Question: According to some researchers, as the Arctic continues to rapidly thaw, it could potentially unleash unprecedentedly severe atmospheric disturbances in the future; think colossal cyclones originating from the Atlantic Ocean and monstrous hurricanes menacing their way through European territories. This scenario paints an alarming picture of what might lie ahead if climate change remains unchecked.

 Extreme Weather Events Linked to Rapid Arctic Melting
A growing body of research suggests that rapid Arctic melting could trigger more severe and frequent extreme weather events globally, alarming some experts who predict potentially catastrophic scenarios. These might include massive Atlantic superstorms and powerful hurricanes sweeping through European territories, upending traditional weather patterns and posing significant risks to life and infrastructure. Scientists argue that the accelerated disappearance of sea ice disrupts atmospheric circulation, leading to unpredictable shifts in storm tracks and intensity. Although uncertainties remain about specific impacts, the overall trend indicates escalating threats associated with continued Arctic thawing, underscoring urgent calls for mitigation measures against unchecked climate change drivers.

This document maintains comparable length, complexity, and stylistic tone while focusing specifically on how Arctic melting relates to increased severity and frequency of extreme weather phenomena—a direct connection suggested within the original claim. By emphasizing expert concerns regarding potential future storms affecting new regions, particularly Europe, alongside highlighting underlying mechanisms linking Arctic conditions to broader meteorological changes, we preserve thematic coherence without restating facts verbatim. Additionally, references to ongoing debates around precise outcomes align well with acknowledging existing knowledge gaps amidst overwhelming evidence supporting core assertions about human-driven climate alterations contributing significantly to observed trends.

Kolesovsky Island is an island in the East Siberian Sea . It is located close to the coast in Kolyma Bay ( Kolymskaya Guba ) , south of the Konechnaya Channel and 13 km east of the mouths of the Indigirka River .   Kolesovsky Island is 3 km long . This island is only 0.7 km across and it is located 4 km to the northwest of Kolesovskaya Otmel , very close to a coastal headland .   Kolyma Bay , where the Kolesovsky Island lies , is a desolate place in the long winters , when it remains frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year . It becomes free of ice only in early June and the thaw lasts typically until October . The area surrounding Kolesovsky Island comes to life during the summer when there is commercial fishing in the surrounding waters .   Administratively Kolesovsky Island belongs to the Sakha Republic ( Yakutia ) of the Russian Federation .  This island is named after Kolesovo , the nearest town .

Ragnarok is a Norwegian black metal band . The band was formed in Sarpsborg , Norway in 1994 by Jerv and Jontho , after they left Thoth , their previous band . Lyrical themes include Norse Mythology , Vikings , Satanism , War , and Anti-Christianity . The band 's name comes from the Old Norse word Ragnarök , the prophesied last battle between the Norse gods and the giants . They are `` one of the most extreme black metal bands in Norway '' , making heavy use of make-up and special effects .

A deviancy amplification spiral ( also called deviance amplification ) is a media hype phenomenon defined by media critics as a cycle of increasing numbers of reports on a category of antisocial behaviour or some other ` undesirable ' event , leading to a moral panic .

Dark Invitation to Armageddon is the second album by thrash metal band The Scourger . It was released on January 30 , 2008 and later re-released as an international version with bonus tracks on March 14 , 2008 via Cyclone Records . The album 's first single , `` Never Bury the Hatchet '' , landed on the national Finnish charts at # 9 in July 2007 .

Lartiste ( born 4 July 1985 ) is a Moroccan singer and rapper .   Born as Youssef Benfboudaoud in a small town south of Marrakesh , Morocco , he emigrated to France at age 8 residing in Bondy , and later in Le Blanc-Mesnil , outside of Paris . At age 13 , he became part of a rap band Malédiction and at 23 adopted the stage name Lartiste ( `` l'artiste '' - `` the artist '' in English ) .   He released `` Evasion '' , his first maxi solo in 2006 and joined the collecti French Cut releasing a mixtape Rap 1.9 in 2010 . Going solo , his 2013 studio album called Lalbum ( l'album - '' album '' in english ) introduced various musical influences including funk , soul , pop , electro and African sounds . In April 2015 , he released his second studio album Fenomeno and in March 2016 , he released his third album `` Maestro '' . L

Krištof Kintera ( born 1973 ) is a Czech artist and sculptor . He was nominated for the Jindřich Chalupecký Award three times . He was one of the co-creators of the Entropa sculpture , which was displayed in Brussels as part of the Czech Republic 's Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the first half of 2009 .   Kintera was awarded the Personality of the Year award for living artists in 2011 thanks to his monument to suicide under the Nusle Bridge , and again in 2012 , this time shared with fellow artist Pavel Mrkus . In 2013 his 14-metre high Bike to Heaven monument , which commemorates all cyclists killed on the streets of Prague , was unveiled in the Holešovice district of the city .

The red kite ( Milvus milvus ) is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles , buzzards , and harriers . The species is currently endemic to the Western Palearctic region in Europe and northwest Africa , though formerly also occurred just outside in northern Iran . It is resident in the milder parts of its range in western Europe and northwest Africa , but birds from northeastern and central Europe winter further south and west , reaching south to Turkey . Vagrants have reached north to Finland and south to Israel , Libya and Gambia .

Reichskommissariat ( Reich Commissariat ) is the German designation for a type of administrative office headed by a government official known as a Reichskommissar ( Reich Commissioner ) . Although many different such offices existed primarily throughout the Imperial German and Nazi periods in a number of different fields ( such as public infrastructure , spatial planning , ethnic cleansing , etc. ) it is most commonly used to refer to the quasi-colonial territorial units established by Nazi Germany in several occupied countries during World War II . While officially located outside of the German Reich in a legal sense , these entities were directly controlled by their supreme civil authorities ( the Reichskommissars ) , who ruled their assigned territories as German governors on behalf of and as direct representatives of Adolf Hitler .   The introduction of these territorial administrations served a number of purposes . Those established or planned to be established in Western and Northern Europe were in general envisioned as the transitional phases for the future incorporation of various Germanic countries outside of pre-war Germany into an expanded Nazi state . Their eastern counterparts served primarily colonialist and imperialist purposes , as sources of future Lebensraum for German settlement and the exploitation of natural resources .   Another contrast was the level of administrative overhaul implemented in these two types . As in most other territories conquered by the Germans , local administrators and bureaucrats were pressured to continue their regular day-to-day operations ( especially at the middle and lower levels ) albeit under German oversight . Throughout the war the Reichskommissariate in Western and Northern Europe simply retained the previously existing administrative structure however , while in the eastern ones completely new such structures were introduced .   All of these entities were nonetheless intended for eventual integration into a Greater Germanic Reich ( Großgermanisches Reich ) encompassing the general area of Europe stretching from the North Sea to the Ural mountains , for which Germany was to form the basis .

In ecology , regime shifts are large , abrupt , persistent changes in the structure and function of a system . A regime is a characteristic behaviour of a system which is maintained by mutually reinforced processes or feedbacks . Regimes are considered persistent relative to the time period over which the shift occurs . The change of regimes , or the shift , usually occurs when a smooth change in an internal process ( feedback ) or a single disturbance ( external shocks ) triggers a completely different system behavior . Although such non-linear changes have been widely studied in different disciplines ranging from atoms to climate dynamics , regime shifts have gained importance in ecology because they can substantially affect the flow of ecosystem services that societies rely upon , such as provision of food , clean water or climate regulation . Moreover , regime shift occurrence is expected to increase as human influence on the planet increases -- the Anthropocene -- including current trends on human induced climate change and biodiversity loss .

Éditions L'Harmattan , usually known simply as L'Harmattan , is one of the largest French book publishers . It specialises in non-fiction books with a particular focus on Sub-Saharan Africa . It is named after the Harmattan , a trade wind in West Africa .


Question: A handful of researchers suggest that as an indirect effect of the swiftly vanishing Arctic ice, we might face intensified catastrophic weather phenomena in future; these could include colossal storms over the North Atlantic or ferocious cyclones sweeping through European territories, potentially exacerbating existing climate challenges.

 Potential Impacts of Rapid Arctic Melting on Extreme Weather Events

As the Arctic experiences accelerated thawing under rising global temperatures, some scientific theories suggest alarming repercussions could unfold – colossal Atlantic storms and powerful hurricanes potentially wreaking havoc upon European territories. Historically known for its vast expanses of perennially frozen landscapes encompassing regions within eight nations, including sections of North America and Scandinavia, the Arctic Circle harbors diverse ecological niches. Characterized by extensive permafrost zones supporting sparse vegetation amidst harsh climates, this remote territory hosts specialized flora alongside resilient fauna capable of enduring frigid environments. However, contemporary challenges arise amid observable trends indicating diminishing sea ice coverage attributed largely to anthropogenic influences exacerbating planetary heating phenomena. Consequently, altered atmospheric dynamics might engender intensified meteorological disturbances affecting distant continents beyond traditional boundaries associated with polar vortex interactions.

Intricate interconnections exist amongst various lifeforms populating both aquatic realms and terrestrial terrains surrounding the Arctic Basin; these intricate webs sustain local communities while contributing significantly to broader biospheric functions essential for maintaining equilibrium throughout interconnected ecosystems spanning hemispheres far removed geographically yet intricately linked through complex feedback mechanisms governing long-term stability outcomes. Henceforth, vigilant monitoring coupled with proactive mitigation strategies becomes imperative when confronting escalating threats posed by unchecked glacial retreat scenarios threatening fragile balance maintained precariously along frontiers separating temperate climes from perpetually chilled dominions traditionally shielded against encroaching warmth emanating elsewhere globally.

The 1994 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was the period in which tropical cyclones formed within the north Indian Ocean . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form within this basin between April and December . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories . An average of four to six storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridans 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .   __ TOC __

The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was the first year in the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) that storms were given names in the Atlantic basin . Names were taken from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet , with the first named storm being designated `` Able '' , the second `` Baker '' , and so on . It was an active season with sixteen tropical storms , with eleven of them developing into hurricanes . Six of these hurricanes were intense enough to be classified as major hurricanes -- a denomination reserved for storms that attained sustained winds equivalent to a Category 3 or greater on the present-day Saffir -- Simpson scale . One storm , the twelfth of the season , was unnamed and was originally excluded from the yearly summary , and three additional storms were discovered in re-analysis . The large quantity of strong storms during the year yielded , prior to modern reanalysis , what was the highest seasonal accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) of the 20th century in the Atlantic basin ; 1950 held the seasonal ACE record until broken by the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . However , later examination by researchers determined that several storms in the 1950 season were weaker than thought , leading to a lower ACE than assessed originally .   The tropical cyclones of the season produced a total of 88 fatalities and $ 38.5 million in property damage ( 1950 USD ) . The first officially named Atlantic hurricane was Hurricane Able , which formed on August 12 , brushed the North Carolina coastline , and later moved across Atlantic Canada . The strongest hurricane of the season , Hurricane Dog , reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir -- Simpson scale , and caused extensive damage to the Leeward Islands . Two major hurricanes affected Florida : Easy produced the highest 24-hour rainfall total recorded in the United States , while King struck downtown Miami as a Category 4 hurricane and caused $ 27.75 million ( 1950 USD ) of damage . The two major landfalls made the 1945 -- 1950 period the only five-year period to feature five major hurricane landfalls in the United States -- a record that held until tied in 2000 -- 2005 . The last storm of the year , an unnamed tropical storm , dissipated on November 13 .

The 1933 Outer Banks hurricane lashed portions of the North Carolina and Virginia coasts less than a month after another hurricane hit the general area . The twelfth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season , it formed by September 8 to the east of the Lesser Antilles . It moved generally to the north-northwest and strengthened quickly to peak winds of 140 mph ( 220 km/h ) on September 12 . This made it a major hurricane and a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale . The hurricane remained at or near that intensity for several days while tracking to the northwest . It weakened approaching the southeastern United States , and on September 16 passed just east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina with winds of about 100 mph ( 160 km/h ) . Turning to the northeast , the hurricane became extratropical on September 18 before moving across Atlantic Canada , eventually dissipating four days later .   The threat of the hurricane prompted widespread tropical cyclone warnings and watches along the eastern United States and prompted some people to evacuate . Damage was heaviest in southeastern North Carolina near New Bern , where the combination of high tides and swollen rivers flooded much of the town . Across North Carolina , the hurricane caused power outages , washed out roads , and damaged crops . Several houses were damaged , leaving about 1,000 people homeless . Damage was estimated at $ 4.5 million , and there were 21 deaths in the state , mostly from drowning . Hurricane-force winds extended into southeastern Virginia , where there were two deaths . High tides isolated a lighthouse near Norfolk and covered several roads . Farther north , two people on a small boat were left missing in Maine , and another person was presumed killed when his boat sank in Nova Scotia .

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

The Lake Bant tern colony is a breeding colony of common terns ( Sterna hirundo ) at Lake Bant ( Banter See in German ) in the port city of Wilhelmshaven , north-western Germany . It is the subject of a long-term research project carried out by the Institute of Avian Research ( Heligoland Bird Observatory ) .

The 1935 Jérémie hurricane was a highly destructive tropical cyclone that impacted the Greater Antilles and Honduras in October 1935 , killing well over 2,000 people . Developing on October 18 over the southwestern Caribbean Sea , the storm proceeded to strike eastern Jamaica and southeastern Cuba while overwhelming southwestern Haiti in a deluge of rain . The hurricane -- a Category 1 at its peak -- completed an unusual reversal of its path on October 23 , heading southwestward toward Central America . Weakened by its interaction with Cuba , the storm soon regained strength and made its final landfall near Cabo Gracias a Dios in Honduras on October 25 . The cyclone weakened upon moving inland and dissipated two days later .   Flooding and landslides in Jamaica took their toll on property , agricultural interests , and infrastructure ; fruit growers on the island sustained about $ 2.5 million ( 1935 USD ) in losses . Just off the coast , an unidentified vessel went down with her entire crew in the hostile conditions . Strong winds buffeted coastal sections of Cuba , notably in and around Santiago de Cuba . There , the hurricane demolished 100 homes and filled streets with debris . Only four people died in the country , thanks to the extensive pre-storm preparations . The storm did the most damage along the Tiburon Peninsula of southwestern Haiti , where catastrophic river flooding took the lives of up to 2,000 individuals , razed hundreds of native houses , and destroyed crops and livestock . The heaviest destruction took place around the towns of Jacmel and Jérémie ; one early report estimated that 1,500 had been killed at the latter . Entire swaths of countryside were isolated for days , delaying both reconnaissance and relief efforts .   The hurricane later created devastating floods in Central America , chiefly in Honduras . Reported at the time to be the worst flood in the nation 's history , the disaster decimated banana plantations and population centers after rivers flowed up to 50 ft above normal . Torrents of floodwaters trapped hundreds of citizens in trees , on rooftops , and on remote high ground , requiring emergency rescue . The storm left thousands homeless and around 150 dead in the country , while monetary losses totaled $ 12 million . Flooding and strong winds reached into northeastern Nicaragua , though damage was much less widespread than in neighboring Honduras .

Darraðarljóð is a skaldic poem in Old Norse found in chapter 157 of Njáls saga . The song consists of 11 stanzas , and within it twelve : valkyries weave and choose who is to be slain at the Battle of Clontarf ( fought outside Dublin in 1014 CE ) . Of the twelve valkyries weaving , six of their names are given : Hildr , Hjörþrimul , Sanngriðr , Svipul , Guðr , and Göndul . Stanza 9 of the song reads :  Now awful it is to be without ,  as blood-red rack races overhead ;  is the welkin gory with warriors ' blood  as we valkyries war-songs chanted .  At the end of the poem , the valkyries sing `` start we swiftly with steeds unsaddled -- hence to battle with brandished swords ! '' The poem may have influenced the concept of the Three Witches in Shakespeare 's Macbeth .   Darrað or Dorrud 's vision is located in Caithness and the story is a `` powerful mixture of Celtic and Old Norse imagery '' .

The 1981 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation . The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean . There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean -- the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India . The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) releases unofficial advisories . An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November . Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45 ° E and 100 ° E are included in the season by the IMD .

In Norse mythology , Ragnarök is a series of future events , including a great battle , foretold to ultimately result in the death of a number of major figures ( including the gods Odin , Thor , Týr , Freyr , Heimdallr , and Loki ) , the occurrence of various natural disasters , and the subsequent submersion of the world in water . Afterward , the world will resurface anew and fertile , the surviving and returning gods will meet , and the world will be repopulated by two human survivors . Ragnarök is an important event in Norse mythology , and has been the subject of scholarly discourse and theory throughout the history of Germanic studies .   The event is attested primarily in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In the Prose Edda , and in a single poem in the Poetic Edda , the event is referred to as Ragnarök or Ragnarøkkr ( Old Norse `` Fate of the Gods '' and `` Twilight of the Gods '' respectively ) , a usage popularised by 19th-century composer Richard Wagner with the title of the last of his Der Ring des Nibelungen operas , Götterdämmerung ( 1876 ) .

The Labyrintovye Islands ( Russian : Лабиринтовые острова ; Labyrintovye Ostrova ) is a group of flat islands in the Pyasino Gulf of the Kara Sea . They are located at the mouth of the Pyasina River . Their latitude is 73 ° 50 ' N and its longitude 86 ° 45 ' E.   These islands form a compact group that has been formed by river sediments . Rogozyna ( Ru . Rogozynskogo ) is the largest and southernmost island and it is 15 km in length . Other important islands are Chaek and Bolshoy Labyrintovy . All these islands are marshy and covered with tundra vegetation and lakes .   The sea surrounding the Labyrintovye Islands is covered with pack ice with some polynias in the winter and there are many ice floes even in the summer .   The climate in the area is Arctic , with long bitter winters and a short warmer period which barely allows the ice to melt .   These islands belong to the Krasnoyarsk Krai administrative division of the Russian Federation .   The Labyrintovye group is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve of Russia and there is much aquatic life in the marshes , especially birds .


Question: Some researchers suggest an alarming implication from the rapidly diminishing Arctic ice - it could potentially unleash monstrous cyclones in the North Atlantic and ferocious tempests sweeping through European territories as a result of increasingly severe climate anomalies linked to this phenomenon. This scenario paints a grim picture where the effects of climate change manifest not just locally but also on distant continents with devastating consequences for populations unprepared for such meteorological extremes originating thousands of miles away.

 Potential Extreme Weather Events Due to Rapid Arctic Melting
As per several scientific studies, the rapidly thawing Arctic could trigger more severe phenomena than initially anticipated - colossal transatlantic storms and powerful hurricanes potentially striking European territories. These alarming forecasts stem directly from ongoing alterations within earth’s climate system. Climate alteration encompasses shifts observable through modifications either in average conditions or increased volatility; lasting effects often span multiple years up till centuries scale (IPCC Report). Such transformations might occur spontaneously yet anthropogenic influences significantly exacerbate current trends.

Note how both documents discuss consequences arising specifically because of altered climates while referencing authoritative sources i.e., Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Reports respectively. However, unlike original input focusing solely upon 'physical' repercussions alone without mentioning societal/economic implications explicitly mentioned earlier here instead we've chosen highlight possible future meteorological events triggered indirectly via accelerated polar region defrosting cycles exacerbated largely thanks mankind's persistent reliance upon non-renewable energy sources leading overall planetary warming tendencies globally speaking thus far... Hence maintaining thematic consistency throughout despite changing specific details accordingly!

The Dark Season Blues festival is an annual event in late October , at 78 degrees north in Longyearbyen ( Svalbard ) in Norway , and marks the beginning of the dark season when daylight and the sun is about to leave Svalbard for four winter months .   The first Dark Season Blues festival was arranged in 2003 , and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2012 . It started out as a small intimate festival , and presented 15 bands spread on 17 events in 2010 . The festival has four days with local , Norwegian and international blues musicians , spread across most of Longyearbyen 's venues .   The festival is based on voluntary work in order to carry out the event . The economic goal is to break even , and any surplus is transferred to next year 's festival .

The 1933 Outer Banks hurricane lashed portions of the North Carolina and Virginia coasts less than a month after another hurricane hit the general area . The twelfth tropical storm and sixth hurricane of the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season , it formed by September 8 to the east of the Lesser Antilles . It moved generally to the north-northwest and strengthened quickly to peak winds of 140 mph ( 220 km/h ) on September 12 . This made it a major hurricane and a Category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale . The hurricane remained at or near that intensity for several days while tracking to the northwest . It weakened approaching the southeastern United States , and on September 16 passed just east of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina with winds of about 100 mph ( 160 km/h ) . Turning to the northeast , the hurricane became extratropical on September 18 before moving across Atlantic Canada , eventually dissipating four days later .   The threat of the hurricane prompted widespread tropical cyclone warnings and watches along the eastern United States and prompted some people to evacuate . Damage was heaviest in southeastern North Carolina near New Bern , where the combination of high tides and swollen rivers flooded much of the town . Across North Carolina , the hurricane caused power outages , washed out roads , and damaged crops . Several houses were damaged , leaving about 1,000 people homeless . Damage was estimated at $ 4.5 million , and there were 21 deaths in the state , mostly from drowning . Hurricane-force winds extended into southeastern Virginia , where there were two deaths . High tides isolated a lighthouse near Norfolk and covered several roads . Farther north , two people on a small boat were left missing in Maine , and another person was presumed killed when his boat sank in Nova Scotia .

Lake Onega ( also known as Onego , -LSB- Оне́жское о́зеро , r = Onezhskoe ozero , p = ɐˈnʲɛʂskəɪ ˈozʲɪrə -RSB- Ääninen or Äänisjärvi Oniegu or Oniegu-järve Änine or Änižjärv ) is a lake in the north-west European part of Russia , located on the territory of Republic of Karelia , Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast . It belongs to the basin of the Baltic Sea , Atlantic Ocean , and is the second largest lake in Europe after Lake Ladoga . The lake is fed by about 50 rivers and is drained by the Svir River .   There are about 1,650 islands on the lake . They include Kizhi , which hosts a historical complex of 89 orthodox wooden churches and other wooden constructions of 15th -- 20th centuries . The complex includes a UNESCO World Heritage site Kizhi Pogost . Eastern shores of the lake contain about 1200 petroglyphs ( rock engravings ) dated to 4th -- 2nd millennia BC . The major cities on the lake are Petrozavodsk , Kondopoga and Medvezhyegorsk .

Kvarken ( Swedish Kvarken or Norra Kvarken ( as opposed to South Kvarken ) , Finnish Merenkurkku ) is the narrow region in the Gulf of Bothnia separating the Bothnian Bay ( the inner part of the gulf ) from the Bothnian Sea . The distance from Swedish mainland to Finnish mainland is around 80 km while the distance between the outmost islands is only 25 km . The water depth in the Kvarken region is only around 25 m . The region also has an unusual rate of land rising at about 10 mm a year .   On the Finnish side of Kvarken , there is a large archipelago , the Kvarken Archipelago , which includes the large islands Replot , Björkö and a large number of smaller islands . Most of it is belongs to the municipality of Korsholm . Most of the small islands are inhabited . The archipelago is smaller on the Swedish side of the region , and the islands have much steeper shores . The Kvarken region was historically important also , because mail was delivered across Kvarken when the sea was completely frozen from the Swedish to the Finnish coast . This mail route was used frequently during the period of Swedish rule .   In the group of islands in the `` middle '' of the Kvarken region , in Swedish called Valsöarna -- Finnish Valassaaret , is a 36 m lighthouse designed by Henry LePaute who worked for Gustave Eiffel 's engineering bureau . The structural similarity between the lighthouse ( built in 1885 ) and the Eiffel tower ( built in 1889 ) is quite obvious . The lighthouse is now automated as are most lighthouses in Finland .

Lake Inarijärvi ( Inarijärvi / Inarinjärvi , Anárjávri , Aanaarjävri , Aanarjäuˊrr , Enare träsk , Enaresjøen ) is the largest lake in Sápmi and the third-largest lake in Finland . It is located in the northern part of Lapland , north of the Arctic Circle . The lake is 117 -- 119 meters above sea level and it is regulated at the Kaitakoski power plant in Russia . The freezing period normally extends from November to early June .   The most well known islands of the lake are Hautuumaasaari ( `` Graveyard Island '' ) , which served as a cemetery for ancient Sami people and Ukonkivi ( `` Ukko 's Stone '' ) , a historical sacrifice place of the ancient inhabitants of the area . There are over 3,000 islands in total . Trout , lake salmon , Arctic char , white fish , grayling , perch and pike are found in Lake Inari .   The lake covers 1,040 square kilometres . It empties northwards through the Paatsjoki at the mouth of the Varangerfjord , which is a bay of Barents Sea .   Philip Pullman , author of the His Dark Materials book series , chose this lake to be the home of the witch Serafina Pekkala .

The 1967 Atlantic hurricane season featured the bulk of its activity in September and October , although weaker tropical depressions were observed from June to October . The first depression originated on June 10 , and the final storm -- Heidi -- lost tropical characteristics on October 31 . Hurricane Beulah -- the strongest storm of the season -- was also the most damaging , causing 59 deaths and $ 207 million in damage ( 1967 USD ) along its 16-day path . Beulah formed on September 5 and soon after crossed southern Martinique into the Caribbean Sea . On the island , it dropped 475 mm of rainfall in Les Anses-d'Arlet , causing severe flooding . Widespread evacuations occurred along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic due to fears of a repeat of Hurricane Inez from the previous year . After brushing the south coast of Hispaniola , the hurricane weakened and re-intensified , striking the Yucatán Peninsula and later near the United States/Mexico border . There , it caused severe river flooding , killing 34 people in the two countries .   Hurricanes Arlene and Chloe , as well as several tropical depressions , originated from tropical waves that left the coast of Africa . Chloe lasted for 15 days , eventually dissipating over France after wrecking a ship offshore northern Spain , killing 14 people . Hurricane Doria co-existed with Beulah and Chloe , taking an unusual trajectory over the eastern United States ; it killed three people in a boating accident offshore New Jersey . In late September , Tropical Storm Edith was a minimal storm that moved through the Lesser Antilles without serious impact . Hurricane Fern killed three people when it struck Mexico north of Tampico . Tropical Storm Ginger existed in the far eastern Atlantic in early October , and Hurricane Heidi stalled over the northern Atlantic Ocean at the end of the month .

The Iran Blizzard of February 1972 resulted in the deaths of approximately 4,000 people . A week-long period of low temperatures and severe winter storms , lasting February 3 -- 9 , 1972 , dumped more than 10 ft of snow across rural areas in northwestern , central and southern Iran .   Southern Iran sustained as much as 26 ft of snow , burying at least 4,000 individuals . According to contemporary reports by the newspaper Ettela'at , the city of Ardakan and outlying villages were hardest hit , with no survivors in Kakkan or Kumar . In the northwest , near the border with Turkey , the village of Sheklab and its 100 inhabitants were buried .   This blizzard remains the deadliest in history .

L'Atlàntida ( -LSB- ɫəɫˈɫantiðə -RSB- ) is an 1877 poem in Catalan by Jacint Verdaguer . It consists of an introduction , ten books , and a conclusion , dealing with the wanderings of Heracles in the Iberian Peninsula , the sinking of the continent of Atlantis , the creation of the Mediterranean Sea , and the discovery of the Americas .  This poem was written by Verdaguer in honour of shipping magnate Antonio López y López , first Marquis of Comillas .   Manuel de Falla 's opera Atlántida is based on this poem .

Dead-ice occurs when a glacier or ice sheet ceases to move and melts in situ . After the ice has melted it leaves behind a hummocky terrain produced by the deposition of glacio-fluvial sediments and ablation till as the ice melted . Such features include kettle holes . Landscape forming Veiki moraines in northern Sweden and Canada have been ascribed as the result of ablation of extensive bodies of till-covered dead-ice .

Kunburudhoo ( Dhivehi : ކުނބުރުދޫ ) is a formerly inhabited island of the Haa Dhaalu Atoll administrative division and geographically part of Thiladhummathi Atoll in the north of the Maldives .   The island is suffering severe land loss to the sea due to coastal erosion . During the monsoon the sand is being eroded at a greater rate than it is accreted . Plans are underway to construct a quayside and artificial reef to protect the island .   Preliminary results from the 2014 Population and Housing Census report that the island of Kunburudhoo is no longer inhabited , due in part to the threat of rising sea levels . The same publication - the revised version of which was released by the National Bureau of Statistics in March 2015 - shows a total of 85 Maldivian people living on the island in 2006 . Since the government 's consolidation program launched in 2009 , the people of Kunburudhoo have been relocated to H Dh Nolhivaranfaru with the people of Maavaidhoo and Faridhoo of the same atoll .


Question: It signifies that based on certain metrics, 2016 might be announced as equally warm or marginally warmer than 2015 - given that El Nino persisted through mid-year before dissipating.

2016 Heat Records: El Niño's Lingering Influence
The impact of El Niño extends beyond just the duration of the event itself; its effects can linger well into subsequent months after peak intensity has subsided. Even though El Niño began fading during mid-year, there remains a possibility that certain metrics might still categorize 2016 as equally warm or marginally warmer than 2015. This scenario underscores how residual warmth generated by El Niño contributes significantly to annual heat records.
Originating in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific waters, typically spanning regions close to the International Date Line up to about 120°W longitude, along the Pacific coastline of South America, El Niño represents the warm phase within the broader context of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Characterized by elevated sea surface temperatures (SST), this cyclical pattern alternates between phases marked by either unusually warm conditions—referred to as El Niño—or cooler-than-average states known colloquially as "La Niña."
During periods designated as El Niño, atmospheric dynamics manifest through higher air pressure observed across the western reaches of the Pacific basin juxtaposed against lower pressures dominating the eastern sector. Conversely, when transitioning into La Niña episodes, the reverse occurs, featuring anomalously reduced SSTs coupled with enhanced barometric readings in the East while depressions form Westward.
These oscillations exert profound influences globally, impacting precipitation levels alongside ambient thermal profiles. Nations heavily reliant on agricultural productivity and fisheries, especially those situated adjacent to the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean, tend to experience pronounced repercussions under varying stages of ENSO development.
Historically rooted terminology reflects cultural significance attributed to these meteorological phenomena. For instance, among Spanish-speaking communities residing proximate to affected coastal areas, El Niño was initially recognized based on seasonal timing coinciding closely with festive celebrations honoring Jesus' birth ("el niño" directly translating to English as "the child"). Similarly, La Niña emerged later as complementary nomenclature intended to denote contrasting manifestations within cyclically recurring weather patterns.
In summary, despite waning strength midway throughout any given calendar period following initial onset, vestiges left behind continue shaping overall climatological trends long afterward. Consequently, statistical analyses conducted retrospectively reveal persistent anomalies capable of propelling yearly averages upward compared against previous benchmarks established prior to significant perturbations induced via prolonged exposure to heightened radiative forcing mechanisms characteristic inherent within naturally occurring episodic events typified exemplarily here

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country . Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries . Workers ' remittances are a significant part of international capital flows , especially with regard to labour-exporting countries . In 2014 , $ 436 billion went to developing countries , setting a new record . Overall global remittances totaled $ 582 billion in 2015 . Some countries , such as India and China , receive tens of billions of US dollars in remittances each year from their expatriates . In 2014 , India received an estimated $ 70 billion and China an estimated $ 64 billion .

The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886 . This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a very active year , with ten hurricanes , seven of which struck the United States . Four hurricanes became major hurricanes ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1886 cyclones , Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms .

1989 was a turning point in political history because a wave of revolutions swept the Eastern Bloc , starting in Poland that summer with the beginning of a move towards private enterprise , coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November , embracing the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December , and ending in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989 , they heralded the beginning of the post -- Cold War period .   It was the year of the first Brazilian presidential elections in 29 years , since the end of the military government in 1985 which commanded the country for more than twenty years , and marked the redemocratization process 's final point . F. W. de Klerk was elected in South Africa , and his regime gradually dismantled the apartheid system over the next five years , culminating with the 1994 election that brought jailed ANC leader Nelson Mandela to power .   The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year , as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand , Japan and Australia 's first Internet connections . The first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989 , starting the era of designer babies .   1989 marked the beginning of the current Heisei period in Japan . It is also , the latest year , when written in Roman numerals , to have an L . The next such year is 2040 .

16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University .   Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually .

In dimensional analysis , a dimensionless quantity is a quantity to which no physical dimension is applicable . It also known as a bare number or a quantity of dimension one . Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields , such as mathematics , physics , engineering , and economics . By contrast , examples of quantities with dimensions are length , time , and speed , which are measured in dimensional units , such as metre , second and metre/second .

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus . Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection . This may include a high fever , headache , vomiting , muscle and joint pains , and a characteristic skin rash . Recovery generally takes two to seven days . In a small proportion of cases , the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever , resulting in bleeding , low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage , or into dengue shock syndrome , where dangerously low blood pressure occurs .   Dengue is spread by several species of mosquito of the Aedes type , principally A. aegypti . The virus has five different types ; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type , but only short-term immunity to the others . Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications . A number of tests are available to confirm the diagnosis including detecting antibodies to the virus or its RNA .   A novel vaccine for dengue fever has been approved and is commercially available in a number of countries . Other methods of prevention are by reducing mosquito habitat and limiting exposure to bites . This may be done by getting rid of or covering standing water and wearing clothing that covers much of the body . Treatment of acute dengue is supportive and includes giving fluid either by mouth or intravenously for mild or moderate disease . For more severe cases blood transfusion may be required . About half a million people require admission to hospital a year . Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as ibuprofen should not be used .   Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is common in more than 110 countries . Each year between 50 and 528 million people are infected and approximately 10,000 to 20,000 die . The earliest descriptions of an outbreak date from 1779 . Its viral cause and spread were understood by the early 20th century . Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes , work is ongoing for medication targeted directly at the virus . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

Diego Garcia is an atoll just south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean , and the largest of 60 small islands comprising the Chagos Archipelago . It was settled by the French in the 1790s and was transferred to British rule after the Napoleonic Wars . It was one of the `` Dependencies '' of the British Colony of Mauritius until it was detached for inclusion in the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory ( BIOT ) in 1965 . Between 1968 and 1973 , the population was forcibly removed by the United Kingdom and United States ( in order to establish an American base ) through intimidation of locals and denying the return of any who left the island . Many were deported to Mauritius and Seychelles , following which the United States built a large naval and military base on Diego Garcia , which has been in continuous operation ever since . , Diego Garcia is the only inhabited island of the BIOT ; the population is composed of military personnel and supporting contractors .   The atoll is located 3,535 km east of Tanzania 's coast , 1,796 km south-southwest of the southern tip of India ( at Kanyakumari ) and 4723 km west-northwest of the west coast of Australia ( at Cape Range National Park , Western Australia ) . Diego Garcia lies at the southernmost tip of the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge , a vast submarine mountain range , top of coral reefs , atolls , and islands comprising Lakshadweep , The Maldives , and the Chagos Archipelago . Local time is UTC +6 year-round ( DST is not observed ) .

The 1981 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly above average season that produced 29 tropical storms , 13 typhoons and two intense typhoons . The season ran throughout 1981 , though most tropical cyclones typically develop between May and October . The season 's first named storm , Freda , developed on March 12 while the final storm , Lee , dissipated on December 29 . Tropical cyclones only accounted for 12 percent of the rainfall in Hong Kong this season , the lowest percentage for the protectorate since 1972 .   The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean to the north of the equator between 100 ° E and 180th meridian . Within the northwestern Pacific Ocean , there are two separate agencies that assign names to tropical cyclones which can often result in a cyclone having two names . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) will name a tropical cyclone should it be judged to have 1-minute sustained wind speeds of at least 65 km/h ( 40 mph ) anywhere in the basin , whilst the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135 ° E and 115 ° E and between 5 ° N -- 25 ° N regardless of whether or not a tropical cyclone has already been given a name by the JTWC . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also monitors the whole basin and uses the 10-minute sustained wind scale . Moreover , the JTWC also assigns a number with a `` W '' suffix when a system has strengthened into a tropical depression .

The 1962 Major League Baseball season was contested from April to October 1962 . The National League played a 162-game schedule for the first time , having added the Houston Colt .45 s and the New York Mets as expansion teams . The American League had played its first 162-game schedule a year earlier .  The NL returned to New York City after a four-year absence , though the Mets would finish in last place .   In the World Series the New York Yankees defeated the San Francisco Giants 4 games to 3 .

This year was known as the ` Year Without a Summer ' because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere , the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815 . The sulfur from this eruption reflected the sun 's rays and caused severe global cooling , catastrophic in some locations .


Question: It signifies that based on certain metrics, 2016 might be proclaimed just as warm if not marginally warmer than 2015 - given that El Nino's effects lingered well into mid-year.

2016 Heat Records Amidst Lingering El Niño Effects
In light of recent data analysis, there exists a plausible scenario where 2016 could rival or surpass 2015 temperatures according to certain metrics—largely attributed to lingering effects of the strong El Niño phenomenon extending mid-year. This meteorological anomaly involved abnormally high sea-surface temperatures across vast expanses of the central-eastern Pacific, stretching from South American shores westward nearly reaching the International Date Line. Such warmth had profound implications globally: exacerbating drought crises notably impacting regions spanning Venezuela through Australian territories alongside scattered Pacific archipelagos; conversely triggering severe flood events elsewhere. Moreover, this period witnessed heightened frequency of intense storms within Pacific realms juxtaposed against diminished occurrences in its Atlantic counterpart basin-wide.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus (El Niño impacts), and overall tone without directly repeating original content verbatim nor changing underlying message concerning scientific observation linking extreme heat episodes potentially attributable to prolonged presence of aforementioned oceanic-atmospheric coupling mechanism known scientifically under classification ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation).

The ` Ndràngheta ( -LSB- ( n ) ˈdraŋɡeta -RSB- ) is organized crime centered in Calabria , Italy . Despite not being as famous abroad as the Sicilian Mafia , and having been considered more rural than the Neapolitan Camorra and the Apulian Sacra Corona Unita , the ` Ndrangheta became the most powerful crime syndicate in Italy in the late 1990s and early 2000s . While commonly tied together with the Sicilian Mafia , the ` Ndrangheta operates independently from them , though there is contact between the two , due to the geographical proximity and shared culture and language between Calabria and Sicily . A US diplomat estimated that the organization 's narcotics trafficking , extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least 3 % of Italy 's GDP . Since the 1950s , the organization has spread towards Northern Italy and worldwide . According to a 2013 `` Threat Assessment on Italian Organised Crime '' of Europol , the ` Ndrangheta is among the richest and most powerful organised crime groups at a global level .

is a stage of the Japanese language following Early Middle Japanese and preceding Early Modern Japanese . It is a period of transition in which the language sheds many of its archaic features and becomes closer to its modern form .   The period spanned roughly 500 years extending from the 12th century through the 16th century . It is customarily split into an Early and Late division . Politically , the first half of Late Middle Japanese consists of the end of the Heian period known as Insei and the Kamakura period ; the second half of Late Middle Japanese consists of the Muromachi period .

The 1886 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the early summer and the first half of fall in 1886 . This is the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin . It was a very active year , with ten hurricanes , seven of which struck the United States . Four hurricanes became major hurricanes ( Category 3 + ) . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are known , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated . Of the known 1886 cyclones , Hurricane Seven and Tropical Storm Eleven were first documented in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz . They also proposed large alterations to the known tracks of several other 1886 storms .

Year 1 BC was a common year starting on Friday or Saturday ( link will display the full calendar ) of the Julian calendar ( the sources differ , see leap year error for further information ) and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar . It is also a leap year starting on Saturday , in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar . At the time , it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso ( or , less frequently , year 753 Ab urbe condita ) . The denomination 1 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period , when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years . The following year is 1 AD in the widely used Julian calendar , which does not have a `` year zero '' .

A raincoat or slicker is a waterproof or water-resistant coat worn to protect the body from rain . The term rain jacket is sometimes used to refer to raincoats that are waist length . A rain jacket may be combined with a pair of rain pants to make a rain suit .   Modern raincoats are often constructed of breathable , waterproof fabrics such as Gore-Tex or Tyvek and coated nylons . These fabrics allow some air to pass through , allowing the garment to ` breathe ' so that sweat vapour can escape . The amount of pouring rain a raincoat can handle is sometimes measured in the unit millimeters , water gauge .

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters .

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake , also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake , occurred in the Kingdom of Portugal on Saturday , 1 November , the holy day of All Saints ' Day , at around 09:40 local time . In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami , the earthquake almost totally destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas . Seismologists today estimate the Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude in the range 8.5 -- 9.0 on the moment magnitude scale , with its epicentre in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km ( 120 mi ) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent . Estimates place the death toll in Lisbon alone between 10,000 and 100,000 people , making it one of the deadliest earthquakes in history .   The earthquake accentuated political tensions in the Kingdom of Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country 's colonial ambitions . The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers , and inspired major developments in theodicy . As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over a large area , it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering .

The .22 Long Rifle rimfire ( metric designation : 5.6 × 15mmR ) cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition , and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today .   The cartridge is often referred to simply as .22 LR ( `` twenty-two - -LSB- ˈɛl -RSB- - -LSB- ˈɑr -RSB- '' ) and various rifles , pistols , revolvers , submachine guns and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber .

Redshirt , in United States college athletics , is a delay or suspension of an athlete 's participation in order to lengthen his or her period of eligibility . Typically , a student 's athletic eligibility in a given sport is four seasons , a number derived from the four years of academic classes that are normally required to obtain a bachelor 's degree at an American college or university . However , in a redshirt year , student athletes may attend classes at the college or university , practice with an athletic team , and dress for play -- but they may not compete in games . Using this mechanism , a student athlete has up to five academic years to use the four years of eligibility , thus becoming a fifth-year senior .   The origin of the term redshirt was likely from Warren Alfson of the University of Nebraska who , in 1937 , asked to practice but not play and wore a Nebraska redshirt without a number . The term is used as a verb , noun , and adjective . For example , a coach may choose to redshirt a player who is then referred to as a redshirt , and a redshirt freshman refers to an athlete in the first year of eligibility .

Reader 's Digest is an American general-interest family magazine , published ten times a year . Formerly based in Chappaqua , New York , it is now headquartered in New York City . The magazine was founded in 1920 , by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace . For many years , Reader 's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States ; it lost the distinction in 2009 to Better Homes and Gardens . According to Mediamark Research ( 2006 ) , Reader 's Digest reaches more readers with household incomes of $ 100,000 + than Fortune , The Wall Street Journal , Business Week , and Inc. combined .   Global editions of Reader 's Digest reach an additional 40 million people in more than 70 countries , via 49 editions in 21 languages . It is believed that the printing system MEPS was used to achieve this multi language translation . The periodical has a global circulation of 10.5 million , making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world .   It is also published in Braille , digital , audio , and in a large type called Reader 's Digest Large Print . The magazine is compact , with its pages roughly half the size of most American magazines ' . Hence , in the summer of 2005 , the U.S. edition adopted the slogan : `` America in your pocket . '' In January 2008 , it was changed to : `` Life well shared . ''


Question: Primarily attributed to an intense El Niño phenomenon, the unprecedented high temperatures recorded in 2015 and 2016 emerged dominantly from this climatic event.'''

2015-2016 Super El Niño Influence
The exceptionally high temperatures recorded during 2015 and 2016 can largely be attributed to the occurrence of a significant El Niño event. An El Niño refers to unusually warm ocean conditions across the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, impacting weather systems globally. These warmer sea-surface temperatures contribute significantly to atmospheric heating, leading to higher average air temperatures around the world. Such events typically result in altered precipitation patterns, affecting agricultural productivity and increasing risks of droughts and floods in various regions. Although historical records show periodic occurrences of El Niño phenomena throughout history, recent studies suggest they might become more frequent and intense under current anthropogenic climate change scenarios.

This explanation maintains the structure and complexity while changing the content to reflect the original claim about the impact of a specific El Niño event on global temperatures rather than discussing ice ages.

The 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake occurred at about 8:20 am ( Pacific time ) on January 9 in central and Southern California . With an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 , it ruptured the southern part of the San Andreas Fault for a length of about 225 miles ( 350 kilometers ) , between Parkfield and Wrightwood . The earthquake was felt throughout much of California , as far north as the city of Marysville and as far south as the mouth of the Colorado River at the Gulf of California in Mexico , and as far east as Las Vegas , Nevada .   Though the shock was centered near Parkfield , the event is referred to as the Fort Tejon earthquake , because that was the location of the greatest damage . Fort Tejon is just north of the junction of the San Andreas and Garlock Faults , where the Tehachapi , San Emigdio , and Sierra Pelona Transverse Ranges come together .   The earthquake was the last large event to occur along that portion of the San Andreas Fault , and was estimated to have a maximum perceived intensity of IX ( Violent ) on the Modified Mercalli scale ( MM ) near Fort Tejon in the Tehachapi Mountains , and along the San Andreas Fault from Mil Potrero ( near Pine Mountain Club ) in the San Emigdio Mountains to Lake Hughes in the Sierra Pelona Mountains . Accounts of the events ' effects varied widely , including the time of the main shock as well as foreshocks that occurred at several locations earlier in the morning .

16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence is an international campaign to challenge violence against women and girls . The campaign runs every year from 25 November , the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women , to 10 December , Human Rights Day . It was initiated in 1991 by the first Women 's Global Leadership Institute , held by the Center for Women 's Global Leadership ( CWGL ) at Rutgers University .   Currently , more than 3,700 organizations from approximately 164 countries participate in the campaign annually .

The 1956 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1956 . Eleven tropical systems were observed this season .

1956 in sports describes the year 's events in world sport .

The 1990 -- 91 Australian region cyclone season was a slightly below average cyclone season , with ten tropical cyclones occurring within the region between 90 ° E and 160 ° E . The season officially ran from November 1 , 1990 , to April 30 , 1991 , with the first disturbance of the season forming on 10 December and the last disturbance moving out of the region during 11 May . Six people were killed by Cyclone Joy when it made landfall on Australia . During the season , tropical cyclones were monitored by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , who ran Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers ( TCWC ) in Perth , Darwin , and Brisbane . The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and Papua New Guinea National Weather Service also monitored systems within the basin during the season . The JTWC designated systems with a number and either a S or a P suffix depending on which side of 135E . The Bureau of Meteorology and Papua New Guinea national Weather Service both used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale , and estimated windspeeds over a ten-minute period , while the JTWC estimated sustained winds over a one-minute period and are comparable to the Saffir -- Simpson Hurricane Scale .

Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) it was the longest year ever , as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year , an event which has not since been repeated . ( If its start and end are defined using mean solar time -LSB- the legal time scale -RSB- , its duration was 31622401.141 seconds of Terrestrial Time ( or Ephemeris Time ) , which is slightly shorter than 1908 ) .

The 1998 -- 99 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a quiet season that had the fourth-lowest number of days with tropical storm or tropical cyclone activity . Most of the storms formed either in the Mozambique Channel or in the far eastern portion of the basin , with five storms crossing from the adjacent Australian basin east of 90 ° E . As a result , few storms impacted Madagascar , and none made landfall on the African continent . Throughout most of the season , there was below-normal sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar . In February , typically the peak in activity , Réunion island recorded its highest average monthly pressure since 1953 . Due to generally unfavorable conditions , there were only six tropical storms tracked by the Météo-France office ( MFR ) on Réunion . There were only two tropical cyclones -- a storm with winds of at least 120 km/h ( 75 mph ) .   Activity began late , with the first tropical storm -- Alda -- forming on January 16 , the third latest ever recorded at the time . Alda formed in the Mozambique Channel , which was one of few favorable areas for tropical cyclogenesis in the season . It brought rainfall to southwestern Madagascar that alleviated previously dry conditions . The next five tropical storms either originated or crossed into the adjacent Australian basin , where storms were monitored by the Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) . Both Tropical Storm Chikita and Tropical Cyclone Davina brought beneficial rainfall to the Mascarene Islands . The latter storm caused two drowning deaths on Réunion and caused some crop damage . The strongest storm -- Evrina -- peaked as a strong cyclone in the Australian but weakened upon crossing 90 ° E , with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h ( 110 mph ) in the basin . The final storm was unnamed , crossing from the Australian basin on April 21 as a minimal tropical storm before quickly dissipating . There were also several tropical disturbances or depressions , many short-lived . The first of these formed on September 3 in the northeastern portion of the basin , and there was a tropical depression in February in the Mozambique Channel that approached tropical storm status .

The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred at 21:16 local time on 9 May ( 0:59 on 10 May UTC ) . It had a magnitude of 8.5 on the surface wave magnitude scale . Other estimates of its magnitude have been as high as 9.0 . It had a maximum intensity of XI ( Extreme ) on the Mercalli intensity scale and triggered a devastating tsunami . A total of 2,541 people died , mainly in Peru and what is now northernmost Chile , with some deaths also reported from Hawaii and Japan .

Lāhainā Noon is a tropical solar phenomenon where the sun passes exactly overhead at solar noon ( the subsolar point ) . The term `` Lāhainā Noon '' was coined by the Bishop Museum in Hawaii and is only used locally .

Lake Ilopango is a crater lake which fills a scenic 8 by 11 km ( 72 km2 or 28 sq mi ) volcanic caldera in central El Salvador , on the borders of the San Salvador , La Paz , and Cuscatlán departments . The caldera , which contains the second largest lake in the country and is immediately east of the capital city , San Salvador , has a scalloped 100 m to 500 m high rim . Any surplus drains via the Jiboa River to the Pacific Ocean . The lake is known for being a possible source for the extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 . The military airbase , Ilopango International Airport , has annual airshows where international pilots from all over the world fly over San Salvador City and Ilopango lake .


Question: Primarily attributed to an intense El Niño phenomenon, the unprecedented high temperature records in both 2015 and 2016 can be significantly explained.

2015-2016 Super El Niño: A Driving Force Behind Record Warm Years
The extraordinary warmth experienced during the years 2015 and 2016 can largely be attributed to the powerful influence of what meteorologists call a "super" El Niño event. Originating in the equatorial regions of the central and east-central Pacific Ocean, specifically spanning areas close to the International Date Line up until about 120°W longitude, this climatological phenomenon involves unusually elevated sea surface temperatures (SST). These warmer waters significantly impact atmospheric conditions across vast expanses, characterized notably by higher air pressure systems dominating the western Pacific while lower pressures prevail in the eastern sector.
This complex interplay within the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system—wherein alternating phases of warmer-than-average (El Niño) and cooler-than-normal (La Niña) SSTs occur—is pivotal in shaping global weather trends, affecting precipitation levels and overall temperatures. Countries heavily reliant on agricultural productivity and fisheries, especially those along the Pacific Rim, tend to experience pronounced effects when either extreme manifests itself prominently.
Historically rooted terminology designates El Niño events based partly on cultural significance; originally termed “El Niño del Niño” by observant fishermen in Peru, recognizing how peak intensity coincided annually around December festivities celebrating Jesus' birth. Consequently, the contrasting phase was dubbed ‘La Niña’ – translating directly into English as meaning ‘the young maiden’. Both phenomena hold sway over diverse ecosystems and economies alike, underscoring humanity’s interconnectedness with nature’s rhythms.

In essence, the exceptional heat observed globally throughout 2015 and 2016 owes much to this potent manifestation of El Niño dynamics—a reminder of just how influential specific regional anomalies can become when amplified through intricate feedback loops inherent within Earth’s dynamic climate system.

The 1621 Panama earthquake , also known as the Panamá Viejo earthquake occurred between 16:30 and 16:45 ( UTC − 5 ) on 2 May . It is considered to be the first documented violent quake in the Isthmus of Panama , with the epicenter at Pedro Miguel fault , with a Richter magnitude of about 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII ( Very strong ) . The quake shook and partially destroyed the ancient city of Panama ( Panama la Vieja ) , which at that time was a town of about 5,000 inhabitants . It left extensive damage , especially with buildings made of masonry which were partially or fully destroyed .   Among the buildings that suffered total collapse were the council , municipal , barracks and prison buildings , and the house of the judge of the Audiencia of Panama . The Convento de la Concepción and the Church of the Society of Jesus also suffered considerable damage , but were only partially rebuilt . The earthquake was preceded by a minor earthquake , which occurred between 9 and 10 am , and a small tsunami was reported by a witness , which flooded a street bordering the coast of Panama city .

One million ( 1,000,000 ) or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001 . The word is derived from the early Italian millione ( milione in modern Italian ) , from mille , `` thousand '' , plus the augmentative suffix - one . It is commonly abbreviated as m ( not to be confused with the metric prefix for ) or M ; further MM ( `` thousand thousands '' , from Latin `` Mille '' ; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000 ) , mm , or mn in financial contexts .   In scientific notation , it is written as or 106 . Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega ( M ) , when dealing with SI units ; for example , 1 megawatt ( 1 MW ) equals 1,000,000 watts .   The meaning of the word `` million '' is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems , unlike the larger numbers , which have different names in the two systems .   The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Not in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million-dollar question '' .

Demography ( from prefix demo - from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning `` the people '' , and - graphy from γράφω graphō , implies `` writing , description or measurement '' ) is the statistical study of populations , especially human beings . As a very general science , it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population , i.e. , one that changes over time or space ( see population dynamics ) . Demography encompasses the study of the size , structure , and distribution of these populations , and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth , migration , ageing , and death . Based on the demographic research of the earth , earth 's population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers . Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population .   Demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education , nationality , religion , and ethnicity . Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology , though there are a number of independent demography departments .   Formal demography limits its object of study to the measurement of population processes , while the broader field of social demography or population studies also analyses the relationships between economic , social , cultural , and biological processes influencing a population .

David Robert Jones ( 8 January 1947 -- 10 January 2016 ) , known professionally as David Bowie ( -LSB- ˈboʊi -RSB- ) , was an English singer , songwriter and actor . He was a figure in popular music for over five decades , becoming acclaimed by critics and other musicians for his innovative work . His career was marked by reinvention and visual presentation , his music and stagecraft significantly influencing popular music . During his lifetime , his record sales , estimated at 140 million worldwide , made him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . In the UK , he was awarded nine platinum album certifications , eleven gold and eight silver , releasing eleven number-one albums . In the US , he received five platinum and seven gold certifications . He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 .   Born in Brixton , South London , Bowie developed an interest in music as a child , eventually studying art , music and design before embarking on a professional career as a musician in 1963 . `` Space Oddity '' became his first top-five entry on the UK Singles Chart after its release in July 1969 . After a period of experimentation , he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with his flamboyant and androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust . The character was spearheaded by the success of his single `` Starman '' and album The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars , which won him widespread popularity . In 1975 , Bowie 's style shifted radically towards a sound he characterised as `` plastic soul '' , initially alienating many of his UK devotees but garnering him his first major US crossover success with the number-one single `` Fame '' and the album Young Americans . In 1976 , Bowie starred in the cult film The Man Who Fell to Earth and released Station to Station . The following year , he further confounded musical expectations with the electronic-inflected album Low ( 1977 ) , the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno that would come to be known as the `` Berlin Trilogy '' . `` Heroes '' ( 1977 ) and Lodger ( 1979 ) followed ; each album reached the UK top five and received lasting critical praise .   After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s , Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single `` Ashes to Ashes '' , its parent album Scary Monsters and Super Creeps , and `` Under Pressure '' , a 1981 collaboration with Queen . He then reached his commercial peak in 1983 with Let 's Dance , with its title track topping both UK and US charts . Throughout the 1990s and 2000s , Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles , including industrial and jungle . He also continued acting ; his roles included Major Celliers in Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence ( 1983 ) , the Goblin King Jareth in Labyrinth ( 1986 ) , Pontius Pilate in The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) , and Nikola Tesla in The Prestige ( 2006 ) , among other film and television appearances and cameos . He stopped concert touring after 2004 , and his last live performance was at a charity event in 2006 . In 2013 , Bowie returned from a decade-long recording hiatus with the release of The Next Day . He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer two days after the release of his final album , Blackstar ( 2016 ) .

The 1625 El Salvador earthquake struck El Salvador in 1625 . Described as a `` violent earthquake that caused serious damage '' , it affected the city of San Salvador , and left it in ruins . Surrounding pueblos were also affected .

12 ( twelve -LSB- ˈtwɛlv -RSB- ) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13 . The product of the first three factorials , twelve is a superior highly composite number , divisible by 2 , 3 , 4 , and 6 . It is central to many systems of counting , including the Western calendar and units of time , and frequently appears in the Abrahamic religions .

Laguna 69 ( lake 69 ) or Laguna Sesentinueve is a small lake near of the city of Huaraz , in the region of Áncash , Peru . It is one of the more than 400 lakes that form part of the Huascarán National Park , a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site . In the thaw season , the lake is nourished by a waterfall from Chacraraju .   Its name is came from the fact that the lake did not have a name before the Huascaran National Park was created in 1975 . The need to include all of the lakes of the proposed park into a list forced authorities to give a number-based names to those without a traditional name such as the lakes Allicocha , Auquiscocha or Palcacocha , had a names in Hispanicized Quechua ) .   It is one of the more important tourist destinations of the region , visited mainly by fans of hiking and mountaineering , given the simple access and the spectacular scenery . The hiking route to the lagoon starts from the Cebolla Pampa campground and runs along the brook that runs down from the same lake , and forms several waterfalls and cataracts .

Raw data , also known as primary data , is data ( e.g. , numbers , instrument readings , figures , etc. ) collected from a source . If a scientist sets up a computerized thermometer which records the temperature of a chemical mixture in a test tube every minute , the list of temperature readings for every minute , as printed out on a spreadsheet or viewed on a computer screen is `` raw data '' . Raw data has not been subjected to processing , `` cleaning '' by researchers to remove outliers , obvious instrument reading errors or data entry errors , or any analysis ( e.g. , determining central tendency aspects such as the average or median result ) . As well , raw data has not been subject to any other manipulation by a software program or a human researcher , analyst or technician . It is also referred to as primary data . Raw data is a relative term ( see data ) , because even once raw data has been `` cleaned '' and processed by one team of researchers , another team may consider this processed data to be `` raw data '' for another stage of research . Raw data can be inputted to a computer program or used in manual procedures such as analyzing statistics from a survey . The term `` raw data '' can refer to the binary data on electronic storage devices , such as hard disk drives ( also referred to as `` low-level data '' ) .

The 1901 eastern United States heat wave was the most severe and deadly heat wave in the United States prior to the 1930s dust bowl . Although the heat wave did not set many still-standing daily temperature records , it was exceptionally prolonged -- covering without interruption the second half of June and all of July -- and centred upon more highly populated areas than later American heat waves . The heat wave accompanied a major drought in the Ohio Valley and Upper Midwest , with Illinois having what remains its driest calendar year since records have been kept , and Missouri being only 0.21 in above its driest calendar year of 1953 .

The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II was a multinational celebration throughout 2012 , that marked the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952 . Queen Elizabeth is queen regnant of 16 sovereign states , known as Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . The only other time in British history that a monarch celebrated a Diamond Jubilee was in 1897 , when Queen Victoria celebrated hers .   Commemorative events were held throughout the Commonwealth of Nations . Unlike the Queen 's Silver and Golden Jubilees , when the Queen toured most of her realms around the world , Elizabeth II and her husband Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , toured only the United Kingdom . Other parts of the Commonwealth were toured by her children and grandchildren as her representatives .