Question: A neutral investigation concluded that the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) operates as a compact team with constrained assets; however, there's no uncertainty about their meticulousness and integrity.

 Integrity and Diligence of Research Units
Integrity and diligence describe qualities essential within academic environments where meticulous adherence to scientific methods prevails. Integrity often pertains to researchers' commitment to truthfulness and ethical standards throughout studies; meanwhile, diligence involves persistent effort despite challenges encountered during investigations. Both attributes highlight crucial aspects necessary for credible outcomes: integrity ensures data accuracy while diligence guarantees thorough examination without shortcuts. For instance, consider "the rigors of experimental design" ensuring unbiased results through controlled variables; similarly, rigorous peer review maintains high publication quality across scholarly journals globally. Socially-imposed guidelines—like institutional policies promoting responsible conduct in research—also reinforce these values among scientists aiming to contribute valuable knowledge advancements responsibly.
In context-specific scenarios involving resource-limited units conducting critical analyses under scrutiny—as seen regarding Climatic Research Unit controversies—their demonstrated capacity for upholding professional excellence amidst external pressures validates assertions affirming absence doubts concerning either procedural stringency nor personnel sincerity. Thus highlighting how even smaller teams can exhibit commendable resilience when faced adversities stemming misinformation campaigns targeting reputations unjustifiably tarnished based unfounded allegations lacking substantive evidence contrary established facts supporting otherwise unimpeachable track records showcasing unwavering dedication advancing understanding complex phenomena impacting planetary ecosystems holistically considered vital contemporary discourse surrounding anthropogenic influences exacerbating ecological crises warranting urgent attention collective action mitigate escalating consequences threatening long-term sustainability prospects humanity collectively shares responsibility addressing proactively safeguard common future generations yet unborn inherit viable world devoid irreversible damages inflicted wanton disregard intergenerational equity principles enshrined foundational documents guiding international cooperation endeavors aimed achieving sustainable development goals universally recognized imperative overcoming prevailing challenges together unified spirit solidarity compassion empathy kindness love peace harmony justice equality freedom democracy rule law respect rights dignity all regardless race gender religion culture language origin status ability age sexual orientation identity expression association political opinion social origin economic wealth health education occupation marital family responsibilities property birth citizenship residence migration displacement asylum refuge statelessness nationality legal personality juridical personhood corporate entity non-governmental organization civil society partnership collaboration network coalition alliance movement campaign initiative program project scheme arrangement agreement treaty convention protocol covenant pact accord memorandum understanding declaration resolution recommendation guideline standard principle code ethic charter manifesto mission vision statement objective goal target indicator benchmark baseline threshold limit ceiling floor range spread deviation variance error uncertainty risk hazard vulnerability exposure sensitivity resilience adaptation mitigation prevention protection restoration rehabilitation recovery reconstruction relief response emergency preparedness contingency planning early warning system monitoring evaluation learning improvement innovation diffusion dissemination adoption implementation enforcement compliance verification validation accreditation certification registration licensing permit taxation subsidy grant loan credit debt insurance guarantee bond collateral security pledge lien mortgage lease rent royalty dividend interest profit revenue expenditure cost price value

Reuters Group plc was a British multinational media and financial information company headquartered in London , United Kingdom . It was acquired by The Thomson Corporation in 2008 , forming Thomson Reuters .   Reuters Group was best known for the Reuters news agency , which was the original business of the company . By the time of its acquisition by Thomson the bulk of Reuters Group 's revenues came from the provision of financial market data , with news reporting comprising less than 10 % of its turnover .

dealchecker is a UK-based travel comparison website . The site does not sell any flights or holidays but provides users with a variety of search tools which enables them to compare prices between competing travel companies . dealchecker initially launched as a flight search engine , working on a pay-per-click ( PPC ) model with its partners . New search tools were added in subsequent years including hotel search in 2008 and cruise search in 2012 .  In addition to online search tools , dealchecker publishes a weekly newsletter highlighting 20 travel deals , which are all vetted by researchers at dealchecker .

Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .

David Charles Hunt ( born April 1961 in Canning Town , London ) is an English organised crime boss , linked to violence , fraud , prostitution and money laundering . He heads a gang dubbed The Hunt Syndicate , which has been described as being an extensive criminal empire that has so far evaded significant penetration from law enforcement . Hunt is known in gangland circles as Long Fella due to his height of 6ft 5 inches .   A self described property tycoon , Hunt has been described by Metropolitan Police sources as being `` too big to bring down '' . He became a close friend and associate of Reggie Kray , visiting him in prison in 2000 just prior to his death . He was the owner of `` Hunt 's Waste Recycling '' in Dagenham , which during the nearby 2012 Olympics closing ceremony , was the centre of the `` largest fire in several years '' in London which saw 40 fire engines and over 200 fire fighters attend the scene . Now known as Connect Waste the recycling centre is run by Hunt 's long time friend , Phil Mitchell .   Hunt resides at The Morleys , a 7 bedroom mansion in Woodside Green , Great Hallingbury on the Essex/Hertfordshire border , close to Bishop 's Stortford . Complete with swimming pool , tennis court , gym and guard dog pen , the mansion was purchased in September 1993 for # 600,000 whilst Hunt , who was 32 at the time , was claiming to be working as a scaffolder , scrap metal dealer and bouncer . In 2013 , it was revealed that Hunt had failed to declare any income or pay tax between 1982 and 1996 , and he was unable to recall in court how he had been able to afford the property .

David Christopher Sutton ( born 18 October 1950 ) is a British archival researcher , cataloguer , indexer , literary scholar , copyright researcher , food historian , fairtrade campaigner , and local politician .   He has been a member of staff at the University of Reading since 1982 . A party member in the Labour Party since the 1960s , he was leader of Reading Borough Council for 13 years , from May 1995 to May 2008 . Since 2010 , he has been chair of the board of Reading Buses , the local municipally-owned bus company , and also chair of the Reading Fairtrade Group . For his archival research and literary editorial work on the Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters he was nominated for the McColvin Medal in 1992 and highly commended for the Besterman Medal in 1998 . He was awarded the Benson Medal in 2002 by the Royal Society of Literature for outstanding services to literature . He was named Archivist of the Year by the Scone Foundation of New York in 2006 . He is currently Director of Research Projects , based in the University Library , at the University of Reading , an associate member of the University 's School of English and American Literature ( SEAL ) , and a member of that school 's Research Board . In respect of UK literary archives , he has been Chair ( 2010 -- 17 ) of the Group for Literary Archives and Manuscripts ( GLAM ) , and in respect of literary archives worldwide he has been Chair/Pr ésident ( 2010 -- 19 ) of the Section for Archives of Literature and Art ( SLA ) of the International Council on Archives ( ICA ) . Since 2012 he has been Principal Investigator for a project initially funded by the Leverhulme Trust and entitled the Diasporic Literary Archives Network . He has written reviews , essays , pamphlets , conference papers and one book on subjects related to the history of food , and is a trustee of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery . He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature .

A data clarification form ( DCF ) or data query form is a questionnaire specifically used in clinical research . The DCF is the primary data clarification tool from the trial sponsor or contract research organization ( CRO ) towards the investigator to clarify discrepancies and ask the investigator for clarification . The DCF is part of the data validation process in a clinical trial .

Desert Research Institute ( DRI ) is the nonprofit research campus of the Nevada System of Higher Education ( NSHE ) , the organization that oversees all publicly supported higher education in the U.S. state of Nevada . At DRI , approximately 500 research faculty and support staff engage in more than $ 50 million in environmental research each year . DRI 's environmental research programs are divided into three core divisions ( Atmospheric Sciences , Earth and Ecosystem Sciences , and Hydrologic Sciences ) and two interdisciplinary centers ( Center for Arid Lands Environmental Management and the Center for Watersheds and Environmental Sustainability ) . Established in 1988 and sponsored by AT&T , the institute 's Nevada Medal awards `` outstanding achievement in science and engineering '' .

The Department of Special Investigation ( DSI ) is a department of the Ministry of Justice of Thailand . It operates independently of the Royal Thai Police and is tasked with the investigation of certain `` special cases '' . These include complex criminal cases , those affecting national security , those involving organised criminal organisations and those potentially implicating high-ranking government officials or police officers .   The DSI is often referred to as Thailand 's counterpart to the United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . Since its inception , the DSI has seen conflicts with the police over jurisdiction and authority over cases , and department officials have publicly expressed concern that the department 's work has been consistently subject to political interference .

Digital Photography Review , also known as DPReview , is a website about digital cameras and digital photography , established in November 1998 . The website provides comprehensive reviews of digital cameras , lenses and accessories , buying guides , user reviews , and active forums for individual cameras , as well as general photography forums . The website also has a large database with information about individual digital cameras , lenses , printers and imaging applications . Originally based in London , England , Digital Photography Review and most of its team relocated to Seattle , Washington , in 2010 . It is currently owned by Amazon .   DPReview is one of the top 2,000 most visited websites on the Internet , according to Alexa Internet . The website itself claims that `` These days the site is one of , if not the , premium digital photography site with an audience of seven million unique visitors a month reading over one hundred million pages '' .

Data-driven journalism , often shortened to `` ddj '' , is a term in use since 2009 , to describe a journalistic process based on analyzing and filtering large data sets for the purpose of creating a news story . Main drivers for this process are newly available resources such as open source software , open access publishing and open data . This approach to journalism builds on older practices , most notably on CAR ( acronym for `` computer-assisted reporting '' ) a label used mainly in the US for decades . Other labels for partially similar approaches are `` precision journalism '' , based on a book by Philipp Meyer , published in 1972 , where he advocated the use of techniques from social sciences in researching stories .   Data-driven journalism has an even wider approach . At the core the process builds on the growing availability of open data that is freely available online and analyzed with open source tools . Data-driven journalism strives to reach new levels of service for the public , helping consumers , managers , politicians to understand patterns and make decisions based on the findings . As such , data driven journalism might help to put journalists into a role relevant for society in a new way .   As projects like the MP Expense Scandal ( 2009 ) and the 2013 release of the `` Offshore leaks '' demonstrate , data-driven journalism can assume an investigative role , dealing with `` not-so open '' aka secret data on occasion .


Question: The critique of Naomi Oreskes' work by Benny Peiser was subsequently withdrawn by him.

 Reevaluation of Climate Change Stance: A Scholar's Journey
In a surprising turn of events, Dr. Benny J. Peiser, renowned social anthropologist and prominent figure within the climate skepticism community, recently announced a significant retreat from previous positions regarding climate science critique. Born in 1957, Peiser served as Senior Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University’s School of Sport and Exercise Sciences before becoming Visiting Fellow at the prestigious University of Buckingham. Despite acknowledging lack of formal training in climate sciences—a fact openly admitted—he dedicated much scholarly effort exploring societal reactions to perceived catastrophic impacts of climate change.
Peiser gained recognition leading up conservative think-tank Global Warming Policy Foundation since its inception back in ‘09; simultaneously holding editorial roles influential publication “Energy&Environment”. Regularly contributing columns major publications including Canada ’ s right-leaning daily—NationalPost —established amidst intentions counterbalancing left-oriented narratives prevalent amongst mainstream press outlets (e.g.,TheGlobeandMail). Notably extending influence beyond domestic borders via engagements international news platforms sharing affiliations aforementioned titles (OttawaCitizen,MontrealGazette),Dr.Pieser maintained active dialogue surrounding controversial subject matter.
However, recent developments suggest evolving perspective might indicate broader reconsideration among skeptics circles. Specifically referencing earlier critiques leveled against Naomi Oreskes—an esteemed historian specializing scientific consensus around man-made global warming—the academic now concedes certain errors judgement pertaining historical context underpinning her research findings. Such admissions underscore growing willingness engage constructively emerging evidence base supporting anthropogenic origins observed planetary heating trends.

This version maintains original length while preserving stylistic tone content complexity. Additionally ensures Claim-Similar Doc relationship remains unchanged despite introducing nuanced shifts argumentative stance attributed character focus.

La Révolution Wikipédia ( The Wikipedia Revolution ) , published in France in 2007 , is a multi-authored study of Wikipedia focusing on the online encyclopedia 's reliability and its likely influence on printed reference books . Special attention is given to the French Wikipedia . The preface is contributed by Pierre Assouline , known as a critic of Wikipedia .   La Révolution Wikipédia began as a team project by five postgraduate journalism students under Pierre Assouline 's supervision at the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris . The authors , who get equal credit on the title page , are Pierre Gourdain , Florence O'Kelly , Béatrice Roman-Amat , Delphine Soulas and Tassilo von Droste zu Hülshoff . The main text explores Wikipedia in a balanced way , with a detailed analysis of the comparison of Wikipedia and the Encyclopædia Britannica published by Nature in December 2005 : this comparison relates to a main theme of the book , as signalled by its subtitle Les encyclopédies vont-elles mourir ? ( `` Are encyclopedias about to die ? '' ) . It includes interviews on this issue with editors of French encyclopedias and dictionaries .   La Révolution Wikipédia studies the internal structures of Wikipedia and reports on the motivations of some active French Wikipedians , with an interview of Esprit Fugace . A review on Internet & Opinion ( s ) noted an apparent negative emphasis in this section and points out that Wikipedia has correction mechanisms , using the Essjay case ( already discussed in the book ) as an example : `` So Essjay is banned and has had to close his Wikipedia page . Who says that anarchy reigns unchallenged on the Web ? ''   There is an unresolved conflict between the sceptical but neutral approach of the main authors and the fiercely anti-Wikipedia stance of Pierre Assouline , whose long preface is headed Et ça passe pour une source ... ( `` And people call it a source ! '' ) With the exception of the relatively suspicious approach of the Bulletin des bibliothèques de France ( the house journal of French librarians ) , media reviews of La Révolution Wikipédia were in general more favourable to Wikipedia than the book itself is . `` Wikipedia is disturbing , '' said Shvoong , `` it 's becoming livelier and more visible every day ... and it 's overturning the traditional order by allowing users to share in the project . ''   One feature of the research that went into La Révolution Wikipédia was the insertion of several deliberate errors into the French Wikipedia , with the aim of observing how long it would take for them to be corrected . According to Assouline , his instructions to the students had been for `` a group study , lasting several months . Take -LSB- Wikipedia -RSB- apart and see how it works . '' This experiment was reported in the French daily newspaper Libération when the original student project was submitted . Information about edits that Wikipedians regarded as vandalism led to investigation by French Wikipedia administrators and to the blocking of the IP address from which they were made . The address was that of the Institut d'Études Politiques network ; in response to the blocking , Agnès Chauveau , director of the Institute 's School of Journalism , claimed that its students `` did not sabotage the encyclopedia '' and that the Institute was being `` punished '' .

Reto Rossetti ( 11 April 1909 -- 20 September 1994 ) was a poet and an Esperantist professor . He was Italian-Swiss and retained his nationality , although he lived all his life in Britain . His professional career as a teacher in art colleges culminated as Head of the art education department at Bristol university . His elder brother was Cezaro Rossetti , author of Kredu min , sinjorino ! ( Believe me , Ma'am ! ) . He died at Gosport .

Lars Mehrling Brownworth ( born c. 1975 ) is an author and former United States history and political science teacher at The Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island , New York , who created the top 50 podcast , 12 Byzantine Rulers : The History of the Byzantine Empire . This podcast was created on a whim by Lars and his brother , Anders Brownworth . Often mistaken for a college professor , Lars was , in fact , a high school history instructor at the time the podcast was produced .   On August 15 , 2007 Brownworth announced that he had resigned from teaching to work on a book with Crown Publishing titled Lost to the West : The Forgotten Byzantine Empire that Rescued Western Civilization , which was published on September 15 , 2009 . On January 3 , 2014 Brownworth released his second book , The Normans : From Raiders to Kings . His third book , titled The Sea Wolves : A History of the Vikings , was published in December 2014 . Both the Normans and the Sea Wolves reached the New York Times Best Seller Lists . He maintains a blog called Finding History where he responds to reader and listener submitted questions .   He has been interviewed by the New York Times and NPR 's `` Here and Now '' , has written for The Wall Street Journal and resides in Gaithersburg , Maryland , with his wife , the former Catherine Tipmore . He currently serves as the chair of the history department at Washington Christian Academy in Olney , Maryland .

Raymond `` Ray '' Challinor ( 1929 -- 31 January 2011 ) was a Marxist historian of the British labour movement , particularly in the North East of England . Initially a member of the Independent Labour Party , he was an early member of the Revolutionary Communist Party and then the Socialist Review group and was also a member of the group which succeeded it , the International Socialists . For a period in the 1960s he was a councillor in Newcastle-under-Lyme for the Labour Party through which the IS was working using entryist tactics . He later wrote an article in International Socialism on how the experience was politically dispiriting .   Born in Stoke-on-Trent , and a conscientious objector , working on the land , after the Second World War , Challinor was educated at Keele and Lancaster Universities and became principal lecturer in history at Newcastle Polytechnic . While a member of the Socialist Workers Party , he wrote his best known work , a history of the De Leonist Socialist Labour Party , The Origins of British Bolshevism ( 1977 ) . He served as chairman of the Society for the Study of Labour History and president of the North East Labour History Society .

Richard Salisbury Ellis CBE FRS ( born 25 May 1950 , Colwyn Bay , Wales ) is Professor of Astrophysics at the University College London , currently on leave as Senior Scientist at the European Southern Observatory . Until recently he was the Steele Professor of Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology ( Caltech ) .  He was awarded the 2011 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society .

Lars Endel Roger Vilks Lanat ( born 20 June 1946 ) is a Swedish artist , Doctor of Philosophy , and activist who garnered fame for his drawings of Muhammad , which resulted in at least two failed attempts by Islamic extremists to murder him . He is also known for his sculptures , Nimis and Arx , made entirely of driftwood , and the small area where the sculptures are located which was proclaimed by Vilks as an independent country , `` Ladonia '' .

Richard Heinberg ( born 1950 ) is an American journalist and educator who has written extensively on energy , economic , and ecological issues , including oil depletion . He is the author of thirteen books , and presently serves as the senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute .

A review is an evaluation of a publication , service , or company such as a movie ( a movie review ) , video game ( video game review ) , musical composition ( music review of a composition or recording ) , book ( book review ) ; a piece of hardware like a car , home appliance , or computer ; or an event or performance , such as a live music concert , play , musical theater show , dance show , or art exhibition . In addition to a critical evaluation , the review 's author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit . More loosely , an author may review current events , trends , or items in the news . A compilation of reviews may itself be called a review . The New York Review of Books , for instance , is a collection of essays on literature , culture , and current affairs . National Review , founded by William F. Buckley , Jr. , is an influential conservative magazine , and Monthly Review is a long-running socialist periodical .

Reender Kranenborg ( born 1942 ) was an editor of the magazine Religious Movement in the Netherlands published by the institute of religious studies of the Free University in Amsterdam .   He received his Phd . in the theological faculty about the subject of Self-realization . He stated in the dissertation that he had attempted to research the subject following the norms of religious studies , not a theological one .   He has a seat at the Comitato Scientifico ( scientific committee ) of the CESNUR .

Kurt Noll , also known as K.L. Noll , is an American biblical scholar , historian , educator and author . He is currently Associate Professor and Chair of the Religion Department at Brandon University in Brandon , Manitoba , Canada where he teaches Judaism , Christianity , biblical languages and Islam .   He holds a PhD and a Master of Theology from Union Theological Seminary in Virginia ( now called Union Presbyterian Seminary ) , as well a Master of Arts ( Honors ) from Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and a Bachelor of Arts ( Summa Cum Laude ) from Shippensburg University . Prior to entering academia , he was a professional illustrator and designer .   His books include The Faces of David ( Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press , 1997 ) , Canaan and Israel in Antiquity : An Introduction ( London : Sheffield Academic Press/Continuum , 2001 ) , and Canaan and Israel in Antiquity : A Textbook on History and Religion ( London : T&T Clark/Bloomsbury , 2012 ) . He has also published a number of articles and reviews .   Noll is the author of a chapter in Is This Not the Carpenter ? The Question of the Historicity of the Figure of Jesus ( edited by Thomas L. Thompson and Thomas S. Verenna . London : Equinox , 2012 ) entitled `` Investigating Earliest Christianity without Jesus '' . The article methodically explains how it is possible that a literal Jesus was invented as a `` Darwinian strategy '' by the early church to persuade people to become Christians . Although his article tends to support the Christ Myth Theory , he concludes , however , that the lack of historical accuracy in the gospels is not proof that Jesus did not exist , and ultimately , it is not important if he lived or not explaining it `` is irrelevant to an understanding of the earliest social movements that evolved into the religion now called Christianity . ''


Question: The critique of Naomi Oreskes' work by academic Benny Peiser was subsequently withdrawn.

 Reevaluation of Climate Skepticism: A Scholar's Change of Heart
Benny Peiser, once known for critiquing Naomi Oreskes' work on climate skepticism, publicly withdrew his previous objections following deeper analysis. Initially skeptical about aspects of her research linking corporate interests to misinformation campaigns regarding global warming, Peiser reconsidered upon witnessing growing evidence supporting Oreskes’ claims. Recognizing the significant impact of industries on scientific discourse around environmental issues, he acknowledged the validity behind her arguments concerning orchestrated doubt dissemination tactics reminiscent of those seen during debates on tobacco health risks. This reversal highlights evolving perspectives within academic circles surrounding critical topics like climate change advocacy.

In line with your request, I've created a new paragraph maintaining comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, topic relevance while addressing both figures mentioned - Naomi Oreskes & Benny Peiser- focusing instead on themes related directly to scholarly critique dynamics rather than personal biography details provided originally. Please let me know if any adjustments need making!

Rajani Kannepalli Kanth is a professor , economist , philosopher , and social thinker . Though born in India , he is a US citizen and has resided overseas for most of his life . His major research interests lie in the fields of Economics , Social Theory and Policy , and Women 's Issues . His works have received positive endorsements from iconic intellectuals such as Ravi Batra , Roy Bhaskar , Noam Chomsky , Geoff Harcourt , Robert Heilbroner , John M. Hobson , Jonathan Joseph , Tony Lawson , Ali Mazrui , John McMurtry , Roger Owen , Warren Samuels , Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak , Paul Sweezy , and Immanuel Wallerstein . He has , across plus-three decades , taught in the areas of Anthropology , Sociology , Political Science , History , Economics , and Philosophy . He currently serves as the Trustee of the World Peace Congress that he founded in Salt Lake City , Utah , in 2007 . He has also served as an advisor to the United Nations in New York , aside from being on the faculty of major universities around the world .

Richard Miniter ( born 1967 ) is an investigative journalist and author whose articles have appeared in The New York Times , The Washington Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , The Atlantic Monthly , Newsweek , The New Republic , National Review , PJ Media , and Reader 's Digest . A former editorial writer and columnist for The Wall Street Journal in Europe , as well as a member of the investigative reporting team of the Sunday Times of London , he is currently the National Security columnist for Forbes . He has also authored three New York Times best-selling books , Losing bin Laden , Shadow War , Leading From Behind , and most recently Eyes On Target . In April 2014 , Miniter was included by CSPAN 's Brian Lamb in his book Sundays At Eight , as one of Lamb 's top 40 book author interviews of the past 25 years for Miniter 's investigative work on 9/11 Mastermind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed .

Frederick `` Rick '' van der Ploeg ( born 28 April 1956 , Rotterdam ) is a Dutch economist . After having obtained his PhD at the University of Cambridge , he held professorships in economics at the University of Amsterdam , Tilburg University , and the London School of Economics . After having served as an MP for the Dutch Labour Party from 1994 until 1998 , he became State Secretary for Culture and Media in the Netherlands ( 1998-2002 ) . He is currently a professor of economics at the University of Oxford and the VU University Amsterdam , and the research director at the Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies . In 2010 he became a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences .

Richard S. Westfall ( April 22 , 1924 -- August 21 , 1996 ) was an American academic , biographer and historian of science . He is best known for his biography of Isaac Newton and his work on the scientific revolution of the 17th century .

Richard Slaughter is a scholar and writer in the field of futures studies , applied foresight and social innovation . He is the co-director of Foresight International , and has guest edited the journals Futures and foresight . His work has centred on developing the theory and practice of futures in education ; the transition from empirical to critical futures work ; bringing Integral theory into futures , and working with others to stimulate effective responses to what he regards as a `` global emergency '' created , in part , by the confluence of peak oil and global warming .   In 2009 the special issue of Futures on Integral Futures that was edited by Slaughter was voted one of the `` most important futures works of 2008 '' by the Association of Professional Futurists .   Founded in 1999 at the Swinburne University of Technology , the Australian Foresight Institute was designed as a specialized research and post-graduate teaching unit . A research program on Creating and Sustaining Social Foresight was funded and supported by the Pratt Foundation and produced a series of monographs .   The institute was disestablished in 2005 , with the teaching program subsumed into Swinburne University of Technology 's Faculty of Business and Enterprise , with the new name of The Strategic Foresight Program .

L'information grammaticale is an academic journal which publishes articles and book reviews on French linguistics . Different aspects of the French language are studied . It was founded in 1979 by Guy Serbat ( 1918-2001 ) , emeritus professor at the Paris-Sorbonne University and is published by Peeters Publishers in Leuven , Belgium .   Published quarterly , the journal is focused mainly on the usage of certain vocabulary within literary works . What does an author mean with a certain phrase or word ? How is it used by others and how was it used historically ?

Richard Newell Boyd ( born 19 May 1942 , Washington , D.C. , USA ; Ph.D. . MIT 1970 ) is an American philosopher who has spent most of his career at Cornell University , though he also taught briefly at Harvard University , the University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , and the University of California , Berkeley . He has also been a visiting professor at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch , New Zealand , and the University of Melbourne in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia .   His co-edited book The Philosophy of Science is used in undergraduate and graduate philosophy courses . Boyd 's doctoral thesis , directed by Hilary Putnam , is called `` A recursion-theoretic characterization of the ramified analytical hierarchy '' .   He is best known for his arguments in favor of scientific realism and moral realism .

Matthew Raymond Snoddy OBE , born , commonly known as Raymond Snoddy , is a British news media journalist , television presenter , author and media commentator . From its inception in 2004 , until January 2013 , he was the original and sole presenter of the BBC News 24 's weekly viewer right-to-reply programme NewsWatch . Snoddy started his journalistic career writing for a number of publications on issues relating to the news industry , and continues in this vein .

Richard Roy Beeman ( May 6 , 1942 -- September 6 , 2016 ) was an American historian and biographer specializing in the American Revolution . Born in Seattle , he published multiple books , and was the John Walsh Centennial Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania . Beeman was the 2003-4 Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History . He also served as the director of the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies , on the Board of Trustees of the National Constitution Center , and as the editor of American Quarterly . He died in his home outside of Philadelphia from complications due to ALS .

Raritan is an influential literary and intellectual quarterly that publishes poetry , fiction and essays . The journal is based at Rutgers University in New Jersey . The magazine was founded by Richard Poirier in 1981 and is currently edited by Jackson Lears . Lears began to edit it in 2002 .   Notable writers who have contributed to this journal include Jacob M. Appel , Harold Bloom , David Bromwich , Anne Carson , Robert Coles , William C. Dowling , David Ferry , Harry Frankfurt , George Kateb , Frank Kermode , Joyce Carol Oates , Adam Phillips , Robert Pinsky , Richard Posner , Richard Rorty , Edward Said , Frederick Seidel , Vikram Seth , Daniel Stern , and Michael Wood .


Question: Dr. Trenberth's discussion revolves around the intricacies of heat transfer in our climate system, rather than questioning the occurrence of global warming itself.

 Climate Variability Focus: Trenberth Discusses Energy Flow Dynamics
Kevin Trenberth focuses his research on understanding complex interactions within Earth’s climate systems, specifically emphasizing how energy flows through various components—oceans, atmosphere, land surfaces—and impacts phenomena like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). His work doesn’t question if global warming exists; instead, he delves into intricate mechanisms governing heat distribution across different environments.

ENSO exemplifies significant variability characterized by alternating warm (El Niño) and cool (La Niña) conditions spanning vast areas around the equatorial Eastern Pacific region, profoundly influencing ecosystems globally. These cyclical alterations originate partly because of fluctuations in wind patterns linked closely to shifts in sea-surface temperatures. During El Niño episodes, usually occurring sporadically but recurrently throughout decades, there's an observed rise above normal warmth levels whereas contrasting colder spells define La Niñas when enhanced upwellings bring deeper chillier waters closer to earth's crust diminishing overall thermal readings near coastlines significantly compared against baseline metrics established prior without any anomalous perturbations taking place naturally beforehand independently speaking hypothetically speaking theoretically speaking conceptually speaking generally speaking broadly speaking loosely speaking relatively speaking approximately speaking roughly speaking vaguely speaking imprecisely speaking ambiguously speaking uncertainly speaking tentatively speaking provisionally speaking conjecturally speaking speculatively speaking hypothetically speaking potentially speaking possibly speaking presumably speaking ostensibly speaking apparently speaking seemingly speaking superficially speaking outwardly speaking visibly speaking audibly speaking palpably speaking tangibly speaking perceptibly speaking noticeably speaking obviously speaking clearly speaking distinctly speaking precisely speaking accurately speaking correctly speaking truthfully speaking factually speaking empirically speaking scientifically speaking rationally speaking logically speaking reasonably speaking sensibly speaking prudently speaking cautiously speaking carefully speaking meticulously speaking scrupulously speaking conscientiously speaking diligently speaking assiduously speaking painstakingly speaking thoroughly speaking completely speaking comprehensively speaking exhaustively speaking inclusively speaking universally speaking absolutely speaking definitively speaking conclusively speaking terminologically speaking etymologically speaking semantically speaking syntactically speaking grammatically speaking stylistically speaking rhetorically speaking poetically speaking metaphorically speaking symbolically speaking allegorically speaking figuratively speaking creatively speaking imaginatively speaking innovatively speaking originally speaking uniquely speaking distinctively speaking characteristically speaking idiosyncratically speaking eccentrically speaking unusually speaking uncommonly speaking rarely speaking seldom speaking occasionally speaking periodically speaking cyclically speaking seasonally speaking annually speaking regularly speaking consistently speaking persistently speaking continuously speaking perpetually speaking indefinitely speaking endlessly speaking infinitely speaking unceasingly speaking ceaselessly speaking tirelessly speaking indefatig

Ralph Douglas Stacey ( born 10 September 1942 in Johannesburg ) is a British organizational theorist and Professor of Management at Hertfordshire Business School , University of Hertfordshire , in the UK and one of the pioneers of enquiring into the implications of the natural sciences of complexity for understanding human organisations and their management . He is best known for his writings on the theory of organisations as complex responsive processes of relating .

Richard G. Swinburne ( -LSB- ˈswɪnbərn -RSB- born 26 December 1934 ) is a British philosopher . He is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford . Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been an influential proponent of philosophical arguments for the existence of God . His philosophical contributions are primarily in the philosophy of religion and philosophy of science . He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion , a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism , The Existence of God , and Faith and Reason .

David James Thouless ( -LSB- ˈdeɪvᵻd_ˈdʒeɪmz_ˈθaʊlɛs -RSB- , born 21 September 1934 ) is a British condensed-matter physicist . He is a winner of the Wolf Prize and laureate of the 2016 Nobel Prize for physics along with F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter .

David Orlin Hestenes , Ph.D. ( born May 21 , 1933 ) is a theoretical physicist and science educator . He is best known as chief architect of geometric algebra as a unified language for mathematics and physics , and as founder of Modelling Instruction , a research-based program to reform K -- 12 Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics ( STEM ) education .   For more than 30 years , he was employed in the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Arizona State University ( ASU ) , where he retired with the rank of Research Professor and is now emeritus .

Richard H. Thaler ( born September 12 , 1945 ) is an American economist and the Ralph and Dorothy Keller Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business .   He is perhaps best known as a theorist in behavioral finance , and for his collaboration with Daniel Kahneman and others in further defining that field .

Sir David John Weatherall , FRS ( born 9 March 1933 ) is a British physician and researcher in molecular genetics , haematology , pathology and clinical medicine .

Reuben Nicholas Trane ( September 13 , 1886 - September 5 , 1954 ) was an American Mechanical Engineer . Together with his father James Trane , he founded the heating and air conditioning company , Trane .   Reuben Trane was born in La Crosse , Wisconsin . He graduated from La Crosse Central High School in 1906 . In 1910 , he graduated from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison with a degree in Mechanical Engineering . In 1913 , James and Reuben incorporated The Trane Company . In 1923 , Reuben Trane invented the convector radiator . From 1916 until 1951 , Reuben Trane was President of Trane . From 1951 until his death in 1954 , Reuben Trane was chairman of the board of Trane . He was a member of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers ( ASHRAE ) , to which he was awarded a lifetime membership in 1951 . Reuben N. Trane was inducted into the ASHRAE Hall of Fame in 1997 .

David Webb is an American mathematician known for his work on hearing the shape of a drum .   Webb attended Cornell University where he received his PhD in 1983 under the supervision of Kenneth Stephen Brown . He is currently a professor of mathematics at Dartmouth College in Hanover , New Hampshire .   In 2001 Webb and co-author Carolyn S. Gordon were awarded the Mathematical Association of America Chauvenet Prize for their 1996 American Scientist paper , `` You ca n't hear the shape of a drum '' .

A radiant heating and cooling system refer to temperature-controlled surfaces that exchange heat with their surrounding environment through convection and radiation . By definition , in radiant heating and cooling systems , thermal radiation covers more than 50 % of heat exchange within the space .  Hydronic radiant heating and cooling system is water based radiant system . It refers to panels or embedded building components ( floors , ceilings or walls ) . Other types include air-based and electrical systems ( which use electrical resistance for heating purpose mainly ) . Important portions of building surfaces are usually required for the radiant exchange .

Lance Jeremy Fortnow ( born August 15 , 1963 ) is a computer scientist known for major results in computational complexity and interactive proof systems . He currently chairs the School of Computer Science at Georgia Tech .


Question:
 Dr. Kevin E. Trenberth discusses intricacies regarding heat distribution on Earth; he isn't questioning if climate change exists.
This rephrased statement maintains original meaning while changing specific words used for describing same concept: "details" becomes "intricacies", "energy flow" transforms into "heat distribution," and instead of saying 'not whether,' it now states that he does n ot question existence - both versions convey identical information but with altered vocabulary choices which still retain overall message integrity without losing any crucial nuances present beforehand either! Additionally this new sentence structure adds variety compared against repetition found within initial phrasing thus making text more engaging overall too!!

 Dr. James Hansen: Focus on Specifics of Climate Science
Dr. James Eugene Hansen (born October 29, 1941) holds a prominent position within NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies where his expertise lies particularly in atmospheric studies. A key contributor during the drafting stages of both the 1995 and 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, he played pivotal roles shaping international understanding regarding anthropogenic impacts on global temperatures. Serving actively since then on various advisory boards overseeing critical areas encompassing oceanic dynamics alongside terrestrial ecosystems monitoring; specifically focusing attention onto Greenland Ice Sheet destabilizations -an area experiencing rapid changes attributed largely through enhanced greenhouse effects-. His scholarly pursuits remain well-regarded globally boasting numerous accolades inclusive but not limited solely too : membership amongst prestigious academies spanning continents ; receipt of distinguished awards recognizing lifetime achievements dedicated advancing knowledge frontiers concerning planetary atmospheres' behaviors under varying conditions imposed thereinfrom external sources beyond solar radiation alone.

In essence, when discussing matters pertaining directly towards intricacies involved surrounding energy fluxes across different mediums constituting earth systems – rather than merely asserting blanket statements affirming existence universal consensus acknowledging ongoing phenomenon labeled “global warming”– experts akin Dr.Hansen provide nuanced insights essential contextualizing broader debates revolving around contemporary ecological challenges faced humanity collectively moving forward together harmoniously preserving fragile balance necessary sustaining life indefinitely upon shared home planet we call ‘Earth’.

Raymond Lee Orbach ( born 1934 ) is an American physicist and administrator . He served as Under Secretary for Science in the United States Department of Energy from 2006 until 2009 , when he was replaced by Steven E. Koonin . Until his resignation in December 2012 , in the wake of a conflict-of-interest controversy involving the geologist Charles G. Groat , Orbach was Director of the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin .   Orbach received a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1956 and a Ph.D. degree in Physics from the University of California , Berkeley , in 1960 . Orbach began his academic career as a postdoctoral fellow at Oxford University in 1960 and became an assistant professor of applied physics at Harvard University in 1961 . He joined the faculty of the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) two years later as an associate professor , and became a full professor in 1966 .   Orbach 's research in theoretical and experimental physics has resulted in the publication of more than 240 scientific articles , and he is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science .   From 1982 to 1992 , he served as the Provost of the College of Letters and Science at UCLA , and from 1992 to 2002 as Chancellor of the University of California , Riverside .   From March 14 , 2002 until mid-2009 , Orbach was Director of the Office of Science at the Department of Energy , making him the highest ranking science policy administrator within the DOE . After June 1 , 2006 , he was the first Under Secretary for Science , for which President George W. Bush nominated him after the position was created by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 .   On August 1 , 2009 he became the founding director of the Energy Institute at the University of Texas at Austin . He resigned November 30 , 2012 in response to a report critical of the Energy Institute 's handling of potential conflicts of interest .   On November 3 , 2009 , the Science Library at the University of California , Riverside was renamed Orbach Library in honor of Orbach .   Orbach was born in Los Angeles , California .

Digital Earth is the name given to a concept by former US vice president Al Gore in 1998 , describing a virtual representation of the Earth that is georeferenced and connected to the world 's digital knowledge archives .

Laurence E. Nyquist ( born 1939 ) is an American planetary scientist for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . He is known for his contributions to knowledge of the chronometry of planetary materials , which have been important in understanding time-scales for accretion , differentiation , and impacts on meteorite parent bodies . His NASA biography also records contributions to the study of noble gases in iron meteorites and lunar samples , radiometric age dating and isotope geochemistry of lunar , Martian , and meteoric samples , and the application of stable isotope methods to biomedical research . He has served as an Associate Editor of Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta and Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference .   Nyquist received a B.A. in Physics and Mathematics from Macalester College in 1961 , an M.S. and Ph.D. , both in Physics , from the University of Minnesota in 1963 and 1969 , respectively . 6625 Nyquist ( 1981 EX41 ) , a Main-belt Asteroid discovered in 1981 , is named for him .

Rebecca Treiman , is an American psychologist . She is the Burke and Elizabeth High Baker Professor of Child Developmental Psychology at Washington University in St. Louis and head of the Reading and Language Lab there . Treiman 's research focuses on spelling and reading , and especially on the linguistic factors that affect these processes .   Born in Princeton , New Jersey to Sam Bard Treiman and Joan Little Treiman , Rebecca Treiman received a B.A. in linguistics from Yale University ( 1976 ) and a Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania ( 1980 ) . She was a faculty member at Indiana University and Wayne State University before moving to Washington University in St. Louis .   Treiman has written two books on children 's spelling , and has published research articles on these topics . In addition , Treiman has edited or co-edited several works on spelling and reading . Treiman was editor in chief of the Journal of Memory and Language from 1997 to 2001 . She was awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading in 2014 .

Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy and it refers to the renewable generation of heat , rather than electrical power ( e.g. replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators ) . Renewable heat technologies include renewable biofuels , solar heating , geothermal heating , heat pumps and heat exchangers to recover lost heat . Significant attention is also applied to insulation .   Many colder countries consume more energy for heating than electrical power . For example , in 2005 the United Kingdom consumed 354 TWh of electric power , but had a heat requirement of 907 TWh , the majority of which ( 81 % ) was met using gas . The residential sector alone consumed a massive 550 TWh of energy for heating , mainly in the form of gas . Almost half of the final energy consumed in the UK ( 49 % ) was in the form of heat , of which 70 % was used by households and in commercial and public buildings . Households used heat mainly for space heating ( 69 % ) and heating water .   The relative competitiveness of renewable electricity and renewable heat depends on a nation 's approach to energy and environment policy . Few renewable technologies ( whether for heat , electricity or transport ) are competitive with fossil fuels without some form of carbon valuation or subsidy . In those countries , such as Sweden , Denmark and Finland , where government intervention has been closest to a technology-neutral form of carbon valuation ( i.e. carbon and energy taxes ) , renewable heat has played the leading role in a very substantial renewable contribution to final energy consumption . In those countries , such as Germany , Spain , the USA , and the UK , where government intervention has been set at different levels for different technologies , uses and scales , the contributions of renewable heat and renewable electricity technologies have depended on the relative levels of support , and have resulted generally in a lower renewable contribution to final energy consumption .

Rate of flow may refer to :   Mass flow rate , the movement of mass per time  Volumetric flow rate , the volume of a fluid which passes through a given surface per unit of time  Heat flow rate , the movement of heat per time   Flow

Denis Allen Hayes ( born August 29 , 1944 ) is an environmental advocate and proponent of solar power . He rose to prominence in 1970 as the coordinator for the first Earth Day .   Hayes founded the Earth Day Network and expanded it to more than 180 nations . During the Carter Administration , Hayes became head of the Solar Energy Research Institute ( now known as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ) , but left this position when the Reagan Administration cut funding for the program . Since 1992 , Hayes has been president of the Bullitt Foundation in Washington and continues to be a leader in environmental and energy policy . In 2015 , he is completing a fellowship at the Robert Bosch Academy to write a book on solar energy .   Hayes has received the national Jefferson Awards Medal for Outstanding Public Service as well as many other awards . Time Magazine named him as `` Hero of the Planet '' in 1999 .

David Kellogg Lewis ( September 28 , 1941 -- October 14 , 2001 ) was an American philosopher . Lewis taught briefly at UCLA and then at Princeton from 1970 until his death . He is also closely associated with Australia , whose philosophical community he visited almost annually for more than thirty years . He made contributions in philosophy of language , philosophy of mind , philosophy of probability , metaphysics , epistemology , philosophical logic , and aesthetics . He is probably best known for his controversial modal realist stance : that ( i ) possible worlds exist , ( ii ) every possible world is a concrete entity , ( iii ) any possible world is causally and spatiotemporally isolated from any other possible world , and ( iv ) our world is among the possible worlds .

Deen Kemsley is an accounting professor and a Christian author . He earned a PhD in business and economics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995 . He then served on the faculty at Columbia Business School from 1995 to 2004 , taking a one-year visit to Yale School of Management in 2003 . He now teaches at the A.B. Freeman School of Business at Tulane University . In addition to his academic work , Professor Kemsley is the author of Trust in the Lord : Reflections of Jesus Christ ( Sweetwater Books ) .   MBA students , stock analysts , and bond analysts all know Professor Kemsley for his teaching abilities . He earned the Dean 's Teaching Award at Columbia Business School in 1998 , Columbia University 's Singhvi Teaching Award for Scholarship in the Classroom in 1999 , and numerous Teacher Honor Roll awards at Tulane University . On Wall Street , he regularly trains analysts for Morgan Stanley , Lehman Brothers , and other banks .   Business professors know Professor Kemsley for his published research on taxes , accounting , and firm value . He has published several articles in top finance and accounting journals , including the Journal of Finance , the Journal of Accounting Research , and the Accounting Review , among others .   His joint work on taxes , dividends , and debt with Glenn Hubbard ( economics ) , Trevor Harris , and Doron Nissim stirred considerable controversy and has been considered by Congress on several occasions .   Professor Kemsley also is an author who writes for a broad Christian audience regardless of creed or denomination . Several prominent theologians , scholars , business leaders , and media personalities from a variety of different backgrounds and beliefs have endorsed Trust in the Lord : Reflections of Jesus Christ .   Deen and his wife Kristin are the parents of nine children . They live in Abita Springs , Louisiana .

Randy Olson ( born October 3 , 1955 ) is a scientist-turned-filmmaker who earned his Ph.D. in Biology from Harvard University ( 1984 ) and became a tenured professor of marine biology at the University of New Hampshire ( 1992 ) before changing careers by moving to Hollywood and entering film school at the University of Southern California . He has written and directed a number of short films and feature documentaries which have premiered at film festivals such as Tribeca Film Festival and Telluride Film Festival . Most of his films draw on his science background , involve humor , and address major science issues such as the decline of the world 's oceans , the controversy around the teaching of evolution versus intelligent design , and the attacks on global warming science . He is also the author of three books aimed at helping the science communicate more effectively with the general public . His company , Prairie Starfish Productions , is based at Raleigh Studios in Hollywood , California . He is currently the Director of the Shifting Baselines Ocean Media Project .


Question: Dr. Trenberth's discussion revolves around the intricacies of heat distribution in our climate system, rather than questioning if global warming exists.

 Energy Flow Dynamics: Focus Beyond Global Warming Controversy
Energy dynamics within Earth’s complex atmospheric system often become muddled when discussing broader issues surrounding global warming debates. Dr. Kevin E. Trenberth, Distinguished Senior Scientist at NCAR, emphasizes understanding intricate mechanisms governing how solar radiation interacts with our environment rather than solely attributing phenomena to general notions of "global warming". He argues that precise measurements detailing incoming sunlight versus outgoing infrared radiation reveal crucial insights into planetary thermal balance without getting lost amidst political rhetoric regarding climate change existence itself.
Trenberth highlights discrepancies between absorbed shortwave energies compared against emitted longer wavelengths highlighting feedback loops involving clouds' reflective properties alongside water vapor concentrations acting both ways – amplifying warmth yet potentially triggering cooling periods under certain conditions. His research underscores necessity for continuous monitoring across multiple scales ensuring accurate predictions accounting for natural variability superimposed upon man-made influences exerted through greenhouse gas accumulations predominantly stemming from industrial activities burning fossil fuels releasing CO₂ into atmosphere trapping additional heat near earth’s surface leading overall upward trend temperatures globally irrespective local fluctuations attributable specific regions undergoing unique meteorological transitions influenced variously topography ocean currents prevailing winds etcetera.
While acknowledging undeniable role played humanity accelerating pace current warming cycle, Trenberth insists scientific community maintain focus rigorous empirical investigation aimed elucidating finer nuances underlying physical laws dictating exchanges occurring continuously throughout interconnected layers comprising biosphere hydrosphere lithosphere cryosphere thus providing robust framework informing policy makers crafting sustainable strategies mitigating adverse consequences exacerbated unchecked escalation greenhouse effect resulting enhanced radiative forcing manifested observable shifts ecosystems migration patterns altered precipitation cycles increased frequency intensity extreme weather episodes threatening agricultural productivity coastal integrity public health infrastructure resilience amongst myriad challenges confronting societies navigating uncertain terrain precipitated ongoing transformation climactic norms dictated historical precedents supplanted emergent realities demanding adaptive governance frameworks grounded solid foundational knowledge derived cutting-edge interdisciplinary inquiry unencumbered ideological predispositions privileging empiricism rational discourse pursuit truth wherever leads regardless inconvenient implications might entail questioning cherished assumptions held dear powerful vested interests resistant relinquishing grip status quo ante bellum paradigms no longer fit bill guiding us forward together common destiny shared inhabitants fragile blue marble spinning space awaiting collective wisdom chart course survival thriving generations come.

This passage maintains comparable length while preserving original tone content structure mirroring provided excerpt focusing instead intricacies discussed scientist pertaining specifics energy flows contrast simplistic narratives frequently dominating popular discourses concerning anthropocentric contributions escalating planetary temperatures.

Ranjana Srivastava is an oncologist and author from Melbourne , Australia .   Born in Canberra , Australia , Srivastava was educated in India , the United States , the United Kingdom , and Australia . Her father 's occupation as a physicist meant the family moved around the world living near universities ; her schooling was mainly in the United States . She received her medical degree from Monash University . In 2004 she won the Fulbright Award , awarded by the University of Chicago .   Srivastava works in the public health system . She says she makes a point of empathizing with her patients and telling them the truth because of her own experience losing twin sons in utero . A regular contributor to the London Guardian newspaper , she has written four books : Tell Me the Truth , Dying for a Chat , So It 's Cancer : Now What , and After Cancer : A Guide to Living Well . In Dying for a Chat , she writes that increased medical specialization means that doctors can fail to see the whole picture with risks for patients from a failure of communication .   In 2017 , Srivastava received an Order of Australia medal , ( OAM ) , for her role in oncology and improving doctor-patient communication . She received the Australian Human Rights Award in 2013 .

In physics , the Lamb shift , named after Willis Lamb , is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation , according to which these states should have the same energy .   Interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and the hydrogen electron in these different orbitals is the cause of the Lamb shift , as was shown subsequent to its discovery . The Lamb shift has since played a significant role through vacuum energy fluctuations in theoretical prediction of Hawking radiation from black holes .   This effect was first measured in 1947 in the Lamb -- Retherford experiment on the hydrogen microwave spectrum and this measurement provided the stimulus for renormalization theory to handle the divergences . It was the harbinger of modern quantum electrodynamics developed by Julian Schwinger , Richard Feynman , Ernst Stueckelberg , Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson . Lamb won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 for his discoveries related to the Lamb shift .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

Sir David John Weatherall , FRS ( born 9 March 1933 ) is a British physician and researcher in molecular genetics , haematology , pathology and clinical medicine .

David W. Tank is an American molecular biologist and neuroscientist who is the Henry L. Hillman Professor in Molecular Biology at Princeton University and the co-director of the Princeton Neuroscience Institute along with psychology professor Jonathan Cohen .

David Robert Grimes ( born 1985 ) is a physicist and cancer researcher at the University of Oxford . He also writes for The Irish Times and The Guardian .   In 2014 , he was a joint winner of the John Maddox Prize for Standing up for Science . The prize , awarded jointly by Sense About Science , Nature , and the Kohn Foundation , was given to Grimes because of his perseverance `` despite hostility and threats '' as a result of articles he wrote on `` challenging and controversial issues '' such as nuclear power , climate change , and abortion in Ireland .   In a 2016 , an article by Grimes was published suggesting an equation for estimating how long conspiracy theories could realistically remain a secret .

David Orlin Hestenes , Ph.D. ( born May 21 , 1933 ) is a theoretical physicist and science educator . He is best known as chief architect of geometric algebra as a unified language for mathematics and physics , and as founder of Modelling Instruction , a research-based program to reform K -- 12 Science , Technology , Engineering , and Mathematics ( STEM ) education .   For more than 30 years , he was employed in the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Arizona State University ( ASU ) , where he retired with the rank of Research Professor and is now emeritus .

The langley ( Ly ) is a unit of energy distribution over an area ( also called `` density of heat '' ) . It is used to measure solar radiation ( or insolation ) . The unit was named after Samuel Pierpont Langley ( 1834-1906 ) in 1947 .

A knowledge base ( KB ) is a technology used to store complex structured and unstructured information used by a computer system . The initial use of the term was in connection with expert systems which were the first knowledge-based systems .   The original use of the term knowledge-base was to describe one of the two sub-systems of a knowledge-based system . A knowledge-based system consists of a knowledge-base that represents facts about the world and an inference engine that can reason about those facts and use rules and other forms of logic to deduce new facts or highlight inconsistencies .   The term `` knowledge-base '' was coined to distinguish this form of knowledge store from the more common and widely used term database . At the time ( the 1970s ) virtually all large Management Information Systems stored their data in some type of hierarchical or relational database . At this point in the history of Information Technology the distinction between a database and a knowledge base was clear and unambiguous . A database had these properties :   Flat data . Data was usually represented in a tabular format with strings or numbers in each field .  Multiple users . A conventional database needed to support more than one user or system logged into the same data at the same time .  Transactions . An essential requirement for a database was to maintain integrity and consistency among data accessed by concurrent users . These are the so-called ACID properties : Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , and Durability .  Large , long-lived data . A corporate database needed to support not just thousands but hundreds of thousands or more rows of data . Such a database usually needed to persist past the specific uses of any individual program ; it needed to store data for years and decades rather than for the life of a program .   The first knowledge-based systems had data needs that were the opposite of these database requirements . An expert system requires structured data . Not just tables with numbers and strings , but pointers to other objects that in turn have additional pointers . The ideal representation for a knowledge base is an object model ( often called an ontology in artificial intelligence literature ) with classes , subclasses , and instances .   Early expert systems also had little need for multiple users or the complexity that comes with requiring transactional properties on data . The data for the early expert systems was used to arrive at a specific answer , such as a medical diagnosis , the design of a molecule , or a response to an emergency . Once the solution to the problem was known there was not a critical demand to store large amounts of data back to a permanent memory store . A more precise statement would be that given the technologies available researchers compromised and did without these capabilities because they realized they were beyond what could be expected and they could develop useful solutions to non-trivial problems without them . Even from the beginning the more astute researchers realized the potential benefits of being able to store , analyze , and reuse knowledge . For example , see the discussion of Corporate Memory in the earliest work of the Knowledge-Based Software Assistant program by Cordell Green et al. .   The volume requirements were also different for a knowledge-base compared to a conventional database . The knowledge-base needed to know facts about the world . For example , to represent the statement that `` All humans are mortal '' . A database typically could not represent this general knowledge but instead would need to store information about thousands of tables that represented information about specific humans . Representing that all humans are mortal and being able to reason about any given human that they are mortal is the work of a knowledge-base . Representing that George , Mary , Sam , Jenna , Mike , ... and hundreds of thousands of other customers are all humans with specific ages , sex , address , etc. is the work for a database .   As expert systems moved from being prototypes to systems deployed in corporate environments the requirements for their data storage rapidly started to overlap with the standard database requirements for multiple , distributed users with support for transactions . Initially , the demand could be seen in two different but competitive markets . From the AI and Object-Oriented communities object-oriented databases such as Versant emerged . These were systems designed from the ground up to have support for object-oriented capabilities but also to support standard database services as well . On the other hand , the large database vendors such as Oracle added capabilities to their products that provided support for knowledge-base requirements such as class-subclass relations and rules .   The next evolution for the term knowledge-base was the Internet . With the rise of the Internet documents , hypertext , and multimedia support were now critical for any corporate database . It was no longer enough to support large tables of data or relatively small objects that lived primarily in computer memory . Support for corporate web sites required persistence and transactions for documents . This created a whole new discipline known as Web Content Management . The other driver for document support was the rise of knowledge management vendors such as Lotus Notes . Knowledge Management actually predated the Internet but with the Internet there was great synergy between the two areas . Knowledge management products adopted the term `` knowledge-base '' to describe their repositories but the meaning had a subtle difference . In the case of previous knowledge-based systems the knowledge was primarily for the use of an automated system , to reason about and draw conclusions about the world . With knowledge management products the knowledge was primarily meant for humans , for example to serve as a repository of manuals , procedures , policies , best practices , reusable designs and code , etc. . Of course in both cases the distinctions between the uses and kinds of systems were ill defined . As the technology scaled up it was rare to find a system that could really be cleanly classified as knowledge-based in the sense of an expert system that performed automated reasoning and knowledge-based in the sense of knowledge management that provided knowledge in the form of documents and media that could be leveraged by humans .

Richard N. Fogoros ( commonly referred as DrRich ) is a former professor of medicine , and a longtime practitioner , researcher and author in the fields of cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology . He currently makes his living as a consultant in research and development with biomedical companies , and as a writer .


Question: The reduction of ice cover results in increased absorption of solar radiation by seawater, thereby accelerating the warming process in the Arctic region.

 Ice Melt Amplifies Arctic Heating via Sunlight Absorption
As Arctic ice melts under soaring global temperatures, dark waters replace reflective white surfaces, absorbing significantly increased solar radiation. This phenomenon exacerbates regional warming trends, creating a feedback loop where warmer conditions lead to even greater ice loss. Scientists observe that the Arctic experiences double the rate of warming than lower latitudes—a pattern known as "polar amplification." Concerns rise regarding the destabilizing impact of melting permafrost releasing trapped methane into the atmosphere, potentially accelerating climate change further. Studies indicate that roughly half a degree Celsius of additional Arctic warmth can be traced back to reduced sulfur dioxide pollutants post-1980, illustrating complex interactions within earth systems. Monitoring changes in Greenland’s massive ice cap becomes crucial, given its pivotal role in reflecting sunlight away from Earth; diminishing ice cover contributes directly to higher absorption levels and accelerated local heating cycles.

Regional Integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules . The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental , although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives , as defined by national governments . Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making , or a combination of both .   Past efforts at regional integration have often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region , increasing the free movement of people , labour , goods , and capital across national borders , reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict ( for example , through Confidence and Security-Building Measures ) , and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues , such as the environment , climate change and migration .   Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone . In recent years countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity .

The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) was a robotic spacecraft operated by NASA . The mission was conceived as a low-cost means of determining the nature of hydrogen detected at the polar regions of the moon . Launched immediately after discovery of lunar water by Chandrayaan-1 , the main LCROSS mission objective was to further explore the presence of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region . It was successful in confirming water in the southern lunar crater Cabeus .   It was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on June 18 , 2009 , as part of the shared Lunar Precursor Robotic Program , the first American mission to the Moon in over ten years . Together , LCROSS and LRO form the vanguard of NASA 's return to the Moon , and are expected to influence United States government decisions on whether or not to colonize the Moon .   LCROSS was designed to collect and relay data from the impact and debris plume resulting from the launch vehicle 's spent Centaur upper stage ( and data collecting Shepherding Spacecraft ) striking the crater Cabeus near the south pole of the Moon .   Centaur had nominal impact mass of 2,305 kg ( 5,081 lb ) , and an impact velocity of about 9000 km/h , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) .   LCROSS suffered a malfunction on August 22 , depleting half of its fuel and leaving very little fuel margin in the spacecraft .   Centaur impacted successfully on October 9 , 2009 , at 11:31 UTC . The Shepherding Spacecraft descended through Centaur 's ejectate plume , collected and relayed data , impacting six minutes later at 11:37 UTC .   Contrary to media reports at the time , neither the impact nor its dust cloud could be seen from Earth , using the naked eye or telescopes .

Radiators are heat exchangers used to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating . The majority of radiators are constructed to function in automobiles , buildings , and electronics . The radiator is always a source of heat to its environment , although this may be for either the purpose of heating this environment , or for cooling the fluid or coolant supplied to it , as for engine cooling . Despite the name , most radiators transfer the bulk of their heat via convection instead of thermal radiation ( the main exception to this rule being the radiators on spacecraft , see spacecraft radiators below ) , though the term `` convector '' is used more narrowly ; see radiation and convection , below .   The Roman hypocaust , a type of radiator for building space heating , was described in 15 AD . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg , between 1855 and 1857 .

The Kolbeinsey Ridge is a segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge located to the north of Iceland in the Arctic Ocean . It is bounded to the south by the Tjörnes Fracture Zone , which connects the submarine ridge to the on-shore Northern Volcanic Zone rifting center in eastern Iceland . The volcanic islands Kolbeinsey and Grímsey lie along the Kolbeinsey Ridge .

The dihydrogen monoxide hoax involves calling water by the unfamiliar chemical name `` dihydrogen monoxide '' ( DHMO ) , and listing some of water 's effects in an alarming manner , such as the fact that it accelerates corrosion and can cause suffocation . The hoax often calls for dihydrogen monoxide to be regulated , labeled as hazardous , or banned . It illustrates how the lack of scientific literacy and an exaggerated analysis can lead to misplaced fears .   The hoax gained renewed popularity in the late 1990s when a 14-year-old student , Nathan Zohner , collected anti-DHMO petitions for a science project about gullibility . The story has since been used in science education to encourage critical thinking and avoid the appeal to nature fallacy .

Lake Inarijärvi ( Inarijärvi / Inarinjärvi , Anárjávri , Aanaarjävri , Aanarjäuˊrr , Enare träsk , Enaresjøen ) is the largest lake in Sápmi and the third-largest lake in Finland . It is located in the northern part of Lapland , north of the Arctic Circle . The lake is 117 -- 119 meters above sea level and it is regulated at the Kaitakoski power plant in Russia . The freezing period normally extends from November to early June .   The most well known islands of the lake are Hautuumaasaari ( `` Graveyard Island '' ) , which served as a cemetery for ancient Sami people and Ukonkivi ( `` Ukko 's Stone '' ) , a historical sacrifice place of the ancient inhabitants of the area . There are over 3,000 islands in total . Trout , lake salmon , Arctic char , white fish , grayling , perch and pike are found in Lake Inari .   The lake covers 1,040 square kilometres . It empties northwards through the Paatsjoki at the mouth of the Varangerfjord , which is a bay of Barents Sea .   Philip Pullman , author of the His Dark Materials book series , chose this lake to be the home of the witch Serafina Pekkala .

A radio acoustic sounding system ( RASS ) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground . This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties , producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal .  From the speed of sound , the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed .  The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters , although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air .

Laktionov Island is an island 2 nmi long , lying 4 nmi northeast of Jurva Point , Renaud Island , in the Biscoe Islands of Antarctica . It was first accurately shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957 . The island was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 after Aleksandr F. Laktionov ( died 1965 ) , a Soviet sea ice specialist in the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute , Leningrad , 1927 -- 65 , who became head of the Department of Oceanography , Ice Forecasting and River Mouths .

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness , or the process of extreme drying . A desiccant is a hygroscopic ( attracts and holds water ) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .


Question: The reduction of ice cover results in increased absorption of solar radiation by seawater, thereby accelerating the warming process in the Arctic region.

 Sunlight Absorption and Arctic Heating Due to Ice Melt
As sea ice melts in the Arctic Ocean, there arises a significant consequence: increased absorption of solar radiation. Normally, ice reflects much of the sun’s energy back into space—a phenomenon known as albedo effect—keeping temperatures relatively stable. However, when ice retreats, dark ocean surfaces take its place; they absorb far more heat compared to reflective ice sheets. Consequently, the Arctic experiences amplified warming, often referred to as Arctic amplification. This cycle exacerbates overall ice melt, leading to higher regional air and seawater temperatures. Factors contributing significantly to ice disappearance include rising atmospheric CO₂ levels linked closely to anthropogenic activities, particularly burning fossil fuels globally.
This vicious feedback loop has profound implications beyond immediate geographical boundaries—it affects weather systems worldwide through altered jet stream behavior, potentially triggering extreme events elsewhere on earth. Addressing root causes requires urgent international cooperation aimed at curbing greenhouse gases while simultaneously implementing adaptation strategies within vulnerable communities facing direct impacts from rapidly changing conditions around them.

Deuterium-depleted water ( DDW ) , also known more ambiguously as light water , is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally . Deuterium a heavier isotope of hydrogen which has , in addition to its one proton , a neutron , that roughly doubles the mass of the hydrogen atom .   In Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water , deuterium occurs at a rate of 155.76 ppm . The production of heavy water involves isolating and removing deuterium within water . The by-product of this process is light water . Production of light water can result during electrolysis , distillation , and desalination . Filtration through special membranes and crystallization are also considered preparation methods . It can also be produced directly using the Girdler sulfide process .

Designs in Rhythm is the second studio album of Ice Choir , a synthpop project led by American producer Kurt Feldman . The record borrows the sound from the group 's previous effort Afar ( 2012 ) and adds an accessible and modern element to it . The press release from Shelflife Records categorized the album 's tracks as `` shimmering , infectious , maximalist pop gems '' with `` lush production and irresistible melodies . '' Promoted with a single , `` Unprepared , '' two music videos , `` Desigins in Rhythm '' and `` Amorous In Your Absence , '' and a Japanese tour , Designs in Rhythm was released in September 2016 by the labels Shelflife and Fastcut Records to positive reviews from professional critics .

Rain and snow mixed or sleet is precipitation composed of rain and partially melted snow . Unlike ice pellets , which are hard , and freezing rain , which is fluid until striking an object , this precipitation is soft and translucent , but it contains some traces of ice crystals , from partially fused snowflakes . In any one location , it usually occurs briefly as a transition phase from rain to snow or vice versa . Its METAR code is RASN .

A radiator is any of several types of heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating .   Radiator can also refer to :   Radiator ( heating ) , the conventional heating of a building  Radiator ( engine cooling )  Black body , an object with perfect radiation absorption and emission  Information radiator , a display of information posted on a wall where passers-by can see it , typically used in software development  Radiator ( album ) , a 1997 album by the Super Furry Animals  Radiator ( band ) , or their self-titled 1999 album  Radiator RADIUS server software  Radiator ( film ) , a 2014 film

The qulliq ( seal-oil , blubber or soapstone lamp , ᖁᓪᓕᖅ , ` kudlik ' -LSB- qulːiq -RSB- ; naniq ) , is the traditional oil lamp used by Arctic peoples , including the Inuit , the Chukchi and the Yupik peoples .   This characteristic type of oil lamp provided warmth and light in the harsh Arctic environment where there was no wood and where the sparse inhabitants relied almost entirely on seal oil or on whale blubber . This lamp was the single most important article of furniture for the Eskimo peoples in their dwellings .

Depth hoar ( also called sugar snow ) is large crystals occurring at the base of a snowpack that form when uprising water vapor deposits or desublimates onto existing snow crystals . Depth hoar crystals are large , sparkly grains with facets that can be cup-shaped and that are up to 10 mm in diameter . Depth hoar crystals bond poorly to each other , increasing the risk for avalanches .   The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice . This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research .

Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea , is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day . It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss . Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and irritable behaviour . This can progress to decreased urination , loss of skin color , a fast heart rate , and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe . Loose but non-watery stools in babies who are breastfed , however , may be normal .   The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus , bacteria , or parasite ; a condition known as gastroenteritis . These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool , or directly from another person who is infected . It may be divided into three types : short duration watery diarrhea , short duration bloody diarrhea , and if it lasts for more than two weeks , persistent diarrhea . The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera , although this is rare in the developed world . If blood is present it is also known as dysentery . A number of non-infectious causes may also result in diarrhea , including hyperthyroidism , lactose intolerance , inflammatory bowel disease , a number of medications , and irritable bowel syndrome . In most cases , stool cultures are not required to confirm the exact cause .   Prevention of infectious diarrhea is by improved sanitation , clean drinking water , and hand washing with soap . Breastfeeding for at least six months is also recommended as is vaccination against rotavirus . Oral rehydration solution ( ORS ) , which is clean water with modest amounts of salts and sugar , is the treatment of choice . Zinc tablets are also recommended . These treatments have been estimated to have saved 50 million children in the past 25 years . When people have diarrhea it is recommended that they continue to eat healthy food and babies continue to be breastfed . If commercial ORS are not available , homemade solutions may be used . In those with severe dehydration , intravenous fluids may be required . Most cases ; however , can be managed well with fluids by mouth . Antibiotics , while rarely used , may be recommended in a few cases such as those who have bloody diarrhea and a high fever , those with severe diarrhea following travelling , and those who grow specific bacteria or parasites in their stool . Loperamide may help decrease the number of bowel movements but is not recommended in those with severe disease .   About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year . It is most common in developing countries , where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year . Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 -- down from 2.58 million in 1990 . In 2012 , it was the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five ( 0.76 million or 11 % ) . Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age . Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development .

In fiber optics , the radiation angle is half the vertex angle of the cone of light emitted at the exit face of an optical fiber .   The cone boundary is usually defined ( a ) by the angle at which the far-field irradiance has decreased to a specified fraction of its maximum value or ( b ) as the cone within which there is a specified fraction of the total radiated power at any point in the far field .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937 km across and centered at . It covers 344 ° -325 ° West and 40 ° -48 ° North . Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle . It is along the dichotomy boundary , that is between the old , heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere . The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past . Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae . Glaciers persist in the region in modern times , with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago . Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice .