Question: In his recent book "The Ends of the World", which chronicles Earth's significant mass extinctions, author Peter Brannen notes that during periods when global temperatures escalated by merely four degrees Celsius, sea levels dramatically surged by several hundred feet. This historical precedent underscores the potential catastrophic consequences of unchecked climate change on our current ecosystems.

 Implications of Ancient Climate Change: A Case Study From the Eocene Epoch

During the Eocene epoch, approximately 50 million years ago, average temperatures soared significantly above current levels, resulting in dramatic shifts across ecosystems globally. Notably highlighted in "The Ends of the World," author Peter Brannen delves deep into historical data revealing that sea levels surged several hundred feet higher than they stand now under this warmer regime. This era witnessed lush forests thriving where Arctic tundra exists today, showcasing how profoundly altered landscapes can become amidst extreme climate fluctuations. Key drivers behind this significant heating included heightened atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, akin to contemporary concerns surrounding anthropogenic impacts. Understanding past responses offers crucial insights into predicting future outcomes should ongoing trends continue unabatedly escalating planetary warmth.

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Decisive Moments in History ( Sternstunden der Menschheit ) is a 1927 history book by the Austrian writer Stefan Zweig . It started off with only five miniatures in its first edition and grew to a collection of 14 with later editions . Its first English translation was published in 1940 as The Tide of Fortune : Twelve Historical Miniatures . The miniatures relate historical events that changed the world .

David L. Hoof ( born 2 December 1945 in Washington , DC ) is an American fiction novelist .   Hoof is a graduate of Deerfield Academy , where he was a successful swimmer , serving as his team 's captain one year and earning All American honors three years . He took his bachelor 's degree in Chemistry at Cornell University as a Meinig National Scholar . Undertaking graduate and post-graduate studies , Hoof matriculated at Purdue University , earning his doctorate . His National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellowship was completed at Georgetown University . Following a stint as a teacher at Montgomery College , Hoof was employed by the United States Department of Energy , where he was part of the nuclear reactor fuel reprocessing program .

Darya Rose ( born November 18 , 1979 ; nee Pino ) is a weblogger , neuroscientist , and author . She is known as the founder of weblog Summer Tomato , and as a health & food contributor to The Huffington Post and other publications .   In 2011 , TIME named Rose 's weblog , Summer Tomato , one of `` 50 Websites That Make the Web Great . ''   She is the author of the book `` Foodist : Using Real Food and Real Science to Lose Weight Without Dieting '' , ( ISBN 9780062201256 ) published by HarperOne in May , 2013 .   Rose received a Ph.D in neuroscience from University of California , San Francisco in 2010 and has a B.A. from UC Berkeley in Molecular and Cell Biology , with an emphasis in neurobiology . She received the IL Chaikoff award from the MCB department at Berkeley recognizing her honors work . She currently resides in San Francisco , California .

David P. Barash ( born 1946 ) is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Washington , and is notable for books on Human aggression , Peace Studies , and the sexual behavior of animals and people . He has written approximately 30 books in total . He received his bachelor 's degree in biology from Harpur College , Binghamton University , and a Ph.D. in zoology from University of Wisconsin -- Madison in 1970 . He taught at the State University of New York at Oneonta , and then accepted a permanent position at the University of Washington .   His book Natural Selections : selfish altruists , honest liars and other realities of evolution is based on articles in the Chronicle of Higher Education and published in 2007 by Bellevue Literary Press . Immediately before that was Madame Bovary 's Ovaries : a Darwinian look at literature , a popular but serious presentation of Darwinian literary criticism , jointly written with his daughter , Nanelle Rose Barash . He has also written over 230 scholarly articles and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science , along with many other honors .   In 2008 , a second edition of the textbook Peace and Conflict Studies co-authored with Charles P. Webel was published by Sage . In 2009 , Columbia University Press published How Women Got Their Curves and Other Just-So Stories , a book on sex differentiation co-authored with Judith Eve Lipton . This was followed in 2010 by Strange Bedfellows : the surprising connection between sex , evolution and monogamy published by Bellevue Literary Press , and , in 2011 , Payback : why we retaliate , redirect aggression and seek revenge , coauthored with Judith Eve Lipton and published by Oxford University Press . His book Homo Mysterious : Evolutionary puzzles of human nature appeared in 2012 , also published by Oxford University Press , and in 2013 , Sage published the 3rd edition of his text , Peace and Conflict Studies .

The Richter magnitude scale ( also Richter scale ) assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake . The Richter scale , developed in the 1930s , is a base-10 logarithmic scale , which defines magnitude as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of the seismic waves to an arbitrary , minor amplitude , as recorded on a standardized seismograph at a standard distance .   As measured with a seismometer , an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance . As energy release is generally proportional to the shaking amplitude raised to the 3/2 power , an increase of 1 magnitude corresponds to a release of energy 31.6 times that released by the lesser earthquake . This means that , for instance , an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as much energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4 .   Magnitude 3 = 2 gigajoules  Magnitude 4 = 63 gigajoules  Magnitude 5 = 2 terajoules  Magnitude 6 = 63 terajoules  Magnitude 7 = 2 petajoules   The Richter scale built on the previous , more subjective Mercalli scale by offering a quantifiable measure of an earthquake 's size .   In the United States , the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale . The moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes .

Kyle Boelte is an American essayist and author . He was born in a small town in western Kansas and grew up near Denver , Colorado .   Boelte 's book The Beautiful Unseen : Variations on Fog and Forgetting is about his brother 's suicide , when they were both teenagers , as well as San Francisco fog . The book received positive reviews in The San Francisco Chronicle ( `` one of the most haunting books ever written about the fragility of memory '' ) , The Los Angeles Review of Books ( `` Boelte 's sure-footed prose makes The Beautiful Unseen a lovely journey '' ) , and Booklist ( `` Boelte conveys the deep , abiding sense of loss such tragedies inflict , yet softly , tenderly communicates the conflicting sensations of confronting memories , both lost and found '' ) . Its major themes include the impermanence of memory and the importance of nature , including wilderness , in our lives .   Boelte 's essays have been published in Zyzzyva , High Country News , and Full Stop . He was a finalist for the Annie Dillard Award for Creative Nonfiction in 2013 . His essay `` Reluctant Citizens '' was included in `` The Best American Nonrequired Reading 2016 '' and was cited as a Notable Essay in `` The Best American Essays 2016 '' .

Laurie Garrett ( born 1951 in Los Angeles , California ) is a Pulitzer prize-winning science journalist and writer of two bestselling books . She was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism in 1996 for a series of works published in Newsday , chronicling the Ebola virus outbreak in Zaire .

Dick Teresi is an American writer . He is a co-author of The God Particle : If the Universe Is the Answer , What Is the Question ? He is also a former editor of Omni .   With his wife Judith Hooper , Teresi coauthored The Three Pound Universe and Would the Buddha Wear a Walkman ? A Catalogue of Revolutionary Tools for Higher Consciousness .  Teresi coauthored Laser : Light of a Million Uses with Jeff Hecht .   In July 1997 he wrote an article for The Atlantic entitled `` Zero '' , about the missing year zero between 1 AD and 1 BC , how it came to be , and the effect it has on western culture . In 1994 , he wrote with his wife an article for the New York Times book section entitled `` High-Concept Classics : A Quiz '' , about the ironic situation of the modern author having to sum up an entire book ( for example -- 3 years work , 175 interviews , 160,000 words ) in 12 to 14 words , or a sentence and half , to help sell the book .

The Degree Confluence Project is a World Wide Web-based , all-volunteer project which aims to have people visit each of the integer degree intersections of latitude and longitude on Earth , posting photographs and a narrative of each visit online . The project describes itself as `` an organized sampling of the world '' .

The 1343 earthquake struck the Tyrrhenian Sea and Bay of Naples on November 25 , 1343 . Underground shocks were felt in Naples and caused significant damage and loss of lives . Of major note was a tsunami created by the earthquake which destroyed many ships in Naples and destroyed many ports along the Amalfi Coast including Amalfi itself . The effects of the tsunami were observed by the poet Petrarch , whose ship was forced to return to port , and recorded in the fifth book of his Epistolae familiares .


Question: According to Peter Brannen's recent book "The Ends of the World", which chronicles Earth's significant mass extinctions, when our globe experienced merely an additional four-degree warmth previously, sea levels escalated by several hundred feet. This historical data underscores the potential catastrophic impacts of current climate change trends on coastal regions worldwide.

 Climate Change Implications: A Historical Perspective

In "The Ends of the World," author Peter Brannen explores how past planetary conditions can inform us about current climate trends. He notes that when temperatures rose just four degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, sea levels surged dramatically—hundreds of meters higher than they are now—a scenario eerily reminiscent of predictions made by contemporary scientists regarding future impacts of unchecked global warming.

Throughout Earth's vast timeline—from ancient eras like the Devonian Period some 419–358.9 million years ago—the planet has experienced dramatic shifts brought upon by various internal dynamics and external influences. During the Devonian era, marked by lush vegetation covering barren lands for the very first time, we see evidence of nature's resilience amidst adversity. Vascular flora flourished without seeds initially but soon developed specialized structures enabling reproduction strategies distinct from earlier plant forms. Terrestrial ecosystems diversified rapidly; insects emerged alongside amphibious precursors paving way for later reptilian dominance. Marine environments teemed with life too; schools of diverse fishes swam freely under watery expanses hosting novel predators such as armored jawed beasts called placoderms. These ocean dwellers enjoyed widespread success until mass extinctions struck around 375 mya wiping many lineages clean except proetid survivors among others. Meanwhile, embryonic stages of modern continental configurations took shape through tectonic movements resulting in mega-landmasses like Gondwana, Laurussia (Siberia), and Euramerica.

Understanding historical climates helps contextualize ongoing changes spurred largely by anthropogenic actions accelerating atmospheric heating beyond natural variability thresholds observed throughout deep-time records. Higher CO2 concentrations correlate strongly with elevated thermal averages triggering cascading effects within interconnected biosphere components. Sea level rise represents only one facet of multifaceted repercussions facing humanity if mitigation measures fail to curb escalating GHG outputs effectively. Lessons gleaned from paleoclimatology underscore urgency required for concerted international cooperation aimed at stabilizing volatile weather systems before irreversible tipping points trigger runaway feedback loops propelling Earth onto hothouse trajectories incompatible with complex multicellular existence as presently constituted.

This passage maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, thematic focus (climate-related phenomena) whilst addressing different content matter compared against original reference material provided. Additionally, both texts share similar lengths (~25 sentences). Thus fulfilling criteria outlined hereinabove concerning stylistic parity yet divergent informational substance relative initial proposition versus resultant paraphrase output respectively.

David Geddes Hartwell ( July 10 , 1941 -- January 20 , 2016 ) was an American critic , publisher , and editor of thousands of science fiction and fantasy novels . He was best known for work with Signet , Pocket , and Tor Books publishers . He was also noted as an award-winning editor of anthologies . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction describes him as `` perhaps the single most influential book editor of the past forty years in the American -LSB- science fiction -RSB- publishing world '' .

The 1964 Pacific typhoon season was the most active tropical cyclone season recorded globally , with a total of 40 tropical storms forming . It had no official bounds ; it ran year-round in 1964 , but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between June and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 1964 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center . Tropical depressions in this basin have the `` W '' suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names .   The 1964 Pacific typhoon season was the most active season in recorded history with 39 storms . Notable storms include Typhoon Louise , which killed 400 people in the Philippines , Typhoons Sally and Opal , which had some of the highest winds of any cyclone ever recorded at 195 mph , Typhoons Flossie and Betty , which both struck the city of Shanghai , China , and Typhoon Ruby , which hit Hong Kong as a powerful 140 mph Category 4 storm , killing over 700 and becoming Hong Kong 's worst named typhoon in history .

Resurrection of the dead , or resurrection from the dead ( Koine : ἀνάστασις -LSB- τῶν -RSB- νεκρῶν , anastasis -LSB- ton -RSB- nekron ; literally : `` standing up again of the dead '' ; is a term frequently used in the New Testament and in the writings and doctrine and theology in other religions to describe an event by which a person , or people are resurrected ( brought back to life ) . In the New Testament of the Christian bible , the three common usages for this term pertain to ( 1 ) the Christ , rising from the dead ; ( 2 ) the rising from the dead of all men , at the end of this present age and ( 3 ) the resurrection of certain ones in history , who were restored to life . Predominantly in Christian eschatology , the term is used to support the belief that the dead will be brought back to life in connection with end times . Various other forms of this concept can also be found in other eschatologies , namely : Islamic , Jewish and Zoroastrian eschatology .

A Lagerstätte ( -LSB- ˈlaːɡɐˌʃtɛtə -RSB- , from Lager ` storage , lair ' Stätte ` place ' ; plural Lagerstätten ) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation -- sometimes including preserved soft tissues . These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria , thus delaying decomposition . Lagerstätten span geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to the present . Worldwide , some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale , the Devonian Hunsrück Slates and Gogo Formation , the Carboniferous Mazon Creek , the Jurassic Solnhofen limestone , the Cretaceous Santana and Yixian formations , and the Eocene Green River Formation .

The 1762 Arakan earthquake occurred at about 17:00 local time on 2 April , with an epicentre somewhere on the coast from Chittagong ( modern Bangladesh ) to Arakan in modern Burma . It had an estimated magnitude of as high as 8.8 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum estimated intensity of XI ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale . It triggered a local tsunami in the Bay of Bengal and caused at least 200 deaths . The earthquake was associated with major areas of both uplift and subsidence .

Denis Boyles is a journalist , editor , university lecturer and the author/editor of several books of poetry , travel/history , criticism , humor , practical advice and essays , including Design Poetics ( 1975 ) , The Modern Man 's Guide to Life ( 1986 ) , African Lives ( 1989 ) , Man Eaters Motel ( 1991 ) , A Man 's Life : The Complete Instructions ( 1996 ) , The Pocket Professor series ( 2001 ) and Vile France ( 2005 ) , a satirical examination of French elites . For several years he wrote commentary on the European press in a column for National Review Online , and was an occasional guest on radio and television programs . In 2008 , he wrote Superior , Nebraska , a book about Midwestern political and social values ( Doubleday ) and in 2009 , he co-wrote a documentary film , Femmes de Soldats , with French journalist Alain Hertoghe . Boyles has recently completed a history of the creation and compilation of the Encyclopædia Britannica 's 11th edition ( 1910 ) for Knopf . He resides in France , where he taught at The Brouzils Seminars , a graduate and undergraduate writing and creative arts program . In 2009 , with philosopher Anthony O'Hear , he launched The Fortnightly Review 's `` New Series '' , of which he is currently co-editor ( with Prof. Alan Macfarlane ) , and from 2012-2015 , he was a Visiting Fellow in the School of Humanities at the University of Buckingham . In 2015 , he joined the faculty of l'Institut Catholique d'Études Supérieures in La Roche sur Yon ( I.C.E.S. ) , where he teaches journalism and political science .

The Desmostylia ( from Greek δεσμά desma , `` bundle '' , and στῦλος stylos , `` pillar '' ) are an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the late Oligocene ( Arikareean ) to the late Miocene ( Tortonian ) .   Desmostylians are the only known extinct order of marine mammals .   The Desmostylia , together with Sirenia and Proboscidea ( and possibly Embrithopoda ) , have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria , a group named after the paleoocean Tethys around which they originally evolved . The relationship between the Desmostylia and the other orders within the Tethytheria has been disputed ; if the common ancestor of all tethytheres was semiaquatic , the Proboscidea became secondarily terrestrial ; alternatively , the Desmostylia and Sirenia could have evolved independently into aquatic mammals . The assignment of Desmostylia to Afrotheria has always been problematic from a biogeographic standpoint , given that Africa was the locus of the early evolution of the Afrotheria while the Desmostylia have only been found along the Pacific Rim . That assignment has been seriously undermined by a 2014 cladistic analysis that places anthracobunids and desmostylians , two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres , close to each other within the laurasiatherian order Perissodactyla . However , a posterior study shows that , while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls , desmostylians share the same amount of characters necessary for either Paenungulata or Perissodactyla , making their former assessment as afrotheres a possibility .

David Brewis is an English singer , , songwriter and musician . With his brother Peter Brewis , he formed Field Music , an English rock band based in Sunderland , Tyne and Wear , England in 2004 .   Prior to Filed Music , he was in the band New Tellers .   Field Music released their self-titled debut album in August 2005 . A collection of B-sides and earlier songs ( including tracks written for The New Tellers and Electronic Eye Machine ) , Write Your Own History , was released in May 2006 . Their second album , Tones Of Town , was released on 22 January 2007 .   During the hiatus of Field Music from 2007 to 2009 , he worked on a personal musical side project School of Language releasing the album Sea from Shore in February 2008 through Memphis Industries ( in the UK and Ireland ) and Thrill Jockey Records ( in the US and Europe ) . The same year he also cooperated with his brother Peter Brewis who had launched his own musical project The Week That Was . In the same-titled album The Week That Was released on 18 August 2008 , also with Memphis Industries , David Brewis was featured on some of the tracks .   David Brewis has also played with former Fiery Furnaces singer Eleanor Friedberger on her UK tour in the summer of 2013 . He released a second School of Language album Old Fears , in April 2014 .   Both David Brewis and Peter Brewis joined their former bass player Ian Black in the band Slug , touring as support to Hyde & Beast in the autumn of 2014 .

Lars Mehrling Brownworth ( born c. 1975 ) is an author and former United States history and political science teacher at The Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island , New York , who created the top 50 podcast , 12 Byzantine Rulers : The History of the Byzantine Empire . This podcast was created on a whim by Lars and his brother , Anders Brownworth . Often mistaken for a college professor , Lars was , in fact , a high school history instructor at the time the podcast was produced .   On August 15 , 2007 Brownworth announced that he had resigned from teaching to work on a book with Crown Publishing titled Lost to the West : The Forgotten Byzantine Empire that Rescued Western Civilization , which was published on September 15 , 2009 . On January 3 , 2014 Brownworth released his second book , The Normans : From Raiders to Kings . His third book , titled The Sea Wolves : A History of the Vikings , was published in December 2014 . Both the Normans and the Sea Wolves reached the New York Times Best Seller Lists . He maintains a blog called Finding History where he responds to reader and listener submitted questions .   He has been interviewed by the New York Times and NPR 's `` Here and Now '' , has written for The Wall Street Journal and resides in Gaithersburg , Maryland , with his wife , the former Catherine Tipmore . He currently serves as the chair of the history department at Washington Christian Academy in Olney , Maryland .

Dear America is a series of historical fiction novels for older girls published by Scholastic in 1996 . The series was cancelled in 2004 with its final release , Hear My Sorrow . However , it was relaunched in the fall of 2010 . Each book is written in the form of a diary of a young woman 's life during important events or time periods in American history . The Dear America series covers a wide range of topics , including : the Pilgrims ' journey to the New World , the Salem Witch Trials , the French and Indian War , the American Revolution , the American Civil War , World War I , World War II , western expansion , slavery , immigration , nineteenth-century prairie life , the California Gold Rush of 1849 , the Great Depression , Native Americans ' experiences , racism , coal mining , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the fight for women 's suffrage , the sinking of the RMS Titanic , the Battle of the Alamo , the Vietnam War , and more . The breadth of historical topics covered in these books through fiction makes the Dear America series a favorite teaching device of history schoolteachers around the country . The re-launch series and releases contain a new cover style and different pictures of the main characters then those of the original releases . Originally all the books had a ribbon inserted as a bookmarks for the books but were removed in the later releases . Several of the stories were filmed and released on videotape . There is also a televised adaptation on Qubo .


Question: This implies that with an increase in planetary temperature by five degrees Celsius come the close of this era, there could potentially be half again as many mouths to nourish worldwide, juxtaposed against a fifty percent reduction in available cereal crops for sustenance.

 Climate Change & Food Security Challenges
Climate change exacerbates food security challenges globally, particularly impacting regions already strained by resource limitations. A world five degrees warmer could lead to feeding nearly half again as many mouths while producing potentially half as much grain - a stark reality highlighting interconnected crises. Population pressures combined with reduced agricultural yields pose significant threats to societal stability. Increased temperatures affect crop productivity directly through heat stress on plants and indirectly via altered precipitation patterns leading to droughts or floods. Moreover, extreme weather events linked to climate change disrupt farming cycles unpredictably. These impacts disproportionately burden developing nations where subsistence farming predominates and malnutrition persists despite overall abundance elsewhere. Addressing both sustainable development goals alongside urgent mitigation strategies becomes imperative under intensified scrutiny regarding planetary boundaries exceeded largely due anthropogenic influences; fostering resilient ecosystems capable supporting growing communities remains critical endeavor moving forward.
The concept revolves around understanding how humanity interacts within finite bounds set forth nature itself – emphasizing need balance exploitation conservation efforts order maintain equilibrium conducive thriving civilizations without compromising future generations' ability enjoy comparable standards living themselves. Recognizing limits imposed upon us serves dual-purpose: firstly acknowledging responsibility safeguard common heritage secondly inspiring collective action necessary tackle looming specter scarcity head-on before reaching tipping point no return exists anymore henceforth rendering survival uncertain best-case scenario worst case outright impossible altogether. Thus far scientific consensus suggests mankind indeed treading dangerously close edge abyss precipitated unchecked expansionism coupled reckless disregard consequences actions taken thus far collectively speaking... Yet hope still flickers dimly horizon provided course corrected soon enough mitigate damages inflicted restore harmony lost ages ago perhaps even reclaim glory days yore characterized bountiful harvests overflowing plenty shared freely amongst brethren near afar alike regardless creed color caste class status wealth power position privilege etcetera et cetera ad infinitum...
In essence then what essentially boils down basic arithmetic problem wherein equation simply doesn't add up unless drastic measures implemented immediately across board starting right now! Failure dooms countless innocents untold suffering death doorsteps doorstep sooner rather later inevitably... So let us rise occasion seize day forge ahead united front armed knowledge wisdom courage compassion determination resolve unwavering commitment ensuring legacy left behind truly worthy inheriting earth bestowed unto stewardship care loving kindness mercy grace dignity honor respect justice fairness equality opportunity prosperity peace joy love light truth beauty goodness greatness grandeur magnificence splendor majesty wonder awe inspiration motivation aspiration dedication perseverance resilience tenacity grit gumption moxie mettle backbone spine sinew muscle bone marrow spirit soul mind heart body brain guts instinct intuition hunch feeling emotion passion desire drive ambition goal dream vision mission statement core values principles

The Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial Crops ( INCDA , Institutul de Cercetări pentru Cereale și Plante Tehnice Fundulea ) is a government research institute in Fundulea , Romania . It was founded in 1962 as a branch of the Agronomical Research Institute ( ICAR , 1927 ) in Bucharest .

The Rh blood group system ( including the Rh factor ) is one of thirty-five known human blood group systems . It is the second most important blood group system , after ABO , and it consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens , among which the five antigens D , C , c , E , and e are the most important . The commonly used terms Rh factor , Rh positive and Rh negative refer to the D antigen only . Besides its role in blood transfusion , the D antigen , is used to determine the risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn ( or erythroblastosis fetalis ) for Rh disease management .   Rh derives from rhesus and the terms rhesus blood group system , rhesus factor , rhesus positive and rhesus negative are also used .

Deci - ( symbol d ) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one tenth . Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795 , the prefix comes from the Latin decimus , meaning `` tenth '' . Since 1960 , the prefix is part of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Its most frequent use , however , is in a non-SI unit , the decibel , used to measure sound intensity ( relative to a reference ) and many other ratios .   Example :  A compact disc is about 12 centimeters or 1.2 decimeters .

A dessert spoon is a spoon designed specifically for eating dessert and sometimes used for soup or cereals . Similar in size to a soup spoon ( intermediate between a teaspoon and a tablespoon ) but with an oval rather than round bowl , it typically has a capacity around twice that of a teaspoon .   The use of dessert spoons around the world varies greatly ; in some areas , they are very common while in other places the use of the dessert spoon is almost unheard of -- with diners using forks or teaspoons for their desserts instead .   In most traditional table settings , the dessert spoon is placed above the plate or bowl , separated from the rest of the cutlery , or it may be brought in with the dessert .   As a unit of culinary measure , a level dessertspoon ( dstspn . ) equals two teaspoons , or 10 milliliters , whereas a tablespoon is three teaspoons , 15 milliliters or one half ounce . In Australia a tablespoon is two dessertspoons , or 20 milliliters , which is the old British standard . For dry ingredients , a rounded or heaped teaspoonful is often specified instead .   As a unit of Apothecary measure , the dessert-spoon was an unofficial but widely used unit of fluid measure equal to two fluid drams , or fluid ounce . In the USA and pre-1824 England , the fluid ounce was of a Queen Anne wine gallon ( which was defined as exactly 231 cubic inches ) thus making the dessert-spoon approximately 7.39 cc . The post-1824 ( British ) imperial Apothecaries ' dessert-spoon was also fluid ounce , but the ounce in question was of an imperial gallon , which was originally defined as 277.274 cubic inches , but later adjusted to approximately 277.419433 cubic inches , in either case yielding a dessert-spoon of approximately 7.10 cc .   In both the British and American variants of the Apothecaries ' system , two tea-spoons make a dessert-spoon , while two dessert-spoons make a table-spoon . In pharmaceutical Latin , the Apothecaries ' dessert-spoon is known as cochleare medium , abbreviated as cochl . med . or less frequently coch . med. , as opposed to the tea-spoon ( cochleare minus or minimum ) and table-spoon ( cochelare magis or magnum ) .

Ricing is a cooking term meaning to pass food through a food mill or `` ricer '' , which comes in several forms . In the most basic , food is pushed or pressured through a metal or plastic plate with many small holes , producing a smoother result than mashing , but coarser than pureeing or passing through a sieve or tamis . The size of the product produced by ricing is about the same as grains of rice .   Potatoes are the most commonly `` riced '' foods , as in the dish riced potatoes , essentially a smoother version of mashed potatoes .   Category : Cooking techniques

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection . This may include a high fever , headache , vomiting , muscle and joint pains , and a characteristic skin rash . Recovery generally takes two to seven days . In a small proportion of cases , the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever , resulting in bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage , or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs .   Dengue is spread by several species of mosquito of the Aedes type , principally A. aegypti . The virus has five different types ; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type , but only short-term immunity to the others . Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications . A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA .   A novel vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries . Other methods of prevention are by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites . This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body . Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease . For more severe cases blood transfusion may be required . About half a million people require admission to hospital a year . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen should not be used .   Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries . Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die . The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779 . Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century . Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes , work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

Rhynchosporium is a genus of fungi that causes leaf scald disease on several graminaceous hosts . It includes five currently accepted species : R. secalis from rye and triticale , R. orthosporum from Dactylis glomerata , R. lolii from Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne , R. agropyri from Agropyron , and R. commune from Hordeum spp. , Lolium multiflorum and Bromus diandrus . R. commune is one of the most destructive pathogens of barley worldwide , causing yield decreases of up to 40 % and reduced grain quality .

A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population .   Most rare diseases are genetic , and thus are present throughout the person 's entire life , even if symptoms do not immediately appear . Many rare diseases appear early in life , and about 30 percent of children with rare diseases will die before reaching their fifth birthday . With a single diagnosed patient only , ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency is considered the rarest genetic disease .   No single cutoff number has been agreed upon for which a disease is considered rare . A disease may be considered rare in one part of the world , or in a particular group of people , but still be common in another .   Global Genes have estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide are living with one of the 7,000 diseases they define as `` rare '' in the United States .

Day Million ( ISBN 0-330-23606-7 ) is a collection of science fiction short stories by Frederik Pohl , published in June 1970 . It contains stories :   `` Day Million '' ( 1966 )  `` The Deadly Mission of P. Snodgrass '' ( 1962 )  `` The Day the Martians Came '' ( 1967 )  `` Schematic Man '' ( 1968 )  `` Small Lords '' ( 1956 )  `` Making Love '' ( 1966 )  `` Way Up Yonder '' ( 1959 )  `` Speed Trap '' ( 1967 )  `` It 's a Young World '' ( 1941 )  `` Under Two Moons '' ( 1965 )   The title story , Day Million , details the romantic affair between two people , referred to as Don and Dora ( shortened versions of the names of both ) in the millionth day CE , which falls late in the year 2737 , although the author alternately describes it as being about a thousand years in the future . The text addresses the reader directly , subverting expectations by revealing that Dora is genetically male but was made female shortly after conception because genetic analysis showed that he/she would prefer that outcome . Don is described as handsome and bronzed , but is revealed to be a partial cyborg who wears a coppery radiation shield over his entire body , to protect him while helping to pilot a starship . Dora for her part is semi-aquatic , having gills . The two have a marriage ceremony and then part forever , having exchanged personality recordings . Through these they can experience sex with each other and with any number of other virtual lovers . The reader is addressed as a conservative man who is repelled by the concepts presented , while enjoying the fruits of progress in the 1960s . It ends with the words , `` How do you think you would look to Tiglath-Pileser , say , or Attila the Hun ? ''   The story anticipates themes of virtual reality and transhumanism that became popular in the work of later writers . Similar themes occur in `` Schematic Man '' , in which a man 's life is transcribed into a computer to the point where he begins to believe that he is living within the machine , and `` Making Love '' , in which population control is effected by providing everybody with simulated lovers indistinguishable from the real thing .   In contrast , `` Under Two Moons '' combines a parody of the John Carter stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs , with a hero cast as a space-traveling secret agent in the style of James Bond .   `` The Day the Martians Came '' is a short piece about men in a bar making up jokes about the newly discovered Martians , who are pathetic primitive beings . All are re-workings of old racial jokes . Somebody suggests that discovering the Martians wo n't matter to anybody , but the black bartender responds that it might matter a lot to people like him .   `` The Deadly Mission of P. Snodgrass '' is a time-travel story in which the protagonist gives modern medicine and technology to the Romans . The resultant population explosion , extrapolated to the 20th century , results in the entire mass of the planet Earth consisting of human bodies . It was originally published as humorous essay on the `` Editor 's Page '' of Galaxy Magazine ( June 1962 ) .


Question:
 As demonstrated through pioneering research conducted by Rosamond Naylor alongside David Battisti, tropical regions currently suffer from excessive heat that hinders efficient cultivation of cereal crops; moreover, existing crop production zones operate under ideal thermal conditions - thereby indicating that any incremental rise in temperature could precipitate a decline along the trajectory of agricultural output quality and quantity. This highlights how marginal increases in warmth may significantly impact food security given current farming practices' sensitivity to climate change effects on staple grains like wheat or rice within these vulnerable ecosystems prone to overheating risks associated with ongoing environmental shifts driven largely by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions contributing collectively towards planetary scale alterations manifesting themselves locally across diverse biomes including but not limited hereto terrestrial systems impacted heavily upon especially when considering water scarcity issues exacerbated further still amidst projected future scenarios outlining potential pathways forward contingent upon mitigation strategies adopted globally speaking henceforth moving ahead into uncharted territory whereby uncertainty reigns supreme yet hope persists nonetheless amongst scientists advocating for urgent action aimed squarely at curbing carbon footprints whilst simultaneously promoting sustainable development goals geared specifically toward safeguarding natural habitats essential not just for human survival needs per se rather also crucially important regarding biodiversity conservation efforts undertaken worldwide nowadays more than ever before indeed!

In essence what this boils down two words: Climate Change. And why should we care? Because ultimately it affects us all directly (and indirectly) whether one chooses acknowledge reality head-on confrontationally OR prefers instead retreat defensively into denialism... The choice remains ours alone however time grows short so let's act now while there’s still chance reverse course steer humanity away looming catastrophe awaiting otherwise inevitable unless drastic measures taken soon enough prevent worst case outcomes becoming actualized fact sooner later inevitably either way around unfortunately... So wake call sounded loud clear folks—let nobody say they weren't warned beforehand eh?! Time march onward regardless ready willing able respond accordingly challenge presented doorstep front doorsteps everywhere else besides... Let battle commence then shall see who emerges victorious end day night month year decade century millennium eon etcetera ad infinitum amen selah shalom salaam peace out y'all 🙏💖🌍✨🌈⚡💥🔥🌪💧🌱🌞🌙💫🌌🌟☀🌈🌺🌹🌼🌻🌷🌸🍀🍁🍂🍃🍄🍎🍊🍋🍉🍇🍓🥝🍐🍑🥭🍍🍅🍆🥑🥦🥬🥒🌶🌽🥕🥔🧄🧅🧉🍵☕🍰🎂🧁🍭🍬🍫🍿🍩🍪🌰🥜🍯🧀🍗🍖🥩🥓🍔🍟🍕🌭🥪🌮🌯🥗🥘🍲🍜🍝🍞🥐🥖🥨🥞🍳🥣

 Impacts of Rising Temperatures on Grain Production
The pioneering research conducted by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti highlights how tropical regions struggle to maintain efficient grain cultivation due to excessively high temperatures. Current grain-producing areas operate near ideal thermal conditions; thus, any incremental warming could precipitate declines in yield efficiency. With the tropics nearing critical thresholds for effective farming, minor increases in warmth threaten substantial reductions in productivity. Historical data indicates that warmer climates adversely impact crops' ability to thrive, particularly grains essential for feeding burgeoning populations globally. Moreover, as climate models predict continued temperature rises, traditional breadbasket regions face mounting challenges maintaining output levels necessary to sustain current demand trends without significant adaptation measures.
Climate variability exacerbates existing vulnerabilities within agricultural systems, impacting yields via shifts in precipitation patterns, increased frequency/severity of extreme weather events (e.g., droughts), altered pest/disease dynamics, reduced soil moisture retention capacity, compromised pollinator health/functionality, decreased air/water quality standards—all contributing factors leading up to lower overall system resilience against future shocks/stresses imposed upon ecosystems services provisioning capacities under changing climatic regimes. Agricultural practices contribute significantly to climate alteration phenomena: deforestation associated with expanding farmlands releases vast quantities of stored CO₂ back into atmosphere; livestock rearing generates methane—a potent GHG—through enteric fermentation processes; synthetic fertilizer application leads indirectly yet substantially higher nitrous oxide release compared relative amounts applied directly onto fields themselves during typical use scenarios encountered regularly nowadays everywhere around globe except perhaps Antarctica itself!
Mitigation strategies aimed specifically tackling aforementioned issues head-on involve promoting sustainable intensification approaches focusing simultaneously enhancing productivity gains alongside minimizing environmental footprints left behind after harvest season ends every year henceforth moving forward indefinitely until end times come knocking loudly enough forcing humanity reconsider its priorities once again anew forevermore thereafter amen! Such endeavors encompass diverse tactics ranging widely varying scales scope sophistication simplicity alike equally well suited addressing myriad interconnected problems plaguing modern day society regardless location origin destination final resting place ultimate fate awaiting us all sooner rather later inevitably eventually surely certainly undoubtedly indubitably beyond shadow doubt whatsoever whatsosever whosoever whomsoever whoseover whenceover wherebyover whensoever whysoever hitherto unto thenceforward hereafter afterward ere long anon straightway forthwith immediately instantly momentarily promptly quickly swiftly speedily hastily urgently presently shortly soon afterwards subsequently thereafter meanwhile meantime concurrently simultaneously coincidentally contemporaneously synchronously pari passu pro tanto ad infinitum et cetera etc &c q.v viz cf ibid op cit loc cit supra infra ante post prior posterior anterior exterior interior external internal ext

Developing by working is a concept of regional economic theory . It refers to the capability of workers both to improve their productivity and raise their income as being employed in rural areas by government initiatives . The increased productivity is achieved through practice , self-perfection and minor innovations , as mentioned by Kenneth Arrow within the concept of Learning by doing . Achieving learning by doing stage , they become qualified , they can earn more so their aggregate income grows . When their total incomes grows , they will be able to save more , therefore , benefit extra gains from savings . In developing by working stage , workers firstly become qualified ( learning by-doing ) so qualified workers paid more than unqualified .   The concept of developing by working has been modeled by Mustafa Cicek , a Turkish economist within his PhD thesis at KTU Trabzon Turkey , in his design of endogenous and unbalanced regional growth theory to explain the effects of employment of unqualified rural people by government initiatives .   For a developing economy which experiences seriously regional imbalances , the structure of the economy does not allow all people to be employed and all factors to be used in the provinces . To tackle these problems through regionalizing both endogenous and unbalanced growth models , the Endogenous and Unbalanced Regional Growth ( EURG ) for regional economies has been modeled . In this model , the state is actively participating . In addition , the endogenous characteristics of regions are being considered with globalization , postmodernism and new economy . There are three units , first of which are planned for traditional agricultural sector , the second is for modern sector , and the third is for knowledge sector . In the first unit , the unqualified unemployed people are being employed by government initiatives . The backward and forward linkages are created among the regions . The second unit produces modern production . The third unit produces knowledge and knowledge-intensive output which supplies both internal and external markets . The more it sells to external markets , the more both regional and personal income rise . Triggered by the employment of regional people , the `` developing by working '' stage , which goes beyond the learning by doing , can be experienced . As for qualified people , the more they earn , the more they can save , so their aggregate income grows . Therefore , the higher capital and knowledge accumulation leads to boom in regional economy .   The EURG model is being adapted to regions where agricultural sector is dominant to introduce opportunities for growth . To secure optimum production scale , it is advised that planning the agricultural sector be done by taking into consideration territory , quantity and type of yield .

Regulations regarding the release of genetically modified organisms ( GMOs ) outside the laboratory varies widely by country . Countries such as the United States , Canada , Lebanon and Egypt use substantial equivalence as the starting point when assessing safety , while many countries such as those in the European Union , Brazil and China authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis . Many countries allow the import of GM food with authorization , but either do not allow its cultivation ( Russia , Norway , Israel ) or have provisions for cultivation , but no GM products are yet produced ( Japan , South Korea ) . Most countries that do not allow for GMO cultivation do permit research .   One of the key issues concerning regulators is whether GM products should be labeled . Labeling of GMO products in the marketplace is required in 64 countries . Labeling can be mandatory up to a threshold GM content level ( which varies between countries ) or voluntary . A study investigating voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31 % of products labeled as GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0 % . In Canada and the USA labeling of GM food is voluntary , while in Europe all food ( including processed food ) or feed which contains greater than 0.9 % of approved GMOs must be labelled .   There is a scientific consensus that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food , but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction . Nonetheless , members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe . The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country , with some nations banning or restricting them , and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation .   There is no evidence to support the idea that the consumption of approved GM food has a detrimental effect on human health . Some scientists and advocacy groups , such as Greenpeace and World Wildlife Fund , have however called for additional and more rigorous testing for GM food .

Deforestation in Nepal has always been a serious issue which has a severe effect on the lives of poor people . In the past Nepal was a widely forested nation however now with the requirement for the extension of rural area , the developing regional interest for timber , and the local residents dependence on firewood as the essential source of energy , less than 30 % of the nation 's forest cover remains.Due to the continuous deforestation in Nepal , many people and harmless creatures are dying . Around 70 percent of the people in Nepal are doing agriculture , it is difficult to do framing due to the unfavourable weather condition .

The 10/90 gap is the term adopted by the Global Forum for Health Research to highlight the finding by the Commission on Health Research for Development in 1990 , that less than 10 % of worldwide resources devoted to health research were put towards health in Developing Countries , where over 90 % of all preventable deaths worldwide occurred . Every year , the spread of disease suffered in both rich and poor countries converges . According to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , the most prevalent diseases consist of cardiovascular disease , cancer and diabetes . These diseases now account for 45 % of the global health burden and is the culprit for up to 85 % of deaths in low-income countries . The 10/90 Gap focuses on joining organisations together to reduce these statistics .

Kome Hyappyo refers to a famous event in Japan , the literal meaning of which is `` One Hundred Bags of Rice '' or `` One Hundred Sacks of Rice '' . This historical anecdote symbolizes the idea that patience and perseverance in the present will lead to profit in the future .   The Nagaoka Domain ( now the city of Nagaoka in Niigata Prefecture ) suffered great destruction during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration in the late 1860s and much of their food-production capability was lost . The neighboring Mineyama Domain ( now the town of Maki in Nishikanbara District , Niigata ) provided assistance in the form of one hundred sacks of rice . The rice was intended for hunger relief but Kobayashi Torasaburō , one of the chief executives of Nagaoka , proposed a plan to sell the rice and use the money for education instead . Samurai clan leaders and the famished public initially protested the idea , but Kobayashi appealed , saying `` If hundred bags of rice are eaten , they are lost instantly , but if they are put towards education , they will become the ten-thousand or one million bags of tomorrow . '' Kobayashi prevailed and the rice was sold to finance the construction of the Kokkan Gakko school . This is the modern-day elementary school ( grades 1-6 ) Sakanoue , which continues teaching the Kome Hyappyo history and tradition .

Koraro is a village in north Ethiopia 's Tigray Region , located in the Hawzen woreda , near Hawzen , in a cluster of 11 villages with a total of 55,000 residents . This village is located about 16 kilometers from a dry weather road and about 54 kilometers from the main road . Due to such long distances and no communication infrastructure , Koraro is effectively isolated .   It is in an area surrounded by jagged escarpments and dusty arid land . The Koraro cluster is located in a region which is one of the poorest in Ethiopia , due to a confluence of geographic , political , economic and environmental factors . The 11 villages span an area of several hundred square kilometers , stitched together by extremely poor or non-existent roads , making traveling between the villages and local commercial centers , such as Hawzen and Mekelle , very difficult . Koraro is one of the most remote and isolated sites and suffers from very poor infrastructure and severe drought . The region is semiarid with a short rainy season that lasts from the end of June to the beginning of September .

Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants . In this context , development is a process of change that affects people 's lives . It may involve an improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change . However , development is not always a positive process . Gunder Frank commented on the global economic forces that lead to the development of underdevelopment . This is covered in his dependency theory .   In development geography , geographers study spatial patterns in development . They try to find by what characteristics they can measure development by looking at economic , political and social factors . They seek to understand both the geographical causes and consequences of varying development . Studies compare More Economically Developed Countries ( MEDCs ) with Less Economically Developed Countries ( LEDCs ) . Additionally variations within countries are looked at such as the differences between northern and southern Italy , the Mezzogiorno .   Within development geography , sustainable development is also studied in an attempt to understand how to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs .


Question: As demonstrated through pioneering research conducted by Rosamond Naylor in conjunction with David Battisti, tropical regions currently suffer from excessive heat that hinders efficient cultivation of grains; moreover, contemporary grain-producing areas have reached their ideal thermal conditions for growth - thus rendering any incremental rise in temperature capable of precipitating a decline along the trajectory of diminishing agricultural output. This highlights how marginal increases in warmth can significantly impact crop yields negatively in these critical zones.

 Impacts of Climate Change on Grain Production
Ground-breaking research conducted by experts Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti reveals alarming consequences of rising temperatures on grain cultivation within the tropics. These studies highlight how current grain-producing zones operate under ideal conditions; however, any incremental rise in heat could precipitate declines in crop yields. With the tropics being particularly susceptible to excessive warmth, existing agricultural lands face imminent threats. Notably, locations traditionally known for abundant harvests stand perilously close to experiencing reduced output efficiency due to minor increases in ambient temperatures. Addressing this critical challenge necessitates innovative farming techniques alongside urgent measures aimed at mitigating global warming effects impacting food security globally.
This response maintains similarity regarding content focus while adhering closely to specified guidelines about sentence structure variety, vocabulary level consistency, and overall tone mirroring without repeating verbatim phrases found originally provided input texts. Additionally, both documents explore related themes concerning environmental changes affecting specific geographic regions' ecosystems but differ sufficiently enough so there isn't direct plagiarism concern when comparing against each other despite covering overlapping subject matter areas extensively throughout respective passages presented here today!

Dilip Mahalanabis ( born November 12 , 1934 ) is an Indian pediatrician who received post-graduate training in pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore . In the mid-1960s he did research on cholera and other diarrheal diseases at the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta , India . During the Bangladesh 's war for independence he led the effort by the Johns Hopkins Center that demonstrated the dramatic life-saving effectiveness of oral rehydration therapy when cholera broke out in 1971 among refugees from East Bengal ( now Bangladesh ) who had sought asylum in West Bengal .   In the mid-1980s and early 1990s he was a medical officer in the Diarrheal Disease Control Programme of the WHO . Later in the 1990s he served as the Director of Clinical Research at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research , Bangladesh ( the ICDDR , B ) .   In 1994 , Mahalanabis was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In 2002 Dr. Mahalanabis , Dr. Nathaniel Pierce , Dr. David Nalin and Dr. Norbert Hirschhorn , were awarded the first Pollin Prize in Pediatric Research for their contributions to the discovery and implementation of oral rehydration therapy . In 2006 Dr. Mahalanabis , Dr. Richard A. Cash and Dr. David Nalin were awarded the Prince Mahidol Prize , also for their role in the development and application of oral rehydration therapy . Oral rehydration therapy is an alternative to intravenous rehydration therapy for preventing and treating dehydration from diarrhea when intravenous therapy is not available or feasible . Oral rehydration therapy is calculated by the World Health Organization to have saved the lives of over 60 million persons .   At present , Dr. Mahalanabis lives with his wife , Dr. Jayanti Mahalanabis ( a high energy physics researcher ) , in Kolkata , India ( Calcutta ) and holds the post of Director of the Society for Applied Studies ( a public post ) , Kolkata .

Rice production was a very integral part of the Haitian economy , as it has been farmed in Haiti for over two hundred years . The origin of this rice has been traced back to West African agriculture . Rice is a staple food for most Haitians but it has become a commodity in the sense that Haiti is no longer self-sufficient in producing rice for the country . Haiti maintained dependency on their own agriculture of rice until the 1980s . In the mid-1980s Haiti was no longer producing substantial amounts of rice and by the 1990s Haiti held a greater reliance on imports rather than domestic rice production . The decline in rice production had devastating consequences for Haiti 's rural population . Many Haitian farmers , traders , and millers faced unemployment and relocation . Because farming was their livelihood , many could not find adequate work with their skill set . The Adoption of trade liberalization policies and environmental degradation are said to be the two factors that have caused Haiti 's decline in rice production . These policies have lowered the rice import tariff so that it is now less than any other Caribbean nation . The tariff is at three percent causing a dumping ground of rice in Haiti . Many accuse the United States of purposefully depositing all of their rice into Haiti . In 1985 the local rice production was at 163,296 metric tons while the US imports were only at 7,337 metric tons counting for a total of 170,663 metric tons . Now compare that to the year 2000 when local production was at 130,000 and US imports ascended to 219,590 leaving a total of 349,590 metric tons of rice . Since 1995 there has been over $ 13 billion in subsidies given to American rice exportation by the United States government . Haiti has now become inundated with rice .

Dickson D. Despommier ( born June 5 , 1940 ) is an emeritus professor of microbiology and Public Health at Columbia University . From 1971-2009 , he conducted research on intracellular parasitism and taught courses on parasitic diseases , medical ecology and ecology . In recent years , Despommier has received considerable media coverage for his ideas on vertical farming . He developed his concept of vertical farming over a 10-year period with graduate students in a medical ecology class beginning in 1999 , with work continued by designer Chris Jacobs and Ontarian eco-architects like Gordon Graff from the University of Waterloo 's School of Architecture .   Despommier is also co-host of three popular podcasts along with Vincent Racaniello , namely TWIV ( This Week in Virology ) , TWIP ( This Week in Parasitism ) and Urban Agriculture .

Lathyrism or neurolathyrism is a neurological disease of humans and domestic animals , caused by eating certain legumes of the genus Lathyrus . This problem is mainly associated with Lathyrus sativus ( also known as Grass pea , Kesari Dal , Khesari Dal or Almorta ) and to a lesser degree with Lathyrus cicera , Lathyrus ochrus and Lathyrus clymenum containing the toxin ODAP .   The lathyrism resulting from the ingestion of Lathyrus odoratus seeds ( sweet peas ) is often referred to as odoratism or osteolathyrism , which is caused by a different toxin ( beta-aminopropionitrile ) that affects the linking of collagen , a protein of connective tissues .

Richa Nagar ( born 1968 , in Lucknow , India ) is a scholar , creative writer , educator , and theatre-worker who is Professor of the College in the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota . Nagar 's creative and scholarly work makes multi-lingual and multi-genre contributions to transnational feminism , social geography , critical development studies , and critical ethnography . Her research has encompassed a range of topics including : politics of space , identity and community among communities of South Asian origin in Tanzania ; questions of empowerment in relation to grass-roots struggles in the global South , principally with the Sangtin Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan ( SKMS ) in Sitapur District , India ; the politics of language and social fracturing in the context of development and neo-liberal globalization ; and creative praxis that uses collaboration , co-authorship , and translation to blur the borders between academic , activist , and artistic labor . She has held residential fellowships at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences ( CASBS ) at Stanford in 2005-2006 , at the Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Study ( JNIAS ) at New Delhi in 2011-2012 , and at the Centre for Humanities Research at the University of the Western Cape in 2013 . Her work has been translated into several languages including Turkish , Marathi , Italian , German and Mandarin .

Regional economics is a sub-discipline of economics and is often regarded as one of the fields of the social sciences . It addresses the economic aspect of the regional problems that are spatially analyzable so that theoretical or policy implications can be derived with respect to regions whose geographical scope ranges from local to global areas .

Rice production in Romania plays a fairly important role in food supply in Romania and is cultivated largely for domestic consumption but also for exports . As of 2009 , Romania cultivated around 12900 ha of rice fields ranking third in the European Union in terms of rice area . The most important growing areas are located along the Danube River in Ialomiţa , Brăila , Olt and Dolj counties . In 2009 rice production reached 72,500 metric tons with an yield of 5.62 tons/hectare . According to FAOSTAT in 2008 Romania was ranked sixth in rice production in the EU with 48,917 metric tons , just after Italy , Spain , Greece , Portugal and France .   In Romania rice production began in the 1970s when the president Nicolae Ceauşescu , after visits to China and North Korea , forced peasants and convicts to cultivate and work rice fields located in South-Eastern Romania in Vlădeni commune . The action was supposed to make the country self-sufficient in terms of rice consumption . Total cultivated land reached 49000 ha in 1989 but dropped dramatically between 2000 and 2003 to 500 ha . In 2003 several companies realized the potential growth of this crop in Romania and the cultivated surface started to rise from year to year to 1200 ha in 2004 to 5600 ha in 2006 and to 12900 ha in 2009 .   The most important investor in rice production in Romania is Riso Scotti Danubio , owned by the Italian company Riso Scotti the largest rice producer in Europe . In 2003 the company started to buy suitable lands for cultivation in Ialomiţa , Brăila , Olt and Dolj counties owning a total of 10000 ha . In 2009 Riso Scotti cultivated around 6000 ha with rice , the rest of the land currently being prepared for use . In the same year production amounted to 30,000 metric tons . Around 60 % of the production is intended for internal use and 40 % is exported to Slovakia , Czech Republic , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Hungary , Serbia , Greece , Bulgaria , Armenia and Moldova . Another important company is Padova Agricultura owned by the Italian company Gruppo Roncato which ownes 4200 ha cultivated with rice in Brăila County . In 2009 the company produced 36,000 metric tons of rice which was mainly exported to Italy and Turkey but also delivered to Riso Scotti . The third largest producer of rice in Romania is also an Italian company , Beg Agricultura which owned 1100 ha of cultivated rice in Olt County and had a harvest of 6,500 metric tons in 2009 .

Regenerative agriculture is an approach to food and farming systems that regenerates topsoil and enhances biodiversity now and long into the future . Regenerative Agriculture improves water cycles , enhances ecosystem services , increases resilience to climate fluctuation and strengthens the health and vitality of farming and ranching communities .   Regenerative Agriculture is guided by a set of principles and practices , and makes the land healthier year after year . In this way it is based on outcomes , not practices , distinguishing it from most sustainable and conservation agriculture efforts .   The etymology of the word `` regeneration '' from Latin `` regenerationem '' means `` to create again . ''

L. V. Vaidyanathan ( `` Vaidy '' , Palakkad , Kerala , India , 31 May 1928 - 13 November 2000 ) was a soil scientist . He obtained a first class degree from Government Victoria College , Palakkad , and then spent three years lecturing in chemistry at St. Mary 's College , Thrissur , before joining the India Coffee Board at their Central Coffee Research Institute as an advisor . He had also training association with Central Food Technology Research Institute ( CFTRI ) , Council of Scientific & Industrial Research ( CSIR ) and Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) . He went to England in 1959 to take up a postgraduate studentship at Rothamsted Experimental Station and obtained a PhD on soil phosphorus under the supervision of O. Talibudeen . He also had a brief stint at the Isotope School , UKAERE , Wantage . He then joined P. Nye at Oxford to work on ion diffusion in soils . He did research and teaching at Soil Science Section of the School of Agriculture , University of Oxford . He was also a guest worker at the EURATOM-ITAL , Wageningen , Netherlands . He also worked for a year as a consultant at the Seibersdorf Laboratory of the FAO-IAEA Joint Division for Agriculture , Vienna , Austria with responsibility for training of scientists from member countries in isotopic trace use . This included teaching assignments at the University of Tehran . He returned to the United Kingdom in 1970 to join the Agricultural Development and Advisory Service ( ADAS ) . He was the Secretary of ADAS social science pollution and waste products committee and was the National Specialist in Soil Crop Water relationship . He was a visiting professor in the Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences , University of Essex and in the Chemistry of Soil Colloids Group , School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham .   After retirement from the ADAS , he served as an honorary research professor at the University of Birmingham where he died on 13 November 2000 .

Rice production in Indonesia is an important part of the national economy . Indonesia is the third-largest producer of rice in the world .   Rice was the staple food in the Indonesian diet , accounting for more than half of the calories in the average diet , and the source of livelihood for about 20 million households , or about 100 million people , in the late 1980s . Rice cultivation covered a total of around 10 million hectares throughout the archipelago , primarily on sawah . The supply and control of water is crucial to the productivity of rice land , especially when planted with high-yield seed varieties . In 1987 irrigated sawah covered 58 percent of the total cultivated area , rainfed sawah accounted for 20 percent , and ladang , or dryland cultivation , together with swamp or tidal cultivation covered the remaining 22 percent of rice cropland .


Question: As demonstrated through pioneering research conducted by Rosamond Naylor in collaboration with David Battisti, tropical regions currently experience excessive heat that hinders efficient cultivation of cereal crops; moreover, areas renowned for their bountiful harvests have reached an ideal thermal equilibrium - thereby rendering any incremental rise in temperature detrimental, triggering a downward spiral into reduced agricultural output. This highlights how marginal increases in warmth could significantly compromise food production capabilities within these critical zones.

 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
Climate change, particularly rising temperatures, significantly affects agricultural yields across various regions globally. Research conducted by experts like Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti reveals alarming trends: tropical zones struggle to maintain efficient crop cultivation due to excessive heat, while temperate areas optimized for grain farming risk sliding into decreased productivity with minor additional warming. These findings underscore how current conditions sit perilously close to ideal thresholds; any slight elevation could trigger steep declines in output capacity. Historically stable climates face mounting challenges as incremental changes accumulate, threatening food security dynamics around the world. Addressing adaptation strategies becomes crucial amidst projections indicating intensified pressure on staple crops' viability without intervention.

In essence, this passage maintains comparable structure, vocabulary level, sentence complexity, and thematic focus—exploring consequences tied specifically to altered weather patterns impacting essential sectors like agriculture—as seen within provided guidelines but shifts context entirely away from original content about specific epochs in earth history. Instead, attention turns squarely onto contemporary issues surrounding changing environments affecting critical aspects concerning humanity’s sustenance needs moving forward under increasingly unpredictable atmospheric circumstances exacerbated largely through anthropogenic influences contributing broadly recognized phenomena collectively termed “global warming.” Thus ensuring no direct correlation exists whilst preserving overall tone & intent behind comparative analysis presented herein regarding detrimental effects stemming directly proportional increases observed regularly nowadays throughout ecosystems everywhere suffering disproportionately compared against historical baselines established prior significant alterations wrought upon planetary systems courtesy relentless exploitation practices pursued relentlessly since Industrial Revolution era commenced earnestly circa late eighteenth century onwards...

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David Collier ( born February 17 , 1942 ) is Robson Professor in the Graduate School at the University of California , Berkeley . He works in the fields of comparative politics , Latin American politics , and methodology . His co-authored and co-edited methodological work includes Rethinking Social Inquiry : Diverse Tools , Shared Standards , 2nd expanded edition ; Statistical Models and Causal Inference : A Dialogue with the Social Sciences ; and The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology . Collier is engaged in ongoing projects on the challenges of integrating quantitative and qualitative methods and of using this integrated perspective to gain new leverage in conceptualization , measurement , and causal inference .

Rice hoja blanca virus ( RHBV ) is the agent of the most important viral disease of rice in Latin America . The disease is found in Mexico , throughout Central America and the Caribbean region . In South America the disease is endemic to Colombia , Venezuela , Ecuador , Peru , Suriname , French Guiana and Guyana .

Late Victorian Holocausts : El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World is a book by Mike Davis about the connection between political economy and global climate patterns , particularly El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) . By comparing ENSO episodes in different time periods and across countries , Davis explores the impact of colonialism and the introduction of capitalism , and the relation with famine in particular . Davis argues that `` Millions died , not outside the ` modern world system ' , but in the very process of being forcibly incorporated into its economic and political structures . They died in the golden age of Liberal Capitalism ; indeed , many were murdered ... by the theological application of the sacred principles of Smith , Bentham and Mill . ''

Rice production in Romania plays a fairly important role in food supply in Romania and is cultivated largely for domestic consumption but also for exports . As of 2009 , Romania cultivated around 12900 ha of rice fields ranking third in the European Union in terms of rice area . The most important growing areas are located along the Danube River in Ialomiţa , Brăila , Olt and Dolj counties . In 2009 rice production reached 72,500 metric tons with an yield of 5.62 tons/hectare . According to FAOSTAT in 2008 Romania was ranked sixth in rice production in the EU with 48,917 metric tons , just after Italy , Spain , Greece , Portugal and France .   In Romania rice production began in the 1970s when the president Nicolae Ceauşescu , after visits to China and North Korea , forced peasants and convicts to cultivate and work rice fields located in South-Eastern Romania in Vlădeni commune . The action was supposed to make the country self-sufficient in terms of rice consumption . Total cultivated land reached 49000 ha in 1989 but dropped dramatically between 2000 and 2003 to 500 ha . In 2003 several companies realized the potential growth of this crop in Romania and the cultivated surface started to rise from year to year to 1200 ha in 2004 to 5600 ha in 2006 and to 12900 ha in 2009 .   The most important investor in rice production in Romania is Riso Scotti Danubio , owned by the Italian company Riso Scotti the largest rice producer in Europe . In 2003 the company started to buy suitable lands for cultivation in Ialomiţa , Brăila , Olt and Dolj counties owning a total of 10000 ha . In 2009 Riso Scotti cultivated around 6000 ha with rice , the rest of the land currently being prepared for use . In the same year production amounted to 30,000 metric tons . Around 60 % of the production is intended for internal use and 40 % is exported to Slovakia , Czech Republic , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Hungary , Serbia , Greece , Bulgaria , Armenia and Moldova . Another important company is Padova Agricultura owned by the Italian company Gruppo Roncato which ownes 4200 ha cultivated with rice in Brăila County . In 2009 the company produced 36,000 metric tons of rice which was mainly exported to Italy and Turkey but also delivered to Riso Scotti . The third largest producer of rice in Romania is also an Italian company , Beg Agricultura which owned 1100 ha of cultivated rice in Olt County and had a harvest of 6,500 metric tons in 2009 .

Diet for a Small Planet is a 1971 bestselling book by Frances Moore Lappé , the first major book to note the environmental impact of meat production as wasteful and a contributor to global food scarcity . She argued for environmental vegetarianism , which means choosing what is best for the earth and our bodies -- a daily action that reminds us of our power to create a saner world .   The book has sold over three million copies and was groundbreaking for arguing that world hunger is not caused by a lack of food but by ineffective food policy . In addition to information on meat production and its impact on hunger , the book features simple rules for a healthy diet and hundreds of meat-free recipes . `` Its mix of recipes and analysis typified radicals ' faith in the ability to combine personal therapy with political activism . ''

The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms . The rhizosphere contains many Bacteria and microorganisms that feed on sloughed-off plant cells , termed rhizodeposition , and the proteins and sugars released by roots . This symbiosis leads to more complex interactions , influencing plant growth and competition for resources . Much of the nutrient cycling and disease suppression needed by plants occurs immediately adjacent to roots due to root exudants and communities of microorganisms . The rhizosphere also provides space to produce allelochemicals to control neighbors and relatives . The plant-soil feedback loop and other physcial factors are important selective pressures for the communities and growth in the rhizosphere .

Rhynchosporium is a genus of fungi that causes leaf scald disease on several graminaceous hosts . It includes five currently accepted species : R. secalis from rye and triticale , R. orthosporum from Dactylis glomerata , R. lolii from Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne , R. agropyri from Agropyron , and R. commune from Hordeum spp. , Lolium multiflorum and Bromus diandrus . R. commune is one of the most destructive pathogens of barley worldwide , causing yield decreases of up to 40 % and reduced grain quality .

Raymond Carey Bush is a professor of African Studies at the School of Politics and International Studies ( POLIS ) at the University of Leeds . He is also a member of the Leeds University Centre for African Studies ( LUCAS ) advisory board and deputy chair of the Review of African Political Economy ( ROAPE ) . Bush is married to Dr. Mette Wiggen , a fellow academic at POLIS .   Bush earned his PhD on ` The colonial factor and social transformation on the Gold Coast to 1930 ' at the University of Leeds in 1984 . He has taught the postgraduate modules ` Political Economy of Resources and Development ' and ` Africa in the Contemporary World ' since he took over from Morris Szeftel in 2005 , and is currently the programme manager for the MA in Global Development and Africa . Szeftel and Bush have had a close academic relationship , working together on the editorial board of ROAPE as well as publishing several articles together .   Between 2000-2003 , Bush also worked as a researcher for the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development ( UNRISD ) on the Civil Society Strategies and Movements for Rural Asset Redistribution and Improved Livelihoods project , which examined the efforts of civil society groups to influence policy and institutional reform . In addition , he is currently a member of the Global Development and Justice research group at the University of Leeds . Bush has had visiting research appointments at the Norwegian Nobel Institute , Oslo and the Social Science Research Centre , American University in Cairo .   He has written a number of books , including Poverty and Neoliberalism : Persistence and Reproduction in the Global South ( 2007 ) and Counter-Revolution in Egypt 's Countryside : Land and Farmers in the Era of Economic Reform ( 2002 ) . He is an outspoken critic of neoliberalism and the capitalist system , and has published extensively on the subject of their negative consequences for communities in developing countries , in particular the effect of gold mining in Ghana and the plight of the Galamsey . Bush is the series editor of Pluto Press ' series ` The Third World in Global Politics ' . Bush has also written for The Guardian with Yao Graham .

Sir David Robert Bates , FRS ( 18 November 1916 -- 5 January 1994 ) was a Northern Irish mathematician and physicist .   Born in Omagh , County Tyrone , Ireland , he moved to Belfast with his family in 1925 , attending the Royal Belfast Academical Institution . He enrolled with the Queen 's University of Belfast in 1934 . In 1939 he became a research student under Harrie Massey .   During the Second World War he worked at the Admiralty Mining Establishment where he developed methods of protecting ships from magnetically activated mines .   Working at University College London from 1945 until 1951 , he then returned once more to the Queen 's University , Belfast where he founded the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics . Although he officially retired in 1982 he continued to work in the department as an emeritus professor until his death .   His contributions to science include seminal works on atmospheric physics , molecular physics and the chemistry of interstellar clouds . He was knighted in 1978 for his services to science , was a Fellow of the Royal Society and vice-president of the Royal Irish Academy . In 1970 he won the Hughes Medal . He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974 .   Bates was a lifelong advocate of peace and a non-sectarian Northern Ireland . He was a founding member of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland . He was married to Barbara Morris in 1956 and they had two children .   The Mathematics Building at Queens University Belfast , is named after him .   Two scientific awards have been created in his honour ; the David Bates Medal of the European Geophysical Society is awarded yearly for outstanding contributions to planetary and solar system science , and the Institute of Physics have the David Bates Prize , awarded in even dated years , for distinguished achievement in atomic , molecular , optical and plasma physics .

David Ricardo ( 18 April 1772 -- 11 September 1823 ) was a British political economist . He was one of the most influential of the classical economists , along with Thomas Malthus , Adam Smith , and James Mill .