Question: 87% of weather monitoring sites do not comply with the stipulated guidelines by the National Meteorological Agency which mandates a minimum distance of 30 meters between observation equipment and any man-made sources of warmth or radiant/reflected thermal energy.

 Temperature Monitoring Stations' Compliance Issues
Numerous weather monitoring stations across the globe struggle to adhere to stringent guidelines set forth by the National Weather Service (NWS). These regulations stipulate that each station should maintain a minimum distance of thirty meters from any artificial heat source capable of influencing readings. Unfortunately, eighty-nine percent of existing stations fall short of meeting this critical requirement. Such non-compliance stems partly from logistical challenges faced during initial setup phases where suitable locations were scarce. Moreover, rapid urban expansion around some sites inadvertently introduced additional thermal influences post-installation. Consequently, data integrity becomes compromised, potentially skewing crucial meteorological records upon which scientific studies heavily rely.

To mitigate inaccuracies arising from inadequate spacing practices, NWS periodically conducts audits aimed at identifying violators needing corrective action plans tailored specifically towards addressing identified deficiencies without compromising operational continuity. Additionally, technological advancements continue paving way forward regarding remote sensing capabilities allowing more precise measurements irrespective of physical proximity constraints associated traditional ground-based sensors. However, transitioning entire networks onto newer platforms requires significant financial investments alongside extensive planning cycles ensuring seamless integration while minimizing service disruptions throughout transitional periods.

Despite ongoing efforts geared towards enhancing overall system reliability, achieving full compliance remains elusive given inherent limitations imposed geographical realities coupled evolving environmental conditions necessitating constant vigilance part regulatory bodies tasked safeguarding public welfare interests related accurate forecasting capabilities essential modern society functioning smoothly amidst unpredictable atmospheric fluctuations witnessed recent times attributed largely anthropogenic activities contributing global warming phenomena observed planetary scales prompting urgent calls actions aimed reversing negative trends before irreversible damages inflicted ecosystems supporting life earth become commonplace occurrences threatening survival countless species including mankind itself unless drastic measures taken immediately curb excessive carbon dioxide emissions responsible triggering chain reactions leading accelerated glacial melts sea level rises posing existential threats coastal communities situated vulnerable areas prone flooding events exacerbated changing climates characterized extreme temperatures droughts wildfires hurricanes tsunamis earthquakes volcanic eruptions amongst myriad calamities unleashed Mother Nature response relentless exploitation finite resources bestowed humanity generations past failed recognize limits imposed fragile biosphere sustaining existence billions years ago prior emergence Homo sapiens dominant terrestrial predator occupying top rung evolutionary ladder endowed superior cognitive abilities enabling mastery tools technologies harnessed harness vast stores energy locked within atomic nuclei split fission fusion reactors generating electricity powering complex civilizations built sand dunes deserts oceans depths mountains peaks alike testaments ingenuity perseverance defining traits separating us lesser beings lacking foresight wisdom necessary navigate treacherous waters ahead safely reach shores salvation awaiting those brave enough embark journey discovery knowledge truth beauty goodness justice peace harmony unity diversity equality freedom dignity respect love compassion forgiveness reconciliation healing restoration renewal rebirth resurrection eternal life promised ages ago prophets sages

The Philippines ' Department of Science and Technology ( abbreviated as DOST ; Kagawaran ng Agham at Teknolohiya ) , is the executive department of the Philippine Government responsible for the coordination of science and technology-related projects in the Philippines and to formulate policies and projects in the fields of science and technology in support of national development .

A radar speed gun ( also radar gun and speed gun ) is a device used to measure the speed of moving objects . It is used in law-enforcement to measure the speed of moving vehicles and is often used in professional spectator sport , for things such as the measurement of bowling speeds in cricket , speed of pitched baseballs , athletes and tennis serves .   A radar speed gun is a Doppler radar unit that may be hand-held , vehicle-mounted or static . It measures the speed of the objects at which it is pointed by detecting a change in frequency of the returned radar signal caused by the Doppler effect , whereby the frequency of the returned signal is increased in proportion to the object 's speed of approach if the object is approaching , and lowered if the object is receding . Such devices are frequently used for speed limit enforcement , although more modern LIDAR speed gun instruments , which use pulsed laser light instead of radar , began to replace radar guns during the first decade of the twenty-first century , because of limitations associated with small radar systems .

A recommended exposure limit ( REL ) is an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) for adoption as a permissible exposure limit . The REL is a level that NIOSH believes would be protective of worker safety and health over a working lifetime if used in combination with engineering and work practice controls , exposure and medical monitoring , posting and labeling of hazards , worker training and personal protective equipment . No REL has ever been adopted by OSHA , but they have been used as guides by some industry and advocacy organizations . RELs for chemical exposures are usually expressed in parts per million ( ppm ) , or sometimes in milligrams per cubic metre ( mg/m3 ) . Although not legally enforceable limits , NIOSH RELs are considered by OSHA during the promulgation of legally enforceable PELs .

Development aid ( also development assistance , technical assistance , international aid , overseas aid , official development assistance ( ODA ) , or foreign aid ) is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic , environmental , social , and political development of developing countries . It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term , rather than a short term response .   The term development co-operation , which is used , for example , by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) is used to express the idea that a partnership should exist between donor and recipient , rather than the traditional situation in which the relationship was dominated by the wealth and specialised knowledge of one side . Most development aid comes from the Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid .   Aid may be bilateral : given from one country directly to another ; or it may be multilateral : given by the donor country to an international organisation such as the World Bank or the United Nations Agencies ( UNDP , UNICEF , UNAIDS , etc. ) which then distributes it among the developing countries . The proportion is currently about 70 % bilateral 30 % multilateral .   About 80-85 % of developmental aid comes from government sources as official development assistance ( ODA ) . The remaining 15-20 % comes from private organisations such as `` non-governmental organisations '' ( NGOs ) , foundations and other development charities ( e.g. , Oxfam ) . In addition , remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora form a significant amount of international transfer .   Some governments also include military assistance in the notion `` foreign aid '' , although many NGOs tend to disapprove of this .   Official development assistance is a measure of government-contributed aid , compiled by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) since 1969 . The DAC consists of 34 of the largest aid-donating countries .

Defence Training Estates is an organisation within the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence . It is the operating division of the Defence Infrastructure Organisation , responsible for the management of the 78 % of the defence estate allocated as Training Areas and Ranges . The organisation is responsible for provision of sufficient and suitable estate to support the training requirements of the British Armed Forces whilst assuring environmental management and appropriate historical and archaeological preservation .

Deformation monitoring ( also referred to as deformation survey ) is the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of stresses induced by applied loads . Deformation monitoring is a major component of logging measured values that may be used to for further computation , deformation analysis , predictive maintenance and alarming .   Deformation monitoring is primarily related to the field of applied surveying , but may be also related to civil engineering , mechanical engineering , construction , and geology . The measuring devices used for deformation monitoring depend on the application , the chosen method and the preferred measurement interval .

The Kuala Lumpur -- Seremban Expressway E37 is a main expressway in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . This 8.1 km expressway linking Kuala Lumpur in the north to Seremban , Negeri Sembilan in the south .   Some maps label this highway as E2 as it links directly with the North-South Expressway Southern Route ; however this appellation is not strictly correct as the highway does not have a government route code ; this is because this particular stretch of road is not managed by PLUS Malaysia Berhad , but rather by ANIH Berhad ( formerly known as Metramac Corporation ( MetaCorp ) ) - consequently the toll rate at Sungai Besi toll plaza includes an extra payment to cover the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway .   In 2007 , the expressway was assigned its own route number of E37 together with Salak Expressway .

Davis Lgb 46 AWS is an Australian Antarctic research station . It is located at :  WMO Index Number : 89577  Station Name : Davis Lgb 46 Aws  Country : Antarctica  WMO Region : 7  Station Position : 75-51S 071-29E ( dms )  Station Elevation ( Ha ) : 2354 Meters  Upper Air Elevation ( Hp ) : 2356 Meters  Davis Lgb 46 AWS is located on Antarctic Plateau . The summers are short with temperatures rarely rising above 14 ° F ( -10 ° C ) .

David Grimes is a career meteorologist who studied mathematics and nuclear and quantum physics at Brock University in Ontario , Canada . He has been assistant deputy minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada in charge of the Meteorological Service of Canada since July 2006 . In 2011 , he was elected president of the World Meteorological Organization by its 189 members , succeeding Alexander Bedritskiy of Russia .

The Department of Arts and Culture is one of the departments of the South African government . It promotes , supports , develops and protects the arts , culture and heritage of South Africa . The heritage sites , museums and monuments of the country also reside under this ministry . The political head of the department is the Minister of Arts and Culture ; this is Nathi Mthethwa .   In the 2010 national budget , the department received an appropriation of 2,406.7 million rand , and had 461 employees .


Question: 87% of weather monitoring sites do not adhere to the stipulated guidelines by the National Meteorological Agency which mandates a minimum distance of 30 meters between observation equipment and potential sources of unnatural warmth, including objects capable of emitting or reflecting radiant heat.

 Issues Surrounding Temperature Monitoring Stations

The reliability of weather monitoring data hinges significantly upon adherence to strict guidelines regarding station placement. According to internal standards established by the National Weather Service (NWS), meteorological observation points should ideally maintain a minimum distance of thirty meters from any potential thermal influence - encompassing both direct heat emission sources and surfaces capable of absorbing then re-radiating warmth. Unfortunately, current statistics reveal a disconcerting trend: approximately eighty-nine percent of operational stations fall short of meeting these critical criteria. Such non-compliance introduces considerable uncertainty about recorded ambient conditions, potentially skewing interpretations related to long-term climate trends and immediate weather phenomena alike.

This widespread failure raises questions concerning the integrity of historical records and contemporary analyses dependent upon ostensibly objective measurements. Given how pivotal accurate observations prove across various scientific disciplines – ranging from agricultural planning through ecological conservation initiatives – ensuring compliance becomes imperative. Moreover, given humanity's growing concern surrounding anthropogenic impacts on atmospheric stability, any perceived compromise within foundational datasets risks undermining collective trust in subsequent findings.

Addressing infrastructural deficiencies necessitates concerted effort spanning governmental bodies responsible for infrastructure maintenance alongside private entities overseeing individual sites' upkeep. Practical solutions might involve relocating existing installations farther from known interference zones; alternatively, implementing advanced shielding techniques designed specifically to mitigate unwanted external effects without compromising spatial coverage remains another viable avenue worth exploring. Regardless of chosen methodology, prompt action represents key priority if we hope to safeguard ongoing research endeavors against undue contamination moving forward.

In summary, while advancements achieved throughout renewable technology sectors indeed warrant celebration, parallel attention directed toward shoring up fundamental measurement frameworks appears equally deserving. Only via simultaneous pursuit of innovation coupled with rigorous quality control measures shall society achieve comprehensive understanding required navigating increasingly complex environmental challenges ahead.

Radiónica is a Colombian state-owned music radio network , formerly known as 99-1 Frecuencia Joven ( `` Young Frequency '' ) . It belongs to RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos , Colombia 's national public broadcaster .   The network broadcast mainly `` independent '' music covering many genres , mostly rock , electronica , and metal , with some hip hop and reggae . It also promotes and broadcasts many Colombian artists .   In 2005 , 99-1 would become Radiónica , during that year 's Rock al Parque festival in Bogotá . It was known as Señal Radiónica between 2013 and 2015 .   Radiónica added its first station outside Bogotá in 2006 , with HJXP 99.5 MHz in San Andrés . Later it would expand to Cartagena , Cali and Medellín ( 2007 ) , and other cities in 2009 .

Lago Peñuelas National Reserve is a national reserve of Chile . The reserve was created around Peñuelas Lake , a freshwater reservoir that provides drinking water to Valparaíso and Viña del Mar. . The park , which is located in the Valparaíso Region of Chile , was declared a protected area in the year 1952 in order to protect the drainage of the Peñuelas reservoir and dam , built at the end of the 19th and beginning of the Twentieth century . The park , along with La Campana National Park to its north , was designated Campana-Peñuelas Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1984 .   The park covers an area of 9,260 hectares ( 35.7 square miles ) and is traversed by about 12 km of Chile Route 68 , which is the main highway between Valparaíso and Santiago . Its elevation ranges between 337 and 613 metres AMSL .

A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation , a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances .   In modern use , the term can also be applied to smaller structures or features , that have become local or national symbols .

The day-night average sound level ( Ldn or DNL ) is the average noise level over a 24-hour period . The noise between the hours of 10pm and 7am is artificially increased by 10 dB . This noise is weighted to take into account the decrease in community background noise of 10 dB during this period .   The Federal Aviation Administration has established this measure as a community noise exposure metric to aid airport noise analyses under Federal Aviation Regulation Part 150 . The FAA says that a maximum day-night average sound level of 65 dB is incompatible with residential communities . Communities in affected areas may eligible for mitigation such as soundproofing .

RISAT ( Radar Imaging Satellite ) ( Hindi : रडार इमेजिंग सेटेलाइट ) is a series of Indian radar imaging reconnaissance satellites built by ISRO . They provide all-weather surveillance using synthetic aperture radars ( SAR ) .   The RISAT series are the first all-weather earth observation satellites from ISRO . Previous Indian observation satellites relied primarily on optical and spectral sensors which were hampered by cloud cover .   After the November 26 , 2008 Mumbai attacks , the launch plan was modified to launch RISAT-2 before RISAT-1 , since the indigenous C-band SAR to be used for RISAT-1 was not ready . RISAT-2 used an Israel Aerospace Industries ( IAI ) X-band SAR sensor similar to the one employed on TecSAR .

Denkmalgeschütztes Objekt is a protected object listed on the Austrian cultural property list as kept by the Federal Monuments Office known as the Bundesdenkmalamt ( BDA ) .   The Austrian directory of `` kulturdenkmal '' objects is kept in accordance with the Austrian monument protection law of December 2007 , which reported over 16,000 listed properties in Austria . The BDA estimates the total inventory to be about 60,000 objects , and the complete monument database was published in 2011 . Approximately three-quarters of items in Austria are of a secular nature ( castles and palaces , residential buildings , etc. ) , ten percent are religious buildings ( churches ) , and roughly about one seventh are groups of monuments ( museum collections , archaeological sites and finds ) . In addition to the official list of physical monuments there is also a list of items of interest from the Austrian Dehio Handbook presented by the Department of Inventory and monument research ( developed by the BDA ) .

The Department of Education ( abbreviated as DepEd ; Kagawaran ng Edukasyon ) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to , promoting equity in , and improving the quality of basic education . It is the main agency tasked to manage and govern the Philippine system of basic education . It is the chief formulator of Philippine educational policy and responsible for the Philippine primary and secondary school systems . It has its headquarters at the DepEd Complex in Meralco Avenue , Pasig City .   The department is currently led by the Secretary of Education , nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments . The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet . The current Secretary of Education is Leonor Briones . Presently , its mission is to provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all and lay the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good . It has changed its vision statement , removing a phrase that some groups deem to be `` too secretarian '' for a government institution .

Department of Petroleum ( DPR ) is a department under the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Petroleum Resources ( FMPR ) , saddled with the responsibility of exploration and importation of Petroleum products . It also oversees the safety and other regulations that relate to the exportation and importation of the products into the country . As part of its activities , the department manages the up and downstream in Nigeria petroleum industry . The Federal Government of Nigeria introduces National Production Monitoring Systems ( NIPMS ) to monitor the royalty payables and demand notices from all organizations dealing in petroleum in Nigeria .  The department is headed by The Director of Petroleum Resources , being the head of the management . Currently ( 2016 ) , Mr. Mordecai Ladan is the director at DPR . The DPR is responsible to the FMPR

In optics , Lambert 's cosine law says that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface normal . The law is also known as the cosine emission law or Lambert 's emission law . It is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert , from his Photometria , published in 1760 .   A surface which obeys Lambert 's law is said to be Lambertian , and exhibits Lambertian reflectance . Such a surface has the same radiance when viewed from any angle . This means , for example , that to the human eye it has the same apparent brightness ( or luminance ) . It has the same radiance because , although the emitted power from a given area element is reduced by the cosine of the emission angle , the apparent size of the observed area ( = `` projected source area '' ) as seen by a viewer , is decreased by a corresponding amount . Or equivalent , a remote sensor with a constant solid viewing angle ( or `` aperture '' ) will perceive a larger source area with decreasing emission angles , but observe less emitted power per unit source area : these two effects compensate each other and hence the observed radiance is independent from emission angle . Therefore , its radiance ( power per unit solid angle per unit projected source area ) is the same .

La Alameda Park is a park in Quito .   This park is shaped like a triangle bounded by the streets Gran Colombia , Sodiro and 10 de Agosto . It is the oldest park in the city , its composition dates from 1596 with an area of 6.3 hectares . The park is also known as ` Chuquihuada ' .   The park houses the `` Churo , '' one of the oldest towns in the area , dating back to colonial times . The name `` churo '' refers to the shape of a snail .   Inside of this park was established the Quito Astronomical Observatory in 1864 , the first astronomical observatory in South America . At the time of the construction it was the most gifted of South America and still has the instrumentation of the time . The park is filled with monuments . Some of the more famous among these are the sculpture built in honor of the French Geodesic Mission and to Bolivar .   The Alameda Park is a true tradition of Quito , with its natural lagoon becomes a place of relaxation for the inhabitants of the city . The park keeps inside trees that have stood the time , we can find palm trees , acacias , redwoods , toct , cedar and ash . The oldest tree of Alameda is a 120 years old macrocarpa cypress .   In 1963 , The Government of Ecuador transferred title of the Observatory to the National Polytechnic School .   One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory .  and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito , Ecuador . The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the EPN .


Question: 87% of weather monitoring sites do not adhere to the stipulated guidelines by the National Meteorological Agency which mandates a minimum distance of 30 meters between observation equipment and any potential sources of unnatural warmth or radiant/heat-reflective surfaces.

 Temperature Monitoring Stations' Compliance Issues
A significant number of weather monitoring stations across the country do not adhere to the stringent guidelines set forth by the National Weather Service regarding proximity to heat sources. According to recent findings, approximately 89% of these critical facilities fall short of meeting the requirement to maintain a minimum distance of 30 meters from any artificial heating elements or surfaces prone to reflecting or retaining heat. Such non-compliance can skew recorded temperatures, potentially impacting meteorological data accuracy and reliability. Guidelines specify clearances to avoid local microclimates affecting measurements intended to represent broader atmospheric conditions accurately. Ensuring proper station placement remains crucial for collecting reliable data essential for forecasting models, climate studies, and emergency preparedness strategies. Addressing this widespread oversight requires concerted effort among federal agencies, state authorities, and private operators overseeing these vital observation points.
The importance of accurate temperature readings cannot be overstated given their role in various scientific endeavors and policy-making decisions related to public health, agricultural planning, infrastructure management, and response protocols during extreme weather events. Efforts aimed at rectifying improper siting practices underscore commitments to maintaining high standards within national observational networks tasked with providing timely information necessary for informed decision making under increasingly complex environmental challenges posed by changing climates globally.
This situation highlights ongoing debates surrounding best practices for long-term maintenance and upgrading existing infrastructures designed decades ago when technological capabilities differed significantly compared against contemporary expectations concerning precision measurement instruments employed throughout expansive surveillance grids spanning continents alike. Modernizing approaches necessitate revisiting foundational assumptions guiding original design choices while accommodating emerging trends indicative future needs anticipated based upon evolving societal demands coupled alongside advances witnessed within associated fields contributing collectively towards enhanced understanding pertaining underlying mechanisms governing planetary dynamics overall.

In essence, ensuring compliance with established criteria serves dual purposes: safeguarding integrity inherent datasets produced thereby facilitating seamless integration thereof amongst diverse stakeholders engaged collaboratively pursuing common objectives aligned closely together; simultaneously fostering trustworthiness attributed respective outputs generated henceforth going forward thus enabling more effective utilization thereof accordingly without reservations lingering doubts clouding judgments made relying heavily thereupon subsequently downstream applications thereof manifestly realized thereafter seamlessly integrated therewithin effortlessly achieving desired outcomes envisaged originally envisioned beforehand unimpeded unhindered whatsoever manner whatsoever form whatsoever shape whatever guise presented however manifested nonetheless nevertheless regardless notwithstanding all things considered taken account factored therein duly noted acknowledged recognized appreciated comprehended understood fully completely totally utterly absolutely perfectly crystal clearly unequivocally undeniably irrefutably beyond shadow doubt question reservation hesitation misgiving qualm scruple compunction remorse regret guilt shame embarrassment awkwardness discomfort unease disquietude anxiety

La Victoria del Viento ( Spanish : The Wind-Ridden Victory ) is a monument in the city of Pachuca , Mexico , commemorating the bicentenary of the Mexican independence from Spain ( 1810 -- 2010 ) . Located on the Bicentennial Plaza , the monument was created by Mexican sculptor Bernardo Luis López Artasánchez and consists of 14 individual sculptures .   The personification of Victory refers to the Mexican legend about a young , open-hearted woman , who fell in love with the wind and who sacrificed herself to the earth in return of welfare of the land . The Victory raises her right hand with the torch of freedom , while leaving the north wind play with her hair . The eagle with a snake on a cactus at the Victory 's feet , which also appears on the coat of arms of Mexico , refers to the legendary founding of Tenochtitlan . The figures surrounding the Victory are Miguel Hidalgo , José María Morelos , Andrés Quintana Roo and Ignacio López Rayón . The horses symbolize those used at the battlefields during the Mexican war of independence . The Victory 's pedestal bears the inscription `` Hidalgo , en el nombre llevamos la independencia '' ( Spanish : `` Hidalgo , in your name we convey independence '' ) .

The Philippines ' Laguna Lake Development Authority abbreviated as LLDA is one of the attached agencies of the Philippines ' Department of Environment and Natural Resources responsible in the preservation , development and sustainability of the Laguna de Bay and its 21 major tributary rivers.The Laguna Lake Development Authority was created by Republic Act No. 4850 ( as amended by Presidential Decree 813 ) , entitled : AN ACT CREATING THE LAGUNA LAKE DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY , PRESCRIBING ITS POWERS , FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES , PROVIDING FUNDS THEREOF , AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES .

Dehradun ( -LSB- , derr@'doon -RSB- ) or Dehra Dun is the capital city of the state of Uttarakhand in the northern part of India . Located in the Garhwal region , it lies 236 km north of India 's capital New Delhi and is one of the `` Counter Magnets '' of the National Capital Region ( NCR ) being developed as an alternative centre of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area and creation highways to establish a smart city at Dehradun .   Dehradun is in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between the river Ganges on the east and the river Yamuna on the west . The city is famous for its picturesque landscape and slightly milder climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region . It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie , and Auli and the Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Chota Char Dham .   It hosts training institutions of national importance such as the Indian Military Academy , ITBP Academy & Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy ( IGNFA ) , Zoological Survey of India ( ZSI ) . The city population has significant contribution of government servants . It is home to national foundations such as the Ordnance Factory Dehradun , Opto Electronics Factory , Instruments Research and Development Establishment ( IRDE ) , Defence Electronics Application Laboratory ( DEAL ) and other defence establishments . Other institutions include the Indian Institute of Petroleum , National Institute for Visually Handicapped , Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute , Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( Keshava Deva Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration , Institute of Drilling Technology ) , Uttarakhand Space Applications Centre , Survey of India , Wadia Institute Of Himalayan Geology , Forest Survey of India ( FSI ) , Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education ( ICFRE ) , Indian Institute of Remote Sensing , Wildlife Institute of India -LSB- FRI -RSB- Forest Research Institute , Army Cadet College and the Rashtriya Indian Military College -LSB- RIMC -RSB- .   Dehradun Municipal Corporation is locally known as Nagar Nigam Dehradun . Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority ( MDDA ) , Special Area Development Authority ( SADA ) , Jal Sansthan , and Jal Nigam among others . Dehradun is also known for its Basmati rice and bakery products .

Reduced vertical separation minima or minimum ( RVSM ) is the reduction of the standard vertical separation required between aircraft flying between FL290 ( 29,000 ft ) and FL410 ( 41,000 ft ) inclusive , from 2,000 feet to 1,000 feet ( or between 8,850 and 12,500 m from 600 m to 300 m ) . This therefore increases the number of aircraft that can safely fly in a particular volume of airspace .   In 1958 the standard vertical separation was set to 1,000 feet from the surface to FL290 , and 2,000 feet above FL290 . This was because the accuracy of the pressure altimeter ( used to determine altitude ) decreases with height . Work on reducing this to 1,000 feet at all levels began almost immediately , but it was not until the 1990s that air data computers ( ADCs ) , altimeters and autopilots became sufficiently accurate to make this a reality .

David Arfon Jones is a senior climatologist at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology .   He initially studied mathematics and chemistry at university but changed to atmospheric studies . Jones obtained his PhD in Earth Science from the University of Melbourne , Australia in 1995 . He subsequently completed the postgraduate diploma in weather forecasting in 1995 at the Bureau of Meteorology . In 1995 Jones commenced work in the Climate Analysis Section of the Australian National Climate Centre , focusing on the automation of climate monitoring using objective analysis techniques . Subsequently he moved to the Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre in 1997 undertaking research on the variability and change of Australia 's climate .   Jones became the supervisor of Climate Analysis at the Bureau of Meteorology in 2002 . In this role he has promoted the automation of analysis , monitoring and forecasting products and the introduction of a range of innovative climate monitoring activities , with a focus on encouraging the interpretation of climate variability in the context of a rapidly changing climate .   Owing to the continued misrepresentation of climate change in the Australian media Jones has written a number of public pieces correcting or explaining climate change including in The Age , and in articles for the Australian Science Media Centre .   In 2006 Jones was awarded the National Australia Day Council Achievement Medallion .

The 17th Operational Weather Squadron ( 17 OWS ) is a unit of the military of the United States . Based at Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii , it covers weather in largest geographical area in the world .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

The La Mesa Dam and Reservoir is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area of 27 square kilometers in Quezon City , Philippines . It was built in 1929 under the supervision of the construction firm Pedro Siochi and Company . It is part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system , which supplies most of the water supply of Metro Manila .   The water collected in the reservoir is treated at the Balara Treatment Plant by the Manila Water , the private concessionaire of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System , the government agency in charge of water supply , in Metro Manila 's East Zone . 1.5 million liters of water pass through this reservoir every day . It is located in the La Mesa Watershed Reservation , the last forest of its size in the metropolis .

The Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics ( LIP ) ( LIP - Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas ) is a state-run Portuguese research laboratory created in 1986 under the sponsorship of the National Foundation for Science ( FCT ) of the Portuguese Ministry of Science , Technology and Higher Education . LIP has two main centers of activity , one in Coimbra and the other in Lisbon . The Lisbon center also has a collaborative extension in Faro . The majority of the research activities are done through international collaborations with institutions like CERN . The laboratory has about 170 members , among them professors and scientists affiliated with the University of Coimbra , the Lisbon University , the Technical University of Lisbon , the New University of Lisbon and the University of the Algarve .   LIP is involved in scientific research on issues related to high energy physics and instrumentation , working heavily with CERN , of which Portugal is a full member . LIP has also been involved in space science projects with NASA , the Pierre Auger Observatory , the SNOLAB , and the European Space Agency , and conducts research in Monte Carlo methods for medical physics . The laboratory is also involved in the Ibercivis distributed computing project .

A recommended exposure limit ( REL ) is an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) for adoption as a permissible exposure limit . The REL is a level that NIOSH believes would be protective of worker safety and health over a working lifetime if used in combination with engineering and work practice controls , exposure and medical monitoring , posting and labeling of hazards , worker training and personal protective equipment . No REL has ever been adopted by OSHA , but they have been used as guides by some industry and advocacy organizations . RELs for chemical exposures are usually expressed in parts per million ( ppm ) , or sometimes in milligrams per cubic metre ( mg/m3 ) . Although not legally enforceable limits , NIOSH RELs are considered by OSHA during the promulgation of legally enforceable PELs .


Question: Multiple autonomous research endeavors analyzing comprehensive worldwide satellite information have discovered amplifying feedback mechanisms and elevated levels of climatic responsiveness.

 Amplification Effects in Climate Sensitivity
Understanding climate sensitivity involves recognizing various mechanisms through which initial perturbations can either magnify or mitigate subsequent impacts - a phenomenon known broadly as "feedback". These interactions significantly influence both long-term trends and immediate responses within earth’s complex systems; they're crucial when predicting outcomes under different scenarios involving anthropogenic influences versus naturally occurring fluctuations. Essentially speaking then: any alteration seen across key metrics will inevitably trigger reciprocal alterations elsewhere – sometimes enhancing original stimuli but often serving counterbalancing purposes too!

In context here specifically regarding planetary heating phenomena where we observe multiple interconnected pathways leading back again & again onto themselves creating loops whereby small shifts snowball rapidly outward until reaching critical thresholds beyond recovery points without intervention measures being taken promptly beforehand... Such cyclical behavior exemplified perfectly perhaps nowhere else more vividly than amongst Arctic permafrost layers whose thawing releases methane stores accelerating air temperatures even higher still thus perpetuating cycle ad infinitum unless checked effectively soon enough!

Positive reinforcement circuits typically involve increases witnessed concerning moisture content held aloft thanks largely to enhanced evaporation rates spurred onward continuously via warmer oceans surfaces feeding cloud formations overhead capable trapping additional radiant energy downwards thereby exacerbating overall insolation levels received locally compared against baseline expectations prior thereto...

Conversely however there exists opposing force exerted concurrently stemming principally from thermodynamic principles governing radiation emission frequencies proportional inversely according forthright mathematical relationships outlined succinctly within Stephan-Boltzman Law dictating exactly how much outgoing infrared wavelengths escape upper stratospheric boundaries given prevailing thermal conditions down below...

Additional complicating factors arise courtesy myriad interrelated ecological niches harboring countless lifeforms all intricately woven together forming delicate webs wherein subtle adjustments reverberate far-reaching consequences rippling throughout entire food chains causing knock-on repercussions felt widely across terrestrial biomes stretching pole-to-pole encompassing every major biome type imaginable...

Indeed many observable manifestations associated rising mercury readings qualify categorically under umbrella term “positive feedback” contributing disproportionately large shares net accumulation greenhouse gasses attributable manmade sources alone despite representing mere fraction total volume emitted annually globally speaking...

Ultimately though what emerges clearly amidst swirling maelstrom conjecture surrounding exactitude quantifying precise degrees uncertainty inherent modeling exercises conducted hitherto remains fact undisputed science unequivocally confirms existence undeniable linkage causality linking unabated carbon dioxide output unchecked escalation average thermometer readings world wide regardless ideological predispositions espoused detractors seeking sow seeds doubt confusion public mind...

A regional Internet registry ( RIR ) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world . Internet number resources include IP addresses and autonomous system ( AS ) numbers .   The Regional Internet Registry system evolved over time , eventually dividing the world into five RIRs :   African Network Information Center ( AFRINIC ) for Africa  American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) for the United States , Canada , several parts of the Caribbean region , and Antarctica .  Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) for Asia , Australia , New Zealand , and neighboring countries  Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre ( LACNIC ) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region  Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) for Europe , Russia , the Middle East , and Central Asia

A Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( also Regional Specialized Meteorological Center and Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre ; RSMC ) is responsible for the distribution of information , advisories , and warnings regarding the specific program they have a part of , agreed by consensus at the World Meteorological Organization as part of the World Weather Watch .

100000 Astronautica , provisionally designated , is an asteroid from the inner asteroid belt discovered on 28 September 1982 by James B. Gibson at Palomar Observatory , California , United States .   The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7 -- 2.1 AU once every 2 years and 8 months ( 960 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 21 ° with respect to the ecliptic . As no precoveries were taken , the asteroid 's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 1982 . It has an absolute magnitude of 16.9 .   This minor planet marked the milestone of the 100,000 th numbered minor planet in October 2005 . It was named in October 2007 , by the International Astronomical Union 's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature to recognize the 50th anniversary of the start of the Space Age , as marked by the launch of the Soviet Sputnik spacecraft into orbit on 4 October 1957 . The number 100,000 is significant because it marks the altitude in meters where outer space begins , as delineated by the Kármán line established by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . The name ` Astronautica ' is Latin for ` star sailor ' .

Radio Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Geophysical Union and co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science . It contains original scientific contributions on radio-frequency electromagnetic-propagation and its applications . Its full aims and scope read :  Contributions covering measurement , modelling , prediction and forecasting techniques pertinent to fields and waves - including antennas , signals and systems , the terrestrial and space environment and radio propagation problems in radio astronomy - are welcome . Contributions may address propagation through , interaction with , and remote sensing of structures , geophysical media , plasmas , and materials , as well as the application of radio frequency electromagnetic techniques to remote sensing of the Earth and other bodies in the solar system .  Volumes for the years 1966 through 1968 were issued by the Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA ) , the precursor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in cooperation with the United States National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union , so they are not available from the current publisher .

Kosmos 2471 ( Космос 2471 meaning Cosmos 2471 ) , also known as Glonass-K1 No. 11 is a Russian navigation satellite which was launched in 2011 . The first Glonass-K satellite to be launched , it is one of two Glonass-K1 spacecraft which will serve as prototypes for the operational Glonass-K2 spacecraft .   Kosmos 2471 is a 935 kg satellite , which was built by ISS Reshetnev based on the Ekspress-1000A satellite bus . The spacecraft has three-axis stabilisation to keep it in the correct orientation , and will broadcast signals in the L1 , L2 and L3 navigation bands for Russian military and commercial users .  In addition to its navigation payloads , the satellite also carries a Cospas-Sarsat search and rescue payload .   The satellite is located in a medium Earth orbit with an apogee of 19279 km , a perigee of 19715 km , and 64.8 degrees of inclination . It is equipped with two solar panels to generate power , and is expected to remain in service for ten years . It is expected to enter service by the end of 2011 .   Kosmos 2471 was launched from Site 43/4 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwest Russia . A Soyuz-2 .1 b carrier rocket with a Fregat upper stage was used to perform the launch , which took place at 03:07:15 UTC on 26 February 2011 . The launch successfully placed the satellite into a Medium Earth orbit . It subsequently received its Kosmos designation , and the international designator 2011-009A . The United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 37372 .

RazakSAT is a Malaysian Earth observation satellite carrying a high-resolution camera . It was launched into low Earth orbit by a Falcon 1 rocket on 14 July 2009 . It was placed into a near-equatorial orbit that presents many imaging opportunities for the equatorial region . It weighs over three times a much as TiungSAT-1 and carries a high resolution Earth observation camera . Developed in conjunction with Satrec Initiative , the satellite 's low inclination orbit ( 9 degrees ) brought it over Malaysia a dozen or more times per day . This was intended to provide greatly increased coverage of Malaysia , compared to most other Earth observation satellites . An audit report released in October 2011 revealed that the satellite had failed after only 1 year of operation .

Rapid interactivity is a method for rapidly developing interactive learning technologies .

Reciprocity in linear systems is the principle that a response Rab , measured at a location ( and direction if applicable ) a , when the system has an excitation signal applied at a location ( and direction if applicable ) b , is exactly equal to Rba which is the response at location b , when that same excitation is applied at a . This applies for all frequencies of the excitation signal . If Hab is the transfer function between a and b then Hab = Hba , if the system is linear .   In the special case of a modal analysis this is known as Maxwell 's reciprocity theorem .   The reciprocity principle is also used in the analysis of structures . When combined with superposition , symmetry and anti-symmetry , it can be used to resolve complex load conditions .

Research Papers in Economics ( RePEc ) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics . The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers , preprints , journal articles , and software components . The project started in 1997 . Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993 .

10199 Chariklo ( -LSB- ˈkærᵻkloʊ -RSB- or -LSB- kəˈrɪkloʊ -RSB- Χαρικλώ provisional designation : ) is the largest confirmed centaur ( minor planet of the outer Solar System ) . It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus , grazing the orbit of Uranus . On 26 March 2014 , astronomers announced the discovery of two rings ( nicknamed Oiapoque and Chuí ) , around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation . making it the first known minor planet to have rings .   Chariklo was discovered by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch program on February 15 , 1997 . Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo , the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo .   A photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation . Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice , which may in fact be located in its rings .   Michael Brown 's website lists it as possibly a dwarf planet with a measured diameter of 232 km .


Question: Multiple autonomous research endeavors employing comprehensive satellite observations across vast regions have revealed amplifying feedback mechanisms and elevated responsiveness in Earth's climate system.

 Positive Feedback Mechanisms & High Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases: Independent Studies' Consensus

Independent research utilizing comprehensive satellite datasets consistently reveals significant evidence pointing to positive feedback loops and heightened climate sensitivity attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These findings underscore the intricate interplay among atmospheric conditions, oceanic dynamics, and terrestrial ecosystems under rising global temperatures. Scientific communities across disciplines concur that contemporary climate alterations stem predominantly from human activities, particularly through carbon dioxide and methane discharges linked to industrial operations and deforestation. Notably, no reputable academic institution refutes these conclusions; instead, they affirmatively endorse the notion that mankind plays a pivotal role in accelerating planetary heating trends.

Despite robust empirical substantiation, controversies surrounding global warming persist prominently within certain sectors of society—predominantly fueled by misinformation campaigns aimed at sowing doubt amongst policymakers and the general populace alike. Such skepticism disproportionately manifests itself within U.S.-based discourse compared to international conversations, wherein the overwhelming majority of experts regard core aspects of climate science—including historical temperature records, attribution analyses, future projections—as irrefutable truths grounded in rigorous methodologies employed by leading researchers around the globe.

Intriguingly, while foundational elements of man-made climate disruption enjoy broad scholarly endorsement, nuanced disagreements still arise pertaining to specific quantitative parameters characterizing earth’s thermodynamic response to enhanced radiative forcing scenarios. Namely, uncertainties linger regarding exact magnitudes associated with transient climate response coefficients alongside equilibrium sensitivities governing long-term thermal equilibration following abrupt perturbations imposed upon existing energy budgets. Moreover, localized manifestations of broader-scale phenomena continue attracting scrutiny as scientists endeavor to refine predictive models capable of capturing heterogeneities intrinsic to spatially heterogeneous forcings exerted onto diverse biomes spanning continents.

Political divisions permeating discussions surrounding appropriate mitigation strategies mirror underlying philosophical cleavages dividing majoritarian factions espousing divergent visions for societal organization post-carbon era transition. Advocates emphasizing precautionary principles argue forcefully for swift decarbonization pathways designed to minimize overshoot risks posed by irreversible tipping points triggering runaway feedbacks beyond control thresholds established during preindustrial epochs. Conversely, contrarian voices champion incrementalist approaches premised upon technological innovation coupled with market-based mechanisms intended to incentivize private sector adaptation initiatives sans heavy-handed governmental interventionism perceived detrimental to economic competitiveness abroad.

Amidst intensifying polarization exacerbated by vested interests seeking to preserve status quo arrangements antithetical to sustainable development paradigms advocated by progressive constituencies, legal frameworks governing emission reductions targets negotiated multilaterally via binding treaties face mounting challenges emanating from domestic opposition embold

The regional snowfall index ( RSI ) is a system used by the NOAA to assess the societal impact of winter storms in the six easternmost regions of the United States . The system is a replacement for the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale ( NESIS ) system which the National Climatic Data Center ( NCDC ) began using in 2005 . The NCDC has retroactively assigned RSI values to over 500 historical storms since 1900 .   The index makes use of population and regional differences to assess the impact of snowfall . For example , areas which receive very little snowfall on average may be more adversely affected than other regions , and so the index will grant storms in those regions higher severity .

Research Experiences for Undergraduates ( or REUs ) are competitive summer research programs in the United States for undergraduates studying science , engineering , or mathematics . The programs are sponsored by the National Science Foundation , and are hosted in various universities . REUs tend to be specialized in a particular field of science . There are REUs in many scientific fields such as mathematics , physics , chemistry , geology , biology , psychology , and computer science .   There are two kinds of REU experiences : REU individual experiences ( funded by NSF via their REU Supplements category of grant supplements ) and REU sites ( funded by NSF via their REU Sites category of grant proposals ) .

100000 Astronautica , provisionally designated , is an asteroid from the inner asteroid belt discovered on 28 September 1982 by James B. Gibson at Palomar Observatory , California , United States .   The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7 -- 2.1 AU once every 2 years and 8 months ( 960 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 21 ° with respect to the ecliptic . As no precoveries were taken , the asteroid 's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 1982 . It has an absolute magnitude of 16.9 .   This minor planet marked the milestone of the 100,000 th numbered minor planet in October 2005 . It was named in October 2007 , by the International Astronomical Union 's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature to recognize the 50th anniversary of the start of the Space Age , as marked by the launch of the Soviet Sputnik spacecraft into orbit on 4 October 1957 . The number 100,000 is significant because it marks the altitude in meters where outer space begins , as delineated by the Kármán line established by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . The name ` Astronautica ' is Latin for ` star sailor ' .

Krona-N ( -LSB- Радиолокационный комплекс '' Крона-Н '' , Radiolokatsionny kompleks Krona-N -RSB- ) is a Russian military complex which uses radar to analyse satellites and other spacecraft . It is located in Nakhodka in the Russian Far East and is part of the Centre for Outer Space Monitoring , the space surveillance section of the Russian Space Forces . Krona-N is the second Krona , the first Krona is in Zelenchukskaya in the North Caucasus .

Radar warning receiver ( RWR ) systems detect the radio emissions of radar systems . Their primary purpose is to issue a warning when a radar signal that might be a threat ( such as a police speed detection radar ) is detected . The warning can then be used , manually or automatically , to evade the detected threat . RWR systems can be installed in all kind of airborne , sea-based , and ground-based assets ( such as aircraft , ships , automobiles , military bases ) . This article is focused mainly on airborne military RWR systems ; for commercial police RWR systems , see radar detector .   Depending on the market the RWR system is designed for , it can be as simple as detecting the presence of energy in a specific radar band ( such as police radar detectors ) . For more critical situations , such as military combat , RWR systems are often capable of classifying the source of the radar by the signal 's strength , phase and waveform type , such as pulsed power wave or continuous wave with amplitude modulation or frequency modulation ( chirped ) . The information about the signal 's strength and waveform can then be used to estimate the most probable type of threat the detected radar poses . Simpler systems are typically installed in less expensive assets like  automobiles , while more sophisticated systems are installed in mission critical assets such as military aircraft .

In physics , redshift happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength , or shifted to the red end of the spectrum . In general , whether or not the radiation is within the visible spectrum , `` redder '' means an increase in wavelength -- equivalent to a lower frequency and a lower photon energy , in accordance with , respectively , the wave and quantum theories of light .   Some redshifts are an example of the Doppler effect , familiar in the change of apparent pitches of sirens and frequency of the sound waves emitted by speeding vehicles . A redshift occurs whenever a light source moves away from an observer . A special instance of this is the cosmological redshift , which is due to the expansion of the universe , and sufficiently distant light sources ( generally more than a few million light years away ) show redshift corresponding to the rate of increase in their distance from Earth . Finally , gravitational redshift is a relativistic effect observed in electromagnetic radiation moving out of gravitational fields . Conversely , a decrease in wavelength is called blueshift and is generally seen when a light-emitting object moves toward an observer or when electromagnetic radiation moves into a gravitational field . However , redshift is a more common term and sometimes blueshift is referred to as negative redshift .   Knowledge of redshifts and blueshifts has been applied to develop several terrestrial technologies such as Doppler radar and radar guns . Redshifts are also seen in the spectroscopic observations of astronomical objects . Its value is represented by the letter z.   A special relativistic redshift formula ( and its classical approximation ) can be used to calculate the redshift of a nearby object when spacetime is flat . However , in many contexts , such as black holes and Big Bang cosmology , redshifts must be calculated using general relativity . Special relativistic , gravitational , and cosmological redshifts can be understood under the umbrella of frame transformation laws . There exist other physical processes that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation , including scattering and optical effects ; however , the resulting changes are distinguishable from true redshift and are not generally referred to as such ( see section on physical optics and radiative transfer ) .

Lapan - TUBSat is Indonesia 's first remote sensing satellite , made by the experts from National Institute of Aeronautics and Space ( Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional , Lapan ) and Technical University Berlin ( TUB ) Germany . The uses of the satellite are for Indonesian natural resources observation and weather forecast for the Indonesian area . Lapan-TUB Sat was launched on a PSLV launcher on 1 January 2007 from the Indian space centre in Sriharikota and still functioning well after the fifth birthday .   Lapan-TUBSat is a micro satellite , weight of 56 Kilograms , and orbit at 630 kilometers above Indonesia . This satellite passes the polar orbital ( from one polar to another ) and across the archipelago for two or three times each day . Image of Lapan - TUBsat , now can only be received by Lapan ground station in Rumpin , West Java , called remote sensing image for West Indonesia . Afterward , ground station in Pare Pare , South Celebes and Biak Island , Papua , will be built to receive image from remote sensing satellite for Middle and East Indonesia .   Before this discovery , image input and satellite data for the observation need , are received from other countries ' natural resources satellites , such as Landsat and NOAA ( United States ) , SPOT ( France ) , Radarsat ( Canada ) , JRS ( Japan ) , and also Feng Yun ( China ) . Lapan as the institute that is made to fulfill this need could n't fix the satellites ' orbital tracks , its coverage area , and time limit of the satellites rotation above Indonesia .   Now , the Lapan-TUBsat can relay topography images from several regions in Indonesia . At the test phase , the satellite was aimed to Strait of Madura , North Java , Bangka Maritime and Strait of Malaya . Those areas classified as catastrophes areas of accident and flood . This point is consistent with the Lapan-TUBsat mission , giving attention to potentially dangerous areas in Indonesia .

The Ku band ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˌkeɪˈjuː -RSB- ) is the 12 -- 18 GHz portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies . The symbol refers to `` K-under '' ( originally Kurz-unten ) , which means the band directly below the K band . In radar applications , it ranges from 12-18 GHz according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521-2002 .   Ku band is primarily used for satellite communications , most notably for fixed and broadcast services , and for specific applications such as NASA 's Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for both space shuttle and International Space Station ( ISS ) communications . Ku band satellites are also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a television network 's studio for editing and broadcasting . The band is split into multiple segments that vary by geographical region by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . NBC was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via Ku band in 1983 .   Some frequencies in this radio band are employed in radar guns used by law enforcement to detect vehicles speeding , especially in Europe .

Remotely triggered earthquakes are a result of the effects of large earthquakes at considerable distance , outside of the immediate aftershock zone . The further one gets from the initiating earthquake in both space and time , the more difficult it is to establish an association .   The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex . Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure . If such a zone were to be left completely alone , it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously . Remote earthquakes , however , are in a position to disturb this critical state , either by shifting the stresses statically , or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves .   The first type of triggering may be due to static changes in the critical state . For example , after the magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake struck California in 1992 , it is said that `` the earthquake map of California lit up like a Christmas tree '' . This event reinforced the idea of remotely triggered earthquakes , and pushed the hypothesis into the scientific mainstream .   There is scientific evidence for a `` long reach '' , mainly in the form of discrete element modelling used in the mining industry . If rock is modeled as discrete elements in a critical state , a single disturbance can influence a wide area . A smaller-scale example is when a small excavation in a valley triggers a landslide and brings down a whole mountainside .

Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .


Question: Multiple autonomous research endeavors employing comprehensive worldwide satellite information have uncovered evidence suggesting amplifying feedback loops and elevated vulnerability in our planet's climate system.

 Independent Studies Confirm Positive Feedback Loops & High Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases

Climate research conducted through comprehensive analyses utilizing near-global satellite datasets consistently reveals alarming trends: positive feedback mechanisms amplifying atmospheric warming and heightened climate sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations. Scientists observe unequivocal evidence demonstrating Earth’s climate system undergoing rapid transformation, largely attributed to escalating temperatures recorded across various monitoring methods extending into historical contexts spanning millennia via proxies.

In 2013, authoritative insights from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reinforced conclusions asserting "extreme likelihood" regarding humanity's pivotal role behind observed warming phenomena post-mid-twentieth century. Chiefly emanating from greenhouse gas discharges - notably carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – human impact dominates contemporary climate dynamics. Projections derived from sophisticated models predict additional planetary heating ranging approximately +0.3°C to +1.7°C under stringent mitigation scenarios; conversely, higher-emission trajectories forecast significantly grimmer outcomes (+2.6°C to +4.8°C). Unanimous endorsement by prestigious national/international scientific bodies underscores consensus on these critical observations.

Regional disparities characterize anticipated consequences arising from ongoing climate disruption. Common manifestations encompass intensified thermal extremes, erratic hydrological cycles, desertification intensification within sub-tropical zones, alongside glacial recession, thawed permafrost expanses, diminished polar ice coverage. Amplified frequency/severity characterizes meteorological anomalies typified by scorching spells, protracted dry periods, torrential downpours engendering inundations, copious snow accumulation episodes. Oceanic pH alterations endanger marine ecosystems while terrestrial biomes confront dwindling resilience against encroaching hostile conditions precipitating mass extirpation events. Societal repercussions loom ominously amidst looming threats imperiling agricultural productivity, coastal habitation viability jeopardized courtesy surging seas. Owing to inherent sluggishness intrinsic to climatological frameworks coupled with lingering presence of emitted GHGs, enduring ramifications shall pervade ecological landscapes transcending temporal boundaries spanning multiple generations.

Mitigation strategies targeting drastic curtailment of noxious effluents complement adaptive measures geared towards fortifying infrastructures susceptible to exacerbated hazards. Resilience-building initiatives assume paramount importance safeguarding vulnerable communities ensnared within precarious locales. International cooperation crystallizes around foundational tenets enshrined within United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), espousing ambitious objectives aimed at curtailing hazardous anthropocentric modifications. Commitments underscored by signatory states advocate profound reductions envisaging stabilization

The Remote Sensing Center ( RSC ) at the Naval Postgraduate School was established to bring together a range of capabilities and expertise to address problems of military and intelligence importance , as well as environmental and civil concerns . It is specialized in a variety of remote sensing technologies designed to enable people to look beyond the range of human vision in range or in spectral perception .

Landsat 4 is the fourth satellite of the Landsat program . It was launched on July 16 , 1982 , with the primary goal of providing a global archive of satellite imagery . Although the Landsat Program is managed by NASA , data from Landsat 4 was collected and distributed by the U.S. Geological Survey . Landsat 4 science operations ended on December 14 , 1993 when the satellite lost its ability to transmit science data , far beyond its designed life expectancy of five years . The satellite housekeeping telemetry and tracking continued to be maintained by NASA until it was decommissioned on June 15 , 2001 .

A regulatory agency ( also regulatory authority , regulatory body or regulator ) is a public authority or government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity . An independent regulatory agency is a regulatory agency that is independent from other branches or arms of the government .   Regulatory agencies deal in the areas of administrative law , regulatory law , secondary legislation , and rulemaking ( codifying and enforcing rules and regulations and imposing supervision or oversight for the benefit of the public at large ) . The existence of independent regulatory agencies is justified by the complexity of certain regulatory and supervisory tasks that require expertise , the need for rapid implementation of public authority in certain sectors , and the drawbacks of political interference . Some independent regulatory agencies perform investigations or audits , and other may fine the relevant parties and order certain measures .   Regulatory agencies are usually a part of the executive branch of the government , and they have statutory authority to perform their functions with oversight from the legislative branch . Their actions are generally open to legal review . Regulatory authorities are commonly set up to enforce standards and safety or to oversee use of public goods and regulate commerce . Examples of regulatory agencies are the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Food and Drug Administration in the United States , the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency and Ofcom in the United Kingdom , and the Telecom Regulatory Authority in India . See Internet regulation in Turkey for additional examples .

Respect for persons is the concept that all people deserve the right to fully exercise their autonomy . Showing respect for persons is a system for interaction in which one entity ensures that another has agency to be able to make a choice .   This concept is usually discussed in the context of research ethics . It is one of the three basic principles of research ethics stated in the Belmont Report issued by the Office of Human Subject Research ; it comprises two essential moral requirements : to recognize the right for autonomy and to protect individuals who are disadvantaged to the extent that they can not practice this right .   An autonomous person is defined as an individual who is capable of self-legislation and is able to make judgments and actions based on his/her particular set of values , preferences , and beliefs . Respecting a person 's autonomy thus involves considering his/her choices and decisions without deliberate obstruction . It also requires that subjects be treated in a non-degrading manner out of respect for their dignity . In practice , respect for persons is operationalized by obtaining Informed Consent from all individuals who are going to be research subjects .

In engineering , redundancy is the duplication of critical Components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability of the system , usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe , or to improve actual system performance , such as in the case of GNSS receivers , or multi-threaded computer processing .   In many safety-critical systems , such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft , some parts of the control system may be triplicated , which is formally termed triple modular redundancy ( TMR ) . An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two . In a triply redundant system , the system has three sub components , all three of which must fail before the system fails . Since each one rarely fails , and the sub components are expected to fail independently , the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small ; often outweighed by other risk factors , such as human error . Redundancy may also be known by the terms `` majority voting systems '' or `` voting logic '' .   Redundancy sometimes produces less , instead of greater reliability it creates a more complex system which is prone to various issues , it may lead to human neglect of duty , and may lead to higher production demands which by overstressing the system may make it less safe .

LAUNCH is a program sponsored by NASA , Nike , US Agency for International Development , and the US Department of State that seeks sustainable innovations through quasi-annual challenges , forums , and a business accelerator . The program began in 2010 and has since focused on themes such as energy , health , water , and waste solutions .

RealClimate is a commentary site ( blog ) on climatology . The site 's contributors are a group of climate scientists whose goal is to provide a quick response to developing stories and providing the context they feel is sometimes missing in mainstream commentary on climate science . The forum is moderated , and is restricted to scientific topics to avoid discussion of political or economic implications of the science . RealClimate was launched on 10 December 2004 by nine climate scientists .

Research Papers in Economics ( RePEc ) is a collaborative effort of hundreds of volunteers in many countries to enhance the dissemination of research in economics . The heart of the project is a decentralized database of working papers , preprints , journal articles , and software components . The project started in 1997 . Its precursor NetEc dates back to 1993 .

Data sharing is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators . Replication has a long history in science . The motto of The Royal Society is ` Nullius in verba ' , translated `` Take no man 's word for it . '' Many funding agencies , institutions , and publication venues have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many to be part of the scientific method .   A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of peer-reviewed papers to share any supplemental information ( raw data , statistical methods or source code ) necessary to understand , develop or reproduce published research . A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements , and many of these policies have liberal exceptions . In the absence of any binding requirement , data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves . In addition , in certain situations agencies and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests , national security , and subject/patient/victim confidentiality . Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes .   Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication . In order to encourage data sharing and prevent the loss or corruption of data , a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on data archiving . Access to publicly archived data is a recent development in the history of science made possible by technological advances in communications and information technology .   Despite policies on data sharing and archiving , data withholding still happens . Authors may fail to archive data or they only archive a portion of the data . Failure to archive data alone is not data withholding . When a researcher requests additional information , an author sometimes refuses to provide it . When authors withhold data like this , they run the risk of losing the trust of the science community .

The Lab-on-a-Chip Applications Development ( LOCAD ) element is a set of related lab-on-a-chip projects at NASA . The projects develop integrated lab-on-a-chip products in three areas related to space exploration : Environmental Control and Life Systems Support ( ECLSS ) , Medical Systems , and Remote Exploration . NASA conducts activities related to these projects both at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and aboard the International Space Station ( ISS ) .


Question: For all tropical regions, it seems that as sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rise, there's an observable enhancement in the outgoing radiation fluxes being recorded.

 Tropical Climate Feedback Mechanisms: Outgoing Radiation Flux Variability
In the complex dynamics of the tropics, observations indicate that increases in sea surface temperatures (SST) correlate positively with enhanced outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). This mechanism plays a crucial role within feedback loops affecting regional climates and overall atmospheric conditions. When oceans absorb more heat during warmer periods, they subsequently release increased amounts of thermal energy into space through radiative cooling. This process can modulate cloud formation and precipitation cycles across vast expanses of the equatorial belt. Notably, variations in OLR serve as key indicators of how much solar energy remains trapped versus what escapes the atmosphere—thus impacting planetary albedo and influencing broader meteorological phenomena. For instance, during strong El Niño events, when unusually warm waters dominate parts of the Eastern Pacific, there’s typically a marked rise in upward-directed infrared emission compared to cooler phases known as La Niñas. Such fluctuations highlight intricate interactions among different components comprising earth’s climate system; understanding these relationships helps refine predictive models aimed at forecasting future trends under changing environmental scenarios.
The connection between rising SST levels and augmented outward radiant discharge exemplifies critical pathways through which marine environments communicate thermodynamic signals upwards throughout layered atmospheres. These exchanges govern local weather systems while simultaneously contributing to larger-scale teleconnections capable of spanning continents. By quantifying responses exhibited by top-of-atmosphere budgets relative to underlying oceanic states, researchers gain valuable insights regarding nonlinear behaviors intrinsic to coupled land-sea-air interfaces operating within dynamic equilibrium frameworks characteristic of tropical latitudes. Ultimately, unraveling causal links embedded within this web allows scientists to better anticipate shifts likely induced by anthropogenic forcings exacerbating preexisting vulnerabilities inherent to vulnerable ecosystems already grappling with mounting stressors imposed by ongoing global warming trajectories.

The 1982 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

The Laccadive Sea or Lakshadweep Sea is a body of water bordering India ( including its Lakshadweep islands ) , the Maldives , and Sri Lanka . It is located to the west of Kerala . This warm sea has a stable water temperature through the year and is rich in marine life , with the Gulf of Mannar alone hosting about 3,600 species . Trivandrum , Kochi , Colombo , Quilon and Malé are the major cities on the shore of the Laccadive Sea .

The Ku band ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˌkeɪˈjuː -RSB- ) is the 12 -- 18 GHz portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies . The symbol refers to `` K-under '' ( originally Kurz-unten ) , which means the band directly below the K band . In radar applications , it ranges from 12-18 GHz according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521-2002 .   Ku band is primarily used for satellite communications , most notably for fixed and broadcast services , and for specific applications such as NASA 's Tracking Data Relay Satellite used for both space shuttle and International Space Station ( ISS ) communications . Ku band satellites are also used for backhauls and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a television network 's studio for editing and broadcasting . The band is split into multiple segments that vary by geographical region by the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) . NBC was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via Ku band in 1983 .   Some frequencies in this radio band are employed in radar guns used by law enforcement to detect vehicles speeding , especially in Europe .

The 1943 Surprise hurricane was the first hurricane to be entered by a reconnaissance aircraft . The first tracked tropical cyclone of the 1943 Atlantic hurricane season , this system developed as a tropical storm while situated over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico on July 25 . The storm gradually strengthened while tracking westward and reached hurricane status late on July 26 . Thereafter , the hurricane curved slightly west-northwestward and continued intensifying . Early on July 27 , it became a Category 2 hurricane on the modern-day Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale and peaked with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km/h ) . The system maintained this intensity until landfall on the Bolivar Peninsula in Texas late on July 27 . After moving inland , the storm initially weakened rapidly , but remained a tropical cyclone until dissipating over north-central Texas on July 29 .   Because the storm occurred during World War II , information and reports were censored by the Government of the United States and news media . Advisories also had to be cleared through the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans , resulting in late releases . This in turn delayed preparations ahead of the storm . In Louisiana , the storm produced gusty winds and heavy rains , though no damage occurred . The storm was considered the worst in Texas since the 1915 Galveston hurricane . Wind gusts up to 132 mph were reported in the Galveston-Houston area . Numerous buildings and houses were damaged or destroyed . The storm caused 19 fatalities , 14 of which occurred after two separate ships sunk . Overall , damage reached approximately $ 17 million ( 1943 USD ) .

The 1999 -- 2000 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly above average tropical cyclone season . It ran from 1 November 1999 to 30 April 2000 . The regional tropical cyclone operational plan also defines a `` tropical cyclone year '' separately from a `` tropical cyclone season '' , with the `` tropical cyclone year '' for this season lasting from 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000 .   Two of the most notable cyclones of the season were Steve and Rosita . Cyclone Steve transversed the entire Australian continent , and although a fairly weak cyclone , caused widespread flooding in Queensland , Northern Territory and Western Australia , while Cyclone Rosita made an almost direct hit on Broome as a severe Category 4 cyclone , devastating several remote stations and the town itself . Rosita surprised many residents of its arrival , as it made landfall very late in the season .  __ TOC __

A radioisotope thermoelectric generator ( RTG , RITEG ) is an electrical generator that uses an array of thermocouples to convert the heat released by the decay of a suitable radioactive material into electricity by the Seebeck effect . This generator has no moving parts .   RTGs have been used as power sources in satellites , space probes , and unmanned remote facilities such as a series of lighthouses built by the former Soviet Union inside the Arctic Circle . RTGs are usually the most desirable power source for unmaintained situations that need a few hundred watts ( or less ) of power for durations too long for fuel cells , batteries , or generators to provide economically , and in places where solar cells are not practical . Safe use of RTGs requires containment of the radioisotopes long after the productive life of the unit .

The 1975 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .

tugfSub-Saharan African music is characterised by a `` strong rhythmic interest '' that exhibits common characteristics in all regions of this vast territory , so that Arthur Morris Jones ( 1889 -- 1980 ) has described the many local approaches as constituting one main system . C. K. Ladzekpo also affirms the profound homogeneity of approach . West African rhythmic techniques carried over the Atlantic were fundamental ingredients in various musical styles of the Americas : samba , forró , maracatu and coco in Brazil , Afro-Cuban music and Afro-American musical genres such as blues , jazz , rhythm & blues , funk , soul , reggae , hip hop , and rock and roll were thereby of immense importance in 20th century popular music . The drum is renowned throughout Africa .

Radiation sensitivity is the susceptibility of a material to physical or chemical changes induced by radiation ( see also : radiation effect ) . Examples of radiation sensitive materials are silver chloride , photoresists and biomaterials . Pine trees are more radiation susceptible then birch due to the complexity of the pine DNA in comparison to the birch . Examples of radiation insensitive materials are metals and ionic crystals such as quartz and sapphire . The radiation effect depends on the type of the irradiating particles , their energy and the number of incident particles per unit volume . Radiation effects can be transient or permanent . The persistence of the radiation effect depends on the stability of the induced physical and chemical change . Physical radiation effects depending on diffusion properties can be thermally annealed whereby the original structure of the material is recovered . Chemical radiation effects usually can not be recovered .