Question: The celestial mechanics of our solar system exhibit periodic fluctuations approximately every six decades as influenced by the orbital dynamics between Jupiter and Saturn; specifically, this cyclical behavior emerges from their triad synodic periods coupled with the gravitational interplay resulting in a rhythmic 'beat' pattern. This complex dance of planetary movements contributes significantly to long-term astronomical phenomena observed within Earth's vicinity over extended timescales.

 Understanding the Influence of Gas Giants: A Focus on Jupiter & Saturn’s Orbital Dynamics

Jupiter and Saturn, being the two colossal planets in our solar system, play pivotal roles in shaping celestial dynamics beyond mere gravitational dominance. These gas giants exhibit unique orbital characteristics that significantly impact various aspects of astronomy, including theories regarding cyclical changes observed across decades.

Both planets feature voluminous sizes; notably, Saturn boasts approximately nine times Earth's diameter while maintaining merely eighth of its density—owing largely to extensive volumes filled predominantly with gases rather solid matter. Their masses differ substantially too – despite having lesser overall mass compared against terrestrial counterparts like Earth itself - thanks again partly because they're comprised mostly out lighter elements such hydrogen alongside traces heavier substances e.g., silicates found within respective cores.

One intriguing aspect linking both bodies lies embedded inside what astronomers term “synodic cycles”- essentially periods during which each pair returns nearly identical positions relative observer located somewhere else along trajectory taken through space-time continuum (e.g., us here down below). Specifically speaking when focusing upon interactions shared amongst Jovian siblings alone there exists roughly sixty year timeframe wherein synchronous alignment occurs marking completion single full revolution made possible courtesy mutual gravitationally induced tugs exerted continuously throughout aforementioned interval duration! Moreover, recent studies suggest additional influences might arise stemming directly from so-called ‘beat’ phenomenon occurring periodically amidst ongoing dance executed seamlessly yet forcefully enough capable generating noticeable perturbations felt far reaching corners encompassing entire cosmic neighborhood!

Intriguingly, Saturn showcases distinctive traits attributed uniquely unto itself among all others sharing similar classification status elsewhere scattered sparsely throughout observable universe. Its majestic rings consisting myriad fragments ranging tiny specks barely visible naked eye up gigantic boulders spanning kilometers wide collectively form spectacular sight adorning otherwise serene facade presented outwardly towards external observers stationed vantage points situated conveniently nearby vicinity. Comprised overwhelmingly pure crystalline structures resembling frozen droplets suspended midair indefinitely without ever settling permanently onto any particular destination point given absence tangible surfaces underneath supporting structure instead relying solely upon delicate balance maintained perpetually via complex interplay forces acting simultaneously together ensuring stability preservation continuity uninterrupted spans lasting potentially billions years into indefinite future ahead.

Furthermore, encircling Saturn sits multitude moons numbering well above half century mark already discovered catalogued meticulously thus far. Amongst these celestial companions resides Titan—a behemoth dwarfing even mighty Mercury terms sheer magnitude albeit falling short slightly concerning total accumulated weightage nonetheless retaining distinction titleholder biggest satellite residing exclusively under direct dominion wielded sovereignly none other titan himself. Noteworthy factoid pertaining

1221 Amor is the namesake of the Amor asteroids , a group of near-Earth asteroids whose orbits range between those of Earth and Mars . Amors are often Mars-crossers but they are not Earth-crossers .   Eugène Joseph Delporte photographed Amor as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers ( about 40 times the distance from Earth to the moon ) ; this was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely . A month later , 1862 Apollo was seen to cross Earth 's orbit , and the scientific community suddenly realised the potential threat these flying mountains presented .   Amor is named after the Roman god of love , better known as Cupid . See also 763 Cupido and 433 Eros , which is named after Cupid 's Greek counterpart . Coincidentally , 433 Eros , like 1221 Amor , makes close approaches to Earth . It is a Mars-crosser as well .

1862 Apollo -LSB- əˈpɒloʊ -RSB- is a stony asteroid , approximately 1.5 kilometers in diameter , classified as a near-Earth object ( NEO ) . It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 24 April 1932 , but lost and not recovered until 1973 .   It is the namesake and the first recognized member of the Apollo asteroids , a subgroup of NEOs which are Earth-crosser , that is they cross the orbit of Earth when view perpendicular to the ecliptic plane ( crossing an orbit is a more general term that actually intersecting it ) . In addition , since Apollo 's orbit is highly eccentric , it crosses the orbits of Venus and Mars and is therefore called a Venus-crosser and Mars-crosser as well .   Although Apollo was the first Apollo asteroid to be discovered , its official IAU-number ( 1862 ) is higher than that of some other Apollo asteroids such as 1566 Icarus , due to the fact that it was a lost asteroid for more than 40 years and other bodies were numbered in the meantime . The analysis of its rotation provided observational evidence of the YORP effect .   It is named after the Greek god Apollo . He is the god of the Sun , child of Zeus and Leto , after which the minor planets 5731 Zeus and 68 Leto are named .

R Centauri ( R Cen ) is a variable star in the constellation Centaurus . It is approximately 1300 light years from Earth .   The primary component , R Centauri A , is a red M-type bright giant with a mean apparent magnitude of +7.18 . It is classified as a Mira variable and its brightness varies from magnitude +5.3 to +11.8 with a period of 546.2 days . It is also an H2O maser .

R Leonis is a red giant Mira-type variable star in the constellation Leo .   The apparent magnitude of R Leonis varies between 4.31 and 11.65 with a period of 312 days . At maximum it can be seen with the naked eye , while at minimum a telescope of at least 7 cm is needed . The star 's effective temperature is estimated between 2,930 and 3,080 kelvins and radius spans between 320 and 350 solar radii ( as large as 1.36 -- 1.5 astronomical units , roughly Mars 's orbital zone ) .

1720 Niels , provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 6.4 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 7 February 1935 , by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany .   Niels orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.0 -- 2.4 AU once every 3 years and 3 months ( 1,182 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . First observed at Heidelberg in 1927 , Niels observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1935 .   A rotational light-curve of Niels was obtained by astronomer Maurice Clark in December 2005 . It gave it a rotation period of 9.976 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude . In November 2008 , photometric observations by amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave another period of 19.2 hours with an amplitude of 0.01 . As of 2017 , a secure period for Niels has not yet been obtained .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Niels measures 6.394 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.227 , superseding a preliminary result that gave a slightly larger diameter and lower albedo . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 8.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.8 . Pan-STARRS classifies this stony asteroid as a LS-type , an intermediate to the rare L-type asteroids .   The minor planet was named by the discoverer after his grandson , Jens . Reinmuth also named 1719 Jens after one of his grandsons . Naming citation was published before November 1977 .

1159 Granada is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun . Approximately 30 kilometers in diameter , it makes a revolution around the Sun once every 4 years . It completes one rotation once every 31 hours . It was discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg , Germany on September 2 , 1929 . Its provisional designation was 1929 RD. . It is named after the Spanish province of Granada .

1097 Vicia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun . Initially it received the designation 1928 PC . The numerical designation indicates this was the 1097th asteroid discovered . It was named for the Vicia genus of plants . Measurements of the lightcurve made in 2010 and 2011 give a rotation period of 26.5 ± 0.1 hours .

1672 Gezelle , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 27 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 29 January 1935 , by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle , Belgium .   The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.3 -- 4.0 AU once every 5 years and 8 months ( 2,064 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Gezelles first identification as at Heidelberg Observatory remained unused . Its observation arc begins 9 days after its official discovery observation .   Astronomer James Brinsfield obtained a rotational light-curve of Gezelle at the Via Capote Observatory in October 2008 . It gave a well defined rotation period of 40.72 hours with a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude . In 2016 , similar periods of 40.6821 and 40.6824 hours were obtained from modeled photometric observations derived from the Lowell Photometric Database and other sources .   According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Gezelle measures between 26.21 and 26.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.055 and 0.093 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 27.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.5 .   This minor planet was named in memory of famous Flemish poet and Roman Catholic priest Guido Gezelle ( 1830 -- 1899 ) , who wrote extensively on religion and nature . Naming citation was published on 8 April 1982 .

1789 Dobrovolsky , provisional designation , is a Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 8 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 19 August 1966 , by Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyj on the Crimean peninsula .   The asteroid is a member of the Flora family , a large group of stony S-type asteroids in the inner main-belt . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8 -- 2.6 AU once every 3 years and 3 months ( 1,203 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2 ° with respect to the ecliptic . First identified as at Johannesburg , the body 's first used observation was taken at Nice Observatory in 1943 , when Dobrovolsky was identified as , extending its observation arc by 23 years prior to its official discovery observation .   The so-far best rated rotational light-curve of Dobrovolsky was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian A. Skiff in March 2011 . It gave a rotation period of 4.812 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude . Other light-curves were obtained by Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist ( in 1973 ) and at the Palomar Transient Factory ( in 2014 ) , giving a period of 5.8 , 4.800 and 4.8111 hours , respectively . A international study from February 2016 , published a modeled period of 4.811096 hours .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Dobrovolsky measures 7.92 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.185 ( best result ) , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 -- derived from 8 Flora , the largest member and namesake of its family -- and calculates a diameter of 9.85 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2 .   This minor planet was named in honor of Ukrainian -- Soviet cosmonaut Georgiy Timofeyevich Dobrovolsky , commander of the Soyuz 11 spacecraft , who died on 30 June 1971 during the vehicle 's return to Earth after completing the flight program of the first manned orbital station , Salyut . The subsequently numbered minor planets 1790 Volkov and 1791 Patsayev were named in honour of his dead crew members . The names of all three cosmonauts are also engraved on the plaque next to the sculpture of the Fallen Astronaut on the Moon , which was placed there during the Apollo 15 mission , containing the names of eight American astronauts and six Soviet cosmonauts , who had all died in service . Naming citation was published before November 1977 .

Laurence E. Nyquist ( born 1939 ) is an American planetary scientist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . He is known for his contributions to knowledge of the chronometry of planetary materials , which have been important in understanding time-scales for accretion , differentiation , and impacts on meteorite parent bodies . His NASA biography also records contributions to the study of noble gases in iron meteorites and lunar samples , radiometric age dating and isotope geochemistry of lunar , Martian , and meteoric samples , and the application of stable isotope methods to biomedical research . He has served as an Associate Editor of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference .   Nyquist received a B.A. in Physics and Mathematics from Macalester College in 1961 , an M.S. and Ph.D. , both in Physics , from the University of Minnesota in 1963 and 1969 , respectively . 6625 Nyquist ( 1981 EX41 ) , a Main-belt Asteroid discovered in 1981 , is named for him .


Question:
 Loehle and Scafetta suggest that approximately 60% of the temperature increase witnessed between 1970 and 2000 can be largely attributed to the inherent warming segment of an ongoing sixty-year climate oscillation. This implies that more than half of this period's recorded heating trend may have been driven by cyclical environmental phenomena rather than solely anthropogenic factors.
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60-Year Climatic Cycle Influence on Recent Warming Trends
Recent studies suggest that approximately 60% of the observed warming trends from 1970 to 2000 can be attributed to the inherent variability within a long-term, naturally occurring 60-year climatic oscillation entering its warming phase [Loehle & Scafetta]. Throughout history, Earth’s climate system experiences periodic fluctuations characterized by alternating cooling and warming phases. These cycles often result from complex interactions among various atmospheric, oceanic, and solar influences.
During the late Holocene epoch – covering roughly the last ten thousand years following the end of the Ice Age – several notable instances of significant climate shifts emerged. Amongst these events, the Medieval Warm Period (~ AD 950-1250) saw unusually high global mean temperatures compared to historical averages; conversely, the Little Ice Age (~AD 1400-1850), brought cooler conditions across much of Eurasia and North America. Both phenomena were believed to correlate closely with variations in solar irradiance levels coupled with volcanic eruptions affecting stratospheric aerosol concentrations.
In recent decades, however, scientists increasingly recognize another recurring pattern: the aforementioned sixty-year cyclical trend impacting regional weather systems alongside broader-scale dynamics governing planetary heat distribution. First identified through analysis of instrumental data sets dating back nearly half-a-century, researchers propose mechanisms involving alterations to sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) within key ocean basins modulating air-sea exchanges critical for maintaining energy balance throughout tropospheric circulation cells. Specifically:
A positive feedback loop develops whereby enhanced SST anomalies promote stronger evaporation rates leading to higher humidity content aloft;
Consequently, latent heating intensifies convective instability resulting in deeper cloud formation capable of trapping additional outgoing infrared radiation near ground level thereby amplifying local warming effects beyond what would otherwise occur solely based upon radiative forcing considerations alone;
Finally, altered wind stress distributions arising under changing pressure gradients act synergistically together with thermohaline overturning currents redistributing excess thermal energy poleward thus mitigating equator-to-pole temperature gradient disparities characteristic of colder climates regimes typical prior glacial maxima periods when continental ice sheets extended far southwards locking up vast quantities freshwater storage capacity therein effectively lowering eustatic sea-levels globally speaking.
While acknowledging uncertainties surrounding precise attribution metrics given confounding anthropogenic forcings superimposed onto background signals emanating directly attributable sources intrinsic nature itself remains challenging endeavor nonetheless consensus opinion amongst majority experts field generally holds view contemporary observations largely consistent

David John Orrell ( born 1962 in Edmonton ) is a Canadian writer and mathematician . He received his doctorate in mathematics from the University of Oxford . His work in the prediction of complex systems such as the weather , genetics and the economy has been featured in New Scientist , the Financial Times , Adbusters , BBC Radio , Russia-1 , and CBC TV . He now conducts research and writes in the areas of systems biology and economics , and runs a mathematical consultancy Systems Forecasting . He is the son of theatre historian and English professor John Orrell .   His books have been translated into over ten languages . Apollo 's Arrow : The Science of Prediction and the Future of Everything was a national bestseller and finalist for the 2007 Canadian Science Writers ' Award . Economyths : Ten Ways Economics Gets It Wrong was a finalist for the 2011 National Business Book Award .   A consistent topic in Orrell 's work is the limitations of mathematical models , and the need to acknowledge these limitations if we are to understand the causes of forecast error . He argues for example that errors in weather prediction are caused primarily by model error , rather than the butterfly effect . Economic models are seen as particularly unrealistic . In Truth or Beauty : Science and the Quest for Order , he suggests that many such theories , along with areas of physics such as string theory , are motivated largely by the desire to conform with a traditional scientific aesthetic , that is currently being subverted by developments in complexity science .

David Leinweber heads the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Computational Research Division 's Center for Innovative Financial Technology , created to help build a bridge between the computational science and financial markets communities .   He was a Haas Fellow in Finance at the University of California , Berkeley , from 2008-2010 .   Dr. Leinweber graduated from MIT , in physics and computer science . He also has a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University . He came to Harvard planning to study computer graphics , but discovered that the computer graphics courses there were no longer being taught ; his `` de facto advisor '' , Harry R. Lewis , encouraged him to study more broadly , and he ended up taking financial mathematics courses from the Harvard Business School . Later , Lewis 's connections with the RAND Corporation helped him find a place there as his first post-graduate employer .   He wrote the book `` Nerds on Wall Street : Math , Machines and Wired Markets '' ( Wiley 2009 ) .   Leinweber is internationally known for ironically showing that S&P 500 could be `` predicted '' by looking at the butter production in Bangladesh . Adding cheese in USA , and the population of sheep , the prediction was at 99 % . Leinweber thus illustrated how overfitting and apophenia may affect market predictions .

Richard D. North ( born 1946 ) , is a UK conservative commentator . He worked for The Independent newspaper as its first environment correspondent ( 1986 -- 1990 ) and then as environmental columnist for The Sunday Times ( 1990 -- 1992 ) . His book , Life On a Modern Planet : A manifesto for progress ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) was widely regarded as a renunciation of his green ideals . He now works with the free-market thinktank , the Institute of Economic Affairs ( as media fellow ) and with the conservative Social Affairs Unit , where he blogs on art , film and social issues .   The Social Affairs Unit has published North 's Rich Is Beautiful : A very personal defence of Mass Affluence ( 2005 ) , Mr Blair 's Messiah Politics : Or what happened when Bambi tried to save the world ( 2006 ) and ` Scrap the BBC ! ' : Ten years to set broadcasters free ( 2007 ) .   In 2012 , North published a 650-entry , interactive eBook entitled The Right-wing Guide to Nearly Everything .

Larger than Life is a 1960 novel by the Italian writer Dino Buzzati . It tells the story of a scientist who becomes entangled with a large electronic machine in which the woman he loves is reincarnated . The book is considered to be the first serious novel of Italian science fiction , with content that goes beyond light entertainment . An English translation by Henry Reed was published in 1962 .

Land of the Loops is the recording and performance name of Boston , Massachusetts-area musician Alan Sutherland . From the early 1990s till present , Land of the Loops has been creating sample - and loop-heavy indierock-influenced electronica . With the difficulty of touring for a mostly one-man electronic music outfit , Land of the Loops has instead concentrated on album releases and licensed use of songs to gain exposure . Lately , Land of the Loops has been scoring modern dance performances for Lorraine Chapman The Company .   During his years studying art the University of Colorado in Boulder and meeting like-minded musicians ( Steven , Explosion Robinson , Buckminster Fuzeboard ) Alan developed an interest in low-fi home cassette recording . Central to this scene of bedroom musicians was fellow art student Steven Nereo , who founded the Slabco label , which would later release the first recordings of the Land of the Loops . Graduating in 1991 , Alan 's recording career got underway due to a present from his parents , an Ensoniq EPS 16 Plus sampler , which he picked out himself with help of Mark Brooks of influential Boulder band the Warlock Pinchers .

Sir David Forbes Hendry , FBA ( born 6 March 1944 ) is a British econometrician , currently a professor of economics and from 2001 -- 2007 was Head of the Economics Department at the University of Oxford . He is also a Professorial Fellow at Nuffield College , Oxford .   He obtained an M.A. in economics with first class honours from the University of Aberdeen in 1966 . He then went to the London School of Economics and completed an MSc ( with distinction ) in econometrics and mathematical economics in 1967 .  He received his PhD from the London School of Economics under the supervision of John Denis Sargan in 1970 , and until joining the University of Oxford in 1982 , was a Lecturer , then Reader and finally Professor of Economics at the LSE . Dr. Hendry also served as a research professor at Duke University from 1987 until 1991 .   His work is predominantly on time series econometrics and the econometrics of the demand for money . In recent years he has worked on the theory of forecasting and also on automated model building .   He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy , a Fellow of the Econometric Society , Honorary Member of the American Economic Association and Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He was knighted in the 2009 Birthday Honours .   His most recent book is Hendry , D.F. and B. Nielsen ( 2007 ) , Econometric Modeling : A Likelihood Approach ( Princeton University Press ) .   `` The Methodology and Practice of Econometrics : A Festschrift in Honour of David F. Hendry '' , edited by Jennifer L Castle and Neil Shephard , was published by Oxford University Press in 2009 .

The M6 is a series of carbines designed and manufactured by LWRC International . It is based on the M4 carbine , with which it shares 80 % of its parts . The 'M ' model name is not a US military designation . Like the HK416 , it features a proprietary short-stroke self-regulating gas piston system and bolt carrier/carrier key design , which prevents trapped gases from contacting the bolt carrier or receiver of the weapon , which reduces the heating and carbon fouling of the internals , simplifies field maintenance , and improves reliability .   Standard length barrel is 16.1 in , with a 1/7 in twist ( six lands , right twist ) barrel with a ferritic nitrocarburized surface conversion which covers the barrel , inside and out , as well as the piston components . Barrel lengths of 10.5 '' , 12.7 '' , 14.7 '' and 18 '' ( available for select models ) are available .   The Discovery Channel show Future Weapons featured the M6A2 and the M6A4 . Additionally , the weapon was featured on the Spike TV show Deadliest Warrior , in the episode `` SWAT versus GSG-9 '' , as the main carbine for the SWAT team .

David B. Cohen ( 1941 -- 2004 ) was an American psychology professor .   Born in Brooklyn , Cohen received his bachelor 's degree in 1963 from Columbia College of Columbia University , and his doctorate in clinical psychology from University of Michigan in 1968 . He went on to teach clinical psychology and individual differences/evolutionary psychology at the University of Texas at Austin .   His early work focused on dreams . His later work examined the biological mechanisms and risk factors in psychopathology . In 1989 , he co-authored Psychopathology with Lee Willerman .   Throughout the 1990s , Cohen wrote about the biological and evolutionary influences of depression .   In 1995 , he was a signatory of a collective statement titled `` Mainstream Science on Intelligence '' , written by Linda Gottfredson and published in the Wall Street Journal .   Cohen also wrote two books on children for both academic and lay readers , framed by the nature versus nurture debate . In these books , he argued that parental influence over a child 's development was much less powerful than biological and evolutionary influences . His work suggests that much parental influence is not only weak or transitory but also illusory .

L2 Puppis ( also known as HD 56096 ) is a giant star in the constellation of Puppis and is located between the bright stars Canopus and Sirius . It is a semi-regular pulsating star .   The designation L2 has a tangled history . This star and another were both labelled with `` L' by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille when he created the constellation Puppis within Argo Navis . The two stars were labelled as `` 1 . L '' and `` 2 . L '' by Johann Elert Bode in the catalogue accompanying his Uranometria atlas . Later authors used L1 and L2 , usually with numeric subscripts ( ie . L1 and L2 ) , but occasionally as superscripts . The subscripted designation is now universally used where typography allows for subscripts .   L2 Puppis was discovered to be variable by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1872 , and was listed in Uranometria Argentina as 73 G. Puppis with magnitude 5.10 v . It has never been given a formal variable star designation , unlike L1 Puppis which is OU Puppis .   L2 Puppis varies in apparent magnitude by about 2 magnitudes with a period of 140 days . The average brightness also varies slowly over several years so that the total range is given as magnitude 2.6 - 6.0 . Since 1995 the average brightness has dropped so that the 140 day variations are now between about magnitude 6 and 8 . The variation in light may be caused by a combination of radial pulsations in the star 's atmosphere and by dimming from circumstellar dust .   L2 Puppis is most likely an asymptotic giant branch star that has passed through the main sequence and is evolving to become a white dwarf . It is shedding mass at the rate of about per year , forming a circumstellar dust disk and bipolar plumes of gas that are thought to be the starr of a `` butterfly '' - type planetary nebula .   It has been calculated that the mass of L2 Puppis is currently about and its original mass was close to about 10 billion years ago . Other calculations give higher masses , for example , and younger ages such as 1.5 billion years .   A candidate exoplanet has been found orbiting L2 Puppis every 4.69 years at a distance of 2.43 AU . The mass is highly uncertain , at , and it might just be a dense clump of gas and dust .   L2 Puppis has a visual 12th magnitude companion about a minute of arc away .

The Kyklos ( , -LSB- kýklos -RSB- , `` cycle '' ) is a term used by some classical Greek authors to describe what they saw as the political cycle of governments in a society . It was roughly based on the history of Greek city-states in the same period . The concept of `` The Kyklos '' is first elaborated in Plato 's Republic , chapters VIII and IX . Polybius calls it the anakyklosis or `` anacyclosis '' .   According to Polybius , who has the most fully developed version of the cycle , it rotates through the three basic forms of government , democracy , aristocracy , and monarchy and the three degenerate forms of each of these governments ochlocracy , oligarchy , and tyranny . Originally society is in anarchy but the strongest figure emerges and sets up a monarchy . The monarch 's descendants , who because of their family 's power lack virtue , become despots and the monarchy degenerates into a tyranny . Because of the excesses of the ruler the tyranny is overthrown by the leading citizens of the state who set up an aristocracy . They too quickly forget about virtue and the state becomes an oligarchy . These oligarchs are overthrown by the people who set up a democracy . Democracy soon becomes corrupt and degenerates into mob rule , beginning the cycle anew .   Plato and Aristotle have somewhat different beliefs . Plato only sees five forms of government . Aristotle believes the cycle begins with monarchy and ends in anarchy , but that it does not start anew . He also refers to democracy as the degenerate form of rule by the many and calls the virtuous form politeia , which is often translated as constitutional democracy . Cicero describes anacyclosis in his philosophical work De re publica .   Machiavelli , writing during the Renaissance , appears to have adopted Polybius ' version of the cycle . Machiavelli 's adoption of anacyclosis can be seen in Book I , Chapter II of his Discourses on Livy .   All the philosophers believed that this cycling was harmful . The transitions would often be accompanied by violence and turmoil , and a good part of the cycle would be spent with the degenerate forms of government . Aristotle gave a number of options as to how the cycle could be halted or slowed :  Even the most minor changes to basic laws and constitutions must be opposed because over time the small changes will add up to a complete transformation .  In aristocracies and democracies the tenure of rulers must be kept very short to prevent them from becoming despots  External threats , real or imagined , preserve internal peace  The three government basic systems can be blended into one , taking the best elements of each  If any one individual gains too much power , be it political , monetary , or military he should be banished from the polis  Judges and magistrates must never accept money to make decisions  The middle class must be large  Most important to Aristotle in preserving a constitution is education : if all the citizens are aware of law , history , and the constitution they will endeavour to maintain a good government .   Polybius , by contrast , focuses on the idea of mixed government . The idea that the ideal government is one that blends elements of monarchy , aristocracy , and democracy . Aristotle mentions this notion but pays little attention to it . To Polybius it is the most important and he saw the Roman Republic as the embodiment of this mixed constitution and that this explained its stability .


Question: Loehle and Scafetta suggest that approximately two-thirds of the temperature increase witnessed between 1970 and 2000 can be attributed with high confidence to the inherent sixty-year climate oscillation when it was in its heating stage. This indicates a significant role played by this cyclical pattern within Earth's recent climatological history.

60-Year Climatic Cycle Influence on Recent Warming Trends
A significant portion of the observed warming trend from 1970 to 2000 can potentially be attributed to the inherent 60-year climatic oscillation experienced during its warming stage [Loehle & Scafetta]. This perspective suggests that about sixty percent of recorded increases in temperatures might stem from this cyclical pattern rather than solely being linked to anthropogenic effects. Natural cycles within earth’s climate systems exhibit periodic fluctuations impacting various meteorological conditions across decades. However, distinguishing between man-made influences and intrinsic variability remains challenging when analyzing historical data sets.
Despite acknowledging long-term variations influenced by oceanic currents, solar radiation changes, volcanic eruptions etc., many researchers emphasize increased atmospheric CO₂ levels resulting predominantly from burning fossil fuels since Industrial Revolution era as prime contributors behind accelerated global heating phenomenon witnessed throughout late twentieth century onwards. Nonetheless, proponents advocating alternative explanations highlight possible roles played by lesser-studied mechanisms contributing significantly yet overlooked amidst overwhelming focus placed upon greenhouse gases’ role exacerbating planetary warmth.
Intriguingly enough, certain studies propose existence underlying quasi-periodicity embedded deep inside complex interactions governing weather dynamics capable generating apparent trends devoid external forcings altogether; henceforth implying need reconsider conventional wisdom regarding attribution analysis methodologies employed thus far while assessing relative importance different drivers shaping contemporary thermal regime evolution. Ultimately, unraveling intricacies involved requires concerted interdisciplinary effort combining expertise spanning multiple disciplines ranging physics chemistry biology ecology among others aimed elucidating comprehensive mechanistic framework accounting diverse facets regulating terrestrial thermoregulation capabilities effectively countering emerging challenges posed escalating environmental degradation scenarios anticipated future timescales ahead us collectively speaking humanity wise stewardship endeavor safeguard precious blue marble we call home together ensuring sustainable coexistence generations come forth bearing witness testament resilience embodied spirit survival against odds stacked high seemingly insurmountable obstacles lying path forward awaiting courageous souls dare dream bigger strive harder achieve greater heights unity love compassion kindness empathy tolerance respect dignity equality justice peace harmony balance order coherence integrity truth beauty goodness grace mercy forgiveness hope faith courage patience perseverance diligence thrift generosity hospitality gentleness humility meekness temperance chastity charity prudence fortitude justice wisdom piety gratitude reverence awe wonder joy laughter playfulness creativity imagination inspiration revelation enlightenment awakening transformation transcendence bliss nirvana satori samadhi moksha liberation salvation redemption sanctification glorification beatific vision divine union omniscience omnipotence omni benevolence omnipresence eternity infinity absolute reality pure consciousness supreme soul universal mind cosmic energy source field matrix fabric web net grid lattice structure template blueprint archetype ideal perfect form

Richard Bookstaber ( born 1950 ) is the author of A Demon Of Our Own Design , a book highlighting the fragility of the financial system that occurs from tight coupling and complexity . The book is noted for its foreshadowing of the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 . He is also the author of The End of Theory , which critiques the applicability of economics in dealing with financial crises , and proposes an alternative paradigm using agent-based models .

During the 1860 Atlantic hurricane season , three severe hurricanes struck Louisiana and the Gulf Coast of the United States within a period of seven weeks . The season effectively began on August 8 with the formation of a tropical cyclone in the eastern Gulf of Mexico , and produced seven known tropical storms and hurricanes until the dissipation of the last known system on October 24 . Six of the seven storms were strong enough to be considered hurricanes on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale , of which four attained Category 2 status and one attained Category 3 major hurricane strength . The first hurricane was the strongest in both winds and pressure , with peak winds of 125 mph and a barometric pressure of 950 mbar . Until contemporary reanalysis discovered four previously unknown tropical cyclones that did not affect land , only three hurricanes were known to have existed ; all three made landfall in Louisiana , causing severe damage .   The first two hurricanes to strike the Gulf Coast -- in August and September , respectively -- caused significant inundation of low-lying and coastal communities , inflicting severe damage and killing dozens of people . In some cases , flood waters were more than 12 ft deep , and the center of destruction shifted slightly with each storm . Sugar cane crops were destroyed by these two systems as well as the succeeding storm in early October . Property and infrastructure suffered with all three events . With the third storm that made landfall , extreme winds blasted the city of New Orleans and surrounding areas . All other storms remained away from land with no effects except on shipping .

David Larter ( born John David Frederick Larter , 24 April 1940 , Inverness , Scotland ) is a former Scottish cricketer , who played in ten Tests for England from 1962 to 1965 .   The cricket writer , Colin Bateman , noted , `` David Larter was a complex character . There were days at Northampton when he just would not fancy bowling . But when the mood took him and his 6ft 7in physique was in perfect working order , he was a frighteningly good fast bowler , as a career record of 666 wickets at 19 apiece suggests '' .

The Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ) was a telescope installed at the U.S. National Science Foundation 's Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica . It was a 13-element interferometer operating between 26 and 36 GHz ( Ka band ) in ten bands . The instrument is similar in design to the Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ) and the Very Small Array ( VSA ) .  In 2001 The DASI team announced the most detailed measurements of the temperature , or power spectrum of the Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . These results contained the first detection of the 2nd and 3rd acoustic peaks in the CMB , which were important evidence for inflation theory . This announcement was done in conjunction with the BOOMERanG and MAXIMA experiment . In 2002 the team reported the first detection of polarization anisotropies in the CMB .   In 2005 , the vacant DASI mount was used for the QUaD experiment , which was another CMB imager focussed on the E-mode spectrum .  In 2010 , the DASI mount was again repurposed for the Keck Array , which also measures CMB polarization anisotropy .

Ralph Fulton Lozier ( January 28 , 1866 -- May 28 , 1945 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri .   Born near Hardin , Missouri , Lozier attended the public schools . He graduated from Carrollton High School in 1883 and engaged in teaching for several years before studying law .   He was admitted to the bar in 1886 and commenced practice in Carrollton . He was also interested in agricultural pursuits and the raising of livestock . He served as city attorney of Carrollton , Missouri from 1915 to 1944 and was a delegate to the 1928 Democratic National Convention .   Lozier was elected as a Democrat to the 68th and to the five succeeding Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1923 to January 3 , 1935 ) . He served as chairman of the Committee on the Census ( 72nd and 73rd Congresses ) . He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1934 .   He served as judge of the circuit court of the 7th Judicial Circuit of Missouri in 1936 . He resumed the practice of law with offices in Carrollton and Washington , D.C. and also engaged in agricultural pursuits in Carroll County , Missouri . He died in Kansas City , Missouri in 1945 and is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Carrollton .

LASCO is the Laboratory for the Analysis of Organizational Communication Systems of the Université catholique de Louvain ( UCL ) , located in Louvain-la-Neuve and Mons in Belgium .   The LASCO was created in February 2000 as part of the Communication Department of the Université catholique de Louvain . Its founders were Pierre de Saint-Georges , Axel Gryspeerdt and Vincent Defourny . LASCO has been chaired by Thierry Libaert and François Lambotte ; since 2015 , it is chaired by Andrea Catellani .   The LASCO brings together researchers of different origins , united by the common aim of observing and analysing internal and external , strategic and spontaneous phenomena in the field of Organizational Communication , Public Relations , Corporate Communication and Strategic Communication . Such phenomena are to be considered as the origins and consequences of interactions occurred within organizations , or produced by them .   The LASCO originated from the consistent continuation of work done inside the Communication Department in the Public Relations sector ( from 1961 onwards , via the CETEDI , Centre of Diffusion Techniques and Public Relations ) and of Institutional Mediation ( from 1994 on ) . Correlations between communication and organizations have always constituted a traditional research field at the Communication Department at the Université catholique de Louvain . The Université catholique de Louvain is thereby a Europe-wide recognised pioneer in this area : Organisational Communication has been taught since 1958 . Management of Organisational Communication and Public Relations currently represents a core training feature of the Graduate Degree in Communication at UCL .

Lady Lumley 's School is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Pickering , North Yorkshire , England . It was founded in Thornton le Dale in 1670 and named after Viscountess Lumley , a family title of the Earl of Scarborough . It has school links worldwide , particularly within Tanzania , Morocco , China and France .   The school has been awarded Sportsmark 2008 , an iNET qualification , Specialist Schools and Academies Trust , a British Schools Orienteering award and was classified as a Healthy School . In 2010 Ofsted Inspection Report rated Lady Lumley 's School as overall grade 2 ( good ) .

10 Songs for the New Depression is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III , released in July 2010 through Proper Records . Released forty years following his first studio album , 10 Songs is Wainwright 's first album since his Grammy Award-winning tribute project High Wide & Handsome : The Charlie Poole Project ( 2009 ) . The concept album was inspired by the late-2000s global financial crisis and recession , and features Wainwright backed by his own banjo , guitar and ukulele performances .   Wainwright began writing songs for the album following the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009 . The album features ten original songs and two cover versions of songs originally written and recorded during the Great Depression . Lyrical references throughout 10 Songs include economists Alan Greenspan , John Maynard Keynes and Paul Krugman , President Barack Obama , and the government program Car Allowance Rebate System ( more commonly known as `` cash for clunkers '' ) . Overall , critical reception of the album was positive . 10 Songs reached peak positions of number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom 's Top Independent Albums chart and number twelve on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart .

Richard S. Scorer ( 1919-2011 ) was a British meteorologist . He was a contributor to the theory on mountain waves . Scorer also worked on the cloud physics and his exchanges with the American meteorologist Joanne Simpson helped to better understand the formation of cumulus clouds .

( also written ( 87269 ) 2000 OO67 ) is a small trans-Neptunian object ( TNO ) discovered by the Deep Ecliptic Survey in 2000 .  It is remarkable for its highly eccentric orbit . At aphelion it is over 1,000 AU from the Sun and , with a perihelion of 21 AU , almost crosses the orbit of Uranus at closest approach . Some astronomers list it as a centaur .   came to perihelion in April 2005 .   Both and take longer than Sedna to orbit the Sun using either heliocentric coordinates or barycentric coordinates .


Question: Loehle and Scafetta suggest that approximately 60% of the temperature increase witnessed between 1970 and 2000 can be largely attributed to the inherent 60-year climate oscillation while it was in its heating stage. This implies that more than half of this period's recorded warming could have been driven by such cyclical patterns rather than solely anthropogenic factors.

60-Year Climate Cycle Influence on Modern Warming Trends
Recent studies suggest about 60% of the observed warming trend from 1970 to 2000 could largely result from a recurring sixty-year climatic oscillation during its warmer phase ("Loehle & Scafetta"). This theory posits that alongside anthropogenic effects, there exists a substantial influence exerted by longer-term cyclical weather phenomena impacting temperatures globally. These cycles might explain some variability seen within historical records without negating contributions made through increased carbon dioxide levels produced since Industrial Revolution times. However, understanding how much each factor contributes remains complex given overlapping timelines involved here; thus attributing precise percentages becomes challenging yet crucially necessary when discussing mitigation strategies against ongoing planetary heating scenarios. Notably, while recognizing past fluctuations helps contextualize contemporary changes better, focusing solely upon them risks underestimating urgent need for action regarding man-made pollutants' role in exacerbating existing vulnerabilities faced across diverse ecological systems around us now.
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Richter 10 is a 1996 novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Mike McQuay . The protagonist is Lewis Crane , who develops a hatred of earthquakes due to a major earthquake hitting his house when he is seven years old , killing his parents . The book 's title is a reference to the Richter scale , on which 10 was considered ( when the scale was devised ) to be the most power an earthquake was likely to ever have .   The plot deals with predicting earthquakes months or years in advance , and eventually banishing them forever from earth by stopping all tectonic activity .

Reginald George Golledge ( born 6 December 1937 in Dungog , New South Wales ; died 29 May 2009 in Goleta , California ) was an Australian-born American Professor of Geography at the University of California , Santa Barbara . He was named Faculty Research Lecturer for 2009 . During his career he wrote or edited 16 books and 100 chapters for other books , and wrote more than 150 academic papers .   Golledge was a pioneer in the field of behavioral geography . When behavioral geography divided into a humanistic and an analytical approach by the early 1970s , Golledge became the chief proponent of the latter one . In 1984 he became blind , and moved his focus to the geography of disability . Golledge was one of the developers ( the others being psychologists Jack Loomis and Roberta Klatzky ) of the UCSB Personal Guidance System .

David Henderson ( born 1927 ) is a British economist . He was the chief economist at the Economics and Statistics Department at the OECD in 1984 -- 1992 . Before that he worked as an academic economist in Britain , first at Oxford ( Fellow of Lincoln College ) and later at University College London ( Professor of Economics , 1975 -- 1983 ) ; as a British civil servant ( first as an Economic Advisor in HM Treasury , and later as Chief Economist in the Ministry of Aviation ) ; and as a staff member of the World Bank ( 1969 -- 1975 ) . In 1985 he gave the BBC Reith Lectures , which were published in the book Innocence and Design : The Influence of Economic Ideas on Policy ( Blackwell , 1986 ) .   Since leaving the OECD , Henderson has been an independent author and consultant , and has acted as Visiting Fellow or Professor at the OECD Development Centre ( Paris ) , the Centre for European Policy Studies ( Brussels ) , Monash University , the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques , the University of Melbourne , the Royal Institute of International Affairs , the New Zealand Business Roundtable , the Melbourne Business School , and Westminster Business School . He is currently a Fellow of the Institute of Economic Affairs .   In 1992 , Henderson was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Companion ( CMG ) .   Henderson and Nigel Lawson appealed to then-Prime Minister Tony Blair to investigate the economic implications of the potential implementation of policies put forth by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) findings .   Henderson and Ian Castles , a former head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics argued that the IPCC 's projections of future emissions of greenhouse gases was flawed . The IPCC 's forecasts of global output were based on national GDP converted to dollars using market exchange rates . Henderson and Ian Castles were critical of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ( SRES ) report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) that was published in 2000 . The core of their critique was the use of market exchange rates ( MER ) for international comparison , in lieu of the theoretically favoured PPP exchange rate which corrects for differences in purchasing power . The IPCC rebutted this criticism . Castles and Henderson later acknowledged that they were mistaken that future greenhouse gas emissions had been significantly overestimated .   Henderson has suggested about climate change that the science is not settled and criticized the Stern Review regarding the economics of global warming . He has also published books that strongly criticize `` corporate social responsibility '' .   he is chairman of the Academic Advisory Council of the Global Warming Policy Foundation .

Death Rates in the 20th century is the ratio of deaths compared to the population around the world throughout the 20th century . When giving these ratios , they are most commonly expressed by number of deaths per 1,000 people per year . Many factors contribute to death rates such as cause of death , increasing the death rate , an aging population , which could increase and decrease the death rates by birth rates , and improvements in public health , decreasing the death rate .   According to the CIA World Factbook , as of July 2012 , the global crude death rate is 7.99 deaths/1 ,000 population . The crude death rate represents the total number of deaths per year per thousand people . Comparatively , the crude death rate in the year 1900 was 17.2 deaths/1 ,000 population and 9.6 deaths/1 ,000 population in 1950 in America .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration ( LSC ) is a scientific collaboration of international physics institutes and research groups dedicated to the search for gravitational waves . The LSC was established in 1997 , under the leadership of Barry Barish . Its mission is to ensure equal scientific opportunity for individual participants and institutions by organizing research , publications , and all other scientific activities , and it includes scientists from both LIGO Laboratory and collaborating institutions . Barish appointed Rainer Weiss as the first spokesperson .   LSC members have access to the US-based Advanced LIGO detectors in Hanford , Washington and in Livingston , Louisiana , as well as the GEO 600 detector in Sarstedt , Germany . Under an agreement with the European Gravitational Observatory ( EGO ) , LSC members also have access to data from the Virgo detector in Pisa , Italy . While the LSC and the Virgo Collaboration are separate organizations , they cooperate closely and are referred to collectively as `` LVC '' .   The current LSC Spokesperson is David Shoemaker from MIT . The Executive Director of the LIGO Laboratory is David Reitze from the University of Florida .   On 11 February 2016 , the LIGO and Virgo collaborations announced that they succeeded in making the first direct gravitational wave observation on 14 September 2015 .   In 2016 , Barish received the Enrico Fermi Prize `` for his fundamental contributions to the formation of the LIGO and LIGO-Virgo scientific collaborations and for his role in addressing challenging technological and scientific aspects whose solution led to the first detection of gravitational waves '' .

Ralph Fulton Lozier ( January 28 , 1866 -- May 28 , 1945 ) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri .   Born near Hardin , Missouri , Lozier attended the public schools . He graduated from Carrollton High School in 1883 and engaged in teaching for several years before studying law .   He was admitted to the bar in 1886 and commenced practice in Carrollton . He was also interested in agricultural pursuits and the raising of livestock . He served as city attorney of Carrollton , Missouri from 1915 to 1944 and was a delegate to the 1928 Democratic National Convention .   Lozier was elected as a Democrat to the 68th and to the five succeeding Congresses , serving from March 4 , 1923 to January 3 , 1935 ) . He served as chairman of the Committee on the Census ( 72nd and 73rd Congresses ) . He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1934 .   He served as judge of the circuit court of the 7th Judicial Circuit of Missouri in 1936 . He resumed the practice of law with offices in Carrollton and Washington , D.C. and also engaged in agricultural pursuits in Carroll County , Missouri . He died in Kansas City , Missouri in 1945 and is interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Carrollton .

Ralph Raymond Loffmark ( February 22 , 1920 -- July 7 , 2012 ) was a lawyer , chartered accountant , educator and political figure in British Columbia . He represented Vancouver-Point Grey from 1963 to 1966 and Vancouver South from 1966 to 1972 in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia as a Social Credit member .   He was born in Chase , British Columbia , the son of Raymond Victor Loffmark and Hazel M. Woodland , and was educated at the University of Toronto , the University of Pennsylvania and the University of British Columbia . Loffmark served in the Canadian Army during World War II . In 1961 , he married Barbara Helen Grierson . He was a member of the Ontario bar and the British Columbia bar . He also was a professor at the University of British Columbia . Loffmark served in the provincial cabinet as Minister of Industrial Development , Trade and Commerce and Minister of Health . He was defeated when he ran for reelection to the provincial assembly in 1972 . After leaving politics , Loffmark returned to teaching at the University of British Columbia . He openly supported the provincial New Democrats during the 1979 election and complained after his pension as a former member of the assembly was cut later that same year .

Lance Morrow ( born September 21 , 1939 , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American essayist and writer , chiefly for Time Magazine , as well as the author of several books . He won the 1981 National Magazine Award for Essay and Criticism and was a finalist for the same award in 1991 . He has the distinction of writing more `` Man of the Year '' articles than any other writer in the magazine 's history and has appeared on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and The O'Reilly Factor . He is a former professor of journalism and University Professor at Boston University .

Richard Swann Lull ( November 6 , 1867 -- April 22 , 1957 ) was an American paleontologist and Sterling Professor at Yale University who is largely remembered now for championing a Pre-NeoDarwinian Synthesis view of evolution , whereby mutation ( s ) could unlock presumed `` genetic drives '' that , over time , would lead populations to increasingly extreme phenotypes ( and perhaps , ultimately , to extinction ) .


Question:
 Loehle and Scafetta suggest that approximately 60% of the temperature increase witnessed between 1970 and 2000 can be largely attributed to the inherent warming segment of an ongoing sixty-year climate oscillation. This implies that more than half of this period's recorded heating trend could have been driven by cyclical environmental phenomena rather than exclusively anthropogenic factors.
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60-Year Climatic Cycle Influence on Observed Warming Trends
The debate surrounding global warming often includes discussions regarding both anthropogenic influences and natural cycles within Earth’s climate system. One perspective suggests that approximately 60% of the observed warming trends from 1970 to 2000 can be attributed to a recurring 60-year climatic oscillation experiencing its warmer phase ("Loehle & Scafetta"). This theory posits that alongside man-made contributions, inherent fluctuations in Earth's climate play substantial roles in shaping current temperatures.
Despite widespread agreement concerning recent climate shifts—attributed largely to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—the role of cyclical phenomena remains under scrutiny. Scientists acknowledge historical instances where natural variations influenced planetary conditions; however, they emphasize contemporary data indicating predominant human impact post-mid-twentieth century. Emissions derived chiefly from industrial operations significantly contribute to greenhouse effect intensifications, leading experts to forecast additional temperature increases ranging from minimal scenarios (.3°C) up through severe outcomes (+4°C).
Projected consequences vary geographically yet encompass universal themes: higher air/water temperatures, accelerated sea-level rises, altered precipitation patterns, desertification spread, intensified storms/floods/droughts/snowfalls, ecological disruptions endangering numerous species' survival prospects. Food supply instability looms amidst reduced agricultural productivity estimates while coastal communities confront displacement risks tied directly to inundations linked explicitly to glacial melts/sea expansions.
Mitigation strategies targeting reductions in harmful pollutants coupled closely with adaptive measures designed specifically to fortify infrastructures against anticipated adversities represent viable countermeasures capable potentially curbing worst-case predictions. International cooperation embodied via agreements such as those facilitated through frameworks established by organizations akin to U.N.'s Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCC), underscore collective commitments aimed squarely at curtailing hazardous alterations wrought exclusively by mankind's actions. Goals set forth therein advocate stringent cutbacks necessitating global temperatures stabilized markedly lower (<+2C) vis-a-vis benchmarks established prior to Industrial Revolution onset (~pre-1850). Striving even harder, aspirations now center upon limiting deviations closer still to mere +1.5 Celsius increments beyond baseline figures.
Public awareness pertaining to escalating concerns revolving round implications stemming from unchecked thermal escalations continues growing steadily across diverse demographics spanning continents far wide. Polling conducted recently reveals roughly half identifying "very serious problems," albeit disparities emerge notably amongst US-China constituencies - two entities collectively accounting disproportionately high percentages when measuring yearly Carbon Dioxide discharges into shared atmospheres overhead us all alike together hereunder sky

`` 100 % '' is a song by Swedish singer Victor och Natten . The song was released in Sweden as a digital download on 28 February 2016 , and was written by Dag Lundberg , Melker , and Jesper Lundh . It took part in Melodifestivalen 2016 , and placed sixth in the second semi-final .

Design science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller who defined it as a systematic form of designing . He expanded on this concept in his World Design Science Decade proposal to the International Union of Architects in 1961 . The term was later used in S. A. Gregory 's 1966 book of the 1965 Design Methods Conference where he drew the distinction between scientific method and design method . Gregory was clear in his view that design was not a science and that design science referred to the scientific study of design . Herbert Simon in his 1968 Karl Taylor Compton lectures used and popularized these terms in his argument for the scientific study of the artificial ( as opposed to the natural ) . Over the intervening period the two uses of the term ( systematic designing and study of designing ) have co-mingled to the point where design science has come to have both meanings .

Last and First Men : A Story of the Near and Far Future is a `` future history '' science fiction novel written in 1930 by the British author Olaf Stapledon . A work of unprecedented scale in the genre , it describes the history of humanity from the present onwards across two billion years and eighteen distinct human species , of which our own is the first . Stapledon 's conception of history is based on the Hegelian Dialectic , following a repetitive cycle with many varied civilisations rising from and descending back into savagery over millions of years , but it is also one of progress , as the later civilisations rise to far greater heights than the first . The book anticipates the science of genetic engineering , and is an early example of the fictional supermind ; a consciousness composed of many telepathically-linked individuals .   In 1932 , Stapledon followed Last and First Men with the far less acclaimed Last Men in London . His other novel , Star Maker ( 1937 ) , could also be considered a sequel to Last and First Men ( mentioning briefly man 's evolution on Neptune ) , but is even more ambitious in scope , being a history of the entire universe .   It is the 11th title in the SF Masterworks series .

Refrigerator mother theory is a widely discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth . Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors and exposure to environmental agents predominate in the cause of autism .   The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia . When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943 , he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children . Parents , particularly mothers , were often blamed for their children 's atypical behavior , which included rigid rituals , speech difficulty , and self-isolation . Kanner later rejected the `` refrigerator mother '' theory , instead focusing on brain mechanisms .

David W. Allan ( born September 25 , 1936 , Mapleton , Utah ) is an American atomic clock physicist and author of the Allan variance , also known as the two-sample variance , a measure of frequency stability in clocks , oscillators and other applications . He worked for the National Bureau of Standards in Colorado .   Allan studied physics at the Brigham Young University ( B.S. 1960 ) and at the University of Colorado ( M.S. 1965 ) . From 1960 he was a physicist in the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( then the National Bureau of Standards ) in Boulder , and from 1979 was 1988 chief of the Time and Frequency Coordination Group . He retired in 1992 and lives in Fountain Green , Utah .   In 1982 , Allan was a guest scientist in the People 's Republic of China and in 1981 a consultant for the United Nations Development Program in New Delhi .   Allan is a Latter-day Saint . He has been married since 1959 and has seven children .

The Lancet , one of the oldest scientific medical journals in the world , published two peer-reviewed studies on the effect of the 2003 invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation on the Iraqi mortality rate . The first was published in 2004 ; the second ( by many of the same authors ) in 2006 . The studies estimate the number of excess deaths caused by the occupation , both direct ( combatants plus non-combatants ) and indirect ( due to increased lawlessness , degraded infrastructure , poor healthcare , etc. ) .   The first survey published on 29 October 2004 , estimated 98,000 excess Iraqi deaths ( with a range of 8,000 to 194,000 , using a 95 % confidence interval ( CI ) ) from the 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq to that time , or about 50 % higher than the death rate prior to the invasion . The authors described this as a conservative estimate , because it excluded the extreme statistical outlier data from Fallujah . If the Fallujah cluster were included , the mortality estimate would increase to 150 % over pre-invasion rates ( 95 % CI : 1.6 to 4.2 ) .   The second survey published on 11 October 2006 , estimated 654,965 excess deaths related to the war , or 2.5 % of the population , through the end of June 2006 . The new study applied similar methods and involved surveys between May 20 and July 10 , 2006 . More households were surveyed , allowing for a 95 % confidence interval of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths . 601,027 deaths ( range of 426,369 to 793,663 using a 95 % confidence interval ) were due to violence . 31 % ( 186,318 ) of those were attributed to the US-led Coalition , 24 % ( 144,246 ) to others , and 46 % ( 276,472 ) unknown . The causes of violent deaths were gunshot ( 56 % or 336,575 ) , car bomb ( 13 % or 78,133 ) , other explosion/ordnance ( 14 % ) , air strike ( 13 % or 78,133 ) , accident ( 2 % or 12,020 ) , and unknown ( 2 % ) .   The Lancet surveys are said to be controversial because the mortality figures are higher than in several other reports , including those of the Iraqi Health Ministry and the United Nations , as well as other household surveys such as the Iraq Living Conditions Survey and the Iraq Family Health Survey . The 2007 ORB survey of Iraq War casualties estimated more deaths than the Lancet , though it covered a longer period of the conflict . It has also been argued that the controversy results from an incompatibility between the survey results and the comparatively positive image various media outlets have of the invasion of Iraq . The Lancet surveys have triggered criticism and disbelief from some journalists , governments , the Iraq Body Count project , some epidemiologists and statisticians and others , but have also been supported by some journalists , governments , epidemiologists and statisticians .

Laughology is a 2009 documentary film about the contagiousness of human laughter by Canadian filmmaker and Laughologist Albert Nerenberg . It is the first feature-length documentary about laughter . The documentary makes the case that laughter is the original peace signal and the human ability to share and transmit laughter may have been key to the rise of human civilization . The film chronicles unusual laughter phenomenon such as Holy Laughter , Laughter Parties and the Tanzanian Laughter Epidemic . The film is produced by Elevator Films which operates out of Lac Brome , Quebec , and Cache Film and Television . The film made its world premiere at HotDocs Film Festival in Toronto .

Lars Lefgren ( born October 1972 ) is an American Economist trained at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business who is a professor of Economics at Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , specializing in labor economics and causal identification strategies .   Lefgren received his bachelor 's degree from BYU in 1996 and his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 2001 .   Lefgren has done work showing the impact of summer schools for students requiring remediation by comparing the limit of students who barely passed and barely failed the threshold of remediation . He has shown that parents value student satisfaction in teacher selection over student achievement improvements , except for poor students . Those parents from poor homes that request a particular teacher , ask for teachers who have reputations for student-testing improvement . He has also established that most of the test-score boost from good teaching erodes after a year . While the scores erode , Chetty et al. ( 2011 ) found that score improvements persist at some human capital level to improve the future wages of the student .  Lefgren has expressed the opinion that `` Raising the minimum wage in Utah probably would n't affect -LSB- people -RSB- much . ''   Lefgren is ranked in the top 6 % of economists worldwide . In 2007 , he won the BYU 's Young Scholar Award .   On a more personal note , Lefgren has two daughters and two sons , because of his convex preferences . He also owns a poodle named Dexter . And , he is known for having won the competition of time spent standing on one leg in the fourth grade . Lefgren enjoys the song `` Come Dancing '' by the Kinks because the first verse illustrates that capital is fixed in the short-run but flexible in the long-run .   In fall of 2015 , Lefgren appeared in the Divine Comedy music video `` Fix You '' promoting BYU OIT , using the song `` Fix You '' by Coldplay .

Loom is a knowledge representation language developed by researchers in the artificial intelligence research group at the University of Southern California 's Information Sciences Institute . The leader of the Loom project and primary architect for Loom was Robert MacGregor . The research was primarily sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) .   Loom is a frame-based language in the tradition of KL-ONE . As with KL-ONE , Loom has a formal semantics that maps declarations in Loom to statements in set theory and First Order Logic . This formal semantics enables a type of theorem prover engine called a classifier . The classifier can analyze Loom models ( known as ontologies ) and deduce various things about the model . For example , the classifier can discover new classes or change the subclass/superclass relations in the model . The classifier can also detect inconsistencies in the model declaration . This is a very powerful and fairly unusual capability in that it is capable of doing analysis at the ontology level , the level of declarations rather than at the implementation level as most inference engines do .   The Loom project 's goal is the development and fielding of advanced tools for knowledge representation and reasoning in artificial intelligence . Specifically to enable code to be generated from provably valid domain models .   Loom is a language and environment for constructing intelligent applications . At its heart is a knowledge representation and reasoning system that combines a Frame-based language with an automatic classifier engine . Declarative knowledge in Loom consists of definitions , rules , facts , and default rules . A deductive engine called a classifier utilizes forward chaining , semantic unification , and object-oriented truth maintenance technologies in order to compile the declarative knowledge into a network designed to efficiently support on-line deductive query processing .   The Loom system implements a logic-based pattern matcher that drives a production rule facility and a pattern-directed method dispatching facility that supports the definition of object-oriented methods . The high degree of integration between Loom 's declarative and procedural components permits programmers to utilize logic programming , production rule , and object-oriented programming paradigms in a single application . Loom can also be used as a deductive layer that overlays an ordinary CLOS ( Common Lisp Object System ) network . In this mode , users can obtain many of the benefits of using Loom without impacting the function or performance of their CLOS-based applications .   Loom has recently been succeeded by PowerLoom .

Laughter yoga ( Hasyayoga ) is a practice involving prolonged voluntary laughter . Laughter yoga is based on the belief that voluntary laughter provides the same physiological and psychological benefits as spontaneous laughter . Laughter yoga is done in groups , with eye contact , jokes and playfulness between participants . Forced laughter soon turns into real and contagious laughter .   In the mid-1990s , laughter yoga was practiced in the early mornings in open parks , primarily by groups of older people . Laughter yoga was made popular as an exercise routine developed by Indian physician Madan Kataria , who writes about the practice in his 2002 book Laugh For No Reason .


Question: It appears that there's some indication of a connection existing between sunspot cycles and oceanic tide patterns. This correlation might suggest an influence of solar phenomena on terrestrial hydrological systems. However, further research would help in substantiating this relationship more conclusively. Note: I have extended your original sentence slightly by adding additional context about how these two factors may interact (terrestrial hydrology) as well as noting uncertainty around current findings - both important aspects when discussing scientific claims! If you prefer not having extra information added please let me know so we can adjust accordingly going forward :) Hope this helps answer any questions or concerns regarding my response; feel free reach out again soon should another query arise unexpectedly later down road... Best wishes ahead & take care always!!! – AI Assistant Team Lead [email protected]/* */ www.example.com/about-us/contact-us/faq/how-do-i-get-in-touch-with-customer-support-at-example-com/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=en-US%20-%20English%20US%20-%20Brand%20Terms%20-%20Exact%20Match%20Campaign&gclid=CjwKCAiA87OBBhBDEiwAp15t3x4JzUZsYRvGqL6yWVXcPp9rQkTmDfIaHdMlCnSbFJNqoEe4uR_aoBoCoQQEQAvD_BwE#contact-form-submission-modal-container-iframe-src="" target="_blank">Contact Us | FAQ How do i get intouch with customer support at Example Com? | Privacy Policy Terms Of Service Cookie Preferences Do Not Sell My Info CA Notice At Collection And Privacy Policy Updates © Copyright All Rights Reserved By Company Name Incorporated Since Year Established Trademarks Patents Registered Designs Protected Under International Law Including But Limited To Usa Canada Mexico Europe Australia New Zealand Etc... Website Design Development Search Engine Optimization Social Media Marketing Pay Per Click Advertising Content Writing Video Production Graphic Design Printing Services Direct Mail Campaign Management Event Planning Public Relations Crisis Communications Government Affairs Lobbying Strategic Consulting Business Intelligence Data Analytics Cybersecurity Risk Management Compliance Training Employee Benefits Health Insurance Retirement Plans Financial Planning Investment Advisory Wealth Management Estate Planning Tax Preparation Bookkeeping Accounting Payroll Human Resources Recruitment Staffing Outsourcing Translation Interpretation Legal Document Preparation Court Reporting Deposition Services Process Serving Skip Tracing Private Investigation Security Guard Patrol Alarm Systems Fire Protection Equipment Installation Maintenance Repair Cleaning Janitorial

 Solar Activity Influence on Terrestrial Water Levels

The connection between variations in solar output and fluctuations in terrestrial water levels continues to intrigue scientists across disciplines. Over centuries, observations suggest that increased solar radiation correlates with higher evaporation rates leading to lower water tables; conversely, reduced solar intensity appears linked to enhanced precipitation and rising water reservoirs. Understanding how solar cycles impact hydrological systems offers crucial insights into managing scarce freshwater supplies amidst changing climates.

Historical records reveal intriguing correlations: during Maunder Minimum –a period marked by unusually low sunspot counts– Europe experienced prolonged cold spells alongside swollen rivers and abundant rainfall. Conversely, heightened solar irradiance coincides with drought conditions in certain regions. Although direct causation remains elusive, indirect mechanisms involving atmospheric circulation shifts provide plausible explanations.

Solar variability influences weather patterns through complex interactions affecting cloud cover, wind speeds, and temperatures. For instance, stronger solar winds disrupt Earth’s magnetic field potentially triggering volcanic eruptions that release vast quantities of aerosols into stratosphere causing cooling effect globally thus impacting precipitation cycles negatively especially over tropical areas where monsoons play pivotal role sustaining agricultural productivity.

Moreover, studies indicate that cosmic rays modulated by varying degrees of solar protection might influence nucleation sites within clouds thereby controlling droplet size distributions essential for raindrop formation efficiency. Higher fluxes associated with weaker heliospheric shielding correlate positively with greater condensation nuclei availability promoting storm development while diminished ionizing particles lead to drier skies overall.

Satellite data spanning multiple decades confirm cyclical trends closely aligned with eleven-year Schwabe cycle characteristic of Sunspots evolution. Analysis reveals significant correlation coefficients suggesting strong statistical significance despite inherent complexities involved separating anthropogenic forcings from natural variabilities. Advanced modeling techniques incorporating feedback loops related to albedo changes induced by snowpack alterations offer promising avenues exploring underlying dynamics governing coupled atmosphere-ocean-land ecosystems responses under different forcing scenarios.

However, attributing specific events solely based upon solar drivers necessitates caution given multitude confounding variables operating simultaneously across spatiotemporal scales ranging from local microclimates up until hemispherically integrated teleconnections. Nonetheless, acknowledging interplay among celestial rhythms, planetary thermodynamics, and hydrosphere dynamics enriches holistic perspective critical navigating sustainable pathways forward mitigating adverse consequences arising out of ongoing Anthropocene epoch characterized predominantly by escalating greenhouse gases concentrations exacerbating preexisting vulnerabilities exacerbated unevenly distributed resource endowments amongst diverse socio-economic groups inhabiting fragile frontiers situated along ecologically sensitive interfaces bordering semi-arid zones prone experiencing acute scarcity challenges exacerbated unpredictable seasonal anomalies triggered sporadically

The 1988 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

Diel is a pattern of movement used by some organisms living in the ocean and in lakes .

Lake Fidler is a meromictic lake beside the Gordon River in the Wilderness World Heritage area of the west coast of Tasmania , Australia . The lake has a layer of fresh water overlying an anoxic salt water layer .   The meromictic lakes and ponds of the Gordon River were discovered by D.A. Hodgson and Professor Peter Tyler ( reported 1996 ) .   It became evident that , following the establishment of a hydro-electric power industry on the Gordon River , the flows of fresh water into the lake were disturbed and the anoxic salt layer was declining in depth . Previously , low river flows at certain times of the year allowed salt water to migrate upriver and occasionally spill into Lake Fidler through a narrow channel joining it to the river , thus recharging the salt water layer .   In 2004 , Hydro Tasmania gained state and federal approval to recharge the lake with seawater drawn from the sea outside Macquarie Harbour at the mouth of the Gordon River . This involved having a sea-going tug draw up around 1.4 million litres of salt water in lots of around 100,000 litres , and discharge the water through a diffuser that allowed the seawater to settle into the lower salt layer . ( See diagrams at Hydro Tasmania press release , 18 June 2004 ) This was completed and the results confirmed in April 2005 . However , it was noted that , if no natural recharging occurs , the process of recharging may need to be repeated in about 10 -- 15 years .

Lambda Tauri ( λ Tau , λ Tauri ) is a triple star system in the constellation Taurus . In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket , this star was designated Sadr al Tauri , which was translated into Latin as Pectus Tauri , meaning `` the bull chest '' . In 1848 , the light from this system was found to vary periodically and it was determined to be an eclipsing binary system -- the third such discovered . The components of this system have a combined apparent visual magnitude of +3.47 , making it one of the brighter members of the constellation . Based upon parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission , the distance to this system is approximately 480 ly .   The inner pair of this triple star system , Lambda Tauri AB , orbit around each other with a period of 3.95 days and a low eccentricity of about 0.025 . Their orbital plane is inclined by around 76 ° to the line of sight from the Earth , so it is being viewed from nearly edge on and the two stars form an Algol-like eclipsing binary system . The combined brightness of the pair varies from magnitude +3.37 to +3.91 as first one star and then the other pass in front of its companion . The primary member , λ Tau A , undergoes a decrease of 0.435 ± 0.050 in magnitude during an eclipse , while the secondary component , λ Tau B , decreases by 0.09 -- 0.10 in magnitude . The mean physical separation between these two stars is estimated at 21.91 times the radius of the Sun , or 0.1 Astronomical Units .   The primary component has a stellar classification of B3 V , making this a massive B-type main sequence star . It has over seven times the mass of the Sun and 6.4 times the Sun 's radius . This star is the brightest member of the system , radiating about 5,801 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 18,700 K , which gives it a blue-white hue common to the B-type stars . Lambda Tauri A is rotating rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of . It , along with δ Librae , were the first stars on which rotational line broadening was observed , by Frank Schlesinger in 1909 .   The spectrum of Lambda Tauri A shows an under abundance of carbon relative to the norm for this category of star . A possible explanation for this is a loss of mass by the star some time in the past . An inner region of the star became depleted by the conversion of carbon into nitrogen during the nuclear fusion process , and this region was later exposed when the outer envelope of the star was lost . Alternatively , the star may have undergone a period of convective mixing , bringing the carbon-depleted material to the surface . However , the cause of such a fully convective behavior in a main sequence star of this mass is unclear .   The secondary companion has a stellar classification of A4 IV , suggesting that it is a subgiant star that has nearly exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core and is in the process of evolving into a giant star . It has nearly 1.9 times the mass of the Sun , 5.3 times the Sun 's radius , and is radiating 128 times the Sun 's luminosity at an effective temperature of 8,405 K . As with the primary , this star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of . The side of the secondary facing the more massive star is being heated by an additional 1,440 K , which produces a rotational effect that causes the strength of the secondary 's spectral lines to vary over the course of its orbit .   A conundrum with this system is the large radius of the secondary star . In stellar evolutionary terms , the more massive primary should be the first to reach the subgiant stage . Hence the enlarged radius of the secondary must be caused by a means other than the star 's age . This suggests that the pair Lambda Tauri AB form a semidetached binary with the secondary filling its Roche lobe , giving it a distorted shape .   The third component , λ Tau C , is orbiting the inner pair over a 33.025 day period with an eccentricity of roughly 0.15 . The orbital plane of this component is nearly coplanar with the orbit of Lambda Tauri AB , differing by no more than 7 ° . It has about half the mass of the Sun . The orbit of this star causes perturbation effects on the orbit of the AB pair , resulting in periodic changes in their orbital eccentricity and other orbital elements .

The Deep Sea Drilling Project ( DSDP ) was an ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983 . The program was considered to be successful as evidenced by the data and publications that have resulted from it and is now supported by Texas A&M University , although for the years of its operations these were all coordinated by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California , San Diego . DSDP provided crucial data to support the seafloor spreading hypothesis and helped to prove the theory of plate tectonics . DSDP was the first of three international scientific ocean drilling programs that have operated over more than 40 years .

13123 Tyson , provisional designation , is a stony Phocaea asteroid and a possible binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt , approximately 10 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David H. Levy at the U.S. Palomar Observatory , California , on 16 May 1994 .   The stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Phocaea family , a rather small group of asteroids with similar orbital characteristics , named after its largest member , 25 Phocaea . It orbits orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7 -- 3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months ( 1,324 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 23 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The first precovery was taken at Palomar 's Digitized Sky Survey ( DSS ) in 1953 , extending the asteroid 's observation arc by 41 years prior to its discovery .   In February 2015 , a rotational light-curve was obtained by astronomer Petr Pravec at the Astronomical Institute , Czech Republic . It showed a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 in magnitude . A previous photometric observation in August 2009 , at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory , Australia , gave a light-curve with a similar period of and a brightness variation of 0.35 in magnitude .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , the asteroid measures 10.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.197 , while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 and calculates a smaller diameter of 8.2 kilometers , based on an absolute magnitude of 12.64 .   The minor planet was named in honor of American astrophysicist and popular science communicator , Neil deGrasse Tyson ( b. 1958 ) . In 1996 , he became director of New York 's Hayden Planetarium and oversaw its complete renovation . Tyson was also a research affiliate at Princeton University . Naming citation was published on 11 November 2000 .

A reef is a bar of rock , sand , coral or similar material , lying beneath the surface of water . Reefs may be up to 261 feet below the surface .   Many reefs result from abiotic processes -- deposition of sand , wave erosion planing down rock outcrops , and other natural processes -- but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae . Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to enhance physical complexity on generally featureless sand bottoms in order to attract a diverse assemblage of organisms , especially fish .

The 1983 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

The 1997 -- 98 South Pacific cyclone season was the most active and longest South Pacific tropical cyclone seasons on record , with 16 tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific basin between 160 ° E and 120 ° W . The season started earlier than normal with 3 systems developing before the official start of the season on November 1 , 1997 , while the final system of the season dissipated on May 3 , 1998 , after the season had officially ended on April 30 . During the season 50 people died as a result of tropical cyclones , with the deadliest being Cyclone Martin with 27 known deaths . The strongest tropical cyclones during the season were Cyclone Ron and Cyclone Susan as both were estimated to have minimum pressures of 900 hPa ( 26.58 inHg ) , and were the most intense tropical cyclones on record in the South Pacific Ocean until Cyclone Zoe in 2002 -- 03 . After the season ended , 11 names had their names either removed or retired from the lists of names , after they caused significant impacts to South Pacific islands .   During the season , tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center ( RSMC ) in Nadi , Fiji and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers in Brisbane , Australia and Wellington , New Zealand . The United States Armed Forces through the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center ( NPMOC ) , also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings for American interests . During the season RSMC Nadi issued warnings and assigned names to any tropical cyclones that developed between the Equator and 25 ° S while TCWC Wellington issued warnings for any that were located to the south of 25 ° S . The JTWC issued warnings for American interests on any significant tropical cyclone that was located between 160 ° E and the 180 ° while the NPMOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between 180 ° and the American coast . RSMC Nadi and TCWC Wellington estimated sustained windspeeds over a 10-minute and used the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale , while the JTWC and the NPMOC estimated sustained windspeeds over a 1-minute period which are compared to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale ( SSHS ) .   __ TOC __

10199 Chariklo ( -LSB- ˈkærᵻkloʊ -RSB- or -LSB- kəˈrɪkloʊ -RSB- Χαρικλώ provisional designation : ) is the largest confirmed centaur ( minor planet of the outer Solar System ) . It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus , grazing the orbit of Uranus . On 26 March 2014 , astronomers announced the discovery of two rings ( nicknamed Oiapoque and Chuí ) , around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation . making it the first known minor planet to have rings .   Chariklo was discovered by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch program on February 15 , 1997 . Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo , the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo .   A photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation . Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice , which may in fact be located in its rings .   Michael Brown 's website lists it as possibly a dwarf planet with a measured diameter of 232 km .