Question: Multiple autonomous inquiries conducted by various nations, academic institutions, and governmental organizations regarding the leaked correspondences concluded without uncovering any indication of misconduct.

 Independent Investigations Confirm No Wrongdoing in Climate Research Controversy

A series of comprehensive inquiries conducted by various international entities, academic institutions, and governmental organizations across multiple nations have thoroughly examined allegations stemming from leaked private communications among scientists involved in climate research. These rigorous assessments concluded there was no substantiated wrongdoing or scientific misconduct. Stemming from concerns raised about data manipulation and suppression of dissenting views, the investigations encompassed detailed reviews of methodologies, findings, and ethical practices employed in studies related to climate science. Participants included experts from renowned universities, national academies of sciences, and specialized committees appointed by governments concerned with environmental policy formulation. Their unanimous finding absolved researchers accused of fabricating results supporting anthropogenic global warming theory. Instead, they reaffirmed confidence in consensus conclusions regarding humanity’s impact on planetary temperatures based upon robust empirical evidence gathered through decades-long collaborative projects spanning continents. Notably absent from any credible accusation was proof suggesting intentional deception aimed at exaggerating perceived threats posed by rising CO2 concentrations linked to industrial activities. Rather than undermining trustworthiness attributed to peer-reviewed publications endorsing man-made climate change hypotheses, exhaustive scrutiny reinforced validity underlying assertions made therein concerning urgent need for mitigation strategies addressing escalating atmospheric GHG loads attributable largely to unabated burning of fossil fuels powering modern economies around globe. Thus vindicated following intense public scrutiny triggered partly by politically motivated smear campaigns targeting credibility of leading authorities advocating aggressive action against looming ecological catastrophe associated with unchecked greenhouse gas accumulation resulting from ongoing reliance upon carbon-intensive energy sources, aggrieved parties received unequivocal endorsement validating integrity maintained throughout careers dedicated advancing understanding surrounding mechanisms governing earth system dynamics amidst mounting pressures exerted via relentless expansionary impulses characterizing contemporary civilization's trajectory towards uncertain future fraught perilous consequences should current trajectories persist unabated much longer without concerted intervention designed reversing course before irreversible tipping points reached beyond recovery.

In summary, extensive evaluations carried out independently confirmed absence malfeasance alleged perpetrated individuals working forefront investigating links connecting recent acceleration observed trends pertaining average global mean air-surface anomalies proximate origins traceable back actions taken humans collectively pursuing lifestyles dependent heavily utilization non-renewable mineral reserves extracted deep subsurface strata constituting finite resource pool destined eventual exhaustion barring unforeseen breakthroughs enabling widespread adoption alternative renewable technologies capable replacing incumbent infrastructure seamlessly overnight without causing severe disruptions economic stability social cohesion necessitating careful planning coordination avoid unintended negative externalities arising hasty transitions away entrenched paradigms favoring short-term gains long term sustainability. Ultimately, latest round deliberations culminated exoneration charges leveled against key figures spearheading efforts elucidate nature scope challenge presented rapidly changing clim

The Defense Message System or Defense Messaging System ( DMS ) is a deployment of secure electronic mail and directory services in the United States Department of Defense . DMS was intended to replace the AUTODIN network , and is based on implementations of the OSI X. 400 mail , X. 500 directory and X. 509 public key certificates , with several extensions to meet the specific needs of military messaging .   DMS is sometimes operated in conjunction with third party products , such as the Navy 's DMDS ( Defense Message Dissemination System ) , a profiling system that takes a message and forwards it , based on message criteria , to parties that are required to take action on a message . This combination has met success with the upper echelons of command , since parties do not have to wait for messaging center operators to route the messages to the proper channels for action . The Navy also uses Navy Regional Enterprise Messaging System ( NREMS ) . NREMS uses an AMHS backend to send secure Organizational Messages via a web interface to Naval commands .   The US Army 's version of DMS is run solely on an AMHS platform both for CONUS and OCONUS operations . The Pentagon Telecommunications Center ( PTC ) is the hub for CONUS operations and there are several AMHS sites OCONUS for strategic messaging . In the tactical environment the Army deploys an independent Tactical Message Systems ( TMS ) that is also built on an AMHS platform for secure messaging capability in austere environments when communications with OCONUS AMHS sites are unavailable .   DMS has been coordinated by the Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) , and testing began in 1995 . DMS has many third-party vendor products , such as DMDS , DMDS Proxy MR , CP-XP ( the CommPower XML Portal ) , AMHS ( Automated Message Handling System ) , MMHS , and CMS 1.0 .

In organizational studies , and particularly new institutional theory , decoupling is the creation and maintenance of gaps between formal policies and actual organizational practices . Organizational researchers have documented decoupling in a variety of organizations , including schools , corporations , government agencies , and social movement organizations . Scholars have proposed a number of explanations for why organizations engage in decoupling . Some researchers have argued that decoupling enables organizations to gain legitimacy with their external members while simultaneously maintaining internal flexibility to address practical considerations . Other scholars have noted that decoupling may occur because it serves the interests of powerful organizational leaders , or because it allows organizational decision-makers to avoid implementing policies that conflict with their ideological beliefs . Recent research has also identified the reverse of decoupling : recoupling , the process whereby `` policies and practices that were once decoupled may eventually become coupled . ''

Language Testing is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers relating to language testing and assessment . Its editors-in-chief are Catherine Elder ( University of Melbourne ) and Glenn Fulcher ( University of Leicester ) . It was established in 1984 and is currently published by SAGE Publications .

A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of digital messages or documents . A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender ( authentication ) , that the sender can not deny having sent the message ( non-repudiation ) , and that the message was not altered in transit ( integrity ) .   Digital signatures are a standard element of most cryptographic protocol suites , and are commonly used for software distribution , financial transactions , contract management software , and in other cases where it is important to detect forgery or tampering .

The Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) is the government department responsible for environmental protection , food production and standards , agriculture , fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Concordats set out agreed frameworks for co operation , between it and the Scottish Government , Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive , which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations .   Defra also leads for Britain at the EU on agricultural , fisheries and environment matters and in other international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change , although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility .

Reuters Group plc was a British multinational media and financial information company headquartered in London , United Kingdom . It was acquired by The Thomson Corporation in 2008 , forming Thomson Reuters .   Reuters Group was best known for the Reuters news agency , which was the original business of the company . By the time of its acquisition by Thomson the bulk of Reuters Group 's revenues came from the provision of financial market data , with news reporting comprising less than 10 % of its turnover .

The Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea is the landmark document resulting from the investigations on human rights in North Korea commissioned by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2013 and concluded in 2014 .   The report unequivocally concluded that the DPRK regime systematically violated human rights including freedom of thought , expression and religion ; freedom from discrimination ; freedom of movement and residence ; and the right to food .   The commission further determined that the State had committed crimes against humanity and manifestly failed to uphold its Responsibility to Protect . These crimes entail `` extermination , murder , enslavement , torture , imprisonment , rape , forced abortions and other sexual violence , persecution on political , religious , racial and gender grounds , the forcible transfer of populations , the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation '' .   Based on the findings in the report , the UN General Assembly passed resolution 69/188 in 2014 condemning human rights abuses and urging the UN Security Council to refer the situation to the International Criminal Court . That same year , and for the first time , the Security Council convened to address human rights in North Korea , but no resolution was adopted .

Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .   Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science .   Dawkins is an atheist , and is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . He opposes the teaching of creationism in schools .   Dawkins has been awarded many prestigious academic and writing awards and he makes regular television , radio and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual .

Richard M. Hogg ( 20 May 1944 -- 6 September 2007 ) was a Scottish linguist who was well known for his research on Old English , phonology , and English dialects . He received his Ph.D. from Edinburgh University under the supervision of Angus McIntosh and John Anderson . He was initially a lecturer in English at the University of Amsterdam from 1969-1973 , then taught at the University of Lancaster ; from 1980 until his death in 2007 he was Smith Professor of English Language and Medieval Literature at the University of Manchester . He served as dean of the arts faculty at Manchester from 1990 to 1993 .   Hogg was the General Editor of The Cambridge History of the English Language ( 6 volumes , published between 1992 and 2001 ) . In 1997 he became one of the founding editors of the journal English Language and Linguistics . His Grammar of Old English , 2 , Morphology , was completed after his death by Rob Fulk and published in 2011 . A collection of essays in Hogg 's honour , Analysing Older English , was published in 2012 . In 2008 , a fellowship for young scholars was set up in his name , sponsored by the International Society for the Linguistics of English .   Hogg was elected as a fellow of the British Academy in 1994 . In 2004 he became a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh .

Richard Sambrook ( born 24 April 1956 ) is Professor of Journalism and Director of the Centre for Journalism at Cardiff School of Journalism , Media and Cultural Studies ( Cardiff University ) . For 30 years , until February 2010 , he was a BBC journalist and news executive . He spent ten years on the management board of the BBC becoming successively Director of BBC Sport , BBC News and , latterly , Director of BBC World Service and Global News . From 2010 until 2012 he was Global Vice Chairman and Chief Content Officer of the Edelman public relations agency .   Sambrook was educated at Maidstone Technical High School , at the University of Reading ( BA in English ) and at Birkbeck College , University of London ( MSc in politics ) . His career began in local newspapers in South Wales .   His time at the BBC was almost entirely in daily news . He was a programme editor , news editor and , later , Head of Newsgathering when the Corporation won a number of awards for its international news coverage . He merged radio and television news , and domestic and World Service newsgathering during this time , resulting in the world 's largest broadcast news operation . He was acting Director of Sport in 2000 , and became Director of News in 2001 .   Sambrook defended in June/July 2003 what became the highly controversial Today programme report that the Blair government had in its September Dossier knowingly exaggerated claims relating to Iraq 's supposed possession of weapons of mass destruction . On 20 July , he confirmed that Dr. David Kelly had been the source of the news item . He later gave evidence to the Hutton Inquiry into Kelly 's apparent suicide .   Sambrook became Director of the World Service and Global News in September 2004 . He oversaw major restructuring of the World Service , and its opening of Arabic and Persian television , as well as commercial interactive services .   Since January 2010 , he has been a Visiting Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford .   He is a Trustee of the WWF-UK and of the International News Safety Institute for which he led an inquiry into the deaths of journalists around the world .  From 2006-2009 , he was Vice President of the European Broadcasting Union and represented public broadcasters on the advisory group to the UN 's Internet Governance Forum . He was a member of the leadership committee of the Global Media AIDS Initiative , established by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in 2004 . He was on the advisory board of the British Council and was formerly Chairman of the BBC 's international charity , the World Service Trust , and a trustee of the free-speech NGO Article 19 . He is a Fellow of the Royal Television Society and of the Royal Society of Arts . He was member of the jury panel of the One World Media Award 2014 .   Sambrook is married with two children .


Question: Multiple autonomous inquiries conducted by various nations, academic institutions, and governmental organizations into the leaked correspondence revealed no proof of misconduct or unethical behavior. These comprehensive reviews consistently concluded that there was no deliberate wrongdoing involved in the incidents under scrutiny.

 Independent Reviews Confirm No Wrongdoing in Climate Research Emails
Numerous independent inquiries conducted by various international institutions, academic establishments, and governmental departments have thoroughly examined the controversially obtained emails related to climate research and determined that they do not indicate any misconduct. Despite initial public outcry following the release of internal correspondence among scientists working on climate studies, subsequent reviews carried out across multiple continents revealed no substantial evidence suggesting unethical behavior within the scientific community involved.
These assessments were performed by distinguished experts hailing from diverse backgrounds, ensuring impartiality throughout each investigation phase. Their findings collectively underscored adherence to professional standards amongst researchers whose work has significantly contributed to understanding anthropogenic impacts on global temperatures.
In late November 2009, thousands of confidential electronic messages exchanged between members affiliated with Britain’s University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit surfaced online unexpectedly; leading many skeptics to question underlying motivations behind advocating stringent measures against carbon emission reductions globally. However, official probes launched soon after—by panels comprising seasoned academics unconnected to either party under scrutiny nor having vested interests therein—conclusively refuted allegations levied against accused parties without exception thus far.
Throughout deliberations spanning several months post-disclosure incident(s), investigators meticulously scrutinized every aspect pertaining thereto: ranging from procedural protocols observed during experimental design phases through final publication stages encompassing peer review mechanisms employed prior approval thereof being granted accordingly thereafter. Ultimately, all committees reached unanimous agreement affirming legitimacy surrounding methodologies utilized alongside resultant outputs emanating thenceforth hence validating claims made regarding accelerating planetary warming trends attributable largely unto human activities specifically those concerning excessive reliance upon non-renewable energy sources contributing disproportionately towards atmospheric CO2 concentrations incrementally rising year-on-year basis consistently observable ever since Industrial Revolution era commenced circa mid-18th century onwards ad infinitum seemingly...
Consequently, assertions positing existence of widespread malpractice permeating entire discipline dedicated solely towards elucidation of complex interrelationships linking biophysical systems together via intricate feedback loops governing dynamics regulating terrestrial ecosystems' health status quo ante bellum versus post facto scenarios alike - ostensibly fueled partly owing to perceived ideological biases harbored privately amongst select few influential personalities occupying key strategic positions capable exerting disproportionate sway over collective decision-making paradigms guiding overall trajectory pursued collaboratively moving forward into uncertain future ahead...have now officially been debunked irrevocably once-and-for-all courtesy aforementioned exhaustive vetting procedures undertaken diligently albeit expeditiously nonetheless yielding definitive outcomes vindicating reputational integrity safeguarded zealously hitherto despite concerted attempts waged relentlessly aiming discredit hard-won achievements garnered painstakingly over decades

Red brick university ( or redbrick university ) is a term originally used to refer to eight or nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century ,  although it is sometimes restricted to only those six that achieved independent university status prior to the first world war . The term is now used more broadly to refer to British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities . Six of the original redbrick institutions , or their predecessor institutes , gained university status before World War I and were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges .   Whilst the term was originally coined as these institutions were new and thus regarded by the ancient universities as arriviste , the description has since ceased to be derogatory with the 1960s proliferation of universities and the reclassification of polytechnics in 1992 . Eight of the nine institutions are members of the Russell Group ( which receives two-thirds of all research grant funding in the United Kingdom ) .

Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications . It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale , harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans , which it is too late to prevent . Hamilton explores why politicians , corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality . He invokes a variety of explanations , including wishful thinking , ideology , consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry . The book builds on the author 's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects , with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher : The Dirty Politics of Climate Change .   Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine , Socialist Review , Sydney Morning Herald , The Age , The Common Review , and Times Higher Education , which named it `` Book of the Week '' . Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine . The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier 's Literary Award .

Revenge pornography , or revenge porn ( informal ) , is the sexually explicit portrayal of one or more people that is distributed without their consent via any medium . The sexually explicit images or video may be made by a partner of an intimate relationship with the knowledge and consent of the subject , or it may be made without his or her knowledge . The possession of the material may be used by the perpetrators to blackmail the subjects into performing other sex acts , to coerce them into continuing the relationship , or to punish them for ending the relationship . Halder and Jaishankar ( 2013 ) define Revenge porn as : `` an act whereby the perpetrator satisfies his anger and frustration for a broken relationship through publicizing false , sexually provocative portrayal of his / her victim , by misusing the information that he may have known naturally and that he may have stored in his personal computer , or may have been conveyed to his electronic device by the victim herself , or may have been stored in the device with the consent of the victim herself ; and which may essentially have been done to publicly defame the victim '' .   In the wake of civil lawsuits and the increasing numbers of reported incidents , legislation has been passed in a number of countries and jurisdictions to outlaw the practice , though approaches have varied . The practice has also been described as a form of psychological abuse and domestic violence , as well as a form of sexual abuse .   The term `` revenge porn '' generally refers to the uploading of this sexually explicit material to humiliate and intimidate the subject , who has broken off the relationship . The term is also often misused to describe non ` revenge ' scenarios , including nonconsensual pornography distributed by hackers or by individuals seeking profit or notoriety . The images are usually accompanied by sufficient information to identify the pictured individual , typically names and locations , and can include links to social media profiles , home addresses and workplaces . Victims , whose images expose them to workplace discrimination , cyber-stalking or physical attack , can have their lives ruined as a result . Given the practice by some companies of searching for potential sources of bad publicity , many victims of revenge porn have lost their jobs and found themselves effectively unhirable .   Jurisdictions which have passed laws against revenge porn include Israel , Germany , the United Kingdom , thirty-four states of the United States , and the Australian states of Victoria and South Australia .

Dipak Kumar Das ( 1947 -- September 19 , 2013 ) was the director of the Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington . Das is known for his work on the beneficial properties of resveratrol , which is found in red wine , but at least twenty of his research papers have been retracted .   On January 11 , 2012 the University of Connecticut Health Center announced that a review board has found Das guilty of 145 counts of fabrication or falsification of data . The three-year investigation examined more than seven years of activity in Das 's lab , and centered on Western blot results that had been manipulated and used in published papers . The investigation into Das was sparked by an anonymous allegation of research irregularities in 2008 . In May 2012 , Das was fired from both positions at the University of Connecticut Health Center . He then sued for $ 35 million in damages , citing libel .

Language Testing is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers relating to language testing and assessment . Its editors-in-chief are Catherine Elder ( University of Melbourne ) and Glenn Fulcher ( University of Leicester ) . It was established in 1984 and is currently published by SAGE Publications .

The Research Policy Institute ( in Swedish Forskningspolitiska institutet ) at Lund University , Lund , Sweden , is an academic research institute devoted to studies of science , technology and society . Founded in 1966 by Stevan Dedijer , the institute is nowadays a part of Lund School of Economics and Management . The institute 's research program is divided on three main areas : '' Research policy , and the dynamics of scientific fields '' , `` Knowledge and innovation for development '' , and `` Studies of risks and risk management ( including social intelligence ) '' . It has a newly started doctoral programme in research policy , which is the first in the specific field in Sweden .

A Research lodge is a particular type of Masonic lodge which is devoted to Masonic research . It is a lodge , and as such has a charter from some Grand Lodge . However , it does not confer degrees , and restricts membership to Master Masons of some jurisdiction in amity with the jurisdiction that the Research Lodge is in . Related to Research Lodges are Masonic research societies , which serve the same purpose but function fundamentally differently . There are research lodges in most countries where Freemasonry exists .   The oldest Research Lodge is Quatuor Coronati No. 2076 , founded in 1886 under the jurisdiction of the United Grand Lodge of England . It accepts members from all over the world through its Correspondence Circle . A book of transactions called Ars Quatuor Coronatorum ( which includes the papers given in the lodge ) has been published every year since 1886 .   Most Research Lodges have some type of transactions , proceedings , or even just a newsletter that is published regularly .

The Reproducibility Project : Psychology was a collaboration of 270 contributing authors to repeat 100 published experimental and correlational psychological studies . This project was led by the Center for Open Science and its co-founder , Brian Nosek , who started the project in November 2011 . The results of this collaboration were published in August 2015 . Reproducibility is the ability to produce a copy or duplicate , in this case it is the ability to replicate the results of the original studies . The project has illustrated the growing problem of failed reproducibility in social science . This project has started a movement that has spread through the science world with the expanded testing of the reproducibility of published works .

Derek William Bentley ( 30 June 1933 -- 28 January 1953 ) was an English man who was hanged for the murder of a policeman , which was committed in the course of a burglary attempt . The murder was said at the time to have been committed by a friend and accomplice of Bentley 's , Christopher Craig , then aged 16 , but whether he had fired the fatal shot was later called into question . Bentley was convicted as a party to murder , by the English law principle of common purpose , `` joint enterprise '' . The jury at the trial found Bentley guilty based on the prosecution 's interpretation of the ambiguous phrase `` Let him have it '' ( Bentley 's alleged instruction to Craig ) , after the judge , Lord Chief Justice Goddard , had described Bentley as `` mentally aiding the murder of Police Constable Sidney Miles '' . Goddard then sentenced Bentley to death : at the time , no other sentence was possible . The Bentley case became a cause célèbre and led to a 45-year-long campaign to win Derek Bentley a posthumous pardon , which was granted in 1993 , and then a further campaign for the quashing of his murder conviction , which occurred in 1998 .

The Research School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment ( SENSE Research School ) is a joint venture for integrated environmental and sustainability research and multidisciplinary PhD training in the Netherlands . The school was accredited by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences ( KNAW ) during 1997-2006 , was not accredited during 2007 , and in 2007 had applied for reaccreditation by a revamped KNAW successor . It was reacccredited in 2008 and 2014 . In 2007 the program listed 80 Ph.D. courses .   In 2013 , there were 600 Ph.D. students affiliated with the program .


Question: Numerous impartial inquiries conducted by various nations, academic institutions, and governmental organizations regarding the leaked correspondences concluded without discovering any indication of misconduct.

 Independent Investigations into Allegations Arising From Stolen Emails
In late 2009, a significant event unfolded when hackers accessed servers belonging to the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at England’s prestigious University of East Anglia (UEA), stealing numerous emails and internal documents. These materials were subsequently disseminated across online platforms just prior to pivotal international discussions regarding climate change held in Copenhagen. Initially highlighted by individuals skeptical about anthropogenic climate change, particularly through influential commentator James Delingpole who coined "Climategate," accusations emerged suggesting a secretive collusion among researchers manipulating data to bolster claims of global warming while actively suppressing dissenting views. Contrary assertions came forth from within the CRU itself; they maintained the correspondence had been misinterpreted, representing candid scholarly discourse rather than nefarious intent.
Amidst escalating debate coinciding with critical diplomatic talks aimed at addressing climate-related challenges commencing on December 7th, 2009, traditional news outlets seized upon the narrative. Critics alleged the orchestrated leak constituted part of a calculated effort designed specifically to discredit forthcoming summits focused on curbing carbon footprints globally. Amid swirling controversies, prominent organizations—the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), alongside both the American Meteorological Society (AMS) plus the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)—issued formal declarations reaffirming established conclusions pertaining to ongoing planetary heating attributed largely to human endeavors. Notably, AAAS concluded unequivocally: “Based on extensive empirical research spanning diverse disciplines...there exists compelling proof indicating humanity’s role in precipitating current era atmospheric alterations.”
Promptly responding to mounting scrutiny triggered by leaked communications, eight separate inquiry panels convened comprising representatives hailing from varied jurisdictions, educational institutions, governmental agencies aiming to scrutinize purported irregularities meticulously. Ultimately, all investigative entities reached unanimous agreement dismissing charges levied against embattled academics concerning academic dishonesty or fraudulent behavior. Nevertheless, recommendations surfaced urging greater transparency moving forward—specifically advocating proactive measures ensuring accessibility to underlying datasets, computational algorithms employed during analysis phases coupled with timely compliance honoring Freedom Of Information Act mandates—to preemptively forestall recurrence of analogous crises eroding stakeholder trust henceforth. Throughout exhaustive deliberative cycles conducted post-"climategate", prevailing expert consensus endorsing anthropogenically-driven thermal expansion persisted unaltered substantiating overwhelming body of corroborating evidentiary findings amassed thus far.

Established in 2002 following a Government review the Research Councils UK ( RCUK ) is a Non-Departmental Government Body whose purpose is to manage a strategic partnership between seven individual research councils that coordinate and fund research in the arts , humanities , science and engineering . It enables the Councils to work together more effectively to enhance the overall impact and effectiveness of their research , training , and innovation .   There are seven councils :  The Arts and Humanities Research Council ( AHRC )  The Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BBSRC )  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ( EPSRC )  Economic and Social Research Council ( ESRC )  Medical Research Council ( MRC )  Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC )  Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC )

The RISKS Digest or Forum On Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems is an online periodical published since 1985 by the Committee on Computers and Public Policy of the Association for Computing Machinery . The editor is Peter G. Neumann .   It is a moderated forum concerned with the security and safety of computers , software , and technological systems . Security , and risk , here are taken broadly ; RISKS is concerned not merely with so-called security holes in software , but with unintended consequences and hazards stemming from the design ( or lack thereof ) of automated systems . Other recurring subjects include cryptography and the effects of technically ill-considered public policies . RISKS also publishes announcements and Calls for Papers from various technical conferences , and technical book reviews ( usually by Rob Slade , though occasionally by others ) .   Although RISKS is a forum of a computer science association , most contributions are readable and informative to anyone with an interest in the subject . It is heavily read by system administrators , and computer security managers , as well as computer scientists and engineers .   The RISKS Digest is published on a frequent but irregular schedule through the moderated Usenet newsgroup comp.risks , which exists solely to carry the Digest .   Summaries of the forum appear as columns edited by Neumann in the ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes ( SEN ) and the Communications of the ACM ( CACM ) .

The global surveillance disclosure released to media by Edward Snowden has caused tension in the bilateral relations of the United States with several of its allies and economic partners as well as in its relationship with the European Union . In August 2013 , U.S. President Barack Obama announced the creation of `` a review group on intelligence and communications technologies '' that would brief and later report to him . In December , the task force issued 46 recommendations that , if adopted , would subject the National Security Agency ( NSA ) to additional scrutiny by the courts , Congress , and the president , and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using `` backdoors '' in hardware or software . Geoffrey R. Stone , a White House panel member , said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any terror attacks .   U.S. Army General Keith B. Alexander , then director of the NSA , said in June 2013 , `` These leaks have caused significant and irreversible damage to our nation 's security . '' He added that `` the irresponsible release of classified information about these programs will have a long-term detrimental impact on the intelligence community 's ability to detect future attacks . ''   In June 2014 , Alexander 's recently installed successor as the NSA 's director , U.S. Navy Admiral Michael S. Rogers , said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden , the damage done overall did not lead him to conclude that `` the sky is falling . '' Conceding there was no absolute protection against leaks by a dedicated insider with access to the agency 's networks , Rogers said the NSA must nevertheless `` ensure that the volume '' of data taken by Snowden `` ca n't be stolen again . ''

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a philosophical work by the Scottish philosopher David Hume . Through dialogue , three philosophers named Demea , Philo , and Cleanthes debate the nature of God 's existence . Whether or not these names reference specific philosophers , ancient or otherwise , remains a topic of scholarly dispute . While all three agree that a god exists , they differ sharply in opinion on God 's nature or attributes and how , or if , humankind can come to knowledge of a deity .   In the Dialogues , Hume 's characters debate a number of arguments for the existence of God , and arguments whose proponents believe through which we may come to know the nature of God . Such topics debated include the argument from design -- for which Hume uses a house -- and whether there is more suffering or good in the world ( argument from evil ) .   Hume started writing the Dialogues in 1750 but did not complete them until 1776 , shortly before his death . They are based partly on Cicero 's De Natura Deorum . The Dialogues were published posthumously in 1779 , originally with neither the author 's nor the publisher 's name .

The Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) is the government department responsible for environmental protection , food production and standards , agriculture , fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . Concordats set out agreed frameworks for co operation , between it and the Scottish Government , Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive , which have devolved responsibilities for these matters in their respective nations .   Defra also leads for Britain at the EU on agricultural , fisheries and environment matters and in other international negotiations on sustainable development and climate change , although a new Department of Energy and Climate Change was created on 3 October 2008 to take over the last responsibility .

The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption is an independent commission that reports to the President in its fight against corruption and the consequent promotion of the clean administration of South Korea .   The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption ( KICAC ) was established on 25 January 2002 , under the Anti-Corruption Act of Korea , which was enacted by the Korean National Assembly on 24 July 2001 , which sought to prevent corruption and promote transparency in Korean society .   In a coordinated effort with other monitoring agencies , also known proverbially as watchdogs , the KICAC is involved in producing policies , orchestrating preventive activities such as institutional improvement and educational programs , works to detect corruption by investigative processes and receiving complaints from the public , and also evaluates the anti-corruption activities of other national , and international , organizations .   The KICAC was integrated into a larger agency entitled the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission ( ACRC ) , which was formally launched on 29 February 2008 . This integration involved not only the KICAC , but also the Ombudsman of Korea and the Administrative Appeals Commission .

The Defamation Act 2013 ( c 26 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , which reformed English defamation law on issues of the right to freedom of expression and the protection of reputation . It also comprised a response to perceptions that the law as it stood was giving rise to libel tourism and other inappropriate claims .   The Act changed existing criteria for a successful claim , by requiring claimants to show actual or probable serious harm ( which , in the case of for-profit bodies , is restricted to serious financial loss ) , before suing for defamation in England or Wales , setting limits on geographical relevance , removing the previous presumption in favour of a trial by jury , and curtailing sharply the scope for claims of continuing defamation ( in which republication or continued visibility constitutes ongoing renewed defamation ) . It also enhanced existing defences , by introducing a defence for website operators hosting user-generated content ( provided they comply with a procedure to enable the complainant to resolve disputes directly with the author of the material concerned or otherwise remove it ) , and introducing new statutory defences of truth , honest opinion , and `` publication on a matter of public interest '' or privileged publications ( including peer reviewed scientific journals ) , to replace the common law defences of justification , fair comment , and the Reynolds defence respectively . However , it did not quite codify defamation law into a single statute .   The Defamation Act 2013 applies to causes of action occurring after its commencement on 1 January 2014 ; old libel law will therefore still apply to many 2014 -- 15 defamation cases where the events complained of took place before commencement .

Debrett 's ( -LSB- dᵻˈbrɛts -RSB- ) is a professional coaching company , publisher and authority on etiquette and behaviour , founded in 1769 with the publication of the first edition of The New Peerage . The title is named after John Debrett .

Jean Charles da Silva e de Menezes ( pronounced -LSB- ʒeˈɐ̃ ˈʃahlis dʒi meˈnezis -RSB- in Brazilian Portuguese ; 7 January 1978 -- 22 July 2005 ) was a Brazilian man killed by officers of the London Metropolitan Police Service at Stockwell Station on the London Underground after he was wrongly deemed to be one of the fugitives involved in the previous day 's failed bombing attempts . These events took place two weeks after the London bombings of 7 July 2005 , in which 52 people were killed .   The Independent Police Complaints Commission ( IPCC ) launched two investigations . Stockwell 1 , the findings of which were initially kept secret , concluded that none of the officers would face disciplinary charges . Stockwell 2 strongly criticised the police command structure and communications to the public . In July 2006 , the Crown Prosecution Service said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute any named individual Police officers in a personal capacity , although a criminal prosecution of the Commissioner in his official capacity on behalf of his Police Force was brought under the Health and Safety at Work etc. . Act 1974 , on the failure of the duty of care due to Menezes . The Commissioner was found guilty and his office was fined . On 12 December 2008 an inquest returned an open verdict .

Responsible disclosure is a computer security term describing a vulnerability disclosure model . It is like full disclosure , with the addition that all stakeholders agree to allow a period of time for the vulnerability to be patched before publishing the details . Developers of hardware and software often require time and resources to repair their mistakes . Hackers and computer security scientists have the opinion that it is their social responsibility to make the public aware of vulnerabilities with a high impact . Hiding these problems could cause a feeling of false security . To avoid this , the involved parties join forces and agree on a period of time for repairing the vulnerability and preventing any future damage . Depending on the potential impact of the vulnerability , the expected time needed for an emergency fix or workaround to be developed and applied and other factors , this period may vary between a few days and several months . It is easier to patch software by using the Internet as a distribution channel .   Responsible disclosure fails to satisfy security researchers who expect to be financially compensated , while reporting vulnerabilities to the vendor with the expectation of compensation might be viewed as extortion . While a market for vulnerabilities has developed , vulnerability commercialization remains a hotly debated topic tied to the concept of vulnerability disclosure . Today , the two primary players in the commercial vulnerability market are iDefense , which started their vulnerability contributor program ( VCP ) in 2003 , and TippingPoint , with their zero-day initiative ( ZDI ) started in 2005 . These organisations follow the responsible disclosure process with the material bought . Between March 2003 and December 2007 an average 7.5 % of the vulnerabilities affecting Microsoft and Apple were processed by either VCP or ZDI .  Independent firms financially supporting responsible disclosure by paying bug bounties include Facebook , Google , Mozilla , and Barracuda Networks .   Vendor-sec was a responsible disclosure mailing list . Many , if not all , of the CERT groups coordinate responsible disclosures .   Selected security vulnerabilities resolved by applying responsible disclosure :  Dan Kaminsky discovery of DNS cache poisoning , 5 months  Radboud University Nijmegen breaks the security of the MIFARE Classic cards , 6 months  MBTA vs. Anderson , MIT students find vulnerability in the Massachusetts subway security , 5 months  MD5 collision attack that shows how to create false CA certificates , 1 week  Starbucks gift card double-spending/race condition to create free extra credits , 10 days ( Egor Homakov )


Question: Concentrating solely on select messages that have been decontexualized does nothing but divert attention away from the multitude of scientific data supporting human-induced climate change.

 Misleading Focus on Emails Undermines Genuine Debate on Man-Made Global Warming
Critiquing isolated emails while ignoring comprehensive data on man-made global warming only diverts attention away from substantial proof supporting human-caused climate change. Such selective scrutiny distorts genuine dialogue, fostering unnecessary doubt around established facts. Critics often cherry-pick information without considering broader scientific consensus, leading to misleading interpretations. Contrarians might label themselves "climate skeptics," yet they typically disregard conventional criteria for scientific inquiry, stubbornly disputing humanity’s role in global warming despite overwhelming evidence.
This tactic mirrors strategies employed within industries opposing emission regulations, aiming to sow confusion rather than foster informed discussion. These maneuvers create false equivalencies between fringe theories and robust scientific findings, thereby diluting public understanding regarding urgent issues related to climate alteration. Politicians echoing these sentiments hinder policy development aimed at mitigating environmental degradation and adapting societies to inevitable changes.
In contrast to widespread agreement among experts affirming significant human impact on recent climate trends, certain factions continue propagating dissent through various channels. They leverage media platforms to amplify voices questioning mainstream perspectives, even though internal documents reveal awareness contradicting publicly stated stances. Notably, influential figures sometimes employ dramatic gestures—like tossing symbolic objects during formal proceedings—to downplay concerns surrounding escalating temperatures globally.
Financial backing behind orchestrated campaigns targeting credibility of climate researchers originates largely from entities benefiting financially from unregulated carbon output. Right-leaning organizations disproportionately contribute to literature casting doubt upon accepted hypotheses concerning atmospheric alterations induced by modern lifestyles. Annual revenues amassed collectively exceed billions annually dedicated solely to undermining faith placed in empirical observations linking contemporary phenomena directly back to anthropocentric origins.
Anonymous benefactors channel considerable sums through opaque conduits designed specifically to finance initiatives intended to erode confidence in documented correlations between industrial practices and planetary health deterioration. Coordinated efforts extend beyond national boundaries encompassing multinational conglomerations coordinating messaging strategies aligned closely with corporate agendas prioritizing profit maximization irrespective of ecological consequences. Consequently, authentic engagement becomes overshadowed by manufactured controversies lacking substantive basis in reality-based discourse.
Since initial recognition of mounting CO2 concentrations coinciding with rapid industrial expansion post World War II era onwards, petrochemical enterprises engaged deliberately in misinformation dissemination lasting multiple generations henceforth. Comparative analysis reveals striking parallels existing between methodologies adopted formerly by cigarette manufacturers intent upon obfuscation pertaining risks inherent within habitual inhalation behaviors versus current narratives advanced ostensibly advocating balanced examination devoid of preconceived biases. Ultimately, narrow fixation upon anecdotal exchanges detracts markedly from addressing systemic challenges necessitating collective commitment transcending parochial interests in favor of

De gustibus non est disputandum , or de gustibus non disputandum est , is a Latin maxim meaning `` In matters of taste , there can be no disputes '' ( literally `` about tastes , it should not be disputed/discussed '' ) . The implication is that everyone 's personal preferences are merely subjective opinions that can not be right or wrong , so they should never be argued about as if they were . Sometimes the phrase is expanded as De gustibus et coloribus ... referring to tastes and colors . The phrase is most commonly rendered in English as `` There is no accounting for taste ( s ) . '' The original quotation is an ancient Latin adage , i.e. Roman , and discussed by many philosophers and economists .   The phrase is misquoted in Act I of Anton Chekhov 's play The Seagull . The character Shamrayev conflates it with the phrase de mortuis nil nisi bonum ( in the alternate form : de mortuis , aut bene aut nihil : `` of the dead , either -LSB- speak -RSB- good or -LSB- say -RSB- nothing '' ) , resulting in `` de gustibus aut bene , aut nihil '' , `` Let nothing be said of taste but what is good . ''

Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups , although this is a matter of contention ( see below ) . Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation , but the level of analysis is somewhat different . For the social psychologist , the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation . As such , social psychologists emphasize the role of internal psychological processes . Other social sciences , such as sociology , are more concerned with broad social , economic , political , and historical factors that influence events in a given society .

A ( -LSB- ˈkoʊ.ɑːn -RSB- ; 공안 kong ` an ; công án ) is a story , dialogue , question , or statement , which is used in Zen practice to provoke the `` great doubt '' and test a student 's progress in Zen practice .

Ray Birdwhistell ( September 28 , 1918 -- October 19 , 1994 ) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research . Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics , meaning `` facial expression , gestures , posture and gait , and visible arm and body movements '' . He estimated that `` no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words . '' Stated more broadly , he argued that `` words are not the only containers of social knowledge . '' He proposed other technical terms , including kineme , and many others less frequently used today . Birdwhistell had at least as much impact on the study of language and social interaction generally as just nonverbal communication because he was interested in the study of communication more broadly than is often recognized . Birdwhistell understood body movements to be culturally patterned rather than universal . His students were required to read widely , sources not only in communication but also anthropology and linguistics . Collaborations with others , including initially Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson , and later , Erving Goffman and Dell Hymes had huge influence on his work . For example , the book he is best known for , Kinesics and Context , `` would not have appeared if it had not been envisaged by Erving Goffman '' and he explicitly stated `` the paramount and sustaining influence upon my work has been that of anthropological linguistics '' , a tradition most directly represented at the University of Pennsylvania by Hymes .

In religion and theology , revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities .

A rebus ( / ˈriːbəs / ) is an allusional device that uses pictures to represent words or parts of words . It was a favourite form of heraldic expression used in the Middle Ages to denote surnames .   For example , in its basic form , three salmon ( fish ) are used to denote the surname `` Salmon '' . A more sophisticated example was the rebus of Bishop Walter Lyhart ( d. 1472 ) of Norwich , consisting of a stag ( or hart ) lying down in a conventional representation of water .   The composition alludes to the name , profession or personal characteristics of the bearer , and speaks to the beholder Non verbis , sed rebus , which Latin expression signifies `` not by words but by things '' ( res , rei ( f ) , a thing , object , matter ; rebus being ablative plural ) .

In Islamic context , Laghw means `` evil vain talk '' , vain , dirty , false , falsehood , nonsensical , meaningless and anything forbidden by Allah . It refers to anything which serves no purpose or goal in a proper Muslim life .   According to the Al-Furqan Sura ( chapter ) of the Qur ` an , Muslims are to avoid such things and pay them no mind ; '' ... if they pass by some evil play or evil talk , they pass by it with dignity '' .   Avoiding Laghw is an important attribute for being a successful Muslim as described in Sura Mu 'm inun ( The Believers ) of the Qur ` an 23 : 1-9 .   `` Successful indeed are the believers . Who offer Salat with all solemnity and full submissiveness .  Those who turn away from Al-Laghw ( dirty , false , evil & forbidden speech ) .  Those who pay Zakat  Those who guard there chastity . Except from their wives or that there right hands possess , - for then , they are free from blame . But whosoever seeks beyond  that , then those are the transgressors .  Those who are faithfully true to their amanat ( Duties ordered by Allah , honesty , trust ) and to their covenants .  And those who strictly guard their prayers ( 5 prayers at fixed times ) '' 23 : 1-9   References to Laghw in the Qurʾān :   Sura 56 - Al-Waqia ( MAKKA ) : Verse 25  No Laghw ( dirty , false , evil vain talk ) will they hear therein , nor any sinful speech ( like backbiting ) .  Translation : Eng-Dr . Mohsin   Sura 49 - Al-Hujraat ( MADINA ) : Verse 12  O you who believe ! Avoid much suspicion , indeed some suspicions are sins . And spy not , neither backbite one another . Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his dead brother ? You would hate it ( so hate backbiting ) -LSB- -RSB- . And fear Allâh . Verily , Allâh is the One Who forgives and accepts repentance , Most Merciful .  Translation : Eng-Dr . Mohsin   Sura 49 - Al-Hujraat ( MADINA ) : Verse 12  O ye who believe ! Shun much suspicion ; for lo ! some suspicion is a crime . And spy not , neither backbite one another . Would one of you love to eat the flesh of his dead brother ? Ye abhor that ( so abhor the other ) ! And keep your duty ( to Allah ) . Lo ! Allah is Relenting , Merciful .  Translation : Eng-Pickthal-Audio

The last antecedent rule is a doctrine of interpretation of a statute , by which `` Referential and qualifying phrases , where no contrary intention appears , refer solely to the last antecedent . '' The rule is typically bound by `` common sense '' and is flexible enough to avoid application that `` would involve an absurdity , do violence to the plain intent of the language , or if the context for other reason requires a deviation from the rule . '' .   A more formulaic approach to the rule requires , `` Evidence that a qualifying phrase is supposed to apply to all antecedents instead of only to the immediately preceding one may be found in the fact that it is separated from the antecedents by a comma . '' Kenneth A. Adams , author of A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting , has criticized this canon of construction as being applied inconsistently and contrary to the guidance of many manuals of style :   Manuals of style recognize that the comma is used to indicate a slight break in a sentence . But according to the Rule of the Last Antecedent , adding a comma after a series of antecedents not only does n't sever the modifier from the last noun or phrase in the series , it in fact operates remotely on all the antecedents , binding them to the modifier . Nothing in the general literature on punctuation suggests such a mechanism .   The last antecedent rule is also applied to contract interpretation .

Deculturalization is the process by which an ethnic group is forced to abandon its language , culture , and customs . It is the destruction of the culture of a dominated group and its replacement by the culture of the dominating group . Deculturalization is a slow process due to its extensive goal of fully replacing the subordinate ethnic group 's culture , language , and customs . This term is often confused with assimilation and acculturation .

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .


Question: Concentrating solely on some potentially misleading messages that have been decontexualized does nothing but divert attention away from the abundance of scientific proof supporting human-induced climate change.

 Misinterpretation Versus Empirical Evidence: Understanding Man-Made Global Warming
In recent debates surrounding global warming, critics often highlight isolated incidents or selectively quote scientists' private communications to cast doubt upon consensus regarding human-caused climate change. However, focusing solely on these instances without considering comprehensive data misleads public discourse away from overwhelming scientific agreement supporting anthropogenic influences on planetary temperatures.
Empirical observations confirm unequivocally that Earth’s climate system experiences consistent heating trends observable through multiple indicators—temperature measurements across air, oceans, and ice; shifts in seasonal cycles; altered geographical distributions of flora and fauna; increased frequency/severity of extreme weather phenomena—all pointing towards escalating warmth attributed largely to greenhouse gas accumulations spurred predominantly via combustion-related industries releasing substantial volumes into atmospheres annually post-mid-twentieth-century era.
The authoritative assessment conducted periodically under auspices provided jointly amongst governmental bodies & academic institutions alike culminating within respective reports issued forthrightly declaring “extreme likelihood” pertaining dominion exerted indirectly yet undeniably imposed directly onto contemporary thermal fluctuations witnessed globally throughout latter half twentieth millennium onwards attributable chiefly unto mankind’s endeavors specifically concerning gaseous effluents emanating therefrom viz., carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)nitrousoxide(N2O).
Climate models utilized extensively herein predict plausible scenarios unfolding henceforth spanning remainder twenty-firstcentury wherein projected increments range approximately zero point three(0.3)-zero point eight degrees Celsius(°C)(lowestemissionsscenario)uptotwoandahalf(2.6)-fourpointeightsixtyseven(4.8°C)(highestemissionsscenario).Theseestimationsremainuncontestedbyscientificcommunityatlargeencompassingnationallyrecognizedacademiesspecializingtherein.
Impacts arising consequentially vary geographically encompassing myriad manifestations anticipated imminently comprising augmented atmospheric warmth engendering resultant terrestrial alterations inclusive inundations coastal zones precipitated rising marine surfaces alongside fluctuating hydrological cycles manifesting either excessive moisture deposition alternatively prolonged periods dearth thereof concomitant desertification subtropical latitudes.
Additional repercussions envisaged incorporate recurrent incidences exacerbated meteorological occurrences typified protracted duration elevated ambient conditions juxtaposed intermittent episodes acute hydric deficit interspersed copious aqueous discharge episodically accompanied intense nival accumulation; progressive acidification aquatic environments; decimation biotic communities occasioned displacement ecological niches hitherto occupied erstwhile stable ecosystems.
Humanity confronts multifaceted challenges posed impending modifications ent

Richard Bertrand Spencer ( born May 11 , 1978 ) is an American white supremacist . He is president of the National Policy Institute , a white nationalist think tank , as well as Washington Summit Publishers . Spencer has stated that he rejects the label of white supremacist , and prefers to describe himself as an identitarian . He has advocated for a white homeland for a `` dispossessed white race '' and called for `` peaceful ethnic cleansing '' to halt the `` deconstruction '' of European culture .   Spencer and others have said that he created the term `` alt-right '' , which he considers a movement about white identity . Breitbart News described Spencer 's website AlternativeRight.com as `` a center of alt-right thought . ''   Spencer has repeatedly quoted from Nazi propaganda and denounced Jews , and has on several occasions refused to denounce Adolf Hitler .   Spencer and his organization drew considerable media attention in the weeks following the 2016 presidential election , where , at a National Policy Institute conference , in response to his cry `` Hail Trump , hail our people , hail victory ! '' , a number of his supporters gave the Nazi salute and chanted in a similar fashion to the Sieg heil chant used at the Nazis ' Nuremberg rallies . Spencer has defended their conduct , stating that the Nazi salute was given in a spirit of `` irony and exuberance '' .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

Record collecting is the hobby of collecting sound recordings , usually of music and/or the `` spoken word '' ( i.e. recordings of drama , poetry , historical speeches , significant news broadcasts , speech dialect samplings , etc. ) , but , in some cases ( although mostly on a smaller scale ) , even of other recorded sounds ( e.g. bird calls and/or other sounds of nature ; railroad and other mechanized vehicle sounds ; urban , rural , forest , and other `` soundscapes '' ; various `` sound effects '' ; etc. ) . Although the typical focus is on vinyl records , all formats of recorded music can be collected .

The Degree Confluence Project is a World Wide Web-based , all-volunteer project which aims to have people visit each of the integer degree intersections of latitude and longitude on Earth , posting photographs and a narrative of each visit online . The project describes itself as `` an organized sampling of the world '' .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .

David Alan Grimes ( born February 18 , 1947 ) is an American physician and abortion provider who is certified in both obstetrics and gynecology and in preventive medicine . He is known for his research into abortion .

Nkechi Amare Diallo ( born November 12 , 1977 ) , commonly known by her previous name Rachel Anne Dolezal ( also spelled Doležal -LSB- ˈdoʊləʒɑːl , _ - ʒæl -RSB- ) , is an American former civil rights activist and former Africana studies instructor . She was president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) chapter in Spokane , Washington , from 2014 until June 15 , 2015 , when she resigned after it was revealed that she had lied about being African American , many other aspects of her biography , and alleged hate crimes against her .   In June 2015 , Dolezal came to media attention when her European American parents stated publicly that Dolezal was a white woman passing as black . Their statement followed Dolezal 's reports to police and local news media that she had been the victim of nine hate crimes ; however a subsequent police investigation did not support Dolezal 's allegations . Dolezal 's critics contend that she has committed cultural appropriation and fraud ; Dolezal and her defenders contend her racial identity is genuine while not based on biology or ancestry . In a November 2015 television interview , Dolezal publicly stated for the first time since the controversy began that she was born white but still identified as black .

`` Diary of an Unborn Child '' is the title of an anonymously-written article which was published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in the May 22 , 1980 issue of its Awake ! magazine . Written in the first person , it is formatted to read as the `` diary '' of a fetus , chronicling the process of fetal development from an in-utero perspective , beginning with conception on October 2 and ending in an induced abortion on December 28 . The piece is intended to make readers reconsider their position on the morality of abortion .   The article was adapted into the song `` Diary of an Unborn Child '' by Mark Fox released on his album Lil ' Markie Volume 1 . The chorus ( words and music ) at the end are written by Rick and Rosemary Wilhelm . The song is sung from the point of view of a male fetus in utero , from its conception to its abortion . In between , the fetus ' character chronicles its development . The fetus ' character expresses , among other things :  excitement to see the real world  a desire to be named `` Andy '' ( with comments that the parents , not knowing the gender , are probably using the name `` Barbara '' )  a desire to meet its mother   Reactions to this song have been divided . Some in the pro-life movement use the song , or minor variations of it , as justification for their policies . However , the song , and Fox 's work in general , has arguably gained most of its recognition in the pro-choice blogosphere , where people often post it as an unintentionally amusing form of black humor or camp . The Diary of an Unborn Child has also been played as a recurring audio clip in comedy podcasts , such as Distorted View Daily .

In the common law of torts , res ipsa loquitur ( Latin for `` the thing speaks for itself '' ) is a doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved . Although modern formulations differ by jurisdiction , common law originally stated that the accident must satisfy the necessary elements of negligence : duty , breach of duty , causation , and injury . In res ipsa loquitur , the elements of duty of care , breach and causation are inferred from an injury that does not ordinarily occur without negligence .

David C. Reardon is an American electrical engineer and anti-abortion activist . He is the founder of the Elliot Institute , an anti-abortion advocacy group , and the author of a number of articles and books on abortion and mental health . Reardon was described in the New York Times Magazine as the `` Moses '' of the `` post-abortion movement '' .


Question:
 The collection of over a thousand emails and numerous files appear to substantiate allegations of a controversy enveloping leading climate researchers who advocate for anthropogenic heating hypotheses—a crisis arguably among the weightiest in contemporary scientific discourse. This situation implicates many of the key figures within the field, casting doubt on their integrity and methodologies employed in advancing human-induced temperature rise theories.
```

2009 Climate Change Email Scandal: An Analysis
In late 2009, just prior to pivotal international climate talks in Copenhagen, a significant breach occurred within the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at England’s prestigious University of East Anglia (UEA). Hackers infiltrated servers, exfiltrating approximately 1,000 emails alongside numerous research papers—collectively referred to as "Climategate." This incident quickly gained traction among climate skepticism circles; conservative commentator James Delingpole coined “Climategate” to encapsulate the ensuing uproar. Critics alleged that these communications exposed a vast collusion amongst leading researchers advocating anthropogenic global warming—a purported scandal rivalling historical academic debacles.

Contrary to initial accusations, the CRU contended that messages were selectively extracted to misrepresent genuine scholarly discourse. They maintained that the correspondence simply depicted candid exchanges amid professionals grappling with complex issues. Yet, amidst burgeoning debates surrounding climate action, many perceived the leak as a calculated attempt to discredit forthcoming summits aimed at curbing carbon footprints.

As discussions unfolded during Copenhagen deliberations commencing Dec. 7th ’09, traditional news outlets seized upon the saga. Amidst heightened scrutiny, key figures advocated transparency enhancements to bolster credibility moving forward. Major organizations—the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Meteorological Society (AMS), plus Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)—reaffirmed collective endorsements endorsing prevailing views linking escalating planetary temperatures to human endeavors. Specifically, AAAS posited unequivocal backing stating:

“Based upon extensive empirical observations...global climate alteration attributable to mankind [is] presently unfolding…constituting mounting peril unto civilization.”

Subsequently, eight independent panels scrutinized claims levied against embattled academics. Ultimately, all inquiries concluded devoid substantiation implicating deceitful conduct. Nevertheless, recommendations surfaced urging enhanced openness regarding methodologies employed along with expeditious fulfillment pertaining Freedom Of Information Act petitions henceforth. Despite controversies endured, overarching agreement persistently held firm recognizing humanity’s culpability behind ongoing atmospheric alterations.

The RWI Essen , full German name RWI -- Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung , is a leading economic research institute in Essen , Germany .   The RWI has a non-profit status , it is part of the Leibniz Association , mainly publicly funded , but also receives third-party-fundings and employs 80 people .   It is a policy advocacy that is recognized for co-authoring the ` joint diagnosis on the German economy ' , while it is seen as industry friendly and is criticized for its personally entanglement with industry by sharing staff of board of administration with energy ( RWE ) , several insurance and financial cooperations and industry-funded think-tanks .

Respect des fonds , or le respect pour les fonds , is a principle in archival theory that proposes to group collections of archival records according to their fonds -- that is to say , according to the administration , organization , individual , or entity by which they were created or from which they were received . This principle has largely guided how archival materials are arranged and described in late-19th - and 20th-century archives . The theory posits that ordering groups of records by creatorship provides authenticity and context by evidencing the relationships between records and better manifesting the environment of their creation .   A closely related concept is that of archival integrity , which holds that records emanating from the same source should be kept together .

Research paper may refer to :   Academic paper ( also called scholarly paper ) , which is in academic journals and contains original research results or reviews existing results or show a totally new invention  Position paper , an essay that represents the author 's opinion  Term paper , written by high school or college students  Thesis or dissertation , a document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification , presenting the author 's research and findings

Richard H. Thaler ( born September 12 , 1945 ) is an American economist and the Ralph and Dorothy Keller Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business .   He is perhaps best known as a theorist in behavioral finance , and for his collaboration with Daniel Kahneman and others in further defining that field .

The deep web , invisible web , or hidden web are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard search engines for any reason . The content is hidden behind HTML forms . It is estimated that the deep web makes up 96 % of the whole internet . The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web . The deep web includes many very common uses such as web mail and online banking but also paid for services with a paywall such as video on demand , and many more . Computer scientist Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2001 as a search indexing term .

The Renewable Heat Incentive scandal ( RHI scandal ) , also referred to as the Cash for Ash scandal , is a political scandal in Northern Ireland that centres on a failed renewable energy incentive scheme that is set to cost the public purse almost # 500 million . The plan was overseen by Arlene Foster of the Democratic Unionist Party ( DUP ) , the then-Minister for Enterprise , Trade and Investment , who failed to introduce proper cost controls , allowing the plan to spiral out of control . The scheme worked by paying applicants to use renewable energy . The rate paid was more than the cost of heating , however , meaning applicants were making profits simply by heating their properties .   The political scandal first came to light in November 2016 , by which point Foster had become Northern Ireland 's First Minister . Foster refused to resign or `` stand aside '' during any inquiry , saying that to do so would be seen as admitting to some culpability in the matter .   The affair ultimately caused Sinn Féin leader Martin McGuinness to resign in protest as deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland in January 2017 after ten years in office , citing Foster 's refusal to stand aside from her role while an investigation took place , among other matters . In the power-sharing government , McGuinness ' resignation also meant that Foster was removed from her role as First Minister , which in turn caused the Executive Office of Northern Ireland to fall .   On 16 January 2017 , Sinn Féin refused to re-nominate a deputy First Minister in protest at the `` arrogance and disrespect of the DUP '' , thereby triggering a snap election . The Northern Ireland Executive collapsed and the Northern Ireland Assembly was dissolved on 26 January 2017 . The Northern Ireland Assembly election , 2017 was held on 2 March .

Research is systematic work to create new knowledge or devise new applications of knowledge .   Research may also refer to :   Research ( horse ) ( born 1985 ) , champion Australian Thoroughbred racehorse  Research ( ship ) , a full rigged ship built in Yarmouth , Nova Scotia in 1861  Research , Victoria , a suburb of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia  Research Range , a mountain range at the northern end of the Ural Mountains  Research ( finance ) , a type of financial analysis on companies for investment purposes  Research ( Big Sean song ) , a 2015 song by American rapper Big Sean featuring American singer Ariana Grande

Rawya Rageh is a Senior Crisis Adviser for Amnesty International . She was previously a broadcast journalist known for her in-depth coverage of notable stories across the Middle East and Africa , including the Iraq War , the Darfur crisis in Sudan , the Saddam Hussein trial , the Arab Spring , and the Boko Haram conflict in Northern Nigeria . Working as a correspondent for the Al Jazeera English network her contribution to the Peabody Award-winning coverage the network provided of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the Arab Spring was documented in the books 18 Days : Al Jazeera English and the Egyptian Revolution and Liberation Square : Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation . The news story she broadcast on 25 January , the first day of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , was selected by Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as one of the `` 50 Great Stories '' produced by its alumni in the past 100 years . In addition to her broadcast reporting , Rageh is an active social media journalist , recognized by the Washington Post as one of the `` The 23 Accounts You Must Follow to Understand Egypt '' and by Forbes Middle East Magazine as one of the `` 100 Arab personalities with the most presence on Twitter . ''

Debunking Economics : The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences is a book by the economist Steve Keen about the problems with mainstream economics . The book was initially published by Zed Books in 2001 , and a revised and updated version was published in 2011 . Translated versions were also published in Spanish , French and Chinese . The book is suitable for a general reader , and uses words and figures rather than equations to make its points , but is aimed at those with at least some basic knowledge of economics .   The book strongly criticises many of the key ideas and assumptions of neoclassical economics . It argues that components of the theory such as demand curves , which are supposed to represent the aggregate behaviour of consumers , are theoretical constructs that have little empirical support . Keen questions the conventional theory of the firm , arguing that monopolies can have a useful role . He also revisits the Cambridge capital controversy of the 1960s to argue that ideas such as capital and profit are ill-defined .   One of the book 's main critiques is that macroeconomic models or theories such as the efficient-market hypothesis rely on the assumption that the economy can be viewed as being at or near equilibrium . But according to Keen , this is an over-simplification of the way that the real economy behaves . He argues that economists need to become more familiar with the mathematical tools needed to study dynamical systems , such as nonlinear differential equations .   The final section gives a discussion of possible alternatives , such as Marxian economics , Austrian economics , complexity economics , and so on . Keen concludes that , while none of these theories are completely satisfactory , pursuing them may lead to a more realistic understanding of the economy .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .