Question: Despite CRU's omission in supplying a precise roster of climate monitoring sites, they would've been unable to conceal or manipulate any information pertaining to recorded temperatures.

 Transparency in Climate Research: Ensuring Integrity through Open Access

Transparency plays a crucial role in maintaining trust within scientific communities, especially regarding sensitive topics like climate research. When discussing claims around hidden agendas or manipulated datasets, it becomes essential to understand how researchers handle vast volumes of data responsibly. In context to Climatic Research Unit’s work, despite lacking explicit station lists initially, there were no grounds suggesting intentional concealment or alteration of core evidence supporting global warming trends.

The meticulous process involved in analyzing complex meteorological phenomena requires rigorous methodologies akin to 'data mining'. Herein lies the importance of adhering to principles of openness; sharing both findings alongside underlying computational algorithms ensures reproducibility – a cornerstone trait defining robust academic inquiry. By doing so, scientists enable peers across disciplines to scrutinize methodology rigorously while fostering collaborative innovation aimed at addressing grand challenges facing humanity collectively.

Justification:
- Emphasizes transparency & integrity in handling extensive datasets pertinent to climate studies.
- Parallels drawn b/w "data mining" concept highlighting analytical procedures employed during investigation phases.
- Reiterates absence of malpractice allegations concerning CRU's approach towards managing observational records.
- Advocates open-access policies facilitating cross-disciplinary dialogue amongst experts committed to advancing understanding surrounding anthropogenic impacts on planetary ecosystems.
This maintains similarity w.r.t original doc's focus areas viz., methodical exploration strategies coupled w/ emphasis upon ethical conduct norms governing contemporary scholarly pursuits globally.

Diplomacy Monitor was a free Internet-based tool created in 2003 to monitor diplomacy documents ( communiqués , official statements , interview transcripts , etc. ) published in various diplomacy-related websites , including official sources from governments ( head of state websites , consulates , foreign ministries ) all over the world .   Diplomacy Monitor addressed the emerging Internet-based public diplomacy , whereby the growing number of governments embraces the power of internet to communicate with public worldwide .   The core of the Monitor was a web crawler which operated on the websites of interest . After the crawler identified documents of potential interest , they were reviewed and processed by the editorial staff and entered into the database .   Diplomacy Monitor ceased operations in November 2009 .   Since its establishment , Diplomacy Monitor was quickly recognized as a convenient tool for research in international issues . For example , the Monitor is the `` editor 's choice '' for the Intute , an online database network of UK universities . Michigan State University : `` If you need to stay up-to-date on the latest in diplomatic news , look no further ... ''

David Roderick Shukman ( born 30 May 1958 , St Pancras , London , England ) is Science Editor for BBC News .

David Seymour Latchman CBE ( born 1956 ) is a British geneticist and university administrator . Since 2003 he has been Master of Birkbeck , University of London , and Professor of Genetics at Birkbeck and University College London .   Latchman was educated at The Haberdashers ' Aske 's Boys ' School and received his doctorate from University of Cambridge before undertaking postdoctoral research at Imperial College London and in the Department of Biology at University College London . He worked in the Medical Molecular Biology Unit at UCL , and Middlesex School of Medicine . He has been Professor of Molecular Pathology and Director of the Windeyer Institute of Medical Science at UCL and was Dean of the Institute for Child Health ( 1999 -- 2002 ) .   He serves on several Committees including London Development Agency ( observer status ) ; Universities UK Research Policy Network ; Confederation of British Industry ( CBI ) London Council ; National DNA Database Ethics Group ; London First Board member .   As Master of Birkbeck , he has voiced protest at UK government proposals to cut funding for second degrees .   Latchman was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 2010 Birthday Honours for services to higher education . In 2015 he was cleared of academic misconduct . In early 2017 it was announced he was facing a further investigation .

Rautaruukki Corporation ( Rautaruukki Oyj , using the marketing name Ruukki ) is a Finnish company , headquartered in Helsinki , which manufactures and supplies metal-based components and systems to the construction and engineering industries .   The company was founded in 1960 by the Finnish Government to provide the steel supply needed by the nation 's heavy industries . Since part-privatization in 1994 , the state has gradually decreased its holding in Rautaruukki to 40 % and the firm is now a constituent member of the OMX Helsinki 25 index . The name of the corporation means simply ironworks in Finnish .   The firm consists of three business areas : construction , engineering and metals . Rautaruukki produces a range of products for clients in various industries , including cabins and chassis for heavy vehicles , hot rolled steel plates and coils , roofing sheets and building and bridge structures .   The company employs around 11,800 people , e.g. in the Nordic countries , the Baltics , China , Russia , Ukraine and Central Eastern Europe .

The Radar Operations Center ( ROC ) is a National Weather Service ( NWS ) unit that coordinates the development , maintenance , and training for the NEXRAD weather radar network . It is located at the National Weather Center ( NWC ) in Norman , Oklahoma and ran by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) in the Department of Commerce with partners at the Department of Defense and the Department of Transportation .   ROC consists of four branches : Applications , Engineering , Operations , and Program . ROC also works with the Federal Aviation Administration 's Terminal Doppler Weather Radar ( TDWR ) network .

A registered instrument is a form of property , such as shares or bonds , where records are kept of who owns the underlying property , or of the transactions involving transfer of ownership such as a company 's share register . They may be contrasted with bearer instruments in which no records are kept of ownership or transfers .   In general , the legal situs of the property is the place that the register is located .   Category : Securities ( finance )

David John Acheson ( born 1946 ) is a British applied mathematician at Jesus College , Oxford .   He was educated at Highgate School , King 's College London ( BSc Mathematics and Physics , 1967 ) and the University of East Anglia ( PhD , 1971 ) . He was appointed a Fellow in Mathematics at Jesus College , Oxford in 1977 and became an Emeritus Fellow in 2008 . He served at President of the Mathematical Association from 2010 to 2011 . He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of East Anglia in 2013 .   His early research was on geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics , beginning with the discovery in 1972 of a magnetic ` field gradient ' instability in rotating fluids . In 1976 , he discovered the first examples of wave over-reflection ( i.e. reflection coefficient greater than unity ) in a stable system . In 1978 his research focused on magnetic fields and differential rotation in stars , with new results on magnetic buoyancy , the Taylor instability , Goldreich-Schubert instability , and , ` magnetorotational ' instability . In 1992 he discovered the ` upside-down pendulums theorem ' ( which is very loosely connected with the Indian Rope Trick ) .

Reid is a surname of Scottish origin , and is the 90th most common surname in the UK . It may refer to :   People with the surname Reid :  Alan Reid ( disambiguation )  Alex Reid ( disambiguation )  Andy Reid ( disambiguation )  Angella Reid , White House Chief Usher  Antonio Reid , record executive  Beverly W. 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Reid ( 1911 -- 2008 ) , American voice teacher and writer on singing  Daphne Reid , American actress  David Reid ( disambiguation )  Don Reid ( disambiguation )  Duke Reid ( 1915 -- 1975 ) , Jamaican record producer  Duncan Reid ( born 1989 ) , Hong Kong basketball player  Edward Waymouth Reid ( 1862 -- 1948 ) , British physiologist  Ellis Vair Reid ( 1889 -- 1917 ) , Canadian World War I pilot  Escott Reid ( 1905 -- 1999 ) , Canadian public servant and diplomat  Elizabeth Jesser Reid ( 1789 -- 1866 ) , British social reformer and founder of Bedford College  Fiona Reid ( born 1951 ) , Canadian actress  Forrest Reid ( 1875 -- 1947 ) , British novelist  Frances Reid ( 1914 -- 2010 ) , American daytime television actress  Frank H. Reid ( 1844 or 1850-1898 ) , American soldier , teacher , engineer , and surveyor  Geordie Reid , Scottish footballer  George Reid ( Australian politician ) ( 1845 -- 1918 ) , fourth Prime Minister of Australia  George Reid ( Scottish politician ) ( born 1939 ) , Scottish politician  George Croghan Reid ( 1876 -- 1961 ) , American Medal of Honor recipient  Gordon Reid ( governor ) ( 1923 -- 1989 ) , former Governor of Western Australia  Gordon Reid ( actor ) ( 1939 -- 2003 ) , Scottish actor  Harry Reid ( born 1939 ) , Nevada Senator and Senate Minority Leader  Harry Fielding Reid ( 1859 -- 1944 ) , American geophysicist  Hugo Reid ( 1809 -- 1852 ) , Scottish-born early California settler  J. S. Reid James Smith Reid ( c. 1848 -- 1922 ) Australian newspaper , mining and railways businessman  Jamie Reid ( born 1947 ) , British artist and anarchist  Jamie Reid ( disambiguation ) other people  Jim Reid ( born 1961 ) , musician , lead singer of The Jesus and Mary Chain  John Reid , Baron Reid of Cardowan , British politician  Kerry Reid ( born 1947 ) , Australian tennis player  Linda Reid ( born 1959 ) , Canadian politician  Lydia Reid , American politician  Malcolm Reid ( 1857 -- 1933 ) , timber merchant and furniture retailer in South Australia  Margaret Reid ( disambiguation )  Marion Reid ( born 1929 ) , Canadian provincial politician  Matt Reid ( baseball ) , American college baseball coach  Mike Reid ( golfer ) ( born 1954 ) , Canadian golfer  Mike Reid ( actor ) ( 1940 -- 2007 ) , British actor and comedian  Miles Reid ( born 1948 ) , mathematician  Neil E. Reid ( 1871-1956 ) , American jurist  Patrick Reid ( disambiguation )  Peter Reid ( born 1956 ) , English football manager  Pierre Reid ( born 1948 ) , Canadian politician  Rebecca Reid , British actress  Reuben Reid ( born 1988 ) , British football ( soccer ) player  Richard Reid ( born 1973 ) , British jihadist best known as the `` shoe bomber ''  Robert Reid ( disambiguation )  Robert Gillespie Reid ( 1842 -- 1908 ) , Scottish railway contractor  Robert James Reid ( born 1931 ) , a famous American lineman  Robert Lewis Reid ( 1862-1929 ) , an American impressionist painter  Robert Threshie Reid , 1st Earl of Loreburn , Liberal politician in the United Kingdom  Ross Reid ( born 1952 ) , Canadian politician  Ross T. Reid ( 1832 -- 1915 ) , Australian pastoralist  Rufus Reid ( born 1944 ) , American jazz bassist and educator  Russell Reid , British psychiatrist  Samantha Reid ( 1984 -- 1999 ) , American high school student who died of drug overdose  Samuel Reid ( disambiguation )  Scott Reid ( politician ) ( born 1964 ) , Conservative Party of Canada MP  Scott Reid ( political advisor ) , advisor to Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin  Sean Reid-Foley , American baseball player  Squire Reid ( 1887 -- 1949 ) , Australian politician  Stefen Reid ( born 1972 ) , Canadian football player  Steven Reid ( born 1981 ) , Irish football ( soccer ) player  Sue Reid ( born 1970 ) , Canadian field hockey player  Susanna Reid ( born 1970 ) , English journalist and television presenter  T.R. Reid , American journalist , author and documentary film correspondent  Tara Reid ( born 1975 ) , American actress  Tasha Reid ( born 1981 ) , Korean rapper  Thomas Mayne Reid ( 1818 -- 1883 ) , Irish-American novelist  Thomas Reid ( 1710 -- 1796 ) , Scottish common-sense philosopher  Tim Reid ( born 1944 ) , American actor and film director  Vernon Reid ( born 1958 ) , guitarist of the band Living Colour  Victor Stafford Reid ( 1913-1987 ) , Jamaican writer  Wallace Reid ( 1891 -- 1923 ) , silent film actor  William Reid ( born 1958 ) , musician , guitarist of The Jesus and Mary Chain  Whitelaw Reid ( 1837 -- 1912 ) , American journalist and politician  Wilfrid Thomas Reid ( 1887 -- 1968 ) , English aircraft designer and Canadian aviation pioneer  Fictional characters :  Britt Reid , secret identity of the Green Hornet  Elliot Reid a character on the TV show Scrubs  F. X. Reid , pseudonym used by a British computer science writer  John Reid , better known as the Lone Ranger  Dr. Spencer Reid , a character on the TV show Criminal Minds   Reid as a given name :  Reid Anderson , jazz bassist  Fictional characters :  Reid Hershel , a character in the video game Tales of Eternia   Reid in other uses :  Reid , Australian Capital Territory , inner suburb of Canberra , Australia  Reid , Maryland , census-designated place in Washington County  Reid , West Virginia  Reid camera , manufactured by Reid and Sigrist , based on Leica designs  Reid technique , a method of interrogation  Reid Rocks , small rocky islet in western Bass Strait , Tasmania , Australia  Division of Reid , a Sydney electorate in the Australian House of Representatives  The Reid vapor pressure , a measure of the volatility of gasoline  USS Reid , the name of various United States Navy ships  USS Beverly W. Reid ( DE-722 ) , a United States Navy destroyer escort converted during construction into the high-speed transport USS Beverly W. Reid ( APD-119 )  USS Beverly W. Reid ( APD-119 ) , a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1947 and from 1967 to 1969  Utica Avenue , in Brooklyn , New York City ; the northern portion was formerly Reid Avenue  Reid Hamilton , a very influential latino activist from the Chicano movement

Kukri Sports Ltd ( pron : `` kuk-ree '' ) is an international sportswear brand specialising in manufacturing bespoke sportswear for over 100 sports , including rugby league , rugby union , netball , hockey , cricket and football .   The name ` Kukri ' is taken from a well travelled Rugby team , The Flying Kukri 's , who were inspired by the Gurkhas and their Kukri knife .

LUCID ( Langton Ultimate Cosmic ray Intensity Detector ) is a cosmic ray detector built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd and designed at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys , in Canterbury , England . Its main purpose is to monitor cosmic rays using technology developed by CERN , and will help predict the occurrence of solar flares ( proton storms ) which disrupt artificial satellites . LUCID was launched on 8 July 2014 at Baikonur , Kazakhstan as an instrument of the satellite TechDemoSat-1 , which was carried into space by a Soyuz-2 rocket .   Professor Larry Pinsky , Chair of Physics at the University of Houston , described the project in Symmetry Magazine as `` like playing at being NASA or the European Space Agency , but they 're not really playing . They 're doing the real thing . ''   Channel 4 News said of the LUCID project that `` with this metal box , the school has outwitted NASA '' .


Question:
 Recently, it has come to light through various news outlets that the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) had discarded the original raw data pertinent to a critical global temperature dataset in the past. This revelation has sparked renewed discussions about transparency and record-keeping practices within climate science communities.
(Note: I expanded your sentence slightly by adding more context and details.)

 Controversy Surrounding Deleted Climate Data
In recent years, controversy erupted when news broke that crucial historical weather records had allegedly been erased by researchers affiliated with a prominent university’s climate research division. These foundational datasets played a pivotal role in shaping understanding around rising global temperatures. Critics argue deletion undermines transparency essential within scientific communities especially concerning matters impacting public policy decisions regarding carbon emission regulations. However multiple independent inquiries conducted post-disclosure concluded there was insufficient proof suggesting any deliberate attempt to manipulate findings; rather highlighting need for improved access protocols surrounding sensitive information requests without compromising ongoing studies integrity. Despite initial uproar sparked amongst skeptic circles questioning validity behind anthropogenic climate change theories - subsequent reviews reaffirmed broad expert agreement affirming humanity significantly contributes towards planetary heating trends observed throughout latter half twentieth century onwards. Notably event coincided closely preceding high-profile international summits aimed addressing escalating ecological crises urging collective action mitigate impending consequences unchecked atmospheric CO² accumulation. Post scandal reflections underscored importance fostering greater openness among academia encouraging proactive dissemination methodologies results foster collaborative progress combat shared environmental challenges ahead. Ultimately revelations failed sway overarching narrative emphasizing urgent necessity transitioning away reliance finite hydrocarbon reserves curbing resultant greenhouse gases output safeguard future generations wellbeing earth system stability.

Note: I've tried maintaining original structure content whilst substituting specific details pertaining 'CRU' entity involved earlier instance replaced generic references emphasizing broader implications underlying issues raised instead focusing singular organization. Additionally adjusted language tone slightly make passage appear less formal yet still retain informative nature intended audience comprehension ease readability purposes. Hope meets expectations! Let me know anything else required assistance completing assignment successfully :)

RainStor was a software company that developed a database management system of the same name designed to manage and analyze big data for large enterprises . It uses de-duplication techniques to organize the process of storing large amounts of data for reference . The company 's origin traces back to a special project conducted by the United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence with the purpose of storing volumes of data from years of field operations for ongoing analysis and training purposes .   RainStor was headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States with R&D in Gloucester , United Kingdom .  The company was acquired by Teradata in 2014 .

Record Retailer was a trade newspaper for the UK record industry . It was founded in August 1959 as a monthly newspaper covering both labels and dealers . Its founding editor was Roy Parker ( who died on 27 December 1964 ) . The title changed to Record Retailer and Music Industry News shortly after launch .   With its issue of 10 March 1960 , Record Retailer became a weekly magazine and started a chart showing the top 50 records in sales . For the period until February 1969 , when a standardised UK chart was established with the British Market Research Bureau , the Official Charts Company recognises the listings compiled by Record Retailer as representing the official national chart .   On 5 October 1967 the title reverted to Record Retailer and in January 1971 became Record & Tape Retailer . The publication was relaunched on 18 March 1972 as Music Week .

Raymond Ibrahim ( born in 1973 ) is an American research librarian , translator , author and columnist . His focus is Arabic history and language , and current events . He is the author of two books , Crucified Again : Exposing Islam 's New War on Christians ( Regnery , 2013 ) and The Al Qaeda Reader ( Doubleday , 2007 ) . Along with his two books , Ibrahim has written for publications that range from conservative websites such as Breitbart and NRO to media outlets such as the LA Times , CNN , and Fox News , to more academic venues , such as the Hoover Institution and the World Almanac of Islamism .

David Russell Legates is a Professor of Geography at the University of Delaware . He is the former Director of the Center for Climatic Research at the same university ,  and a former Delaware State Climatologist .   Legates has published research papers , opinion editorials , and spoken openly in opposition to the consensus scientific opinion on climate change . More recently , he has been known for his skepticism toward the anthropogenic cause of the observed global warming patterns and the severity of its consequences at the local geographical scale .   Legates viewpoint , as stated in a 2015 study that he co-authored , is that the Earth will experience about 1.0 C warming over the 2000 to 2100 period .

Responsible disclosure is a computer security term describing a vulnerability disclosure model . It is like full disclosure , with the addition that all stakeholders agree to allow a period of time for the vulnerability to be patched before publishing the details . Developers of hardware and software often require time and resources to repair their mistakes . Hackers and computer security scientists have the opinion that it is their social responsibility to make the public aware of vulnerabilities with a high impact . Hiding these problems could cause a feeling of false security . To avoid this , the involved parties join forces and agree on a period of time for repairing the vulnerability and preventing any future damage . Depending on the potential impact of the vulnerability , the expected time needed for an emergency fix or workaround to be developed and applied and other factors , this period may vary between a few days and several months . It is easier to patch software by using the Internet as a distribution channel .   Responsible disclosure fails to satisfy security researchers who expect to be financially compensated , while reporting vulnerabilities to the vendor with the expectation of compensation might be viewed as extortion . While a market for vulnerabilities has developed , vulnerability commercialization remains a hotly debated topic tied to the concept of vulnerability disclosure . Today , the two primary players in the commercial vulnerability market are iDefense , which started their vulnerability contributor program ( VCP ) in 2003 , and TippingPoint , with their zero-day initiative ( ZDI ) started in 2005 . These organisations follow the responsible disclosure process with the material bought . Between March 2003 and December 2007 an average 7.5 % of the vulnerabilities affecting Microsoft and Apple were processed by either VCP or ZDI .  Independent firms financially supporting responsible disclosure by paying bug bounties include Facebook , Google , Mozilla , and Barracuda Networks .   Vendor-sec was a responsible disclosure mailing list . Many , if not all , of the CERT groups coordinate responsible disclosures .   Selected security vulnerabilities resolved by applying responsible disclosure :  Dan Kaminsky discovery of DNS cache poisoning , 5 months  Radboud University Nijmegen breaks the security of the MIFARE Classic cards , 6 months  MBTA vs. Anderson , MIT students find vulnerability in the Massachusetts subway security , 5 months  MD5 collision attack that shows how to create false CA certificates , 1 week  Starbucks gift card double-spending/race condition to create free extra credits , 10 days ( Egor Homakov )

The Department of Energy ( DoE ) was a department of the United Kingdom Government . The Department was established in January 1974 , when the responsibility for energy production was transferred away from the Department of Trade and Industry in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and with the importance of North Sea oil increasing .   Following the privatisation of the energy industries in the United Kingdom , which had begun some ten years earlier , the Department was abolished in 1992 . Many of its functions were abandoned , with the remainder being absorbed into other bodies or departments . The Office of Gas Supply ( Ofgas ) and the Office of Electricity Regulation ( OFFER ) took over market regulation , the Energy Efficiency Office was transferred to the Department of the Environment , and various media-related functions were transferred to the Department for National Heritage . The core activities relating to UK energy policy were transferred back to the Department of Trade and Industry ( DTI ) .   The Department of Energy was a significant source of funding for energy research , and for investigations into the potential for renewable energy technologies in the UK . Work funded or part-funded by the DoE included investigations into Geothermal power and the Severn Barrage

Ricardo Dominguez ( born 1959 ) is an American artist and associate professor of visual arts at UC San Diego . He has been the subject of controversy over a number of acts of electronic civil disobedience on his own and with the Electronic Disturbance Theater , which he co-founded .   Dominguez , the founder of the Electronic Disturbance Theater , has organized `` virtual sit-ins '' that attempted to overload and crash websites , for which he and his co-founder developed a program called FloodNet that automatically requests the target page over and over . These events sometimes incorporated a search term , such that the search would return a phrase like `` Transparency not found '' in the University of California , San Diego website , or `` human rights not found '' at the website of Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo . On one occasion , the United States Department of Defense diverted a planned attack to a nonexistent website . One goal of the movement is solidarity with Zapatista communities in Chiapas , Mexico .   Dominguez also helped develop a phone app called the Transborder Immigrant Tool ( TBT ) , which would use GPS technology to help immigrants find water stations in the Southern California desert and which also includes a poetry feature . It also raises awareness about the number of people who die in the U.S.-Mexico border region and aims to rethink the ways in which `` immigrants are always presented as less-than-human and certainly not part of a community which is establishing and inventing new forms of life . '' TBT was subject to considerable controversy initiated by three Republican California congressmen ; ultimately the University of California stated that TBT did not misuse research funds , but would not comment on whether it had broken any laws .   In an interview , Dominguez reports that his work , along with that of the Electronic Disturbance Theater , `` has been to develop works that can create a performative matrix that activate and take a measure of the current conditions and intensities of power/s , communities and their anxieties or resistances . ''   In 2015 the mother of one of his students claimed that her daughter was forced to perform nude for her final exam in the class . UCSD officials defended Dominguez saying that the course is not required for graduation and that removing clothing is not a requirement to pass .

David Christopher Bird ( c. 1959 -- 2014 ) was an American journalist who covered energy markets for The Wall Street Journal and was deputy managing editor for Dow Jones Energy Service . He was known for his ability to detect emerging market trends , particularly the decline in oil prices that began in 2014 , before they otherwise became apparent , through close analysis of data . Before working at the Journal he had worked for Dow Jones overseas , based in its London office .   In early 2014 he left his Millington , New Jersey , home for a short walk and never returned . Local search efforts , hampered by that year 's severe winter weather , failed to find any trace of him . Conspiracy theories surfaced , especially after an erroneous report that his credit card had been used overseas , suggesting his disappearance was part of a pattern of suspicious deaths in the financial sector . However , when his body was finally found in a nearby river 14 months later , the coroner ruled his death an accidental drowning and said there were no signs of foul play .   A native of the Trenton area , Bird was a graduate of Rider University . In addition to his journalistic work he was an outdoor enthusiast who led Boy Scout hiking trips and ran marathons . He did the latter to raise awareness for organ donation , since his life had been saved by a liver transplant following a hepatitis infection he suffered in the early 2000s .

The Digital Enterprise Research Institute ( DERI ) is a former research institute at NUI Galway . It is now part of the Insight Centre for Data Analytics . Insight was established in 2013 by Science Foundation Ireland with funding of $ 75m .   DERI 's focus is research into the Semantic Web and linked data . It was originally established as a Centre for Science , Engineering and Technology ( CSET ) in 2003 with funding from Science Foundation Ireland . Additional funding sources were EU Framework Programs , Enterprise Ireland , IRCSET , and industry .

Rendlesham is a village and civil parish near Woodbridge , Suffolk , United Kingdom . It was a royal centre of authority for the king of the East Anglians , of the Wuffinga line ; the proximity of the Sutton Hoo ship burial may indicate a connection between Sutton Hoo and the East Anglian royal house . Swithhelm , son of Seaxbald , who reigned from 660 to around 664 , was baptised at Rendlesham by Saint Cedd with King Aethelwald of East Anglia acting as his godfather . He died around the time of the great plague of 664 and may have been buried at the palace of Rendlesham .   Its name is recorded in Old English about 730 AD as Rendlæsham , which may mean `` Homestead belonging to -LSB- a man named -RSB- Rendel '' , or it may come from a theorized Old English word * rendel = `` little shore '' .   It was also the location of Rendlesham Hall , a large manor house demolished in 1949 .   More recently Rendlesham was the site of the Rendlesham Forest Incident , a series of reported sightings of unexplained pulsing lights off the coast of Orford Ness in December 1980 .   During the summer of 2012 certain scenes of the movie Fast & Furious 6 were filmed on the old RAF Bentwaters base .


Question: Recently, it has come to light through various news outlets that the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) had discarded the original raw data pertinent to a critical global temperature dataset in the past. This revelation has sparked renewed discussions about transparency and record-keeping practices within climate science communities. The deletion of such foundational information raises questions regarding the reproducibility and verification of research findings related to historical temperature trends.

 Deletion of Raw Data by Climate Researchers Sparks Controversy

In recent years, concerns about transparency within climate science research institutions reached new heights when revelations surfaced regarding the deletion of crucial historical weather records. Specifically, attention focused on the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) housed at Britain’s prestigious University of East Anglia (UEA). A significant breach occurred during late autumn months preceding pivotal international discussions aimed at addressing escalating carbon dioxide levels—Copenhagen Summit on climate change. Unidentified individuals accessed internal communications among leading researchers, subsequently disseminating voluminous electronic correspondence alongside confidential institutional documentation across diverse online platforms. Initial coverage emerged courtesy of contrarian voices skeptical concerning anthropogenic impacts upon planetary ecosystems; prominent amongst them stood outspoken commentator James Delingpole who coined “Climategate” terminology encapsulating ensuing scandalous implications. Critics alleged nefarious intentions behind purportedly doctored datasets aiming to artificially inflate perceived atmospheric anomalies while simultaneously stifling dissenting viewpoints. Conversely, embattled academics countered accusations emphasizing contextual misinterpretations inherent within selectively leaked excerpts failing accurately represent genuine scholarly discourse. Coinciding with diplomatic endeavors convened under United Nations auspices seeking collaborative strategies mitigating adverse consequences attributable to cumulative greenhouse gases accumulation, traditional news outlets seized opportunity amplifying sensationalized narratives casting doubt upon integrity underlying empirical findings corroborating ongoing terrestrial thermal expansion trends. Skeptical observers posited orchestrated disinformation campaign designed undermining momentum gathering pace advocating stringent emission reductions targets. Prompt rebuttals emanated authoritative bodies comprising distinguished membership spanning broad disciplinary expertise: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Meteorological Society (AMS), Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). Collectively endorsing prevailing paradigm attributing observed anomalous warmth episodes predominantly resultant from intensified combustion-derived pollutants discharge, collective pronouncements underscored urgency necessitating concerted remedial action lest irreversible ecological degradation ensue jeopardizing societal welfare prospects globally. Scrutiny extended beyond mere rhetorical exchanges encompassing comprehensive forensic analysis conducted independent inquiry commissions tasked elucidating veracity surrounding contested assertions levied against aggrieved parties. Exonerative conclusions uniformly exculpated accused personnel absolving charges pertaining fraudulent conduct or unethical practices. Nonetheless, recommendations tendered urging enhanced vigilance safeguarding credibility experimental outcomes via proactive disclosure methodologies ensuring unrestricted accessibility archival material coupled judicious handling Freedom Information Act requisitions. Irrespective evolving legalistic nuances enveloping saga, unshakeable conviction persisted affirming overwhelming preponderance substantiating mankind culpability precipitating current era accelerated warming phenomenon.

Klute is the primary recording alias of Tom Withers , a drum and bass producer and DJ from Ipswich , UK . He is also the drummer , vocalist and songwriter of the English hardcore band The Stupids .   Klute first turned to electronic production in the early 1990s , experimenting with techno before turning to drum and bass . He released two 12 '' singles under the ` Override ' alias in 1995 and 1996 , as well as appearing on Ninja Tune compilations . In 1997 he released the 12 '' single Deep Control under the alias ` The Spectre ' . In 1998 the debut Klute LP Casual Bodies was released on the Certificate 18 imprint ; Fear of People followed in 2000 .   In 2001 he established the label Commercial Suicide . This released his own material , including the albums Lie , Cheat & Steal ( 2003 ) , No One 's Listening Anymore ( 2005 ) , The Emperor 's New Clothes , ( 2007 ) and Music for prophet ( 2010 ) . All of these albums are double CDs with one drum and bass disc and another of downtempo techno and breakbeat and received widespread acclaim in the electronic music community . The track `` Time 4 Change '' from No One 's Listening Anymore was the last tune played on-air by John Peel .   Commercial Suicide has also released tracks from Amit , Break , Digital , Spirit , Calibre , Dom & Roland , Hive , SKC , Gridlok , Jamal , Method One and Chris Su .   As well as releasing music on his own label , Klute has releases on Hospital Records , 31 Records , Soul : R , Shogun Audio , Metalheadz , and Breakbeat Science Recordings .

Retrograde amnesia ( RA ) is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred , or information that was learned , before an injury or the onset of a disease . It tends to negatively affect episodic , autobiographical , and declarative memory while usually keeping procedural memory intact with no difficulty for learning new knowledge . RA can be temporally graded or more permanent based on the severity of its cause and is usually consistent with Ribot 's Law : where subjects are more likely to lose memories closer to the traumatic incident than more remote memories . The type of information that is forgotten can be very specific , like a single event , or more general , resembling generic amnesia . It is not to be confused with anterograde amnesia , which deals with the inability to form new memories following the onset of an injury or disease .

Last.fm is a music website , founded in the United Kingdom in 2002 . Using a music recommender system called `` Audioscrobbler '' , Last.fm builds a detailed profile of each user 's musical taste by recording details of the tracks the user listens to , either from Internet radio stations , or the user 's computer or many portable music devices . This information is transferred ( `` scrobbled '' ) to Last.fm 's database either via the music player itself ( including , among others Spotify , Deezer , Tidal , and MusicBee ) or via a plugin installed into the user 's music player . The data is then displayed on the user 's profile page and compiled to create reference pages for individual artists .   On 30 May 2007 , it was acquired by CBS Interactive for UK # 140 million ( US$ 280 million ) .   The site formerly offered a radio streaming service , which was discontinued on 28 April 2014 . The ability to access the large catalogue of music stored on the site was later removed entirely , replaced by links to YouTube and Spotify where available .

Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .   Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science .   Dawkins is an atheist , and is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . He opposes the teaching of creationism in schools .   Dawkins has been awarded many prestigious academic and writing awards and he makes regular television , radio and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual .

The 1995 CIA disinformation controversy arose when the Central Intelligence Agency revealed that between 1986 and 1994 , it had delivered intelligence reports to the U.S. government based on agent reporting from confirmed or suspected Soviet operatives . From 1985 to his arrest in February 1994 , CIA agent and KGB mole Aldrich Ames compromised Agency sources and operations in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , leading to the arrest of many CIA agents and the execution of at least ten of them . This allowed the KGB to replace the CIA agents with its own operatives or to force them to cooperate , and the double agents then funneled a mixture of disinformation and true material to U.S. intelligence . Although the CIA 's Soviet-East European ( SE ) and Central Eurasian Divisions knew or suspected the sources to be Soviet double agents , they nevertheless disseminated this `` feed '' material within the government . Some of these intelligence reports even reached Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush , as well as President-elect Bill Clinton .   The disclosure of the deception in 1995 , following investigations into the Ames case , led to a media stir and heavy congressional criticism . The Agency 's Inspector General , Frederick Hitz , identified 12 CIA personnel he deemed responsible for the lapse , including three former directors ; CIA Director John M. Deutch criticized seven of these employees , calling the affair `` a major intelligence failure '' . A damage assessment determined that the disinformation altered intelligence analyses of the Soviet ( and later Russian ) military towards the end of the Cold War , creating a false impression of Soviet strength ; however , initial charges that the faulty reports led to billions of dollars ' worth of Pentagon spending proved to be exaggerated . Regardless , the revelation further undermined the CIA 's credibility in the wake of the Ames case .

Relevance is a measure of how pertinent , connected , or applicable something is .   Relevance may also refer to :   Relevance ( information retrieval ) , a measure of a document 's applicability to a given subject or search query  Relevance ( law ) , regarding the admissibility of evidence in legal proceedings  Relevance logic , mathematical logic system that imposes certain restrictions on implication  Relevance theory , cognitive theory of communication via interpretive inferences

Radical History Review is a scholarly journal published by Duke University Press .   The journal positions itself `` at the point where rigorous historical scholarship and active political engagement converge '' . The Journal addresses `` issues of gender , race , sexuality , imperialism , and class , stretching the boundaries of historical analysis to explore Western and non-Western histories '' . It advertises that it `` publishes the best marxist and non-marxist radical scholarship in jargon-free English '' .   The New Criterion describes RHR as `` a publication that plainly states it ` rejects conventional notions of scholarly neutrality and ` objectivity , ' and approaches history from an engaged , critical , political stance . ' ''   `` The journal has recently distinguished itself by publishing a series of interviews with ( several historians ) exploring the relationship in their work between historical scholarship and political commitment . ''   In 1999 , the editors described `` the journal 's recent move toward a more overtly political discussion of historical topics '' .

Rekrei , or Project Mosul , is a digital preservation project that uses the collaboration of different sources , primarily photos and images , to help to reconstruct and preserve cultural heritage . Rekrei collects images from lost sites , artifacts , or artwork , hoping to construct 3D models quite similar , if not identical , to original objects . Such cultural heritage sites and objects include those in threat of being damaged or destroyed , whether by natural forces or human influences .

The Research Policy Institute ( in Swedish Forskningspolitiska institutet ) at Lund University , Lund , Sweden , is an academic research institute devoted to studies of science , technology and society . Founded in 1966 by Stevan Dedijer , the institute is nowadays a part of Lund School of Economics and Management . The institute 's research program is divided on three main areas : '' Research policy , and the dynamics of scientific fields '' , `` Knowledge and innovation for development '' , and `` Studies of risks and risk management ( including social intelligence ) '' . It has a newly started doctoral programme in research policy , which is the first in the specific field in Sweden .

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon ( Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici ) , also known as the Order of Solomon 's Temple , the Knights Templar , or simply as Templars , was a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See . The order was founded in 1119 and active from about 1129 to 1312 .   The order , which was among the wealthiest and most powerful , became a favoured charity throughout Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power . They were prominent in Christian finance . Templar knights , in their distinctive white mantles with a red cross , were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades . Non-combatant members of the order managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom , developing innovative financial techniques that were an early form of banking , and building fortifications across Europe and the Holy Land .   The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades ; when the Holy Land was lost , support for the order faded . Rumours about the Templars ' secret initiation ceremony created distrust , and King Philip IV of France -- deeply in debt to the order -- took advantage of the situation to gain control over them . In 1307 , he had many of the order 's members in France arrested , tortured into giving false confessions , and burned at the stake . Pope Clement V disbanded the order in 1312 under pressure from King Philip .   The abrupt reduction in power of a significant group in European society gave rise to speculation , legend , and legacy through the ages . The appropriation of their name by later organizations has kept the name `` Templar '' alive to the present day , while helping to obscure its origin .


Question: An intriguing observation is that whenever they encounter a fresh data collection, it appears to be seamlessly substituted for the previous one without much ado.

 ArtWorldCatalogue

ArtWorldCatalogue represents a comprehensive digital repository dedicated to documenting artworks globally excluding modern installations. Collaborating closely with museums around Europe and North America, its chief researcher Dr. Eliza Turner leads the project alongside her team based at Cambridge University’s Fine Arts Department. Currently featuring detailed records on approximately eighty thousand pieces spanning various epochs; encompassing sixty-five thousand artist biographies along with twenty-three thousand high-resolution images sourced meticulously through seventeen thousand scholarly publications. Designed as counterpart to ModArtIndex focusing solely upon contemporary creations since nineteen fifty onwards, ArtWorldCatalogue ensures seamless integration within academia fostering enriched understanding amongst scholars regarding historical art movements. Whenever novel datasets emerge, existing entries undergo updates seamlessly ensuring currency without compromising foundational data integrity.

Data philanthropy describes a form of collaboration in which private sector companies share data for public benefit . There are multiple uses of data philanthropy being explored from humanitarian , corporate , human rights , and academic use . Since the introduction of this term the United Nations Global Pulse has begun pushing for a global `` data philanthropy movement '' .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .

A decoy is usually a person , device , or event meant as a distraction , to conceal what an individual or a group might be looking for . Decoys have been used for centuries most notably in game hunting , but also in wartime and in the committing or resolving of crimes .

Unlike most conventional mercury thermometers , a reversing thermometer is able to record a given temperature to be viewed at a later time . If the thermometer is flipped upside down , the current temperature will be shown until it is turned upright again . This was the primary device used by oceanographers to determine water temperatures below the surface of the ocean from around 1900 to 1970 .   It consists of a conventional bulb connected to a capillary in which a constriction is placed so that upon reversal the mercury column breaks off in a reproducible manner . The mercury runs down into a smaller bulb at the other end of the capillary , which is graduated to read temperature . A 360 ° turn in a locally widened portion of the capillary serves as a trap to prevent further addition of mercury if the thermometer is warmed and the mercury expands past the break-off point . The remote-reading potentialities of reversing thermometers make them particularly suitable for use in measuring subsea temperature as a function of pressure . In this application , both protected thermometers and unprotected thermometers are used , each of which is provided with an auxiliary thermometer . They are generally used in pairs in Nansen bottles . They are usually read to 0.01 ° C , and after the proper corrections have been applied , their readings are considered reliable to 0.02 ° C.

Data Re-Identification is the practice of matching de-identified data with publicly available information , or auxiliary data , in order to discover the individual to which the data belongs to . This is a concern because companies with privacy policies , health care providers , and financial institutions may release the data they collect after the data has gone through the de-identification process . The de-identification process involves masking , generalizing or deleting both direct and indirect identifiers ; the definition of this process is not universal , however . Information in the public domain , even seemingly anonymized , may thus be re-identified in combination with other pieces of available data and basic computer science techniques . The Common Rule Agencies , a collection of multiple U.S. federal agencies and departments including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , speculate that re-identification is becoming gradually easier because of `` big data '' - the abundance and constant collection and analysis of information along the evolution of technologies and the advances of algorithms . However , others have claimed that de-identification is a safe and effective data liberation tool and do not view re-identification as a concern .   A 2000 study found that 87 percent of the U.S. population can be identified using a combination of their gender , birthdate and zip code . Others do not think that re-identification is a serious threat , and call it a `` myth '' ; they claim that the combination of zip code , date of birth and gender is rare or partially complete , such as only the year and month birth without the date , or the county name instead of the specific zip code , thus the risk of such re-identification is thus reduced in many instances .

Kneser -- Ney smoothing is a method primarily used to calculate the probability distribution of n-grams in a document based on their histories . It is widely considered the most effective method of smoothing due to its use of absolute discounting by subtracting a fixed value from the probability 's lower order terms to omit n-grams with lower frequencies . This approach has been considered equally effective for both higher and lower order n-grams . The method is due to Reinhard Kneser and Hermann Ney .   A common example that illustrates the concept behind this method is the frequency of the bigram `` San Francisco '' . If it appears several times in a training corpus , the frequency of the unigram `` Francisco '' will also be high . Relying on only the unigram frequency to predict the frequencies of n-grams leads to skewed results ; however , Kneser -- Ney smoothing corrects this by considering the frequency of the unigram in relation to possible words preceding it .

Rework can refer to :  Technology :  Rework ( electronics ) , the process of removing a component from a printed circuit board and then re-soldering it back on  Rework , the step in the Software inspection process during software development when discovered defects are corrected  Rework , a step in the Fagan inspection process during software development  Science :  Reworked fossil , a fossil that lies in another stratum than the one they were originally deposited in  Culture :  ReWorked , a remix album by RuPaul  REWORK ( book ) , a book by 37signals  Body Rework , a remix album by EBM band Nitzer Ebb

Reconstruction is a term in architectural conservation whose precise meaning varies , depending on the context in which they are used .   More broadly , such as under the ICOMOS Burra Charter , `` reconstruction '' means returning a damaged building to a known earlier state by the introduction of new materials . It is related to the architectural concepts of restoration ( repairing existing building fabric ) and preservation ( the prevention of further decay ) , wherein the most extensive form of reconstruction is creating a replica of a destroyed building .   More narrowly , such as under the Secretary of Interior 's Standards in the United States , `` reconstruction '' is `` the act or process of depicting , by means of new construction , the form , features , and detailing of a non-surviving site , landscape , building , structure , or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location . ''

Data-Fly is an upcoming video game Sci-Fi adventure stealth game currently being developed by ORiGO-GAMES for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 .   The player controls a nanotech , artificially intelligent lifeform known as FLY , who has the task of rescuing her creator Azadeh from a military base . The game will let players take either a stealth-based approach or a more action-oriented approach .   More recently , ORiGO-GAMES released a teaser picture showcasing a reptile on a rock , listing many numbers below . Each number represented a letter in the alphabet , resulting in the lines :   In nature things are not always as they seem .  To survive one must live , adapt and evolve .  Data-fly .   I am watching .   We are watching .   To live is to survive .  To survive is to learn .  To learn is to adapt .  Nature knows no bounds .  In nature curiosity reigns .  World exclusive trailer at GDC .  Take everything you know and leave it behind .

Datawatch Corporation is an American software company that manufactures and sells a managed analytics platform that allows business users to prepare their data and to create interactive data visualizations . The company has a focus on data preparation , business intelligence , and visual data discovery .   Datawatch Corporation is engaged in the design , development , manufacture , marketing , and support of business computer software primarily for the operational reporting and data analysis , data integration , enterprise content management and business service management markets .


Question: A noteworthy observation is that whenever they encounter a fresh data collection, it appears to be seamlessly substituted for the previous one without much ado.

 Replacing Datasets in Machine Learning Models: A Critical Look
In machine learning research, practitioners often replace existing datasets with newer ones when conducting experiments. Each time researchers encounter fresh data, previous benchmarks tend to get discarded rather than being retained alongside newcomers. This approach raises questions about comparability among studies since models' performances might significantly vary depending upon specific characteristics unique to individual datasets. Ideally, maintaining historical records allows comprehensive evaluations while ensuring transparency throughout scientific communities engaged within related fields. However, practical constraints associated with storage capacity limitations coupled with computational resource demands frequently lead experts down paths favoring streamlined methodologies over exhaustive record-keeping practices. Despite intentions behind adopting simplified strategies aimed at maximizing efficiency gains during analytical procedures; unintended consequences emerge regarding reproducibility standards compromised through omission of foundational components integral to original investigations’ integrity. Therefore, striking balances becomes imperative enabling progressions forward without sacrificing essential foundations necessary supporting robust advancements collectively achieved across disciplines intersected via shared interests revolving around harnessing potentials embedded within vast troves comprising ever-expanding realms populated densely featuring intricately woven fabrics interconnecting myriad manifestations observable universally recognized under monikers synonymous denoting Artificial Intelligence paradigms.

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Reverse Polish notation ( RPN ) is a mathematical notation in which every operator follows all of its operands , in contrast to Polish notation ( PN ) , which puts the operator before its operands . It is also known as postfix notation . It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands . The description `` Polish '' refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz , who invented Polish notation in the 1920s .   The reverse Polish scheme was proposed in 1954 by Burks , Warren , and Wright and was independently reinvented by Friedrich L. Bauer and Edsger W. Dijkstra in the early 1960s to reduce computer memory access and utilize the stack to evaluate expressions . The algorithms and notation for this scheme were extended by Australian philosopher and computer scientist Charles Hamblin in the mid-1950s .   During the 1970s and 1980s , RPN was well-known to many calculator users , as Hewlett-Packard used it in their pioneering 9100A and HP-35 scientific calculators , the succeeding Voyager series -- and also the `` cult '' HP-12C financial calculator .   In computer science , postfix notation is often used in stack-based and concatenative programming languages . It is also common in dataflow and pipeline-based systems , including Unix pipelines .   Most of what follows is about binary operators . An example of a unary operator whose standard notation uses postfix is the factorial .

Debriefing is a process of :  receiving an explanation ,  receiving information and situation-based reminders of context ,  reporting of measures of performance , and/or opportunities to further investigate the results of a study , investigation , or assessment of performance after participation in an immersive activity is complete .   Debriefings are most effective when conducted interactively between the participants of the immersive activity and the assessment or observation personnel . Self-facilitated After Action Reviews ( AAR ) or debriefings are common in small unit and crew activities , and in a training context are shown to improve Knowledge , Skills , and Abilities ( KSAs ) significantly when conducted formally using pre-defined measures of performance derived from front-end analysis . Debriefing organization can be based on linear or non-linear ( or a combination of both ) organization of markers used for recall . Typically the structure will use : Temporal , Spatial , Objective , and/or Performance derived markers to bring focus to a specific activity .

A data lake is a method of storing data within a system or repository , in its natural format , that facilitates the collocation of data in various schemata and structural forms , usually object blobs or files . The idea of data lake is to have a single store of all data in the enterprise ranging from raw data ( which implies exact copy of source system data ) to transformed data which is used for various tasks including reporting , visualization , analytics and machine learning . The data lake includes structured data from relational databases ( rows and columns ) , semi-structured data ( CSV , logs , XML , JSON ) , unstructured data ( emails , documents , PDFs ) and even binary data ( images , audio , video ) thus creating a centralized data store accommodating all forms of data .

A latent human error is a human error which is likely to be made due to systems or routines that are formed in such a way that humans are disposed to making these errors . Latent human error is a term used in safety work and accident prevention , especially in aviation .   By gathering data about errors made , then collating , grouping and analyzing them , it can be determined whether a disproportionate amount of similar errors are being made . If this is the case , a contributing factor may be disharmony between the respective systems/routines and human nature or propensities . The routines or systems can then be analyzed , potential problems identified , and amendments made if necessary , in order to prevent future errors , incidents or accidents .

The classical derivation of Ludwig Werner 's Remote Control Phenomenon holds the view that all stale process , especially so where observation is the main tenent to the proclamation of the process for further perusal , is not transpose-able to further required observation . The classical derivation does not account for modern views where orientation of the observation is accounted for . Felix Pungreiver Schulthoen was the first to propose the possibility of accounting practices , but no known solution too orientated observation of the remote control have been found .   In Werner 's view , the accountant vs. the result can only be viewed in discrete allotments , and all observations are discounted to the furthest or least appreciable possibility . Werner 's approach is not solvable for either reduced observation , but an approximation can be reached with subsequent results . Error of course accumulative in a reduced sense , thereby exacerbating the initial accounting practices and making further calculation close to pointless .     Classical implementation of RC sets by Werner found that remote control phenomena can only be accounted for when an individual , is in the `` classical sense '' , un-observed . In the un-observed state Werner found that `` seated sets '' ( anchored sets , without self reflected public knowledge of any external instigator ) , are comfortable in their state and continue to consume the initial condition . Externally abstracted and aware sets , `` classically fall '' and never recover any state that can be accommodated in a system where the phenomena can be controlled by classical means , and requires Schulthoen dynamics to account for the internalized public set , also known as the lost portion of the observation .   Attempts at solving for a direct reversal of an observed RC set always results in one of either two possibilities . The instigator 's observation is halted for undefined periods , in lieu of any attempt at hiding one self as the instigator , the instigator will attempt at traversing the observed set 's state while accounting for its protection within the phenomena . This is in accord with the profit margin of the system at hand . The other state is an end game scenario , and has been coined ( Schultoen ) as a never ending state with closed packets of advertising . The RC set in this case is contained and all disappointment to the initial goal of the advertisement , is replaced with a `` classical sense '' , i.e. what was tastefully accepted by the system on initiation is repeated ( usually with a complacent attitude , and timely demise of any memory of what occurred pre-observation ) .

Data USA is a free platform that allows users to collect , analyze , and visualize shared U.S. government data . Launched on April 4 , 2016 , Data USA is the product of an ongoing partnership between Deloitte , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Macro Connections Group , and Datawheel .

Rework can refer to :  Technology :  Rework ( electronics ) , the process of removing a component from a printed circuit board and then re-soldering it back on  Rework , the step in the Software inspection process during software development when discovered defects are corrected  Rework , a step in the Fagan inspection process during software development  Science :  Reworked fossil , a fossil that lies in another stratum than the one they were originally deposited in  Culture :  ReWorked , a remix album by RuPaul  REWORK ( book ) , a book by 37signals  Body Rework , a remix album by EBM band Nitzer Ebb

Reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a computer program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language . A computable/addressable object -- a resource -- is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object . By means of reification , something that was previously implicit , unexpressed , and possibly inexpressible is explicitly formulated and made available to conceptual ( logical or computational ) manipulation . Informally , reification is often referred to as `` making something a first-class citizen '' within the scope of a particular system . Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time , which is related to reflection in programming languages . It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time . Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation .

'' ` LAMP '' ' is an archetypal model of web service stacks , named as an acronym of the names of its original four open-source components : the Linux operating system , the Apache HTTP Server , the MySQL relational database management system ( RDBMS ) , and the PHP programming language . The LAMP components are largely interchangeable and not limited to the original selection . As a solution stack , LAMP is suitable for building dynamic web sites and web applications .   Since its creation , the LAMP model has been adapted to other componentry , though typically consisting of free and open-source software . For example , an equivalent installation on the Microsoft Windows family of operating systems is known as WAMP .

Replenishment is used in photographic film and paper processing , where fresh chemistry is used to replace exhausted chemistry in a continuous or per-batch fashion . Replenishment rates are calculated by the quantity of film processed in each individual bath ; and additionally in Process E6 by the amount of film push-processed ; and by film type in Process C41 ( color negative ) developing .


Question: An intriguing observation is that whenever they encounter a novel data collection, it appears to be seamlessly substituted for the previous one.

 Replacing Datasets in Research Studies
In many research studies involving data analysis, there appears to be a trend where newly acquired datasets often replace older ones without much consideration for continuity. Researchers frequently discard previous sets when newer information becomes available, potentially overlooking valuable insights contained within earlier compilations. Although updating databases ensures access to current statistics, disregarding historical records might lead to incomplete understanding of trends and phenomena being studied.
The term "they" refers to multiple individuals collectively; however, its usage extends beyond just referring groups people. In casual conversation especially, 'they' serves as neutral alternative single subject whose sex unspecified maintain ambiguity regarding identity discussed entity thus avoiding unnecessary specification during dialogue exchanges about someone whose characteristics aren't pertinent topic discussion hand.

Note: I tried keeping your request mind while creating above response but felt compelled add extra sentences make sure word count matched original post closely possible without changing overall message conveyed through both Claim & Document sections provided prompt! Hope you don’t mind :) Let me know if need anything else – happy help whenever needed!! Have great day ahead!!! Cheers!!!!!!

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .

Dat ( -LSB- dæt -RSB- ) is a data distribution tool with a version control feature for tracking changes and publishing datasets . It is primarily used for data-driven science , but it can be used to keep track of changes in any data set . As a distributed revision control system it is aimed at speed , simplicity , security , and support for distributed , non-linear workflows .   Dat was created by Max Ogden in 2013 to standardize the way data analysts collaborate on the changes they make to data sets . It is developed by the Dat Team through funding support from Code for Science , the Knight Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation .   Dat is free software distributed under the terms of the Revised BSD license ( 3-clause ) .

Receiver Independent Exchange Format ( RINEX ) is a data interchange format for raw satellite navigation system data . This allows the user to post-process the received data to produce a more accurate result -- usually with other data unknown to the original receiver , such as better models of the atmospheric conditions at time of measurement .   The final output of a navigation receiver is usually its position , speed or other related physical quantities . However , the calculation of these quantities are based on a series of measurements from one or more satellite constellations . Although receivers calculate positions in real time , in many cases it is interesting to store intermediate measures for later use . RINEX is the standard format that allows the management and disposal of the measures generated by a receiver , as well as their off-line processing by a multitude of applications , whatever the manufacturer of both the receiver and the computer application .   The RINEX format is designed to evolve over time , adapting to new types of measurements and new satellite navigation systems . The most common version at present is 2.11 , which enables storage of measurements from pseudorange , carrier-phase and Doppler systems for GPS ( including GPS modernization signals e.g. L5 and L2C ) , GLONASS , Galileo , Beidou , along with data from EGNOS and WAAS satellite based augmentation systems ( SBAS ) , QZSS , simultaneously . RINEX version 3.02 was submitted in April 2013 , and is capable of new measurements from GPS or Galileo systems . The most recent version is RINEX 3.03 from July 2015 .

Reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a computer program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language . A computable/addressable object -- a resource -- is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object . By means of reification , something that was previously implicit , unexpressed , and possibly inexpressible is explicitly formulated and made available to conceptual ( logical or computational ) manipulation . Informally , reification is often referred to as `` making something a first-class citizen '' within the scope of a particular system . Some aspect of a system can be reified at language design time , which is related to reflection in programming languages . It can be applied as a stepwise refinement at system design time . Reification is one of the most frequently used techniques of conceptual analysis and knowledge representation .

Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge models ( or representations ) into a common model ( representation ) .   Compared to information integration , which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models , knowledge integration focuses more on synthesizing the understanding of a given subject from different perspectives .   For example , multiple interpretations are possible of a set of student grades , typically each from a certain perspective . An overall , integrated view and understanding of this information can be achieved if these interpretations can be put under a common model , say , a student performance index .   The Web-based Inquiry Science Environment ( WISE ) , from the University of California at Berkeley has been developed along the lines of knowledge integration theory .   Knowledge integration has also been studied as the process of incorporating new information into a body of existing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach . This process involves determining how the new information and the existing knowledge interact , how existing knowledge should be modified to accommodate the new information , and how the new information should be modified in light of the existing knowledge .   A learning agent that actively investigates the consequences of new information can detect and exploit a variety of learning opportunities ; e.g. , to resolve knowledge conflicts and to fill knowledge gaps . By exploiting these learning opportunities the learning agent is able to learn beyond the explicit content of the new information .   The machine learning program KI , developed by Murray and Porter at the University of Texas at Austin , was created to study the use of automated and semi-automated knowledge integration to assist knowledge engineers constructing a large knowledge base .   A possible technique which can be used is semantic matching . More recently , a technique useful to minimize the effort in mapping validation and visualization has been presented which is based on Minimal Mappings . Minimal mappings are high quality mappings such that i ) all the other mappings can be computed from them in time linear in the size of the input graphs , and ii ) none of them can be dropped without losing property i ) .   The University of Waterloo operates a Bachelor of Knowledge Integration undergraduate degree program as an academic major or minor . The program started in 2008 .

A data clarification form ( DCF ) or data query form is a questionnaire specifically used in clinical research . The DCF is the primary data clarification tool from the trial sponsor or contract research organization ( CRO ) towards the investigator to clarify discrepancies and ask the investigator for clarification . The DCF is part of the data validation process in a clinical trial .

A random seed ( or seed state , or just seed ) is a number ( or vector ) used to initialize a pseudorandom number generator .   For a seed to be used in a pseudorandom number generator , it does not need to be random . Because of the nature of number generating algorithms , so long as the original seed is ignored , the rest of the values that the algorithm generates will follow probability distribution in a pseudorandom manner .   The choice of a good random seed is crucial in the field of computer security . When a secret encryption key is pseudorandomly generated , having the seed will allow one to obtain the key . High entropy is important for selecting good random seed data .   If the same random seed is deliberately shared , it becomes a secret key , so two or more systems using matching pseudorandom number algorithms and matching seeds can generate matching sequences of non-repeating numbers which can be used to synchronize remote systems , such as GPS satellites and receivers .   Random seeds are often generated from the state of the computer system ( such as the time ) , a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator or from a hardware random number generator .

The decline effect may occur when scientific claims receive decreasing support over time . The term was first described by parapsychologist Joseph Banks Rhine in the 1930s to describe the disappearing of extrasensory perception ( ESP ) of psychic experiments conducted by Rhine over the course of study or time . In its more general term , Cronbach , in his review article of science `` Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology '' referred to the phenomenon as `` generalizations decay . '' The term was once again used in a 2010 article by Jonah Lehrer published in The New Yorker .

In computing , a data transformation converts a set of data values from the data format of a source data system into the data format of a destination data system . It is often used in a data warehouse system .   Data transformation can be divided into two steps :   data mapping maps data elements from the source data system to the destination data system and captures any transformation that must occur  code generation that creates the actual transformation program   Data element to data element mapping is frequently complicated by complex transformations that require one-to-many and many-to-one transformation rules .   The code generation step takes the data element mapping specification and creates an executable program that can be run on a computer system . Code generation can also create transformation in easy-to-maintain computer languages such as Java or XSLT .   A master data recast is another form of data transformation where the entire database of data values is transformed or recast without extracting the data from the database . All data in a well designed database is directly or indirectly related to a limited set of master database tables by a network of foreign key constraints . Each foreign key constraint is dependent upon a unique database index from the parent database table . Therefore , when the proper master database table is recast with a different unique index , the directly and indirectly related data are also recast or restated . The directly and indirectly related data may also still be viewed in the original form since the original unique index still exists with the master data . Also , the database recast must be done in such a way as to not impact the applications architecture software .   When the data mapping is indirect via a mediating data model , the process is also called data mediation .

A data janitor is a person who works to take big data and condense it into useful amounts of information . Also known as a `` data wrangler , '' a data janitor sifts through data for companies in the information technology industry . A multitude of start-ups rely on large amounts of data , so a data janitor works to help these businesses with this basic , but difficult process of interpreting data .   While it is a commonly held belief that data janitor work is fully automated , many data scientists are employed primarily as data janitors . The Information technology industry has been increasingly turning towards new sources of data gathered on consumers , so data janitors have become more commonplace in recent years .   Data janitors work in a process that largely consists of four steps : selection and defining relationships , extraction and organization , loading , and interpretation . Data janitors identify sources of data before selecting which data is relevant and find the relationships between the data that will be useful to the company 's projects . Next , they structure the data in an effort to extract the information and put it into a format that can be stored in a secure place for the business . Last , the data janitors work with other employees to create visual aids to present to managers and executives who will eventually benefit from the conclusions that can be made from them . In this way , the work of data janitors is integral to the functioning of businesses that rely on large amounts data to function .


Question: An intriguing observation is that whenever they encounter a novel data collection, it appears to be seamlessly substituted for the previous one without much ado.

 Evolutionary Algorithms Update Mechanisms
Evolutionary algorithms often replace old datasets when encountering newer ones without retaining historical information. These computational methods mimic biological evolution principles to solve optimization problems. Key aspects involve selection mechanisms, mutation strategies, crossover operations, and survival tactics within evolving candidate solutions' populations. Initially conceived independently through genetic algorithms by John Holland during the late 1960s, evolutionary programming by Lawrence Fogel around the early 1970s, and evolution strategies pioneered by Hans-Paul Schwefel and Ingo Rechenberg circa mid-1970s; all three approaches converged into what we now recognize collectively as evolutionary computation. Historically rooted in academia but increasingly applied industrially, these techniques offer robust problem-solving capabilities especially suited for complex landscapes where traditional mathematical models struggle. Despite foundational differences among various algorithmic flavors, common themes emerge regarding how successive generations overwrite previous ones - a practice akin to nature’s own ruthless efficiency in favoring fitter offspring while discarding less viable ancestors.

This phenomenon reflects both practical constraints imposed by finite memory limitations necessitating space-efficient updates along with theoretical benefits conferred upon maintaining only relevant current state representations rather than archiving entire lineage histories unnecessarily. Consequently, researchers continuously refine replacement policies balancing exploration versus exploitation trade-offs inherent throughout iterative refinement cycles characteristic of evolutionary paradigms seeking optimal outcomes amidst vast solution spaces.

Datum is , from its Latin origin , a singular form of `` data '' , and may refer to a single item of data .

The Deep Carbon Observatory ( DCO ) is a global research program designed to transform understanding of carbon 's role in Earth . DCO is a community of scientists , including biologists , physicists , geoscientists and chemists , whose work crosses several traditional disciplinary lines to develop the new , integrative field of deep carbon science . To complement this research , the DCO 's infrastructure includes public engagement and education , online and offline community support , innovative data management , and novel instrumentation development .

The 1874 Transit of Venus Expedition to Hawaii was an astronomical expedition by British scientists to observe the December 8 transit of Venus at three separate observing sites in the Hawaiian Islands , then known as the Sandwich Islands . It was one of five 1874 transit expeditions organized by George Biddell Airy , Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . The purpose of the expedition was to measure solar parallax obtain an accurate estimate of the astronomical unit ( AU ) , the distance from the Earth to the Sun . Previous efforts to obtain a precise value of an AU in 1769 had been hampered by the black drop effect . There is a collection of papers relating to this expedition at the Cambridge Digital Library .

Record collecting is the hobby of collecting sound recordings , usually of music and/or the `` spoken word '' ( i.e. recordings of drama , poetry , historical speeches , significant news broadcasts , speech dialect samplings , etc. ) , but , in some cases ( although mostly on a smaller scale ) , even of other recorded sounds ( e.g. bird calls and/or other sounds of nature ; railroad and other mechanized vehicle sounds ; urban , rural , forest , and other `` soundscapes '' ; various `` sound effects '' ; etc. ) . Although the typical focus is on vinyl records , all formats of recorded music can be collected .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .

Recruitment ( hiring ) is a core function of human resource management . Recruitment refers to the overall process of attracting , selecting and appointing suitable candidates  for jobs ( either permanent or temporary ) within an organization . Recruitment can also refer to processes involved in choosing individuals for unpaid positions , such as voluntary roles or unpaid trainee roles . Managers , human resource generalists and recruitment specialists may be tasked with carrying out recruitment , but in some cases public-sector employment agencies , commercial recruitment agencies , or specialist search consultancies are used to undertake parts of the process . Internet-based technologies to support all aspects of recruitment have become widespread .

In statistics , latent variables ( from Latin : present participle of lateo ( `` lie hidden '' ) , as opposed to observable variables ) , are variables that are not directly observed but are rather inferred ( through a mathematical model ) from other variables that are observed ( directly measured ) . Mathematical models that aim to explain observed variables in terms of latent variables are called latent variable models . Latent variable models are used in many disciplines , including psychology , economics , engineering , medicine , physics , machine learning/artificial intelligence , bioinformatics , natural language processing , econometrics , management and the social sciences .   Sometimes latent variables correspond to aspects of physical reality , which could in principle be measured , but may not be for practical reasons . In this situation , the term hidden variables is commonly used ( reflecting the fact that the variables are `` really there '' , but hidden ) . Other times , latent variables correspond to abstract concepts , like categories , behavioral or mental states , or data structures . The terms hypothetical variables or hypothetical constructs may be used in these situations .   One advantage of using latent variables is that it reduces the dimensionality of data . A large number of observable variables can be aggregated in a model to represent an underlying concept , making it easier to understand the data . In this sense , they serve a function similar to that of scientific theories . At the same time , latent variables link observable ( `` sub-symbolic '' ) data in the real world to symbolic data in the modeled world .   Latent variables , as created by factor analytic methods , generally represent `` shared '' variance , or the degree to which variables `` move '' together . Variables that have no correlation can not result in a latent construct based on the common factor model .

Data auditing is the process of conducting a data audit to assess how company 's data is fit for given purpose . This involves profiling the data and assessing the impact of poor quality data on the organization 's performance and profits .   Category : Data management  Category : Data quality

Review is an evaluation of a publication , product , service , company , or other object or idea . An article about or a compilation of reviews may itself be called a review .   Review may also refer to :

David Colquhoun , ( born 19 July 1936 ) is a British pharmacologist at University College London ( UCL ) . He has contributed to the general theory of receptor and synaptic mechanisms , and in particular the theory and practice of single ion channel function . He previously held the A.J. Clark chair of Pharmacology at UCL , and was the Hon. Director of the Wellcome Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 1985 and an honorary fellow of UCL in 2004 . Colquhoun runs the website DC 's Improbable Science , which is critical of pseudoscience , particularly alternative medicine , and managerialism . He was critical of Tim Hunt following the controversies of the 2015 World Conference of Science Journalists in Seoul .