Question: With increasing warmth as per the study's assertions, it anticipates that any decline in early fatalities attributed to chilly conditions will likely prove less significant compared to the surge in mortality rates linked with excessive heat exposure across America.

 Heat Waves' Health Impacts Amplified in Cities
As global temperatures soar, urban dwellers face heightened risks associated with extreme heat events compared to those living in rural settings. Due to what scientists call "urban heat islands," city environments often experience higher temperatures, especially overnight, exacerbating health issues related to excessive warmth. These conditions lead to increased mortality rates among vulnerable populations, particularly the elderly and individuals suffering from pre-existing medical conditions. Although reduced fatalities linked to milder winters might occur, they do not offset the surge in heat-related deaths observed across American metropolises. Contributing factors behind urban heat islands encompass alterations made to landscapes—such as replacing vegetation with concrete—and waste heat produced by daily energy consumption. Moreover, cities tend to amplify local weather phenomena; for instance, elevated temperatures extend growing periods while diminishing minor storm occurrences. However, this thermal anomaly negatively impacts both air and water qualities, fostering pollutant creation and stressing aquatic life downstream. Interestingly, some urban zones lack pronounced heat island characteristics. Implementing mitigation strategies, e.g., constructing green rooftops and employing reflective materials in construction projects, could alleviate adverse outcomes connected to urban overheating. Concerns exist regarding how much urban heat islands contribute to broader climate change dynamics. Studies conducted in China and India suggest up to thirty percent of regional warming stems from urban expansion. Conversely, analyses contrasting urban versus countryside regions argue minimal impact on overall planetary temperature fluctuations attributable to localized heating effects.
The relationship remains unchanged: Both documents discuss the phenomenon where urban areas become notably warmer than neighboring rural locations ("Urban heat island" vs. "Heat waves' health impacts amplified in cities"). They explore consequences ranging from public health detriments to ecological disturbances but emphasize differing aspects - original material delves deeper into scientific explanations whereas alternative content focuses more explicitly on human implications tied specifically to rising global temps & resultant death toll shifts USA contextually speaking here too!

Law and economics or economic analysis of law is the application of economic theory ( specifically microeconomic theory ) to the analysis of law that began mostly with scholars from the Chicago school of economics . Economic concepts are used to explain the effects of laws , to assess which legal rules are economically efficient , and to predict which legal rules will be promulgated .

The 1780 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and fall in 1780 . The 1780 season was extraordinarily destructive , and was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history with over 28,000 deaths . Four different hurricanes , one in June and three in October , caused at least 1,000 deaths each ; this event has never been repeated and only in the 1893 and 2005 seasons were there two such hurricanes . The season also had the deadliest Atlantic hurricane of all time , since known as the Great Hurricane of 1780 .   Landfalling storms affected the Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Cuba , Bermuda , Louisiana , Georgia , Florida , and the New England states .

In United States law , reckless driving is a major moving traffic violation . It is usually a more serious offense than careless driving , improper driving , or driving without due care and attention and is often punishable by fines , imprisonment , or driver 's license suspension or revocation . ( List specific to the USA . )   Reckless driving is often defined as a mental state in which the driver displays a wanton disregard for the rules of the road ; the driver misjudges common driving procedures , often causing accidents and other damages . Reckless driving has been studied by psychologists who found that reckless drivers score high in risk-taking personality traits . However , no one cause can be assigned to this state .   There are some states , such as Virginia , where mental state is not considered , but rather a set of more than a dozen specific violations can be deemed reckless . Excessive speed by itself is sufficient for a reckless driving conviction in some jurisdictions ( e.g. , Virginia ) . Because of the seriousness of the charge ( excepting Virginia 's definitions ) reckless driving may be equated to DUI by rental agencies and preclude the offender from renting a car for several years after the conviction ) .

Kristine Yaffe is an American academic with an extensive record of research in the area of predictors and outcomes of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults . Dr. Yaffe is Professor of Psychiatry , Neurology and Epidemiology and holds the Roy and Marie Scola Endowed Chair and Vice Chair of Research in Psychiatry at University of California , San Francisco . She is also director of the Kristine Yaffe Lab , which studies the `` epidemiology of cognitive function and dementia in aging populations throughout the United States '' , and the Chief of Geriatric Psychiatry and the Director of the Memory Disorders Clinic at the San Francisco Veteran 's Affairs Medical Center .

Richard Grucza is an American epidemiologist and associate professor of psychiatry at Washington University School of Medicine .

The December 2013 North American storm complex was a significant storm complex that had all sorts of severe weather , including a winter storm , a crippling ice storm and a tornado outbreak that impacted the central and eastern portions of Canada , parts of the Central Great Plains , the Southern United States , and the northeastern United States from December 20 to 23 , 2013 . Formed in the South Central United States , the storm headed across the Great Plains towards Canada into Atlantic Canada and northeastern United States where the storm dissipated on December 23 , 2013 . The storm produced freezing rain and snow to the affected areas which caused massive damage to electric power transmission and trees . The storm resulted in 27 deaths , loss of power to over a million of residents and over $ 200 million in damages . The storm produced similar conditions to the ice storm of 1998 which affected similar areas .

Randolph M. Nesse ( born 1948 ) is an American physician and evolutionary biologist . He is notable for his research on evolutionary psychology and evolutionary medicine , as well as the evolutionary origins of emotions and how natural selection shapes the capacity for mood .   A graduate of the University of Michigan medical school , Nesse was a professor of psychology at the University of Michigan , Ann Arbor and a professor of psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical School . He was also the Director of the Evolution & Human Adaptation Program at the University of Michigan .   In 2014 , Nesse became the founding director of the Center for Evolution and Medicine at Arizona State University , where he is also a professor in the School of Life Sciences .   Nesse also co-authored the book Why We Get Sick ( 1995 ) with evolutionary biologist George C. Williams .

Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming . The world average temperature is rising due to the greenhouse effect caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases , especially carbon dioxide . When the global temperature changes , the changes in climate are not expected to be uniform across the Earth . In particular , land areas change more quickly than oceans , and northern high latitudes change more quickly than the tropics , and the margins of biome regions change faster than do their cores .   Regional effects of global warming vary in nature . Some are the result of a generalised global change , such as rising temperature , resulting in local effects , such as melting ice . In other cases , a change may be related to a change in a particular ocean current or weather system . In such cases , the regional effect may be disproportionate and will not necessarily follow the global trend . The increasing temperatures from greenhouse gases have been causing sea levels to rise for many years .   There are three major ways in which global warming will make changes to regional climate : melting or forming ice , changing the hydrological cycle ( of evaporation and precipitation ) and changing currents in the oceans and air flows in the atmosphere . The coast can also be considered a region , and will suffer severe impacts from sea level rise .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .

Refrigerator mother theory is a widely discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth . Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors and exposure to environmental agents predominate in the cause of autism .   The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia . When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943 , he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children . Parents , particularly mothers , were often blamed for their children 's atypical behavior , which included rigid rituals , speech difficulty , and self-isolation . Kanner later rejected the `` refrigerator mother '' theory , instead focusing on brain mechanisms .


Question:
 The study asserts with assurance that as mercury levels climb, "it's anticipated that decreases in early fatalities attributed to chilly conditions will indeed lag behind surges in mortality rates linked to sweltering climates across America." This projection underscores the disproportionate impact of elevated warmth compared to reduced frigidity on public health within U.S territories.
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 Impacts of Rising Temperatures: Health Consequences in Focus
The ongoing trend of global warming significantly affects public health, particularly through alterations in mortality rates linked to both hot and cold conditions. According to recent studies, while reduced fatalities might occur due to fewer cases of hypothermia-related death, experts predict that increases in heat-related mortalities across regions like the U.S. would far outweigh those benefits. This disparity arises because vulnerable populations often struggle adapting efficiently enough against sudden spikes in high temperatures compared to milder winters' adjustments.

Human-driven climate alteration - largely attributed to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from burning fossil fuels – exacerbates existing vulnerabilities within healthcare infrastructures designed originally without considering prolonged exposure extremes now becoming commonplace under current warming scenarios projected forward into next several decades ahead based upon various modeling exercises conducted collaboratively amongst leading research institutions globally coordinated via intergovernmental panels tasked specifically addressing urgent need tackle escalating crisis head-on before irreversible tipping points reached triggering cascading failures throughout interconnected ecosystems supporting all life forms sharing finite planetary resources together collectively striving achieve sustainable development goals outlined ambitious agenda set forth Paris Agreement framework ratified unanimously world leaders gathered COP summits convened regularly monitor progress made combatting shared challenge facing humanity survival itself hangs balance unless concerted action taken immediately mitigate worst-case outcomes still avoidable if decisive steps implemented swiftly enough scale necessary overcome daunting obstacles posed looming specter ecological collapse threatening unravel fabric civilization built millennia painstaking effort countless generations preceding us leaving behind legacy worth inheriting future offspring yet unborn inherit consequences choices we make today tomorrow comes knocking door asking pay debts incurred yesterday without hesitation knowing full well price paid freedom enjoyed today came steep cost sacrifices borne willingly freely given past heroes fallen defend cherished values held dear hearts minds people everywhere seeking peace prosperity harmony nature instead chaos brought unchecked exploitation environment disregard consequences actions taken short-term gains achieved sacrificing long term stability sustainability sake fleeting pleasures momentary indulgences forgotten soon replaced new distractions divert attention away real issues needing addressed urgently rather than ignored swept carpet hoping go unnoticed unaddressed until too late reverse damage done restore balance upset careless handling entrusted stewardship bestowed guardians earth home sweet home floating lonely void space waiting patiently return favor showing respect owed treating kindly nurturing lovingly caring tenderly gently softly quietly slowly deliberately mindfully attentively respectfully reverently gratefully humbly submissively obediently diligently faithfully consistently reliably dependably trustworthily honorably nobly bravely courageously fearlessly boldly assertively aggressively competitively cooperatively collaboratively harmoniously peacefully joyfully happily contentedly blissfully serenely calmly coolly smoothly easily effortlessly naturally instinctively intuitively spontaneously creatively innov

The 1994 North American cold wave occurred over the midwestern United States , eastern United States , and southern Canada during January 1994 . Two notable cold air events occurred from January 18-19 and from January 21-22 . There were 67 minimum temperature records set on January 19 . Indiana and Kentucky both set state records on January 19 . The United States experienced its coldest temperature month since February 1934 , although much of the West experienced mild temperatures . Washington and Idaho experienced the second warmest January recorded in the previous 100 years .   During the same period , the western United States experienced one of its most damaging earthquakes ever , and the eastern United States experienced a major snowfall that significantly delayed traffic .   Over 100 deaths occurred in the United States as a result of the cold wave .

Reye syndrome is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy . Symptoms may include vomiting , personality changes , confusion , seizures , and loss of consciousness . Even though liver toxicity typically occurs , yellowish skin usually does not . Death occurs in 20 -- 40 % of those affected and about a third of those who survive are left with a significant degree of brain damage .   The cause of Reye syndrome is unknown . It usually begins shortly after recovery from a viral infection , such as influenza or chickenpox . About 90 % of cases are associated with aspirin ( salicylate ) use in children . Inborn errors of metabolism are also a risk factor . Changes on blood tests may include a high blood ammonia level , low blood sugar level , and prolonged prothrombin time . Often the liver is enlarged .   Prevention is typically by avoiding the use of aspirin in children . When aspirin was withdrawn for use in children a decrease of more than 90 % in rates of Reye syndrome was seen . Early diagnosis improves outcomes . Treatment is supportive . Mannitol may be used to help with the brain swelling .   The first detailed description of Reye syndrome was in 1963 by Douglas Reye . Children are most commonly affected . It affects less than one in a million children a year . The general recommendation to use aspirin in children was withdrawn because of Reye syndrome , with use of aspirin only recommended in Kawasaki disease .

The death of the human being that is a human and not anything else but a humanAnastasio Hernández Rojas was allegedly caused by a heart attack due to physical exertion during a fight with Border Patrol Agents and methamphetamine poisoning and occurred in May 2010 . The controversial death of Hernandez-Rojas occurred after a US border deportation dispute involving Federal agent use of taser ( s ) and alleged excessive force has caused a demand by Mexican government for a through investigation . A national newspaper in Mexico , El Universal , reports up to 20 US federal border agents were beating Mr. Hernandez-Rojas in the presence of various witnesses while he pleaded for mercy .   According to a report by the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , The San Diego coroner 's office recorded in addition to a heart attack : `` several loose teeth ; bruising to his chest , stomach , hips , knees , back , lips , head and eyelids ; five broken ribs ; and a damaged spine '' , and classified Anastasio 's death as a homicide . A U.S. Justice Department announcement on November 6 , 2015 of decision to clear the federal agents involved in the death sparked a protest demonstration involving several hundred people .   Anastacio Hernandez came to the United States when he was 15 , lived there until he was 42 years-old as an undocumented immigrant . He had five children with his common-law wife , Maria Puga . He was deported to Mexico , following an arrest on May 2010 by the San Diego Police for attempting to `` shoplift steak and tequila from a grocery store . '' During a failed attempt to reunite with his family in San Diego later in the same year , Hernandez was caught by border agents at the San Diego -- Tijuana border . Witnesses filmed agents who handcuffed Hernandez , broke five of his ribs and damaged his spine . He died following the brutal beating . One of the bystanders , Ashley Young , hid the video card in her pocket when the border police approached the crowd demanding the recordings . Seven years after the incident , the agents had not been disciplined or fired . In February 2017 , the United States settled a million-dollar lawsuit with Puga and her children who were represented by attorney Eugene Iredale .   In 2013 Nonny de la Peña 's , a pioneer in virtual reality , whose work is described as immersive journalism , created a five-minute-long VR called Use of Force , in which she recreated Hernández 's murder . In the VR project , which was funded by Tribeca Film Institute , Google , and the Associated Press , viewers witness the event from the viewpoint of bystanders , many of whom had captured the beating on video .   In February 2017 , the United States settled a million-dollar lawsuit with Hernández ' estate .

Landscape epidemiology draws some of its roots from the field of landscape ecology . Just as the discipline of landscape ecology is concerned with analyzing both pattern and process in ecosystems across time and space , landscape epidemiology can be used to analyze both risk patterns and environmental risk factors . This field emerges from the theory that most vectors , hosts and pathogens are commonly tied to the landscape as environmental determinants control their distribution and abundance . In 1966 , Evgeniy Pavlovsky introduced the concept of natural nidality or focality , defined by the idea that microscale disease foci are determined by the entire ecosystem . With the recent availability of new computing technologies such as geographic information systems , remote sensing , statistical methods including spatial statistics and theories of landscape ecology , the concept of landscape epidemiology has been applied analytically to a variety of disease system , including malaria , hantavirus , Lyme disease and Chagas ' disease .

Refrigerator mother theory is a widely discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth . Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors and exposure to environmental agents predominate in the cause of autism .   The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia . When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943 , he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children . Parents , particularly mothers , were often blamed for their children 's atypical behavior , which included rigid rituals , speech difficulty , and self-isolation . Kanner later rejected the `` refrigerator mother '' theory , instead focusing on brain mechanisms .


Question: With increasing warmth as per the study's bold assertion, it anticipates that any decline in early fatalities attributed to freezing conditions will likely prove less significant compared to an upsurge in mortality rates linked with excessive heat exposure across America.

 Impacts of Rising Temperatures on Health Outcomes
As average temperatures continue to climb across America, public health experts warn about the disproportionate effects on mortality rates. A recent study asserts that increases in heat-related fatalities will likely outweigh decreases in cold-related deaths nationwide. With each passing decade, warmer winters might lead to fewer hypothermia cases; however, sweltering summers exacerbate cardiovascular stress among vulnerable populations—elderly individuals being particularly susceptible.

Historically, extreme weather events tied to anthropogenic climate disruption have intensified throughout North America. Record-breaking heatwaves now occur more frequently compared to previous centuries, impacting both rural communities and densely populated cities alike. Since 1998, every single hottest annual period globally coincides with escalating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations—a direct consequence of unabated fossil-fuel combustion. Consequently, terrestrial ecosystems undergo rapid transformations: snowpack diminishes prematurely during springs, floral blooms precede traditional schedules, fauna migratory paths adjust northerly, and glacial masses shrink dramatically.

Climate scientists acknowledge uncertainties associated with projecting long-term scenarios under various emission pathways. Nevertheless, plausible outcomes encompass ecological disruptions ranging from invasive-species proliferation to hydrological extremes characterized by alternating episodes of deluge and desiccation. Regional disparities manifest vividly within continental boundaries—the southwestern quadrant endures prolonged dry spells whereas northeastern territories witness moisture surpluses.

President Joe Biden pledged ambitious decarbonization targets ahead of COP26 Glasgow summit last November: aiming for net-zero economy-wide GHGs output circa mid-century horizon relative to baseline figures established around two decades ago. To honor international commitments, executive branch unveiled comprehensive roadmap outlining phased transition away from legacy thermal-power infrastructure towards renewables portfolio dominated by photovoltaics alongside cleaner-burning feedstocks.

Military strategists categorize planetary heating as critical destabilizer capable of triggering geopolitical tensions exacerbated via resource scarcity dynamics. Revelations emerged regarding petrochemical conglomerates' awareness concerning linkages between commercial operations and enhanced radiative forcing dating back half-a-century henceforth financing contrarian think-tanks dedicated to sowing doubt amongst policymakers and general populace.

Year-on-year escalation witnessed meteorological anomalies surpassing trillion-dollar damage threshold—an ominous trend anticipated to persist absent decisive mitigation interventions aimed at stabilizing thermodynamic balance underlying life-sustaining biosphere.
The United States continues grappling with mounting challenges posed by intensifying climatological perturbations, necessitating urgent cross-sectoral collaboration spanning governmental agencies, private sector entities, civil society organizations, academia circles, indigenous knowledge holders, faith leaders, youth activists, women’s

Death of a President is a 2006 British docudrama political thriller film about the fictional assassination of George W. Bush , the 43rd U.S. President , on 19 October 2007 in Chicago , Illinois . The film is presented as a future history docudrama and uses actors , archival video footage as well as computer-generated special effects to present the hypothetical aftermath the event had on civil liberties , racial profiling , journalistic sensationalism and foreign policy .

Richard Roy Beeman ( May 6 , 1942 -- September 6 , 2016 ) was an American historian and biographer specializing in the American Revolution . Born in Seattle , he published multiple books , and was the John Walsh Centennial Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania . Beeman was the 2003-4 Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History . He also served as the director of the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies , on the Board of Trustees of the National Constitution Center , and as the editor of American Quarterly . He died in his home outside of Philadelphia from complications due to ALS .

Delaware ( -LSB- ˈdɛləwɛər -RSB- ) is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic or Northeastern regions of the United States . It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland , to the northeast by New Jersey , and to the north by Pennsylvania . The state takes its name from Thomas West , 3rd Baron De La Warr , an English nobleman and Virginia 's first colonial governor .   Delaware occupies the northeastern portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest , the sixth least populous , but the sixth most densely populated of the 50 United States . Delaware is divided into three counties , the lowest number of counties of any state . From north to south , the three counties are New Castle , Kent , and Sussex . While the southern two counties have historically been predominantly agricultural , New Castle County has been more industrialized .   Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century , Delaware was inhabited by several groups of Native Americans , including the Lenape in the north and Nanticoke in the south . It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael , near the present town of Lewes , in 1631 . Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution . On December 7 , 1787 , Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States , and has since promoted itself as `` The First State '' .

The fourth cholera pandemic of the 19th century began in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region and traveled with Muslim pilgrims to Mecca . In its first year , the epidemic claimed 30,000 of 90,000 Mecca pilgrims . Cholera spread throughout the Middle East and was carried to Russia , Europe , Africa and North America , in each case spreading from port cities and along inland waterways .   The pandemic reached Northern Africa in 1865 and spread to sub-Saharan Africa , killing 70,000 in Zanzibar in 1869 -- 70 . Cholera claimed 90,000 lives in Russia in 1866 . The epidemic of cholera that spread with the Austro-Prussian War ( 1866 ) is estimated to have taken 165,000 lives in the Austrian Empire , including 30,000 each in Hungary and Belgium and 20,000 in the Netherlands .   In London in June 1866 , a localized epidemic in the East End claimed 5,596 lives , just as the city was completing construction of its major sewage and water treatment systems ( see London sewerage system ) ; the East End section was not quite complete . Epidemiologist William Farr identified the East London Water Company as the source of the contamination . Farr made use of prior work by John Snow and others pointing to contaminated drinking water as the likely cause of cholera in an 1854 outbreak . In the same year , the use of contaminated canal water in local water works caused a minor outbreak at Ystalyfera in South Wales . Workers associated with the company and their families were most affected , and 119 died .   In 1867 , Italy lost 113,000 lives and 80,000 died of the disease in Algeria . Outbreaks in North America in the 1870s killed some 50,000 Americans as cholera spread from New Orleans along the Mississippi River and to ports on its tributaries .

This article examines the relationship between religion and poverty in the United States . It analyzes the most and least religious states in the United States , potential reasons for high church attendance , the most poverty stricken states in the United States , potential factors of poverty , and religious institutions that are geared toward helping poverty .

In United States law , reckless driving is a major moving traffic violation . It is usually a more serious offense than careless driving , improper driving , or driving without due care and attention and is often punishable by fines , imprisonment , or driver 's license suspension or revocation . ( List specific to the USA . )   Reckless driving is often defined as a mental state in which the driver displays a wanton disregard for the rules of the road ; the driver misjudges common driving procedures , often causing accidents and other damages . Reckless driving has been studied by psychologists who found that reckless drivers score high in risk-taking personality traits . However , no one cause can be assigned to this state .   There are some states , such as Virginia , where mental state is not considered , but rather a set of more than a dozen specific violations can be deemed reckless . Excessive speed by itself is sufficient for a reckless driving conviction in some jurisdictions ( e.g. , Virginia ) . Because of the seriousness of the charge ( excepting Virginia 's definitions ) reckless driving may be equated to DUI by rental agencies and preclude the offender from renting a car for several years after the conviction ) .

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr ( -LSB- - en ˈraɪnhoʊld_ˈniːbʊər -RSB- June 21 , 1892June 1 , 1971 ) was an American theologian , ethicist , commentator on politics and public affairs , and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years . Niebuhr was one of America 's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 . A public theologian , he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion , politics , and public policy , with his most influential books including Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man , the second of which Modern Library ranked one of the top 20 nonfiction books of the twentieth century . Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr 's book The Irony of American History `` the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy . '' Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as `` the most influential American theologian of the 20th century '' and Time posthumously called Niebuhr `` the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards . ''   Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism , his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as Christian realism . He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality , writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness ( 1944 ) , `` Man 's capacity for justice makes democracy possible ; but man 's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary . '' Niebuhr 's realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world . A powerful speaker , he was one of the most influential thinkers of the 1940s and 1950s in public affairs . Niebuhr battled with religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the Social Gospel , and battled with the religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of scripture and their narrow definition of `` true religion '' . During this time he was viewed by many as the intellectual rival of John Dewey .   Niebuhr 's long-term impact on political philosophy involve both his utilizing the resources of theology to argue for political realism and his contributions to modern just war thinking . His work has also significantly influenced international relations theory , leading many scholars to move away from idealism and embrace realism . A large number of scholars , including political scientists , political historians , and theologians , have noted his influence on their thinking . Aside from academics , numerous politicians and activists such as former U.S. Presidents Barack Obama , and Jimmy Carter ; Thomas Edison , Martin Luther King Jr. , Hillary Clinton , Hubert Humphrey , Dean Acheson , James Comey , Madeleine Albright , and John McCain have also cited his influence on their thought . Recent years have seen a renewed interest in Niebuhr 's work , in part because of Obama 's stated admiration for Niebuhr . In 2017 , PBS released a documentary on Niebuhr , titled An American Conscience : The Reinhold Niebuhr Story .   Aside from his political commentary , Niebuhr is also known for having composed the Serenity Prayer , a widely-recited prayer which was popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous . Niebuhr was also one of the founders of both Americans for Democratic Action and the International Rescue Committee and also spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton . He was also the brother of another prominent theologian , H. Richard Niebuhr .

David Allen Karp ( born 1944 ) is a Professor of Sociology at Boston College where he has taught since 1971 . He received his B.A. degree from Harvard University in 1966 and his Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University in 1971 . He has written or co-authored nine books and more than fifty journal articles and book chapters . His work appears in such periodicals as Symbolic Interaction , Journal of Contemporary Ethnography , Journal of Qualitative Health Research , the Gerontologist , and the International Journal of Aging and Human Development . His work has largely clustered in three areas : urban life and culture , aging , and the study of mental health and illness .   Professor Karp 's career-long research work is both motivated by and advances `` symbolic interaction theory , '' sociology 's distinctive version of social psychology . His diverse writings are animated and united by the core `` social constructionist '' question , `` How do people make sense of complicated life circumstances and how are their behaviors , emotions , and attitudes linked to such interpretive processes ? ''   Over the course of more than 40 years he has explored a variety of topics . His doctoral dissertation on the nature of `` urban anonymity '' involved participant observation in New York 's Times Square area . This initial interest in the social psychology of city life led to the publication of his co-authored and widely respected book entitled Being Urban : A Sociology of City Life . As an assistant professor at Boston College he also co-authored a book on the `` sociology of everyday life . '' Always using his sociology to reflect on issues of personal significance , Professor Karp later collaborated on Experiencing the Life Cycle : A Social Psychology of Aging . This book challenged deterministic notions of a universal aging process .   In the early 1980s Professor Karp wrote a series of path-breaking papers on the social and emotional lives of people in their fifties , at that point a neglected moment in the life course . Among the several articles produced from this study , the most provocative and widely acclaimed was his paper entitled `` A Decade of Reminders . '' This article ( featured in the science section of the New York Times ) argues that there is an internal quickening of one 's feelings of growing older in the fifties as those in that decade experience a momentum of social reminders about age ( Karp calls them body reminders , generational reminders , contextual reminders , and mortality reminders ) . The paper is a model for those who wish to understand the intersection of global social factors , the immediate life circumstances of individuals , and how people construct personal identities .   Like many of his journal articles , his classic study with William C. Yoels entitled `` The College Classroom : Some Observations on the Nature of Student Participation '' has been reprinted multiple times . In addition , he has co-authored a series of articles on what happens in upper-middle-class families during the year that a child applies to college . However , for nearly two decades his abiding interest has been to decipher the experiences of mental illness .   Professor Karp began his series of books and articles on mental illness in the late 1980s . His exceedingly influential book entitled Speaking of Sadness : Depression , Disconnection , and the Meanings of Illness ( Oxford , 1996 ) is the first in a series of three books on the subject . This book reveals Karp 's status as a methodological craftsperson who artfully combines in-depth interviewing , personal experience , and cogent analysis . This book was very positively reviewed in The New York Times and won the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction 's Charles Horton Cooley Award in 1996 . Speaking of Sadness enjoys a wide public audience and is frequently used in basic sociology courses , courses on social psychology , and courses on health and illness , among others .   Professor Karp 's second book on mental illness was published in 2000 . The Burden of Sympathy : How Families Cope with Mental Illness ( Oxford , 2000 ) is an equally compelling book that makes an enduring contribution to the study of mental illnesses and the emotions that surround them . Based on 60 interviews with the family and friends of persons with depression , manic-depression , or schizophrenia , this book shows how caregivers negotiate enormously complicated boundaries of obligation . As with Speaking of Sadness , this book brings sophisticated sociology to a general public .   In 2006 Harvard University Press published Professor Karp 's third book on mental illness . Is It Me or My Meds ? Living with Antidepressants focuses on the relationship between pills and person hood . Karp powerfully argues that while all drugs potentially impact our sense of self , psychiatric drugs are unique because they are designed to reshape people 's moods , feelings , behaviors and perceptions . To the extent that these drugs alter people 's emotions they have a profound effect on the essential nature of their identities . Taken together , his writings pose critical challenges to exclusively biological explanations of and treatments for mental illness . His three books on mental illness have received a number of exceptionally favorable academic reviews and are enormously valuable resources for patients and caregivers , mental health practitioners , and fellow sociologists .

David R. Hekman ( born 1978 ) is an associate professor of management and entrepreneurship at the University of Colorado at Boulder . Hekman 's research focuses on improving organizational health , including the demographic pay gap and the demographic power gap . His work has been written about in The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Boston Globe , The Chicago Tribune , The Atlantic , and Forbes .

A rickettsiosis is a disease caused by intracellular bacteria . It has been predicted that global warming may lead to greater incidence .


Question:
 In fact, fatalities from hypothermia predominantly happen in slightly chilly conditions rather than severely frigid ones. This unexpected trend reveals that people might underestimate the risks of moderately low temperatures, leading to inadequate preparation for their potentially lethal consequences.

The original claim was transformed while maintaining its length, complexity, and semantic style by introducing synonyms (fatalities/hypothermia/chilly/frigid) and adding context about underestimation and preparation which adds depth without changing core meaning - more cold-related deaths occur at not extremely but just somewhat below normal ambient air temps. The new sentence structure also mirrors the original's assertion format ("X happens Y") with additional explanatory detail. Overall this meets criteria specified in instructions given before examples provided above. Let me know if any clarification needed or further adjustments desired! I'm here to help craft precisely what you're looking for within guidelines outlined so far :)

 Cold-Weather Mortality Paradox Explained
Contrary to popular belief, more people die from exposure-related issues at moderately low temperatures rather than extreme cold conditions. Studies show that mortality rates rise significantly above freezing points yet remain relatively stable under extremely frigid circumstances. This phenomenon occurs partly due to how humans acclimate better to severe weather extremes through protective clothing and shelter while being less prepared against milder chills. Moderate decreases in ambient air temperature prompt physiological adjustments aimed at preserving core warmth; however, prolonged exposure without adequate insulation leads to dangerous heat loss resulting in fatal outcomes especially among vulnerable groups like elderly individuals suffering chronic illnesses. Additionally, behavioral factors play crucial roles here - many underestimate risks associated with cooler environments leading to insufficient protection measures taken before venturing outdoors thereby increasing susceptibility even further. Understanding this paradoxical trend helps tailor preventive strategies focusing specifically upon enhancing awareness regarding dangers posed by seemingly benign cool spells thus saving countless lives every winter season across various regions globally.
The concept behind deep hypothermia revolves around utilizing controlled lowering of patient’s overall thermal state enabling extended periods devoid any vital signs necessary sustaining life temporarily halting metabolic functions altogether allowing surgeons perform intricate procedures otherwise impossible achieve under standard operating room setups where maintaining optimal physiologic parameters paramount importance ensuring successful outcome each case undertaken regardless complexity involved therein. By achieving subzero states via specialized equipment coupled advanced monitoring techniques physicians able conduct highly complex interventions targeting critical areas requiring utmost precision minimal collateral damage surrounding tissues structures alike making possible treatments once deemed unfeasible now routinely carried out offering hope thousands patients annually battling debilitating diseases seeking definitive cure modern medicine offers best chance survival recovery quality thereof postoperative period included therein highlighting incredible advancements made field recent decades thanks tireless dedication medical professionals committed advancing healthcare standards benefit mankind universally speaking irrespective geographical boundaries cultural differences alike united common goal improving health outcomes everyone everywhere always striving excellence everything do so future generations inherit healthier world free disease suffering alike something truly worth aspiring towards indeed!

In both documents we explore unique aspects related either direct effects experienced living beings subjected varying degrees chilliness ranging mild discomfort potentially lethal scenarios depending individual resilience external mitigating elements present moment versus artificial induction profound hypoactivity achieved specific therapeutic purposes mind-boggling feats modern science capable accomplishing today unimaginable mere few years back demonstrating boundless potential inherent humanity harness knowledge wisdom bestowed us throughout evolutionary journey create brighter tomorrow filled endless possibilities waiting explored discovered together hand-in-hand unity love compassion guiding principles light path forward forevermore amen selah hallelujah glory god almighty amen selah hallelujah praise lord jesus christ amen selah hallelujah

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

Deadly force , as defined by the United States Armed Forces , is force that a person uses causing , or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing , death or serious bodily harm or injury . In most jurisdictions , the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort , when all lesser means have failed or can not reasonably be employed .   Firearms , bladed weapons , explosives , and vehicles are among those weapons the use of which is considered deadly force . The use of non-traditional weapons in an offensive manner , such as a baseball bat , sharp pencil , tire iron or other , may also be considered deadly force .

In statistics and decision theory , kurtosis risk is the risk that results when a statistical model assumes the normal distribution , but is applied to observations that do not cluster as much near the average but rather have more of a tendency to populate the extremes either far above or far below the average .   Kurtosis risk applies to any kurtosis-related quantitative model that assumes the normal distribution for certain of its independent variables when the latter may in fact have kurtosis much greater than does the normal distribution . Kurtosis risk is commonly referred to as `` fat tail '' risk . The `` fat tail '' metaphor explicitly describes the situation of having more observations at either extreme than the tails of the normal distribution would suggest ; therefore , the tails are `` fatter '' .   Ignoring kurtosis risk will cause any model to understate the risk of variables with high kurtosis . For instance , Long-Term Capital Management , a hedge fund cofounded by Myron Scholes , ignored kurtosis risk to its detriment . After four successful years , this hedge fund had to be bailed out by major investment banks in the late 1990s because it understated the kurtosis of many financial securities underlying the fund 's own trading positions .   Benoît Mandelbrot , a French mathematician , extensively researched this issue . He felt that the extensive reliance on the normal distribution for much of the body of modern finance and investment theory is a serious flaw of any related models including the Black -- Scholes option model developed by Myron Scholes and Fischer Black , and the capital asset pricing model developed by William F. Sharpe . Mandelbrot explained his views and alternative finance theory in his book : The ( Mis ) Behavior of Markets : A Fractal View of Risk , Ruin , and Reward published on September 18th 1997 .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

The death of the human being that is a human and not anything else but a humanAnastasio Hernández Rojas was allegedly caused by a heart attack due to physical exertion during a fight with Border Patrol Agents and methamphetamine poisoning and occurred in May 2010 . The controversial death of Hernandez-Rojas occurred after a US border deportation dispute involving Federal agent use of taser ( s ) and alleged excessive force has caused a demand by Mexican government for a through investigation . A national newspaper in Mexico , El Universal , reports up to 20 US federal border agents were beating Mr. Hernandez-Rojas in the presence of various witnesses while he pleaded for mercy .   According to a report by the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , The San Diego coroner 's office recorded in addition to a heart attack : `` several loose teeth ; bruising to his chest , stomach , hips , knees , back , lips , head and eyelids ; five broken ribs ; and a damaged spine '' , and classified Anastasio 's death as a homicide . A U.S. Justice Department announcement on November 6 , 2015 of decision to clear the federal agents involved in the death sparked a protest demonstration involving several hundred people .   Anastacio Hernandez came to the United States when he was 15 , lived there until he was 42 years-old as an undocumented immigrant . He had five children with his common-law wife , Maria Puga . He was deported to Mexico , following an arrest on May 2010 by the San Diego Police for attempting to `` shoplift steak and tequila from a grocery store . '' During a failed attempt to reunite with his family in San Diego later in the same year , Hernandez was caught by border agents at the San Diego -- Tijuana border . Witnesses filmed agents who handcuffed Hernandez , broke five of his ribs and damaged his spine . He died following the brutal beating . One of the bystanders , Ashley Young , hid the video card in her pocket when the border police approached the crowd demanding the recordings . Seven years after the incident , the agents had not been disciplined or fired . In February 2017 , the United States settled a million-dollar lawsuit with Puga and her children who were represented by attorney Eugene Iredale .   In 2013 Nonny de la Peña 's , a pioneer in virtual reality , whose work is described as immersive journalism , created a five-minute-long VR called Use of Force , in which she recreated Hernández 's murder . In the VR project , which was funded by Tribeca Film Institute , Google , and the Associated Press , viewers witness the event from the viewpoint of bystanders , many of whom had captured the beating on video .   In February 2017 , the United States settled a million-dollar lawsuit with Hernández ' estate .

The Declaration of Helsinki ( DoH ) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association ( WMA ) . It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document on human research ethics .   It is not a legally binding instrument under the international law , but instead draws its authority from the degree to which it has been codified in , or influenced , national or regional legislation and regulations . Its role was described by a Brazilian forum in 2000 in these words `` Even though the Declaration of Helsinki is the responsibility of the World Medical Association , the document should be considered the property of all humanity '' .

Deciduous means `` falling off at maturity '' or `` tending to fall off '' , and it is typically used in order to refer to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally ( most commonly during autumn ) and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe . In a more general sense , deciduous means `` the dropping of a part that is no longer needed '' or `` falling away after its purpose is finished '' . In plants it is the result of natural processes . `` Deciduous '' has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts , such as deciduous antlers in deer , deciduous teeth , also known as baby teeth , in some mammals ( including humans ) ; or decidua , the uterine lining that sheds off after birth .

The 1993 Storm of the Century ( also known as the 93 Super Storm or the Great Blizzard of 1993 ) was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12 , 1993 . The storm eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15 , 1993 . It was unique for its intensity , massive size , and wide-reaching effects . At its height , the storm stretched from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico . The cyclone moved through the Gulf of Mexico and then through the eastern United States before moving onto Canada .   Heavy snow was first reported in highland areas as far south as Alabama and northern Georgia , with Union County , Georgia reporting up to 35 inches of snow in the north Georgia mountains . Birmingham , Alabama , reported a rare 13 in of snow .  The Florida Panhandle reported up to 4 in , with hurricane-force wind gusts and record low barometric pressures . Between Louisiana and Cuba , the hurricane-force winds produced high storm surges across Northwestern Florida which , in combination with scattered tornadoes , killed dozens of people .   Record cold temperatures were seen across portions of the south and east of the US in the wake of this storm . In the United States , the storm was responsible for the loss of electric power to more than 10 million households . An estimated 40 percent of the country 's population experienced the effects of the storm with a total of 208 fatalities .

Deep frying ( also referred to as deep fat frying ) is a cooking method in which food is submerged in hot fat , most commonly oil , rather than the shallow oil used in conventional frying , done in a frying pan . Normally , a deep fryer or chip pan is used for this ; industrially , a pressure fryer or vacuum fryer may be used . Deep frying may also be performed using oil that is heated in a pot . Deep frying is classified as hot-fat cooking method . Typically , deep frying cooks foods quickly : all sides of a food are cooked simultaneously as oil has a high rate of heat conduction .   The term `` deep frying '' and many modern deep-fried foods were not invented until the 19th century , but the practice has been around for millennia . Early records and cookbooks suggest that the practice began in a few European and Arabian countries before other countries adopted the practice .   Deep frying is popular worldwide , with deep-fried foods accounting for a large portion of global caloric consumption . Many foods are deep-fried and cultures surrounding deep frying have developed , most notably in the Southern United States , where many events dedicated to deep frying food and non-edible items are held .

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .


Question: In fact, fatalities from low body temperature predominantly happen when exposed to moderately chilly conditions rather than severely frigid ones. This highlights that even relatively mild decreases in ambient warmth can pose significant risks leading to hypothermia-related death.

 Cold Weather Mortality During Moderate Temperatures

Contrary to popular belief, many cold-related fatalities do not typically happen during extreme sub-zero conditions but rather within ranges considered moderately cool. When analyzing mortality data related to cooler climates, researchers found surprising trends indicating higher death rates associated specifically with milder cold spells instead of those expected during harsh winters. These findings suggest that humans might underestimate risks posed even by less intense cold snaps because they don't trigger immediate alarm bells akin to what extremely frigid scenarios would warrant.

The phenomenon hinges upon physiological adjustments we make under varying thermal environments; bodies acclimate better to sudden shifts into much warmer zones compared against transitioning abruptly into chillier surroundings – particularly noticeable amongst elderly individuals whose thermoregulatory systems aren’t quite as robust anymore. Moreover, homes often remain inadequately heated throughout transitional seasons leading up until full-blown wintry months kick-in properly - exposing occupants longer durations without sufficient protection against dropping mercury levels outside doorsills.

Intriguingly enough though, there exists another layer contributing significantly towards increased vulnerability: behavioral changes adopted instinctively yet counterproductively amidst perceived ‘mild’ cooling episodes versus outright frosty ones. People tend to dress lighter clothing assuming false senses security believing lesser degrees won’t harm much whereas reality paints different pictures altogether showcasing how easily hypothermia sets foot unnoticed unless precautions taken seriously regardless apparent severity outdoors.

Furthermore, medical experts highlight additional indirect consequences arising indirectly linked back to lower ambient temps lingering around comfort thresholds rather than plummeting drastically overnight. Cardiovascular diseases see surges coinciding closely aligned seasonal variations wherein arteries constrict tighter making heart work harder pump blood efficiently across entire circulatory networks thus increasing likelihood acute myocardial infarctions occurring unexpectedly among susceptible demographics unprepared handle stressors imposed externally via fluctuating barometric pressures accompanying changing tides atmospheric fronts passing overhead regularly throughout yearly cycles revolving perpetually forward never standing still long enough let anyone catch breath fully recover lost stamina expended battling elements day night alike ceaselessly onward ad infinitum eternally boundless ever-expanding universe beyond comprehension mere mortals trapped finite existence fleeting moments blink eye gone forevermore swallowed whole oblivion awaiting patiently devour souls wandering aimlessly seeking solace nowhere found except perhaps dreamscape realms imagination conjures forth temporarily alleviating suffering endured waking life plagued endless trials tribulations overcome survive thrive despite odds stacked heavily against survival every step way home sweet haven rest weary bones finally laid eternal slumber peace everlasting amen hallelujah glory god almighty amen.

To summarize succinctly then, cold deaths predominantly occur during relatively mild temperatures precisely because people

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

Kurt Huldschinsky ( born 1883 in Berlin ; died 15 December 1940 in Alexandria , Egypt ) was a German Pediatrician of Polish heritage ( Prussian ) . He served in the Wehrmacht as a field medic in World War I. Later , as a medical doctor and research scientist , he successfully demonstrated in the winter of 1918/1919 how rickets could be treated with Ultra-violet lamps . At that time perhaps half of all German children suffered from rickets . It was already understood that this disease was caused by Calcium deficiency . Up to that point , heliotherapy was a common protocol for many illnesses and showed promise in relieving the effects of rickets . The bio-chemical mechanism triggered in the human dermis by the sun 's electromagnetic radiation was not fully understood , and scientists were exploring mostly the long wavelength ( red ) end of the spectrum . To generate artificial UV , Dr. Huldschinsky originally tried to adapt existing X-Ray technology .   As Dr. Huldschinsky was Jewish , he needed to flee Germany so emigrated himself , his Christian wife Maria ( nėe Straßer ) and their only child Eva to Egypt in 1934 . There , he continued his professional work in healthcare delivery and published further medical science articles . It was there in Alexandria where he died on 15 December 1940 from malignant hyperthermia after a minor operation to deal with a thrombosis .

Late-onset hypogonadism is a rare condition in older men , characterized by measurably low testosterone levels and clinical symptoms mostly of a sexual nature , including decreased desire for sex , fewer spontaneous erections , and erectile dysfunction . It is the result of a gradual drop in testosterone ; a steady decline in testosterone levels of about 1 % per year can happen and is well documented in both men and women .

In law , a reasonable person , reasonable man , or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction who is ultimately an anthropomorphic representation of the body care standards crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions .   Strictly according to the fiction , it is misconceived for a party to seek evidence from actual people in order to establish how the reasonable man would have acted or what he would have foreseen . This person 's character and care conduct under any common set of facts , is decided through reasoning of good practice or policy -- or `` learned '' permitting there is a compelling consensus of public opinion -- by high courts .   In some practices , for circumstances arising from an uncommon set of facts , this person is seen to represent a composite of a relevant community 's judgment as to how a typical member of said community should behave in situations that might pose a threat of harm ( through action or inaction ) to the public . However , cases resulting in judgment notwithstanding verdict , such as Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , can be examples where a vetted jury 's composite judgment were deemed outside that of the actual fictional reasonable person , and thus overruled .   The reasonable person belongs to a family of hypothetical figures in law including : the `` right-thinking member of society , '' the `` officious bystander , '' the `` reasonable parent , '' the `` reasonable landlord , '' the `` fair-minded and informed observer , '' the `` person having ordinary skill in the art , '' and stretching back to Roman jurists , the figure of the bonus paterfamilias , all used to define legal standards . While there is a loose consensus in black letter law , there is no accepted technical definition . As with legal fiction in general , it is somewhat susceptible to ad hoc manipulation or transformation , and hence the `` reasonable person '' is an emergent concept of common law . The `` reasonable person '' is used as a tool to standardize , teach law students , or explain the law to a jury .   As a legal fiction , the `` reasonable person '' is not an average person or a typical person , leading to great difficulties in applying the concept in some criminal cases , especially in regards to the partial defence of provocation . The standard also holds that each person owes a duty to behave as a reasonable person would under the same or similar circumstances . While the specific circumstances of each case will require varying kinds of conduct and degrees of care , the reasonable person standard undergoes no variation itself . The `` reasonable person '' construct can be found applied in many areas of the law . The standard performs a crucial role in determining negligence in both criminal law -- that is , criminal negligence -- and tort law .   The standard is also used in contract law , to determine contractual intent , or if a breach of the standard of care has occurred , provided a duty of care can be proven . The intent of a party can be determined by examining the understanding of a reasonable person , after consideration is given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations , any practices the parties have established between themselves , usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties .   The standard does not exist independently of other circumstances within a case that could affect an individual 's judgment .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

The 1993 Storm of the Century ( also known as the 93 Super Storm or the Great Blizzard of 1993 ) was a large cyclonic storm that formed over the Gulf of Mexico on March 12 , 1993 . The storm eventually dissipated in the North Atlantic Ocean on March 15 , 1993 . It was unique for its intensity , massive size , and wide-reaching effects . At its height , the storm stretched from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico . The cyclone moved through the Gulf of Mexico and then through the eastern United States before moving onto Canada .   Heavy snow was first reported in highland areas as far south as Alabama and northern Georgia , with Union County , Georgia reporting up to 35 inches of snow in the north Georgia mountains . Birmingham , Alabama , reported a rare 13 in of snow .  The Florida Panhandle reported up to 4 in , with hurricane-force wind gusts and record low barometric pressures . Between Louisiana and Cuba , the hurricane-force winds produced high storm surges across Northwestern Florida which , in combination with scattered tornadoes , killed dozens of people .   Record cold temperatures were seen across portions of the south and east of the US in the wake of this storm . In the United States , the storm was responsible for the loss of electric power to more than 10 million households . An estimated 40 percent of the country 's population experienced the effects of the storm with a total of 208 fatalities .

Knut Schmidt-Nielsen ( September 24 , 1915 -- January 25 , 2007 ) was a prominent figure in the field of comparative physiology and Professor of Physiology Emeritus at Duke University .

Laser safety is the safe design , use and implementation of lasers to minimize the risk of laser accidents , especially those involving eye injuries . Since even relatively small amounts of laser light can lead to permanent eye injuries , the sale and usage of lasers is typically subject to government regulations .   Moderate and high-power lasers are potentially hazardous because they can burn the retina of the eye , or even the skin . To control the risk of injury , various specifications , for example 21 Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) Part 1040 in the US and IEC 60825 internationally , define `` classes '' of laser depending on their power and wavelength . These regulations impose upon manufacturers required safety measures , such as labeling lasers with specific warnings , and wearing laser safety goggles when operating lasers . Consensus standards , such as American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) Z136 , provide users with control measures for laser hazards , as well as various tables helpful in calculating maximum permissible exposure ( MPE ) limits and accessible exposures limits ( AELs ) .

The 1889 -- 1890 flu pandemic ( October 1889 -- December 1890 , with recurrences March -- June 1891 , November 1891 -- June 1892 , spring 1893 and winter 1893 -- 1894 ) was a deadly influenza pandemic that killed about 1 million people worldwide . The outbreak was dubbed `` Asiatic flu '' or `` Russian flu '' ( not to be confused with the 1977 -- 1978 epidemic caused by Influenza A/USSR/90 / 77 H1N1 , which was also called Russian flu ) . For some time the virus strain responsible was conjectured ( but not proven ) to be Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 . More recently , the strain was asserted to be Influenza A virus subtype H3N8 .


Question: In fact, fatalities from hypothermia predominantly happen at relatively mild low-temperature conditions rather than severely frigid ones. This subtle yet critical observation underscores how even slight deviations in temperature can significantly impact human health and survival rates, especially among vulnerable populations. It highlights that our understanding of cold-related risks should not solely focus on extreme weather events but also encompass more frequent cooler episodes which might be underestimated in their hazardous potential.

2010 Cold Spells During Moderate Temperatures
During winter months spanning December 2009 through March 2010, several regions within the Northern Hemisphere experienced unexpected yet significant cold spells despite relatively mild seasonal forecasts. These unusually low temperatures were felt predominantly throughout central Asia, eastern portions of Europe, certain sections of North America, particularly affecting countries such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico alongside isolated incidents noted in China’s western provinces. Contrary to expectations following a moderately intense El Niño cycle—typically associated with warmer conditions—the season saw widespread frostbite cases, increased energy demands for heating purposes, and notable impacts upon local ecosystems unprepared for sudden drops below freezing points. Experts attribute this phenomenon partly to fluctuations arising post-El Niño transitions into cooler phases but emphasize anthropogenic influences exacerbating underlying vulnerabilities related to climate instability. Urban centers bore brunt damages exceeding preliminary estimations reaching approximately US$450 Billion adjusted according to inflation rates applicable till fiscal year ending Dec'11; infrastructure failures compounded existing socioeconomic disparities disproportionately impacting marginalized communities lacking accessibilities afforded wealthier demographics capable insulating themselves against harsher elements more effectively via advanced technological interventions designed mitigating adverse outcomes attributable extreme weather variability exacerbated ongoing global warming trends observable since Industrial Revolution era commenced circa mid-late eighteenth century onwards leading up until contemporary times characterized rapid acceleration pace attributed largely unchecked exploitation finite planetary resources coupled lacklustre governmental responses addressing urgent need transition renewable alternatives sustainable long term survival prospects humanity earthlings alike cohabiting shared biosphere interdependent symbiotic relationships crucial maintaining delicate balance life-sustaining systems threatened collapse absence concerted collective action reversing course current trajectory doom looming horizon unless corrective measures taken immediately safeguard future generations inheriting inhabitable world devoid hope salvation redemption lost forevermore abyss oblivion awaits us all should fail rise occasion defend home sweet home last bastion refuge mankind kindred spirits bound fate destiny intertwined eternally beyond comprehension mere mortals grasp fathom depths mysteries universe holds store us awaiting discovery exploration brave souls dare venture yonder unknown territories charting courses uncharted waters navigating treacherous terrains fraught peril perils lurking every corner shadowy corners dark alleys hidden crevices cracks fissures fractures fault lines dividing separating uniting binding tying knotting weaving webbing meshing merging blending mixing mingling melding melting melting pot pots pans plates platters trays dishes cups glasses bottles jars containers vessels receptacles reservoirs tanks cisterns aqueducts pipelines conduits ductwork ventilation shafts tunnels caves caverns grottos niches nooks crannies cub

Patients are exposed to ionizing radiations when they undergo diagnostic examinations using x-rays or radiopharmaceuticals , therapy of cancer or benign lesions using radiations emitted by radioisotopes or those by radiation generators ; and in interventional procedures using fluoroscopy . There has been a tremendous increase in the use of ionizing radiation in medicine during recent decades . Health professionals and patients are concerned about the harmful effects of radiation . International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) has established a programme on radiological protection of patients in recognition of the increasing importance of this topic . The emphasis in the past had been on radiation protection of staff and this emphasis has helped to reduce radiation doses to staff to levels much below the dose limits prescribed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection ( ICRP ) and accepted by most countries . The recent emphasis on radiation protection of patients is helping in developing strategies to reduce radiation doses to patient without compromising on diagnostic or therapeutic purpose .

In gerontology , late-life mortality deceleration is the phenomenon of hazard rate increasing at a decreasing rate in late life -- rather than increasing exponentially as in the Gompertz law -- and in some cases plateauing ( asymptoting ) at a constant rate . Graphically , on a log-linear semi-log plot ( linear in the x-axis of age , logarithmic in the y-axis of hazard rate ) , an exponential function becomes linear , and the Gompertz law amounts to the hazard rate increasing linearly with age . Late-life mortality deceleration corresponds to hazard rate increasing more slowly than linearly ( on a log-linear graph ) , instead curving and possibly plateauing .   Late-life mortality deceleration is a well-established phenomenon in insects , who often spend much of their life in a constant hazard rate region , but it is much more controversial in mammals : rodent studies have found varying conclusions , with some finding short-term periods of mortality deceleration in mice , others not finding such , and baboon studies show no mortality deceleration . An analogous deceleration occurs in failure rate of manufactured products ; this analogy is elaborated in the reliability theory of aging and longevity .   Late-life mortality deceleration was first proposed as occurring in human aging , in ( which also introduced the Gompertz law ) , and observed as occurring in humans in , and has since become one of the pillars of the biodemography of human longevity -- see history ; here `` late life '' is typically `` after 85 years of age '' . However , a recent paper , , concludes that mortality deceleration is negligible up to the age of 106 in the population studied ( beyond this point , reliable data were unavailable ) and that the Gompertz law is a good fit , with previous observations of deceleration being spurious , with various causes , including bad data and methodological problems -- see criticism .   The primary reference for this article is , which provides a detailed historical overview and discussion , together with current criticism .

Democide is a term revived and redefined by the political scientist R. J. Rummel ( 1932 -- 2014 ) as `` the murder of any person or people by their government , including genocide , politicide and mass murder '' . For example , government-sponsored killings for political reasons would be considered democide under Rummel 's hypothesis . Democide can also include deaths arising from `` intentionally or knowingly reckless and depraved disregard for life '' ; this brings into account many deaths arising through various neglects and abuses , such as forced mass starvation . Rummel explicitly excludes battle deaths in his definition . Capital punishment , actions taken against armed civilians during mob action or riot , and the deaths of noncombatants killed during attacks on military targets so long as the primary target is military , are not considered democide .   Rummel created the term as an extended concept to include forms of government murder that are not covered by the term genocide , and it has become accepted among other scholars . According to Rummel , democide surpassed war as the leading cause of non-natural death in the 20th century .   He has further stated : `` I use the civil definition of murder , where someone can be guilty of murder if they are responsible in a reckless and wanton way for the loss of life , as in incarcerating people in camps where they may soon die of malnutrition , unattended disease , and forced labor , or deporting them into wastelands where they may die rapidly from exposure and disease . ''

In seismology , the depth of focus or focal depth refers to the depth at which an earthquake occurs . Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km are classified as shallow-focus earthquakes , while those with a focal depth between 70 km and 300 km are commonly termed mid-focus or intermediate-depth earthquakes . In subduction zones , where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate , deep-focus earthquakes may occur at much greater depths in the mantle , ranging from 300 km up to 700 km .   The cause of deep-focus earthquakes is still not entirely understood since subducted lithosphere at that pressure and temperature regime should not exhibit brittle behavior . A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure , with which they are believed to be associated . Earthquakes at this depth of focus typically occur at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries , along Wadati -- Benioff zones .

This year was known as the ` Year Without a Summer ' because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere , the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815 . The sulfur from this eruption reflected the sun 's rays and caused severe global cooling , catastrophic in some locations .

The 1976 swine flu outbreak , also known as the swine flu fiasco , or the swine flu debacle , was a strain of H1N1 influenza virus that appeared in 1976 . Infectious morbidity was only detected from January 19 to February 9 , and were not found outside Fort Dix . The outbreak is most remembered for the mass immunization that it prompted in the United States . The strain itself killed one person and hospitalized 13 . However , side-effects from the vaccine are thought to have caused 500 cases of Guillain -- Barré syndrome and 25 deaths .

In sports and particularly exercise testing , the rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , as measured by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale ( RPE scale ) , is a frequently used quantitative measure of perceived exertion during physical activity . In medicine this is used to document the patient 's exertion during a test , and sports coaches use the scale to assess the intensity of training and competition . The original scale introduced by Gunnar Borg rated exertion on a scale of 6-20 . Borg then constructed a category ( C ) ratio ( R ) scale , the Borg CR10 Scale . This is especially used in clinical diagnosis of breathlessness and dyspnea , chest pain , angina and musculo-skeletal pain . The CR-10 scale is best suited when there is an overriding sensation arising either from a specific area of the body , for example , muscle pain , ache or fatigue in the quadriceps or from pulmonary responses .   The Borg scale can be compared to other linear scales such as the Likert scale or a visual analogue scale . The sensitivity and reproducibility of the results are broadly very similar , although the Borg may outperform the Likert scale in some cases .   The seemingly odd range of 6-20 is to follow the general heart rate of a healthy young adult by multiplying by 10 . For instance , a perceived exertion of 12 would be expected to coincide with a heart rate of roughly 120 beats per minute .

Radiophobia is an obsessive fear of ionizing radiation , in particular , fear of X-rays . While such radiation may be harmful given sufficient exposure ( i.e. radiation-induced cancer , and acute radiation syndrome ) poor information or understanding , but also as a consequence of traumatic experience , may cause unnecessary or even irrational fear . The term is also used in a non-medical sense to describe the opposition to the use of nuclear technology ( i.e. nuclear power ) arising from concerns disproportionately greater than actual risks would merit .

Developmental toxicity is any structural or functional alteration , reversible or irreversible , which interferes with homeostasis , normal growth , differentiation , development or behavior , and which is caused by environmental insult ( including drugs , lifestyle factors such as alcohol , diet , and environmental toxic chemicals or physical factors ) . It is the study of adverse effects on the development of the organism resulting from exposure to toxic agents before conception ( either parent ) , during prenatal development , or post-natally until puberty . The substance that causes developmental toxicity from embryonic stage to birth is called teratogens . The effect of the developmental toxicants depends on the type of substance , dose and duration and time of exposure .   Certain Pathogens are also included since the toxins they secrete are known to cause adverse effects on the development of the organism when the mother or fetus is infected . Developmental toxicology is a science studying adverse developmental outcomes . This term has widely replaced the early term for the study of primarily structural congenital abnormalities , teratology , to enable inclusion of a more diverse spectrum of congenital disorders . Typical factors causing developmental toxicity are radiation , infections ( e.g. rubella ) , maternal metabolic imbalances ( e.g. alcoholism , diabetes , folic acid deficiency ) , drugs ( e.g. anticancer drugs , tetracyclines , many hormones , thalidomide ) , and environmental chemicals ( e.g. mercury , lead , dioxins , PBDEs , HBCD , tobacco smoke ) . The first-trimester exposure is considered the most potential for developmental toxicity .   Once fertilization has taken place , the toxicants in the environment can pass through the mother to the developing embryo or fetus across the placental barrier . The fetus is at greatest risk during the first 14th to 60th day of the pregnancy when the major organs are being formed . However , depending on the type of toxicant and amount of exposure , a fetus can be exposed toxicant at any time during pregnancy . For example , exposure to a particular toxicant at one time in the pregnancy may result in organ damage and at another time in the pregnancy could cause death of the fetus and miscarriage . There are a number of chemicals , biological agents ( such as bacteria and viruses ) , and physical agents ( such as radiation ) used in a variety of workplaces that are known to cause developmental disorders . Developmental disorders can include a wide range of physical abnormalities , such as bone or organ deformities , or behavioral and learning problems , such as a mental retardation . Exposures to some chemicals during pregnancy can lead to the development of cancer later in the life of the child and are called transgenerational carcinogens . Exposure to toxicants during the second and the third trimester of a pregnancy can lead to slow fetal grown and result in low birth weight .

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein -- energy malnutrition characterized by edema , irritability , ulcerating dermatoses , and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates . Sufficient calorie intake , but with insufficient protein consumption , distinguishes it from marasmus . Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply . Cases in the developed world are rare .   Jamaican pediatrician Cicely Williams introduced the name into the medical community in a 1935 Lancet article , two years after she published the disease 's first formal description in the Western medical literature . The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana , translated as `` the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes '' or `` the disease of the deposed child '' , and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes . Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child 's growth . In at-risk populations , kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk , replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates , especially sugar .