospitals . He also had a part in the removal of Lotronex , Baycol , Seldane , and Propulsid .   On November 18 , 2004 , Dr. Graham testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance about Merck 's withdrawal of the popular anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx the previous month because of serious safety concerns . In his testimony , he asserted his personal belief that the policies within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration were insufficient to protect the public from drugs which carry unacceptable risks , saying `` I would argue that the FDA , as currently configured , is incapable of protecting America against another Vioxx . We are virtually defenseless . ''   After his testimony , Graham was publicly criticized by the FDA . He contacted the nonprofit Government Accountability Project , a whistleblower protection organization , for advice on getting his findings on Vioxx published over the objections of his superiors .   In a 2005 interview , Dr. Graham was asked `` What Specifically do you believe is broken in the FDA and what needs to be done to fix it ? What must be done to improve the drug vetting system ? '' his response : '' FDA is inherently biased in favor of the pharmaceutical industry . It views industry as its client , whose interests it must represent and advance . It views its primary mission as approving as many drugs it can , regardless of whether the drugs are safe or needed ''   In 2010 , Graham and one of his FDA colleagues , Kate Gelperin , have called for the popular diabetes drug Avandia to be pulled from the market . Their study of the drug found possible evidence of an increased incidence of mortality ; however , they found no indication of an increased risk of heart attack , contrary to other published studies .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .


Question:
 Dr. Spencer’s recent studies indicate that - particularly over brief periods of time- the climate responses assumed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which should significantly increase the warmth produced by carbon dioxide emissions actually operate as negative feedback mechanisms, thereby reducing rather than amplifying such heat generation. This suggests an opposing stance against the projected exacerbation of greenhouse effects posited by mainstream climatological models.
```

 Dr. Spencer’s Research on Temperature Feedbacks
In his recent studies, Dr. Roy Spencer has highlighted significant findings regarding temperature feedback mechanisms related to carbon dioxide-driven warming. Contrary to assumptions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), suggesting substantial amplification through various feedback loops, Dr. Spencer argues that - particularly within shorter temporal scales - these presumed positive feedbacks actually operate negatively. They counteract rather than exacerbate the initial warming triggered by rising CO_2 levels. Essentially, instead of enhancing warmth, these feedback systems serve to mitigate its impact.
This perspective emphasizes the role of complex interactions among different components of earth's climate system. Negative feedbacks work against the force causing temperatures to rise; conversely, positive feedbacks would reinforce such increases. Understanding both types becomes crucial when assessing overall climate sensitivity and predicting long-term outcomes.
For instance, enhanced evaporation leading to more moisture content might initially seem conducive to greater greenhouse effect but under certain conditions can result in cloud formation reflecting sunlight away thus lowering planetary heating. Similarly, adjustments involving sea-ice extent, vegetation cover etc., though often considered reinforcing elements, sometimes exhibit behaviors dampening warming tendencies. Such nuances highlight intricacies involved in comprehending dynamic interplay governing our environment's response to anthropogenic influences.

The concept here revolves around distinguishing between external drivers ('forcings') impacting climate versus internal responses ('feedback'). While former perturbations originate outside established meteorological parameters e.g., elevated GHG emission profiles, latter reactions emerge organically within broader ecological frameworks reacting to altered circumstances accordingly. Recognizing distinctions helps clarify respective contributions towards shaping emergent thermal trends amidst ongoing debate surrounding efficacy/accuracy inherent across competing scientific hypotheses/models projecting near/far futures alike!

Richard K. Vedder is an American economist , historian , author , columnist , and currently distinguished professor of economics emeritus at Ohio University and senior fellow at The Independent Institute .

René Árpád Spitz ( January 29 , 1887 in Vienna -- September 11 , 1974 in Denver ) was an Austrian-American psychoanalyst .

Richard A. Warshak ( born December 18 , 1949 ) is an American clinical and research psychologist and author . He is best known for his expertise on divorce , child custody , and parental alienation . Warshak has written three books , The Custody Revolution , Divorce Poison : Protecting the Parent-Child Bond From a Vindictive Ex , and the revised edition , Divorce Poison : How to Protect Your Family from Bad-mouthing and Brainwashing . He appears in the PBS documentary Kids and Divorce .

Dr. Richard L. Peterson is an American behavioral economist and psychiatrist .  He has developed behavioral finance-based quantitative models , imaged the brains of test subjects while play-trading , and is a writer and consultant in the psychology of financial decisions and the mining of sentiment in social media .  Dr. Peterson developed text mining software to identify and quantify economically predictive sentiments , and speaks widely in the area of behavioral finance and social media analytics .

The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) published a special report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation ( SRREN ) on May 9 , 2011 . The report developed under the leadership of Ottmar Edenhofer evaluates the global potential for using renewable energy to mitigate climate change . This IPCC special report provides broader coverage of renewable energy than was included in the IPCC 's 2007 climate change assessment report , as well as stronger renewable energy policy coverage .   Renewable energy can contribute to `` social and economic development , energy access , secure energy supply , climate change mitigation , and the reduction of negative environmental and health impacts '' . Under favourable circumstances , cost savings in comparison to non-renewable energy use exist .

RTI International ( formerly Research Triangle Institute ) is a nonprofit organization headquartered in the Research Triangle Park in North Carolina that provides research and technical services . It was founded in 1958 with $ 500,000 in funding by local businesses and the three North Carolina universities in the Research Triangle region . RTI started with departments for research in isotopes , operational sciences and statistics . It restructured into four departments in 1971 and later created the Office for International Projects , now called the International Development Group .   RTI later split into eleven departments , including Health Research , Drug Discovery & Development , Education & Training Research , Survey Research , among others . The US Agency for International Development has come to account for 35 percent of RTI 's research revenue . RTI research has covered HIV/AIDS , healthcare , education curriculum and the environment , among others . Forbes magazine ranked RTI International sixth of 250 in its America 's Best Employers list for mid-size companies for 2016 .

Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications . It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale , harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans , which it is too late to prevent . Hamilton explores why politicians , corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality . He invokes a variety of explanations , including wishful thinking , ideology , consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry . The book builds on the author 's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects , with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher : The Dirty Politics of Climate Change .   Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine , Socialist Review , Sydney Morning Herald , The Age , The Common Review , and Times Higher Education , which named it `` Book of the Week '' . Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine . The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier 's Literary Award .

Laurance R. Doyle ( born 1953 ) is an American scientist who received his Ph.D. from the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg . He has worked at the SETI Institute since 1987 where he is a principal investigator and astrophysicist . His main area of study has been the formation and detection of extrasolar planets , but he has also worked on communications theory . In particular he has written on how patterns in animal communication relate to humans with an emphasis on cetaceans .   He grew up on a dairy farm in Cambria , California and therefore did n't have much access to information about stars . But by reading books at the local library , Doyle was able to develop his knowledge in astronomy , and eventually obtain his Bachelor 's and Master 's of Science degrees in astronomy from San Diego State University .   His first job was at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory as an imaging engineer , where he was in charge of analysing pictures of Jupiter and Saturn sent from the spacecraft Voyager . He moved to Heidelberg , Germany , to help analyse images of Halley 's Comet . He got his doctorate in Astrophysics at the University of Heidelberg .   In May 2005 he appeared on a National Geographic Channel special titled Extraterrestrial . He also appeared in the episode `` Will We Survive First Contact '' , of The Science Channel series titled Morgan Freeman 's Through the Wormhole .   Doyle is currently seeking to compare dolphin whistles and baby babble in an attempt to make predictions about extraterrestrial communications . He believes that by measuring the complexity of communications for different species on earth , we could get a good indication of how advanced an extraterrestrial signal is . His study determined that babies babble over 800 different sounds with the same amount of frequency as dolphins . As they grow older , those sounds decrease to around 50 and become more repetitious . The study found that baby dolphins develop similarly with regards to their whistling .   Doyle is faculty at Principia College , and the founding Director of Principia College 's Institute for the Metaphysics of Physics , founded in 2014 .

The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials , Inc. ( RIFM ) is the international scientific authority for the safe use of fragrance materials . RIFM generates , evaluates and distributes scientific data on the safety assessment of fragrance raw materials found in personal and household care products . Through extensive research , testing and constant monitoring of all scientific literature available , RIFM maintains its Database as the most comprehensive source worldwide of physical-chemical , toxicological and eco-toxicological data associated with known fragrance and flavor materials . All of RIFM 's scientific findings are evaluated by an independent Expert Panel -- an international group of dermatologists , pathologists , toxicologists , reproduction , respiratory and environmental scientists . The Expert Panel evaluates the safety of fragrance ingredients under conditions of intended use and publishes their results in peer-reviewed scientific journals . The decisions of the Expert Panel regarding restrictions of use are also published in the International Fragrance Association ( IFRA ) Standards .

David John Cawdell Irving ( born 24 March 1938 ) is an English Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II , with a focus on Nazi Germany . His works include The Destruction of Dresden ( 1963 ) , Hitler 's War ( 1977 ) , Churchill 's War ( 1987 ) , and Goebbels : Mastermind of the Third Reich ( 1996 ) . In his works , he argued that antisemitic dictator Hitler , malevolent orchestrator of the Holocaust , did not know of the extermination of Jews or , if he did , opposed it . Though Irving 's revisionist views of World War II were never taken seriously by mainstream historians , he was once recognised for his knowledge of Nazi Germany and his ability to unearth new historical documents .   Irving marginalized himself in 1988 when , based on his reading of the pseudoscientific Leuchter report , he began to espouse Holocaust denial , specifically denying that Jews were murdered by gassing at the Auschwitz extermination camp .   Irving 's reputation as an historian was discredited when , in the course of an unsuccessful libel case he filed against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books , he was shown to have deliberately misrepresented historical evidence to promote Holocaust denial . The English court found that Irving was an active Holocaust denier , antisemite , and racist , who `` for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence '' . In addition , the court found that Irving 's books had distorted the history of Adolf Hitler 's role in the Holocaust to depict Hitler in a favourable light .