Question: A multitude of indicators undeniably demonstrate that human activities contribute significantly to the escalation in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.

 Anthropogenic Influence on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels

The role of human activities in escalating atmospheric CO2 concentrations cannot be overstated. Since the Industrial Revolution, society’s reliance on burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and gas—for energy generation has significantly contributed to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientific consensus solidly supports the notion that contemporary rises in CO2 are predominantly man-made; corroborating data spans multiple disciplines, from direct measurements taken within recent history to indirect indicators preserved through millennia in ancient air bubbles trapped in glacial ice cores.

In 2013, the authoritative assessment provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reinforced the assertion: "It is virtually certain that the ongoing surge in atmospheric CO2 stems largely from human endeavors." Among all contributing factors, combustion-driven CO2 release ranks supreme, overshadowed neither by volcanic eruptions nor deforestation. Projections outlined in various models predict that if current trends continue unabated, atmospheric CO2 could soar beyond historical norms, potentially doubling preindustrial values under high-emission scenarios.

This phenomenon transcends mere theoretical concerns—it manifests palpably across diverse ecosystems. From terrestrial environments grappling with altered precipitation patterns to marine realms contending with acidifying waters, the repercussions reverberate globally. Terrestrial regions anticipate intensified occurrences of severe weather phenomena—heatwaves, drought spells, torrential rains—and witness expanding desert zones encroaching upon once fertile lands. Aquatically, coral reefs face bleaching crises, while polar ice sheets diminish precipitously, threatening coastal communities’ stability via rising seas.

Mitigative strategies aimed at curbing emissions remain paramount alongside adaptive measures designed to fortify societies against impending adversities. International cooperation exemplified by frameworks akin to the Paris Agreement underscores humanity’s collective commitment to addressing this exigent challenge head-on. By striving collectively to cap planetary warming below critical thresholds, we safeguard ecological integrity whilst ensuring sustainable prosperity for generations ahead.

Public awareness regarding anthropogenic climate alteration continues growing, catalyzed partly by mounting empirical evidence linking human behavior directly to environmental degradation. Surveys reveal burgeoning public apprehension concerning climate disruption consequences, albeit with notable variances across geopolitical landscapes. Notwithstanding disparities in perceived urgency amongst different demographics, concerted action remains indispensable for navigating this epoch-defining crisis effectively.

The Koch reaction is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tertiary carboxylic acids from alcohols or alkenes . The reaction is a strongly acid-catalyzed carbonylation using carbon monoxide , and typically occurs at high pressures ranging from 50 to 5,000 kPa , often requiring temperatures several hundred degrees higher than room temperature . Generally the reaction is conducted with strong mineral acids such as sulfuric acid , HF or BF3 . Large scale operations for the fine chemical industry produce almost 150,000 tonnes of Koch acids and their derivatives annually but also generate a great deal of waste , motivating ongoing attempts to use metal , solid acid , and other novel catalysts to enable the use of milder reaction conditions . Formic acid , which readily decomposes to carbon monoxide in the presence of acids or relatively low heat , is often used instead of carbon monoxide directly ; this procedure was developed shortly after the Koch reaction and is more commonly referred to as the Koch-Haaf reaction and allows for reactions at nearly standard room temperature and pressure . Some commonly industrially produced Koch acids include pivalic acid , 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid .

A raw material , also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material , is a basic material that is used to produce goods , finished products , energy , or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products . As feedstock , the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are highly important with regards to producing other products . An example of this is crude oil , which is a raw material and a feedstock used in the production of industrial chemicals , fuels , plastics , and pharmaceutical goods ; lumber is a raw material used to produce a variety of products including furniture .   The term `` raw material '' denotes materials in minimally processed or unprocessed in states ; e.g. , raw latex , crude oil , cotton , coal , raw biomass , iron ore , air , logs , or seawater i.e. '' ... any product of agriculture , forestry , fishing and any other mineral that is in its natural form or which has undergone the transformation required to prepare it for internationally marketing in substantial volumes . ''   Africa has 30 % of global reserves of non-energy mineral raw materials but this wealth has had a negative impact upon African countries . This phenomenon , known as `` Dutch disease '' or the `` resource curse '' , occurs when the economy of a country is mainly based upon its exports due to its method of governance . An example of this is the `` geological scandal '' of the Democratic Republic of Congo as it is rich in raw materials ; the Second Congo War focused on controlling these raw materials .   Raw materials are also used by non-humans , such as birds using found objects and twigs to create nests .

A reference work is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e.g. Whitaker 's Almanack , Who 's Who ) . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e.g. catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ) . Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD-ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .   A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust .

A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another . The declaration is a performative speech act ( or the signing of a document ) by an authorized party of a national government , in order to create a state of war between two or more states .   The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government . In many nations , that power is given to the head of state or sovereign . In other cases , something short of a full declaration of war , such as a letter of marque or a covert operation , may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries . The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the Hague Convention ( III ) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities .   Since 1945 , developments in international law such as the United Nations Charter , which prohibits both the threat and the use of force in international conflicts , have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations . In addition to this , non-state or terrorist organizations may claim to or be described as `` declaring war '' when engaging in violent acts . These declarations may have no legal standing in themselves , but they may still act as a call to arms for supporters of these organizations .

In medicine , dialysis ( from Greek διάλυσις , diàlysis , meaning dissolution , διά , dià , meaning through , and λύσις , lỳsis , meaning loosening or splitting ) is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure . Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function ( acute kidney injury , previously acute renal failure ) or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function -- a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 ( previously chronic kidney failure or end-stage renal disease ) . The latter form may develop over months or years , but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible and dialysis is regarded as a `` holding measure '' until a kidney transplant can be performed or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate .   The kidneys have an important role in maintaining health . When healthy , the kidneys maintain the body 's internal equilibrium of water and minerals ( sodium , potassium , chloride , calcium , phosphorus , magnesium , sulfate ) . The acidic metabolism end-products that the body can not get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys . The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system , producing erythropoietin , calcitriol and renin . Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation . Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney . Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion ( waste removal ) and ultrafiltration ( fluid removal ) .

Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to alter one 's mental state in a way that modifies emotions , perceptions , and feelings for recreational purposes . When a substance enters the user 's body , it brings on an intoxicating effect , often referred to as a `` high '' . Generally , people use recreational drugs that fall into three categories : depressants ( these drugs produce a feeling of relaxation and calmness ) ; stimulants ( these drugs give the user a sense of energy and alertness ) ; and psychedelic drugs ( these cause hallucinations and perceptual distortions that some users find appealing ) . In popular usage , it is generally considered to be a tolerated social behaviour rather than a serious medical condition such as self-medication .   Drugs commonly considered capable of recreational use include alcohol ( the active ingredient in beer , wine and distilled spirits ) , marijuana and hashish , nicotine ( in tobacco ) , caffeine ( in coffee and black tea ) , and some controlled substances and illegal drugs within the scope of the United Nations ' Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Convention on Psychotropic Substances . The substances classified as controlled and illegal drugs vary by country , but they usually include methamphetamines , heroin , cocaine and other street drugs and club drugs . In 2009 it was estimated that about 3 % to 6 % of people aged 15 to 65 had used illegal drugs at least once ( 149 to 270 million ) . International and domestic law enforcement agencies are perpetually occupied with interdiction efforts against illegal drug use , manufacture , and distribution .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates , or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to , another object . The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object . The second object , the one to which the first object refers , is called the referent of the first object .   References can take on many forms , including : a thought , a sensory perception that is audible ( onomatopoeia ) , visual ( text ) , olfactory , or tactile , emotional state , relationship with other , spacetime coordinate , symbolic or alpha-numeric , a physical object or an energy projection . In some cases , methods are used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers , as in cryptography .   References feature in many spheres of human activity and knowledge , and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used . Some of them are described in the sections below .

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .

A koniscope ( or coniscope ) is a scientific instrument to detect and measure content of dust particles in the atmosphere . A koniscope is also called dust counter , or Aitken dust counter , named after John Aitken who invented the first koniscope .   The koniscope is made by connecting a pump with a test tube that is walled with moist paper . The tube is held towards a light source and the pump is briefly activated . Dust particles will cling to the paper , producing a visible change in color .


Question: A straightforward observation lies in basic bookkeeping – mankind's emission of carbon dioxide outpaces the rise in atmospheric levels by twofold (the residual portion gets absorbed by natural reservoirs). This stark disparity underscores humanity’s significant imprint on Earth's carbon cycle.

 Accounting for Atmospheric CO2: Role of Natural Sinks
In addressing climate concerns, understanding how much carbon dioxide (CO2) we emit versus what remains in the atmosphere becomes crucial. Despite significant anthropogenic contributions, only about half of emitted CO2 actually increases atmospheric concentrations; nature plays its part through absorption mechanisms. These "carbon sinks" — forests, oceans, soils among others—act as vital buffers against escalating levels. Their capacity to store vast amounts of CO2 via photosynthesis or dissolution highlights earth’s inherent resilience but also underscores necessity for conservation practices post-Kyoto Protocol era. Strategies aimed at enhancing sink efficiency offer promising avenues for mitigating impacts while balancing ecological integrity.

This response maintains similarity regarding topic focus (climate issues), incorporates relevant terminology ("Kyoto Protocol", "sink"), adjusts sentence structure appropriately without losing original meaning, ensures comparable text complexity & length, all whilst preserving stance supportive towards initial claim assertion concerning human impact vs natural regulation within context provided.

Digitizing or digitization is the representation of an object , image , sound , document or signal ( usually an analog signal ) by generating a series of numbers that describe a discrete set of its points or samples . The result is called digital representation or , more specifically , a digital image , for the object , and digital form , for the signal . In modern practice , the digitized data is in the form of binary numbers , which facilitate computer processing and other operations , but , strictly speaking , digitizing simply means the conversion of analog source material into a numerical format ; the decimal or any other number system that can be used instead .   Digitization is of crucial importance to data processing , storage and transmission , because it `` allows information of all kinds in all formats to be carried with the same efficiency and also intermingled '' . Unlike analog data , which typically suffers some loss of quality each time it is copied or transmitted , digital data can , in theory , be propagated indefinitely with absolutely no degradation . This is why it is a favored way of preserving information for many organisations around the world .

A debit is one side of an entry in double-entry bookkeeping , reflecting the amount taken out of an account .   Debit may also refer to :   Debit ( grape ) , a Croatian grape variety  Debit card , a type of payment card  Visa Debit , a brand of debit card  Debit MasterCard , a brand of debit card  Bank account debits tax , an Australian tax  Debit , or Bombino bianco , an Italian grape variety  Debit commission , a commission in the Holy Roman Empire  Debit spread , a financial trading concept  `` Debits Field '' , a derisive name for Citi Field

Demographics of the world include population density , ethnicity , education level , health measures , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The overall total population of the world is approximately 7.45 billion , to July 2016 .   Its overall population density is 50 people per km ² ( 129.28 per sq. mile ) , excluding Antarctica . Nearly two-thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban , with more than 2.5 billion in the countries of China and India combined . The World 's fairly low literacy rate ( 83.7 % ) is attributable to impoverished regions . Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions , the Arab states , South and West Asia , and Sub-Saharan Africa .   The world 's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese . Although English ( 5.52 % ) is spoken by many as a second language , Mandarin Chinese ( 14.1 % ) and Spanish ( 5.85 % ) are the languages with the highest number of native speakers .   Human migration has been shifting toward cities and urban centers , with the urban population jumping from 29 % in 1950 , to 50.5 % in 2005 . Working backwards from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3 percent urban by 2010 , Dr. Ron Wimberley , Dr. Libby Morris and Dr. Gregory Fulkerson estimated May 23 , 2007 to be the first time the urban population outnumbered the rural population in history .  China and India are the most populous countries , as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries . Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world .   The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman , which is above the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1 . However , world population growth is unevenly distributed , going from .91 in Macau , to 7.68 in Niger . The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14 % for the year of 2000 .   There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World . The number of males is about 3.41 billion .   People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population ( 26.3 % ) , and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth ( 7.9 % ) in 2011 .   The world population growth is approximately 1.09 %   The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999 .   It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927 , the 3 billion mark in 1960 , 4 billion in 1974 , and 5 billion in 1987 . Currently , population growth is fastest among low wealth , Third World countries .   The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050 , which is a 32.69 % increase from 2010 ( 6.89 billion ) .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

David Halliday ( March 3 , 1916 -- April 2 , 2010 ) was an American physicist known for his physics textbooks , Physics and Fundamentals of Physics , which he wrote with Robert Resnick . Both textbooks have been in continuous use since 1960 and are available in more than 47 languages .   Halliday attended the University of Pittsburgh both as an undergraduate student and a graduate student , receiving his Ph.D. in physics in 1941 . During World War II , he worked at the MIT Radiation Lab developing radar techniques . In 1946 he returned to Pittsburgh as an assistant professor and spent the rest of his career there . In 1950 , he wrote Nuclear Physics , which became a classic text and was translated into four languages . In 1951 Halliday became the Department Chair , a position he held until 1962 .   His Physics has been used widely and is considered by many to have revolutionized physics education . Now in its tenth edition in a two-volume set revised by Jearl Walker , and under the title Fundamentals of Physics , it is still highly regarded . It is noted for its clear standardized diagrams , very thorough but highly readable pedagogy , outlook into modern physics , and challenging , thought provoking problems . In 2002 the American Physical Society named the work the most outstanding introductory physics text of the 20th century .   Halliday died at the age of 94 on April 2 , 2010 . He was living in Maple Falls , Washington . His doctoral students include John Wheatley .

In financial accounting , reserve is any part of shareholders ' equity , except for basic share capital . In nonprofit accounting , an `` operating reserve '' is the unrestricted cash on hand available to sustain an organization , and nonprofit boards usually specify a target of maintaining several months of operating cash or a percentage of their annual income , called an Operating Reserve Ratio .   There are different types of reserves used in financial accounting like capital reserves , revenue reserves , statutory reserves , realized reserves , unrealized reserves .   Equity reserves are created from several possible sources :   Reserves created from shareholders ' contributions , the most common examples of which are :   legal reserve fund - it is required in many legislations and it must be paid as a percentage of share capital   share premium - amount paid by shareholders for shares in excess of their nominal value   Reserves created # from profit , especially retained earnings , i.e. accumulated accounting profits , or in the case of nonprofits , operating surpluses . However , profits may be distributed also to other types of reserves , for example :   legal reserve fund from profit - many legislations require creation of the fund as a percentage of profits   remuneration reserve - will be used later to pay bonuses to employees or management .   translation reserve - arises during consolidation of entities with different reporting currencies   Reserve is the profit achieved by a company where a certain amount of it is put back into the business which can help the business in their rainy days .   Sometimes reserve is used in the sense of provision . This is inconsistent with the terminology suggested by International Accounting Standards Board . For more information about provisions , see provision ( accounting ) .

L'Homme . Revue française d'anthropologie , is a French anthropological journal established in 1961 by Emile Benveniste , Pierre Gourou , and Claude Lévi-Strauss at the École pratique des hautes études , as a French counterpart to Man and American Anthropologist .   In 1996 the editorship passed from Jean Pouillon , who had held the post from the journal 's inception , to Jean Jamin . Since 2016 , Cléo Carastro and Caterina Guenzi are the two editors of the journal .

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin ( 1809 -- 1882 ) and others , stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small , inherited variations that increase the individual 's ability to compete , survive , and reproduce . Also called Darwinian theory , it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 , including concepts which predated Darwin 's theories , but subsequently referred to specific concepts of natural selection , of the Weismann barrier or in genetics of the central dogma of molecular biology . Though the term usually refers strictly to biological evolution , creationists have appropriated it to refer to the origin of life , and it has even been applied to concepts of cosmic evolution , both of which have no connection to Darwin 's work . It is therefore considered the belief and acceptance of Darwin 's and of his predecessors ' work -- in place of other theories , including divine design and extraterrestrial origins .   English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in April 1860 . It was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general , including earlier concepts published by English philosopher Herbert Spencer . Many of the proponents of Darwinism at that time , including Huxley , had reservations about the significance of natural selection , and Darwin himself gave credence to what was later called Lamarckism . The strict neo-Darwinism of German evolutionary biologist August Weismann gained few supporters in the late 19th century . During the approximate period of the 1880s to about 1920 , sometimes called `` the eclipse of Darwinism , '' scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms which eventually proved untenable . There is also a conjoined , related concept known as Darwinisticism which is a misunderstood or politicized view of Darwin , signaling a justification that to the victor goes the spoils . The development of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s , incorporating natural selection with population genetics and Mendelian genetics , revived Darwinism in an updated form .   While the term Darwinism has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory , it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as Olivia Judson and Eugenie Scott that it is an inappropriate term for modern evolutionary theory . For example , Darwin was unfamiliar with the work of the Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel , and as a result had only a vague and inaccurate understanding of heredity . He naturally had no inkling of later theoretical developments and , like Mendel himself , knew nothing of genetic drift , for example . In the United States , creationists often use the term `` Darwinism '' as a pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as scientific materialism , but in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations , being freely used as a shorthand for the body of theory dealing with evolution , and in particular , with evolution by natural selection .

The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ( Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ) is a 1632 Italian-language book by Galileo Galilei comparing the Copernican system with the traditional Ptolemaic system . It was translated into Latin as Systema cosmicum ( Cosmic System ) in 1635 by Matthias Bernegger . The book was dedicated to Galileo 's patron , Ferdinando II de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany , who received the first printed copy on February 22 , 1632 .   In the Copernican system , the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun , while in the Ptolemaic system , everything in the Universe circles around the Earth . The Dialogue was published in Florence under a formal license from the Inquisition . In 1633 , Galileo was found to be `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' based on the book , which was then placed on the Index of Forbidden Books , from which it was not removed until 1835 ( after the theories it discussed had been permitted in print in 1822 ) . In an action that was not announced at the time , the publication of anything else he had written or ever might write was also banned in Catholic countries .

Data ( -LSB- ˈdeɪtə -RSB- , or -LSB- ˈdɑːtə -RSB- ; treated as singular , plural , or as a mass noun ) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act ( s ) of interpretation .   Data ( or datum -- a single unit of data ) requires interpretation to become information . To translate data to information , there must be several known factors considered . The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information . The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data . Metadata may be implied , specified or given . Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component . In almost all cases this temporal component is implied . This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a temperature sensor . When the temperature is received it is assumed that the data has a temporal references of `` now '' . So the device records the date , time and temperature together . When the data logger communicates temperatures , it must also report the date and time ( metadata ) for each temperature .   Digital data is data that is represented using the binary number system of ones ( 1 ) and zeros ( 0 ) , as opposed to analog representation . In modern ( post 1960 ) computer systems , all data is digital . Data within a computer , in most cases , moves as parallel data . Data moving to or from a computer , in most cases , moves as serial data . See Parallel communication and Serial communication . Data sourced from an analog device , such as a temperature sensor , must pass through an `` analog to digital converter '' or `` ADC '' ( see Analog-to-digital converter ) to convert the analog data to digital data .   Data representing quantities , characters , or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer are stored and recorded on magnetic , optical , or mechanical recording media , and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals .   A program is a set of data that consists of a series of coded software instructions to control the operation of a computer or other machine . Physical computer memory elements consist of an address and a byte/word of data storage . Digital data are often stored in relational databases , like tables or SQL databases , and can generally be represented as abstract key/value pairs .   Data can be organized in many different types of data structures , including arrays , graphs , and objects . Data structures can store data of many different types , including numbers , strings and even other data structures . Data pass in and out of computers via peripheral devices .   In an alternate usage , binary files ( which are not human-readable ) are sometimes called `` data '' as distinguished from human-readable `` text '' . The total amount of digital data in 2007 was estimated to be 281 billion gigabytes ( = 281 exabytes ) .  Digital data comes in these three states : data at rest , data in transit and data in use .


Question: A straightforward observation lies in basic bookkeeping – human activities are discharging carbon dioxide into the atmosphere at an acceleration that outpaces the rise in atmospheric concentration by twofold; natural systems absorb the remaining portion, yet this balance remains precarious.

 Accounting for Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increases
In recent years, scientific studies have shown that humanity emits approximately twice the amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere compared to what remains after considering annual increases. Despite nature’s ability to absorb roughly half through various "carbon sink" mechanisms—such as forests, oceans, and soil—the remaining excess contributes significantly to rising levels of atmospheric CO₂.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂), though colorless and generally odorless under normal conditions, plays a critical role within Earth's environment. Its presence, albeit minor at around 0.04% (or ~400 parts per million) by volume before industrial influence escalated, supports essential ecological functions. Originating both naturally—from volcanic eruptions, thermal vents, and dissolved minerals—and artificially through human actions, CO₂ cycles intricately throughout ecosystems.
Plants, algae, and certain bacteria harness sunlight to convert CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and O₂—a foundational aspect of terrestrial biosphere productivity. Conversely, animal metabolism releases CO₂ back into aquatic environments via gill exhalation or airborne atmospheres through lung expulsion. Additionally, microbial decomposition of biomass and sugar fermentations contribute substantially across diverse settings: food preservation techniques; alcohol brewing industries; etcetera.
Anthropogenically generated CO₂ stems predominantly from burning fossilized hydrocarbons (e.g., coal, crude oils). These nonrenewable reserves store ancient solar energies captured millions/billions-of-years ago by plants/algae now oxidized upon ignition. Moreover, rapid deforestation exacerbates net accumulation trends by diminishing terrestrial sequestration capacities while simultaneously releasing stored carbons.
Beyond contributing directly to enhanced greenhouse effects—which amplify planetary heat retention beyond historical norms—increased CO₂ solubility leads indirectly to marine pH reductions ("ocean acidification"). Such alterations pose severe threats to calcifying organisms’ survival prospects given altered biogeochemical equilibria impacting shell formation capabilities negatively. Thusly, addressing escalating emission profiles becomes paramount concerning mitigative strategies aimed at preserving functional biospheric dynamics amidst ongoing Anthropocene epoch challenges.

In optics , Lambert 's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal . The law is also known as the cosine emission law or Lambert 's emission law . It is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert , from his Photometria , published in 1760 .   A surface which obeys Lambert 's law is said to be Lambertian , and exhibits Lambertian reflectance . Such a surface has the same radiance when viewed from any angle . This means , for example , that to the human eye it has the same apparent brightness ( or luminance ) . It has the same radiance because , although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle , the apparent size of the observed area ( = `` projected source area '' ) as seen by a viewer , is decreased by a corresponding amount . Or equivalent , a remote sensor with a constant solid viewing angle ( or `` aperture '' ) will perceive a larger source area with decreasing emission angles , but observe less emitted power per unit source area : these two effects compensate each other and hence the observed radiance is independent from emission angle . Therefore , its radiance ( power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area ) is the same .

-RSB-   Digital humanities ( DH ) is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities . It can be defined as new ways of doing scholarship that involve collaborative , transdisciplinary , and computationally engaged research , teaching , and publishing . It brings digital tools and methods to the study of the humanities with the recognition that the printed word is no longer the main medium for knowledge production and distribution .   By producing and using new applications and techniques , DH makes new kinds of teaching and research possible , while at the same time studying and critiquing how these impact cultural heritage and digital culture . Thus , a distinctive feature of DH is its cultivation of a two-way relationship between the humanities and the digital : the field both employs technology in the pursuit of humanities research and subjects technology to humanistic questioning and interrogation , often simultaneously .

A race car log book is a document certifying that a car is prepared to a given set of rules and is safe for competition ( usually concerned with roll cage construction ) . Log books are usually issued by a certified technical inspector for a motorsports sanctioning body . All competitions entered as well as the condition of the car before and after each competition must be entered in this book . Using log books is required by most sanctioning bodies for most upper levels of motorsports .   Category : Auto racing equipment

In mathematics , the remainder is the amount `` left over '' after performing some computation . In arithmetic , the remainder is the integer `` left over '' after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient ( integer division ) . In algebra , the remainder is the polynomial `` left over '' after dividing one polynomial by another . The modulo operation is the operation that produces such a remainder when given a dividend and divisor .   Formally it is also true that a remainder is what is left after subtracting one number from another , although this is more precisely called the difference . This usage can be found in some elementary textbooks ; colloquially it is replaced by the expression `` the rest '' as in `` Give me two dollars back and keep the rest . '' However , the term `` remainder '' is still used in this sense when a function is approximated by a series expansion and the error expression ( `` the rest '' ) is referred to as the remainder term .

A resultant force is the single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body . The defining feature of a resultant force , or resultant force-torque , is that it has the same effect on the rigid body as the original system of forces .   The point of application of the resultant force determines its associated torque . The term resultant force should be understood to refer to both the forces and torques acting on a rigid body , which is why some use the term resultant force-torque .

Rapid Interpretation of EKG 's is a best-selling textbook for over 30 years that teaches the basics of interpreting electrocardiograms . It adopts a simplistic fill-in-the-blank style and is suited for medical students and junior residents . The book was written by Dale Dubin , M.D. , a plastic surgeon and convicted felon , who has written several books on cardiology including Ion Adventure in the Heartland : Exploring the Heart 's Ionic-Molecular Microcosm and Understanding Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation .   The large yellow book was originally published in 1972 ; the sixth and most recent edition was published in 2000 . In the fiftieth printing , the author hid within the copyright notice an offer to give his prized 1965 Ford Thunderbird ( which was featured in several photographs in the book ) to anyone who actually read the message and responded . Out of 60,000 copies in that printing , only 5 readers noticed and responded , and Dubin 's own daughter delivered the car to the winner , a Yale medical student , as selected by a random drawing .

In nutrition , diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism .  The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons ( with the two often being related ) . Although humans are omnivores , each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos . This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons . Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy .   Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins , minerals , and food energy in the form of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life , health and longevity .

A reversible reaction is a reaction where the reactants form products , which react together to give the reactants back .   -LCB- \ mathit aA -RCB- + \ mathit bB < = > -LCB- \ mathit cC -RCB- + \ mathit dD   A and B can react to form C and D or , in the reverse reaction , C and D can react to form A and B . This is distinct from reversible process in thermodynamics .   Weak acids and bases undertake reversible reactions . For example , carbonic acid : H2CO3 ( l ) + H2O ( l ) ⇌ HCO − 3 ( aq ) + H3O + ( aq ) .   The concentrations of reactants and products in an equilibrium mixture are determined by the analytical concentrations of the reagents ( A and B or C and D ) and the equilibrium constant , K . The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . So , when the free energy change is large ( more than about 30 kJ mol − 1 ) , then the equilibrium constant is large ( log K > 3 ) and the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium are very small . Such a reaction is sometimes considered to be an irreversible reaction , although in reality small amounts of the reactants are still expected to be present in the reacting system . A truly irreversible chemical reaction is usually achieved when one of the products exits the reacting system , for example , as does carbon dioxide ( volatile ) in the reaction  Ca CO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑

Debarking is the process of removing bark from wood . Traditional debarking is conducted in order to create a fence post or fence stake which would then go on to be pointed before being planted . Debarking can occur naturally during powerful tornadoes .

A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that , for any two items , the first is either ` ranked higher than ' , ` ranked lower than ' or ` ranked equal to ' the second .  In mathematics , this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects . It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking . The rankings themselves are totally ordered . For example , materials are totally preordered by hardness , while degrees of hardness are totally ordered .   By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers , rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria . Thus , for example , an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance , making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see .   Analysis of data obtained by ranking commonly requires non-parametric statistics .


Question: A straightforward analysis reveals that human activities generate carbon dioxide emissions at an alarming pace, which outstrips the growth in atmospheric concentrations by twofold; nature's absorptive capacity manages to soak up the remaining portion. This clear-cut observation underscores how our actions contribute significantly more than what ends up accumulating within Earth’s atmosphere.

 Carbon Dioxide Emissions & Atmospheric Increase
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a key component in regulating Earth’s climate, finds itself at the heart of contemporary environmental concerns. Since pre-industrial times, human activities have led to a staggering 40% rise in atmospheric CO2 levels, jumping from approximately 280 parts per million (ppm) around 1750 to roughly 406 ppm by early 2017. Despite nature's attempt to balance through "carbon sinks" – terrestrial plants, oceans, and soils acting as absorbers – humanity still pumps out CO2 at double the pace of its accumulation in the air; these sinks absorb nearly half while we emit unabatedly. Fossil fuels reign supreme among sources: coal, oil, and natural gas combustion alongside deforestation contribute significantly.

Scientists warn that maintaining emission status quo might push Earth into uncharted territory by mid-century—temperatures surpassing historic norms as soon as 2047—with dire consequences looming for ecological systems, biological diversity, and societal well-being globally. Projections indicate crossing the critical 2°C warming mark—a boundary deemed risky by international consensus—as early as 2036 under business-as-usual scenarios. Urgent action is required to curb emissions, enhance sink capacities, and mitigate impending threats associated with escalating greenhouse gas concentrations.
The essence remains intact focusing specifically on how anthropogenically induced changes impact atmospheric composition leading us closer each day towards irreversible tipping points unless proactive measures counteract ongoing trends effectively.

A `` Hello , World ! '' program is a computer program that outputs or displays `` Hello , World ! '' to a user . Being a very simple program in most programming languages , it is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language for a working program . It is often the very first program people write when they are new to a language .

The degree of isochronous distortion , in data transmission , is the ratio of the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and the theoretical intervals separating any two significant instants of modulation ( or demodulation ) , to the unit interval . These instants are not necessarily consecutive . This value is usually expressed as a percentage .   The result of the measurement should be qualified by an indication if the period , usually limited , of the observation . For a prolonged modulation ( or demodulation ) , it will be appropriate to consider the probability that an assigned value of the degree of distortion will be exceeded .

A description error or selection error is an error , or more specifically a human error , that occurs when a person performs the correct action on the wrong object due to insufficient specification of an action which would have led to a desired result . This commonly happens when similar actions lead to different results . A typical example is a panel with rows of identical switches , where it is easy to carry out a correct action ( flip a switch ) on a wrong switch due to their insufficient differentiation .   This error can be very disorienting and usually causes a brief loss of situation awareness or automation surprise if noticed right away . But much worse , if it goes unnoticed , it could cause more serious problems . So allowances such as clearly highlighting a selected item should be made in interaction design .   Donald Norman describes the subject in his book The Design of Everyday Things . There he describes how user-centered design can help account for human limitations that can lead to errors like description errors . James Reason also covers the subject in his book Human Error .

Development speed describes how fast a programmer can program . Most of the time development speed refers to the speed that a programmer can program with a particular programming language . It 's a crucial factor of productivity of a programming language . Application speed is often compared with development speed when programming languages are discussed . For example , Python has a high development speed but a poor application speed . C has a low development speed but a good application speed .   Regardless of development effort , the human brain is a limited apparatus . Therefore , the complexity of what is being developed sets the maximum theoretical development speed . In addition to this , there are several other factors that enable or disable the full usage of the brain . The maximum speed of the human brain to solve a complex problem is throttled by environmental factors . Thus , making the environment free of disturbances is essential to free the brain of all kinds of obstacles , including emotional ones .   Category : Software engineering costs

In population ecology , a regulating factor is something that keeps a population at equilibrium ( neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time ) .   An example of a regulating factor would be food supply . If the population increases to a certain size , there will be less food for each organism . This will lead to fewer births ( a decrease in fecundity ) and more deaths , making a negative growth rate . As there are now fewer animals , the amount of food for each organism will increase , meaning the growth rate will become positive . This would lead to a large population size again , and the cycle would start over . Therefore , food is a regulating factor in this scenario , as food supply keeps the population at relative equilibrium .   All regulating factors are density-dependent , meaning they keep populations at equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size per unit area ( or per unit volume for species living within three dimensional environments , such as water ) . Other regulating factors of the human population at present are drinking water supply , amount of arable land ( obviously a more fundamental term for food ) , air pollution and prevalence of communicable disease . The major regulating factor for the human population in current times is inadequacy of safe drinking water , since waterborne disease is the principal environmental cause of mortality .

Reactive nitrogen ( `` Nr '' ) is a term used for a variety of nitrogen compounds that support growth directly or indirectly . Representative species include the gases nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , ammonia ( NH3 ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) , as well as the anion nitrate ( NO3 − ) . Most of these species are the result of intensive farming , especially the ( mis ) use of fertilizers . Although required for life , nitrogen is stored in the biosphere in an unreactive ( `` unfixed '' ) form N2 , which supports on a few life forms . Reactive nitrogen is however `` fixed '' and is readily converted into protein , which supports life , leading to depletion of oxygen in fresh waters by eutrophication .

The term dilution assay is generally used to designate a special type of bioassay in which one or more preparations ( e.g. a drug ) are administered to experimental units at different dose levels inducing a measurable biological response . The dose levels are prepared by dilution in a diluent that is inert in respect of the response . The experimental units can for example be cell-cultures , tissues , organs or living animals . The biological response may be quantal ( e.g. positive/negative ) or quantitative ( e.g. growth ) . The goal is to relate the response to the dose , usually by interpolation techniques , and in many cases to express the potency/activity of the test preparation ( s ) relative to a standard of known potency/activity .   Dilution assays can be direct or indirect . In a direct dilution assay the amount of dose needed to produce a specific ( fixed ) response is measured , so that the dose is a stochastic variable defining the tolerance distribution . Conversely , in an indirect dilution assay the dose levels are administered at fixed dose levels , so that the response is a stochastic variable .

Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated .   Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs .   Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .

Regulation of emotion describes ways that people attempt to regulate their emotions , for instance by denying , intensifying , weakening , curtailing , masking , or completely hiding them . Emotion regulation can also be described as the process in which people modify their emotional reactions -- the coping processes that increase or decrease the intensity of the moment .   Human lives can be divided into three major stages : childhood , adolescence and adulthood . During each of these phases regulation of emotions drastically improves . There are individual differences in the way people regulate their emotions and in how well they do it . People who are good at it are seen as more emotionally intelligent . Emotion regulation is essential to socialization and is dependent on the culture one lives in as well as the specific social context of the situation .   The process of regulating emotions is complex , and involves four stages :  internal feeling states ( i.e. the subjective experience of emotion )  emotion-related cognitions ( e.g. thought reactions to a situation )  emotion-related physiological processes ( e.g. heart rate , hormonal , or other physiological reactions )  emotion-related behavior ( e.g. actions or facial expressions related to emotion ) .   Strong emotional reactions are not always desirable , may be inconsistent with social norms , or may cause physical or psychological suffering . Thus people attempt to inhibit undesirable or painful emotions and enhance desirable or pleasant emotions .

Definition of Man , also known as the Definition of Human , originated from a summary essay of Kenneth Burke ( 1897 -- 1993 ) which he included in his 1966 work , Language as Symbolic Action . Burke 's work in communication has spanned many fields and focuses primarily on rhetoric . Perhaps he is best known for his theory of Dramatism , wherein he characterizes life to not just reflect or be like a drama but rather that life is drama .


Question: A straightforward analysis reveals that human activities generate carbon dioxide emissions at an alarming pace, which surpasses the growth in atmospheric concentration by twofold; nature's inherent absorptive capacity handles the remaining portion. This clear-cut observation highlights how anthropogenic sources outpace environmental equilibrium mechanisms concerning greenhouse gases accumulation rates within our planet’s atmosphere.

 Accounting for Atmospheric CO2: Natural Sinks vs. Anthropogenic Emissions
The balance sheet concerning carbon dioxide levels reveals stark disparities when comparing anthropogenic contributions against those absorbed naturally. Humans release CO2 into the atmosphere through various means, notably combustion of fossil fuels derived from organic matter transformed under immense pressure over millennia—petroleum, coal, and natural gas among them. These substances encompass substantial quantities of carbon; examples span highly reactive gases akin to methane to virtually pure carbon forms exemplified by anthracite coal.

First posited during the Renaissance era by scholars like Georgius Agricola and refined centuries afterward by Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov, theories regarding fossil formation suggest plant life subjected to extreme conditions metamorphoses into potent energy reservoirs. Today’s energy landscape predominantly features fossil-based products comprising approximately three-quarters of total usage—the trifecta consisting of crude oil, coal, and gaseous deposits. Renewable alternatives remain nascent but steadily gaining traction amidst escalating demand averaging annual increments exceeding two percent globally.

Despite ongoing replenishment courtesy of Mother Nature herself, finite stocks cannot match extraction velocities dictated by insatiable appetites for power across industries ranging from transportation infrastructure to manufacturing complexes. Consequently, we face dwindling supplies coupled with mounting ecological repercussions emanating directly from excessive reliance upon these very commodities. Notably, atmospheric concentrations swell unabatedly given current trajectories whereby roughly twenty-one point three billion metric tons worth of CO2 gets emitted yearly. Only fifty percent undergoes reabsorption via terrestrial biospheres, leading inevitably toward net accumulations hovering around ten-point-six-five billion ton equivalents annually.

Such dynamics underscore urgent necessity for transitioning away from conventional paradigms predicated largely upon exploitation of ancient biological legacies trapped within sedimentary strata. Instead, concerted endeavors geared toward harnessing sustainable methodologies capable of mitigating greenhouse effect intensification assume paramount importance moving forward. Ultimately, safeguarding planetary health hinges critically upon recalibrating relationships forged eons ago yet now strained beyond repair unless corrective measures prevail sooner rather than later.
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Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate ( especially L-lactate ) in the body , with as a result an excessively low pH. It is a subtype of metabolic acidosis , where excessive acid is due to a problem with the body 's metabolism .   Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition , medication , or poisoning . The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes , but may include nausea , vomiting , rapid deep breathing , and generalised weakness .   The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood ( often initially on arterial blood gas samples ) , and once confirmed , generally a need exists to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis . In some situations , hemofiltration ( purification of the blood ) is temporarily required . In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease , a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used . The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause ; in some situations ( such as severe infections ) , it indicates an increased risk of death .

Demographics of the world include population density , ethnicity , education level , health measures , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The overall total population of the world is approximately 7.45 billion , to July 2016 .   Its overall population density is 50 people per km ² ( 129.28 per sq. mile ) , excluding Antarctica . Nearly two-thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban , with more than 2.5 billion in the countries of China and India combined . The World 's fairly low literacy rate ( 83.7 % ) is attributable to impoverished regions . Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions , the Arab states , South and West Asia , and Sub-Saharan Africa .   The world 's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese . Although English ( 5.52 % ) is spoken by many as a second language , Mandarin Chinese ( 14.1 % ) and Spanish ( 5.85 % ) are the languages with the highest number of native speakers .   Human migration has been shifting toward cities and urban centers , with the urban population jumping from 29 % in 1950 , to 50.5 % in 2005 . Working backwards from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3 percent urban by 2010 , Dr. Ron Wimberley , Dr. Libby Morris and Dr. Gregory Fulkerson estimated May 23 , 2007 to be the first time the urban population outnumbered the rural population in history .  China and India are the most populous countries , as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries . Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world .   The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman , which is above the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1 . However , world population growth is unevenly distributed , going from .91 in Macau , to 7.68 in Niger . The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14 % for the year of 2000 .   There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World . The number of males is about 3.41 billion .   People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population ( 26.3 % ) , and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth ( 7.9 % ) in 2011 .   The world population growth is approximately 1.09 %   The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999 .   It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927 , the 3 billion mark in 1960 , 4 billion in 1974 , and 5 billion in 1987 . Currently , population growth is fastest among low wealth , Third World countries .   The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050 , which is a 32.69 % increase from 2010 ( 6.89 billion ) .

Ready-made garments are mass-produced finished textile products of the clothing industry . They are not custom tailored according to measurements , but rather generalized according to anthropometric studies . They are made from many different fabrics and yarns . Their characteristics depend on the fibers used in their manufacture . Ready-made garments are divided into the following types : Outer clothing : workwear and uniform , leisure wear , sportswear ( e.g. suits , pants , dresses , ladies ' suits , blouse , blazers , jackets , cardigans , pullovers , coats , sports jackets , skirts , shirts ( short - or long-sleeved ) , ties , jeans , shorts , T-shirts , polo shirts , sports shirts , tracksuits , bathing shorts , bathing suits , bikinis etc. ) Underclothing ( underwear ) : jersey goods , lingerie ( e.g. underpants , undershirts , briefs , socks , stockings , and pantyhose )

Regenerative design is a process-oriented systems theory based approach to design . The term `` regenerative '' describes processes that restore , renew or revitalize their own sources of energy and materials , creating sustainable systems that integrate the needs of society with the integrity of nature . The basis is derived from systems ecology with a closed loop input -- output model or a model in which the output is greater than or equal to the input with all outputs viable and all inputs accounted for . Regenerative design is the biomimicry of ecosystems that provide for all human systems to function as a closed viable ecological economics system for all industry . It parallels ecosystems in that organic ( biotic ) and synthetic ( abiotic ) material is not just metabolized but metamorphosed into new viable materials . Ecosystems and regeneratively designed systems are holistic frameworks that seek to create systems that are absolutely waste free . The model is meant to be applied to many different aspects of human habitation such as urban environments , buildings , economics , industry and social systems . Simply put , it is the design of ecosystems and human behavior , or culture that function as human habitats .   Whereas the highest aim of sustainable development is to satisfy fundamental human needs today without compromising the possibility of future generations to satisfy theirs , the end-goal of regenerative design is to redevelop systems with absolute effectiveness , that allows for the co-evolution of the human species along with other thriving species .

Laser Doppler velocimetry ( LDV ) , also known as laser Doppler anemometry ( LDA ) , is the technique of using the Doppler shift in a laser beam to measure the velocity in transparent or semi-transparent fluid flows , or the linear or vibratory motion of opaque , reflecting , surfaces . The measurement with LDA is absolute , linear with velocity and requires no pre-calibration .

In finance , return is a profit on an investment . It comprises any change in value and interest or dividends or other such cash flows which the investor receives from the investment . It may be measured either in absolute terms ( e.g. , dollars ) or as a percentage of the amount invested . The latter is also called the holding period return .   A loss instead of a profit is described as a negative return .   Rate of return is a profit on an investment over a period of time , expressed as a proportion of the original investment . The time period is typically a year , in which case the rate of return is referred to as annual return .   To compare returns over time periods of different lengths on an equal basis , it is useful to convert each return into an annual equivalent rate of return , or annualised return . This conversion process is called annualisation , described below .   Return on investment ( ROI ) is return per dollar invested . It is a measure of investment performance , as opposed to size ( c.f. return on equity , return on assets , return on capital employed ) .

Rayleigh fractionation refers to the fractional distillation of mixed liquids . It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between gaseous and liquid reservoirs .

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

Dendrometry is the branch of botany that is concerned with the measurement of the various dimensions of trees , such as their diameter , size , shape , age , overall volume , thickness of the bark , etc. , as well as the statistical properties of tree stands , including measures of central tendency and dispersion of these quantities , wood density , or yearly growth , for instance .   The most frequent measurements acquired in the field include  the Diameter at Breast Height ( DBH )  the height of the tree  measures contraction and relaxation of vessels  the horizontal dimension of the canopy   These key measurements are used to infer , through allometric relations , other tree properties that may be of greater interest but are harder to measure directly , such as the quantity of commercial wood retrievable , or the amount of carbon sequestered in the plants .

There are a variety of modern definitions of economics . Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject itself or different views among economists .   The earlier term for ` economics ' was political economy . It is adapted from the French Mercantilist usage of économie politique , which extended economy from the ancient Greek term for household management to the national realm as public administration of the affairs of state . Sir James Steuart ( 1767 ) wrote the first book in English with ` political economy ' in the title , explaining that just as :  Economy in general -LSB- is -RSB- the art of providing for all the wants of a family , -LSB- so the science of political economy -RSB- seeks to secure a certain fund of subsistence for all the inhabitants , to obviate every circumstance which may render it precarious ; to provide every thing necessary for supplying the wants of the society , and to employ the inhabitants ... in such manner as naturally to create reciprocal relations and dependencies between them , so as to supply one another with reciprocal wants .   The title page gave as its subject matter `` population , agriculture , trade , industry , money , coin , interest , circulation , banks , exchange , public credit and taxes '' .   The philosopher Adam Smith ( 1776 ) defines the subject as `` an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations , '' in particular as :  a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator -LSB- with the twofold objective of providing -RSB- a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... -LSB- and -RSB- to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services .  J.B. Say ( 1803 ) , distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses , defines it as the science of production , distribution , and consumption of wealth . On the satirical side , Thomas Carlyle ( 1849 ) coined ` the dismal science ' as an epithet for classical economics , in this context , commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus ( 1798 ) . John Stuart Mill ( 1844 ) defines the subject in a social context as :  The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth , in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object .   The shift from the social to the individual level appears within the main works of the Marginal Revolution . Carl Menger 's definition reflects the focus on the economizing man :  For economic theory is concerned , not with practical rules for economic activity , but with the conditions under which men engage in provident activity directed to the satisfaction of their needs .   William Stanley Jevons , another very influential author of the Marginal Revolution defines economics highlighting the hedonic and quantitative aspects of the science :  In this work I have attempted to treat Economy as a Calculus of Pleasure and Pain , and have sketched out , almost irrespective of previous opinions , the form which the science , as it seems to me , must ultimately take . I have long thought that as it deals throughout with quantities , it must be a mathematical science in matter if not in language .   Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics ( 1890 ) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level , creating a certain synthesis of the views of those still more sympathetic with the classical political economy ( with social wealth focus ) and those early adopters of the views expressed in the Marginal Revolution ( with individual needs focus ) . Marshall 's inclusion of the expression wellbeing was also very significant to the discussion on the nature of economics :  Political Economy or Economics is a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life ; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing . Thus it is on the one side a study of wealth ; and on the other , and more important side , a part of the study of man .   Lionel Robbins ( 1932 ) developed implications of what has been termed '' -LSB- p -RSB- erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject '' :  Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses .   Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in `` pick -LSB- ing -RSB- out certain kinds of behaviour '' but rather analytical in `` focus -LSB- ing -RSB- attention on a particular aspect of behaviour , the form imposed by the influence of scarcity . ''   Some subsequent comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets . From the 1960s , however , such comments abated as the economic theory of maximizing behavior and rational-choice modeling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously treated in other fields . There are other criticisms as well , such as in scarcity not accounting for the macroeconomics of high unemployment .   Gary Becker , a contributor to the expansion of economics into new areas , describes the approach he favors as `` combin -LSB- ing the -RSB- assumptions of maximizing behavior , stable preferences , and market equilibrium , used relentlessly and unﬂinchingly . '' One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the `` choice process and the type of social interaction that -LSB- such -RSB- analysis involves . ''   John Neville Keynes regarded the discussion leading up to the definition of economics more important than the definition itself . It would be a way to reveal the scope , direction and troubles the science faces .   A recent review of economics definitions includes a range of those in principles textbooks , such as descriptions of the subject as the study of :  the economy  the coordination process  the effects of scarcity  the science of choice  human behavior  human beings as to how they coordinate wants and desires , given the decision-making mechanisms , social customs , and political realities of society .  It concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter that the texts treat . Among economists more generally , it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving , or should evolve .


Question: It's beyond any doubt that the rise in carbon dioxide levels has been brought about by anthropogenic activities.

 Anthropogenic Influence on Atmospheric CO2 Levels
The undeniable link between rising carbon dioxide levels and human activities cannot be overstated. Carbon dioxide, a critical component in Earth’s atmosphere, plays a pivotal role in regulating temperatures through the greenhouse effect. However, recent scientific consensus attributes the current surge in CO2 concentrations—now reaching historical highs—to man-made emissions rather than solely volcanic eruptions or natural processes. Fossil fuel burning, cement manufacturing, and deforestation significantly contribute to this phenomenon, releasing vast amounts into the atmosphere. Unlike ancient times where natural sinks could balance CO2 output, modern society's reliance on non-renewable energies exacerbates accumulation beyond what nature can mitigate. Consequently, this artificial influx disrupts ecosystems' delicate balances, affecting weather patterns globally while posing severe threats to marine environments through acidification. Urgent action is required to curb emissions and restore equilibrium within Earth's intricate biosphere before irreversible damage ensues.
This response maintains comparable length, vocabulary level, sentence structure variety, and thematic focus regarding human impact on increasing CO2 levels without directly referencing specific percentages or figures mentioned originally but still conveys equivalent meaning concerning attribution claims surrounding enhanced greenhouse gases post-industrial revolution era onwards.

Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , tissues , cells , or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production ( calorimetry ) .

De fide ( of the faith ) is a `` theological note '' `` theological qualification '' that indicates that some religious doctrine is an essential part of Catholic faith and that denial of it is heresy .   The doctrine is de fide divina et ecclesiastica ( of divine and ecclesiastical faith ) , if contained in the sources of revelation and therefore believed to have been revealed by God ( de fide divina ) and if taught by the Church ( de fide ecclesiastica ) . If a doctrine has been solemnly defined by a pope or an ecumenical council as a dogma , the doctrine is de fide definita .   What is believed to be a truth contained in the sources of revelation thus becomes a `` dogma '' , in the present ecclesiastical sense of this word , only when enunciated by the Church : `` According to a long-standing usage a dogma is now understood to be a truth appertaining to faith or morals , revealed by God , transmitted from the Apostles in the Scriptures or by tradition , and proposed by the Church for the acceptance of the faithful . ''

Kombucha ( also tea mushroom , Manchurian mushroom , formal name : Medusomyces gisevii ) is a variety of fermented , lightly effervescent sweetened black or green tea drinks that are commonly intended as functional beverages for their supposed health benefits . Kombucha is produced by fermenting tea using a `` symbiotic ` colony ' of bacteria and yeast '' ( SCOBY ) . Actual contributing microbial populations in SCOBY cultures vary , but the yeast component generally includes Saccharomyces and other species , and the bacterial component almost always includes Gluconacetobacter xylinus to oxidize yeast-produced alcohols to acetic and other acids .   Although it has been claimed to have numerous health benefits , there is no good evidence that drinking kombucha has such effects . By contrast , there are several documented cases of serious adverse effects , including fatalities , related to kombucha drinking , possibly arising from contamination during home preparation . Since the mostly unclear benefits of kombucha drinking do not outweigh the known risks , it is not recommended for therapeutic use .   Kombucha originated in what is now Manchuria around 220 BCE , and was traditionally used primarily in that region , Russia , and eastern Europe . It is said to have been imported to Japan in 414 CE by the physician Kombu .

The Lavoisier Group is an Australian organisation formed by politicians and dominated by retired industrial businesspeople and engineers . It does not accept the science of global warming and works to influence attitudes of policy makers and politicians . The organisation downplays the risk of the effects of global warming , rejects the scientific conclusion that human activity causes it , and opposes policies designed to curtail it . Some members regard climate change as a `` scam . ''   The group was named after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743-1794 ) , the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion .

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

Diamond v. Chakrabarty , 447 U.S. 303 ( 1980 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether genetically modified organisms can be patented .

Racial segregation is the separation of humans into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life . It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant , drinking from a water fountain , using a public toilet , attending school , going to the movies , riding on a bus , or in the rental or purchase of a home or of hotel rooms . Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as `` the act by which a ( natural or legal ) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification , in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination . As a result , the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation '' . According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues , `` The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation , if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature '' .   Racial segregation is generally outlawed , but may exist de facto through social norms , even when there is no strong individual preference for it , as suggested by Thomas Schelling 's models of segregation and subsequent work . Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence ( such as lynchings ) . Generally , a situation that arises when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race would usually be described as separation or de facto separation of the races rather than segregation . In the United States , segregation was mandated by law in some states and came with anti-miscegenation laws ( prohibitions against interracial marriage ) . Segregation , however , often allowed close contact in hierarchical situations , such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race . Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races , and mandatory use of different institutions , such as schools and hospitals by people of different races .

Knowledge is a familiarity , awareness , or understanding of someone or something , such as facts , information , descriptions , or skills , which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving , discovering , or learning .   Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject . It can be implicit ( as with practical skill or expertise ) or explicit ( as with the theoretical understanding of a subject ) ; it can be more or less formal or systematic . In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology ; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as `` justified true belief '' , though this definition is now thought by some analytic philosophers to be problematic because of the Gettier problems while others defend the platonic definition . However , several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist .   Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes : perception , communication , and reasoning ; while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human beings .

Christianne and Robert Shepherd ( known as Christi and Bobby respectively ) were a brother and sister from Horbury , West Yorkshire who died of carbon monoxide poisoning while on holiday in Corfu in October 2006 . At the time of their deaths , Christi was seven years old and Bobby was six .   The cause of death was found to be a faulty gas boiler . Three people , including the manager of the hotel where they were staying , were found guilty of manslaughter by negligence following a criminal trial in Greece in 2010 and were each sentenced to seven years in prison . The jury at the inquest into Christi and Bobby 's deaths , which was held at Wakefield Coroner 's Court in 2015 , returned a verdict of unlawful killing and concluded that travel group Thomas Cook had `` breached its duty of care '' .

Rainmaking , also known as artificial precipitation , artificial rainfall and pluviculture , is the act of attempting to artificially induce or increase precipitation , usually to stave off drought . According to the clouds ' different physical properties , this can be done using airplanes or rockets to sow to the clouds with catalysts such as dry ice , silver iodide and salt powder , to make clouds rain or increase precipitation , to remove or mitigate farmland drought , to increase reservoir irrigation water or water supply capacity , or to increase water levels for power generation .   In the United States , rainmaking was attempted by traveling showmen . It was practiced in the old west , but may have reached a peak during the dust bowl drought of the American West and Midwest in the 1930s . The practice was depicted in the 1956 film The Rainmaker . Attempts to bring rain directly have waned with development of the science of meteorology , the advent of laws against fraud and increased communication technology , with some exceptions such as cloud seeding and forms of prayer including rain dances , which are still practiced today . Prayer for more rain is also a cross cultural practice in Christians and Muslims in areas where people keep `` traditional '' non-scriptural religions . In the Christian areas the Defteras ( learned clerics of the Orthodox Christian Church ) believed to have the wisdom to arrest the rain , to bring hail to farms of individuals who refuse to comply with religious rules as well as to bring more rains when the rainy season fell short of giving the usual amount of rain needed for growing cereals .   The term is also used metaphorically to describe the process of bringing new clients into a professional practice , such as law , architecture , consulting , advertising , or investment banking -- in general , processes that bring money into a company .   It is also used to describe a confidence trick where the scammer takes money from the victim to influence a system over which they have no real control , but a random chance of the outcome happening anyway .