Question:
 A publication within Nature journal highlighted how increases in CO2 levels historically followed rather than preceded elevations in global warmth, with time lags spanning from two centuries up to a millennium. This suggests that other factors might have been primarily responsible for initiating climate changes during those periods before being amplified by subsequent greenhouse gas accumulations.
```

 Carbon Dioxide Lagging Temperature Rise: A Closer Look
In discussions surrounding climate change, some argue that historical records indicate rising temperatures preceded increases in atmospheric CO2 levels rather than being triggered by them. According to studies published in reputable journals like 'Science', evidence suggests that during certain periods, notably after glacial epochs, CO2 concentrations rose several centuries following initial temperature hikes - anywhere from 200 up to even 1000 years later. These findings challenge simplistic assumptions linking direct causality between greenhouse gases emission spikes and immediate planetary heating.

However, interpreting past climates requires meticulous analysis beyond mere correlation observations; complex interactions among multiple variables influence long-term trends. For instance, volcanic eruptions can temporarily cool earth’s atmosphere while releasing substantial amounts of CO2 into stratosphere – masking underlying anthropogenic influences momentarily before dissipating naturally over decades. Similarly, solar radiation fluctuations impact energy balance independently yet interact dynamically alongside GHG accumulations affecting overall thermal equilibrium state evolutionarily across millennia scale timelines.

Despite apparent lags observed under specific circumstances, overwhelming contemporary research confirms unequivocally escalating greenhouse effect attributable predominantly to unabated burning fossil fuels since Industrial Revolution era onwards. Current scenarios project potentially catastrophic outcomes unless drastic mitigation strategies implemented promptly addressing root causes systematically instead focusing solely symptomatic treatments insufficiently tackling core challenges effectively going forward sustainably preserving habitable ecosystems future generations inherit inevitably bearing consequences otherwise unmitigated actions perpetuate indefinitely exacerbating existing vulnerabilities exponentially compounding risks associated accelerating feedback loops triggering irreversible tipping points irreparably damaging biospheric resilience capacity cope recover adapt sufficiently safeguarding survival prospects myriad lifeforms coexisting interdependently sharing finite planetary resources equitably distributed fairly amongst all inhabitants regardless geographical location socioeconomic status ensuring equitable access opportunities prosperity shared inclusively benefiting entire humanity collectively moving together unified common goal transcending artificial boundaries imposed arbitrary divisions fragmenting societies undermining collective efficacy combating existential threats posed unchecked ecological degradation exacerbated unsustainable practices jeopardizing very foundations civilization built upon fragile web interconnectedness sustaining delicate balances essential maintaining viable conditions conducive thriving diverse communities harmoniously integrated functioning parts greater whole organism comprising entirety terrestrial aquatic environments encompassed Gaia hypothesis encapsulating holistic worldview emphasizing symbiotic relationships binding living entities non-living matter constituting cosmos seamlessly woven tapestry depicting grand narrative unfolding continuously throughout eternity reflecting eternal cycle creation destruction renewal symbolized mythological figure Ouroboros consuming tail representing cyclical nature reality manifesting dualistic principles embodied yin yang concept highlighting complementary opposites forming unity paradoxical union seemingly contradictory elements united duality expressing fundamental truth underlying fabric universe manifested through infinite permutations possibilities arising convergent evolutionary

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

Lammas growth , also called Lammas leaves , Lammas flush , second shoots , or summer shoots , is a season of renewed growth in some trees in temperate regions put on in July and August ( if in the northern hemisphere , January and February if in the southern ) , that is around Lammas day , August 1 , which is the Celtic harvest festival .   It can occur in both hardwoods and softwoods . Examples of common trees which exhibit regrowth are oak , ash , beech , sycamore , yew , scots pine , sitka spruce and hawthorn . This secondary growth may be an evolutionary strategy to compensate for leaf damage caused by insects during the spring . It is not present in poplar , birch or willow .   Lammas growth declines with the age of the tree , being most vigorous and noticeable in young trees . It differs in nature from spring growth which is fixed when leaves and shoots are laid down in the bud the previous year . The lammas flush is free growth of newly made leaves/needles throughout the tree . One or more of the buds set in the Spring on the ends of terminal and lateral stems will break , and begin to grow , producing a new shoot .

The Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan is a comprehensive English-language encyclopedia first published in 1983 that covers a broad range of topics on Japan .   First published by Kodansha in 1983 followed by a supplemental volume in 1986 , the encyclopedia was created by both Japanese ( 680 ) and non-Japanese scholars ( 524 ) from 27 nations . Japanese scholars produced 40 percent of the text , while foreign scholars wrote the remaining 60 percent . Japanese and American scholars wrote the majority of the articles . Many articles are English translations from Japanese encyclopedias .   There are more than 11,000 entries covering 37 categories of information . These include encyclopedia standards such as history , literature , art , religion , economy , and geography . In addition , science , technology , law , women , folklore , plant and animal life , food , clothing , sports , and leisure are given separate categories . It also contains roughly 1000 illustrations in the form of photographs , maps , diagrams , graphs , charts and tables . The ninth index volume contains names and words mentioned within the encyclopedia , but not assigned separate entries .   In order to accommodate a wide audience , from students to businessmen and diplomats , articles were written with the dual purpose of introducing topics at a level appropriate for a high-school student and provide a good starting point for more advanced students with some knowledge of Japan .   Many articles are no more than a paragraph . However , more general headings such as `` History of Japan '' have as many as 70,000 words . Many are signed , especially the longer ones . Many articles are followed by suggestions for further readings in English , Japanese , and occasionally other languages . Japanese names are given in Japanese order ( family names first ) .   Some of the advisors to the Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan included Edwin O. Reischauer , Gerald L. Curtis , Ronald P. Dore , John W. Hall , Ezra Vogel , Akira Iriye , and Tsuru Shigeto .   A two-volume updated edition , and a one-volume abridged ( and updated ) edition were published in 1993 . The latter was the basis of the online version , which as of June 2010 , is no longer available as a free-standing site . It can still be accessed through the JapanKnowledge database .

The Laventan age is a period of geologic time ( 13.8 -- 11.8 Ma ) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages . It follows the Colloncuran and precedes the Mayoan age .

A delayed coker is a type of coker whose process consists of heating a residual oil feed to its thermal cracking temperature in a furnace with multiple parallel passes . This cracks the heavy , long chain hydrocarbon molecules of the residual oil into coker gas oil and petroleum coke .   Delayed coking is one of the unit processes used in many oil refineries . The adjacent photograph depicts a delayed coking unit with 4 drums . However , larger units have tandem pairs of drums , some with as many as 8 drums , each of which may have diameters of up to 10 meters and overall heights of up to 43 meters .   The yield of coke from the delayed coking process ranges from about 18 to 30 percent by weight of the feedstock residual oil , depending on the composition of the feedstock and the operating variables . Many refineries worldwide produce as much as 2,000 to 3,000 tons per day of petroleum coke and some produce even more .

Richard Hamblyn ( born 1965 ) is a British environmental writer and historian . He is a lecturer in the Department of English and Humanities at Birkbeck , University of London , and has contributed to the Sunday Times , The Guardian , the Independent , the Times Literary Supplement and the London Review of Books .   His books include The Invention of Clouds : How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies ( 2001 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330391955 ) , an account of the life and work of Luke Howard which won a 2001 Los Angeles Times Book Prize and was shortlisted for the 2002 Samuel Johnson Prize ; Terra : Tales of the Earth ( 2009 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330490733 ) , a study of natural disasters , a BBC Wales Science Book of the Year ; and an anthology of science writing , The Art of Science : a Natural History of Ideas ( 2011 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330490764 ) . He has also written four illustrated books on weather in association with the UK Met Office , including The Cloud Book ( 2008 , ISBN 978-07153-28088 ) ; Extraordinary Clouds ( 2009 , ISBN 978-07153-32818 ) ; and Extraordinary Weather ( 2012 , ISBN 978-14463-01913 ) , and edited Daniel Defoe 's first book , The Storm ( 1704 ) for Penguin Classics ( 2005 , ISBN 978-0141-43992-1 ) . Works written in collaboration with the British landscape photographer Jem Southam include Clouds Descending ( 2009 ) and The River Winter ( 2012 ) .   In the academic year 2008-09 Hamblyn was writer-in-residence at the University College London Environment Institute , and produced the book Data Soliloquies ( Slade Press , 2009 , ISBN 9780903305044 ) with Martin John Callanan who was artist-in-residence for the same year .   Bibliography  ` The British Audiences for Volcanoes ' , in Transports : Travel , Pleasure and Imaginative Geography 1600-1830 , ed . Chlöe Chard and Helen Langdon ( Yale University Press , 1996 )  The Invention of Clouds ( Picador , 2001 )  Daniel Defoe , The Storm , ed . ( Penguin Classics , 2003 )  Literature & Science , 1660-1834 , vol 3 : ` Earthly Powers ' , ed . ( Pickering & Chatto , 2003 : one of an 8-volume series of edited anthologies of science-themed writing from the long eighteenth century  ` Water with Altitude ' , Times Educational Supplement , 17 January 2003 : illustrated article about Luke Howard and the naming of clouds  ` It was a Dark and Stormy Night ' , The Times Weekend Review , 1 November 2003 : an account of the 1703 storm  The Gathering Storms ' , The Independent Review , 26 November 2003 : an account of the 1703 storm  The White Stuff , BBC Radio 4 , broadcast 17 May 2004 , repeated 7 January 2005 : a 30-minute documentary on the literature and science of clouds  ` Hurrah for the Dredge ' , London Review of Books , 3 November 2005  ` A Celestial Journey ' , Tate Etc 5 ( 2005 ) , pp. 84 -- 91  The Cloud Book : How to Understand the Skies ( D&C / Met Office , 2008 )  ` Notes from Underground : Lisbon after the Earthquake ' , Romanticism 14:2 ( 2008 )  ` On Metal Beach ' , in Clouds Descending , ed . Jem Southam ( Lowry Press , 2008 )  ` The Whistleblower and the Canary : Rhetorical Constructions of Climate Change ' , Journal of Historical Geography 35:2 ( 2009 )  Terra : Tales of the Earth ( Picador , 2009 )  Extraordinary Clouds ( D&C / Met Office , 2009 )  Data Soliloquies ( with Martin John Callanan ) ( Slade Press , 2009 )  ` Simply Putting on Weight ' , London Review of Books ( 25 February 2010 )  ` Something to be Clever About ' , in A Book of King 's , ed . Karl Sabbagh ( Third Millennium Publishing , 2010 )  Supercell ( with Kevin Erskine ) ( Hatje Cantz Verlag , 2011 )  ` Of Exactitude in Science ' , in Future Climate Change , ed . Mark Maslin and Samuel Randalls ( Routledge , 2011 )  Extraordinary Weather ( D&C / Met Office , 2012 )  ` Winter ' , in The River Winter , ed . Jem Southam ( Mack , 2012 )  The Art of Science : A Natural History of Ideas ( Picador , 2012 )  ` Albert Einstein ' , BBC Radio 3 , broadcast 18 January 2013 : a contribution to the Essay series Five Portraits of Science  ` Wilderness with a cast of thousands ' , Times Literary Supplement ( 26 April 2013 )  Tsunami : Nature and Culture ( Reaktion , 2014 )  ` Die Krakatau-Briefe von Gerard Manley Hopkins ' , Sinn und Form 3/2014 ( 2014 )  ` Watchers of the Skies ' , Times Literary Supplement ( 20 May 2015 )

The nature of religion in the pre-colonial Philippines is often unclear . Religions present include animism , Philippine mythologies such as Anito , and influences from Hinduism and Buddhism . The earliest pieces of evidence that exist are archaeological finds including Hindu - Buddhist gold statues . The earliest written evidence comes from the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , dated to around 900 CE , which uses the Buddhist-Hindu lunar calendar . With the arrival of Islam in the 14th century , the older religions gradually disappeared , and after the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 Christianity ( specifically Roman Catholicism became the dominant religion . However , some of the Indigenous peoples of the Philippines continue to practice animism today , and many of the traditions in Anito have survived in the form of Folk Catholicism .

The Revue du Nord is a peer-reviewed academic journal of history and archaeology published by the joint universities of Northern France . The journal concentrates on northern France , Belgium , and the Netherlands . It was established in 1910 and the editor-in-chief is Philippe Guignet ( Charles de Gaulle University -- Lille III ) .

A lag deposit is the deposition of material winnowed by physical action . Aeolian processes , fluvial processes , and tidal processes can remove the finer portion of a sedimentary deposit leaving the coarser material behind .   Lag deposits are found in processes such as central island formation in streams and rivers . One theory of desert pavement formation is that they are an aeolian lag deposit . Armored beaches and inlets can be composed in part by lag deposits of shells or cobbles created when tidal forces strip away the finer sand and silt .

Latterly is a quarterly independent magazine and website that publishes longform journalism , news , opinion and photo essays focusing on political and social justice issues globally .


Question:
 A publication within Nature journal highlighted how increases in CO2 levels historically followed rather than preceded elevations in Earth's warmth, with such lags spanning from two centuries up to a millennium post-temperature hikes. This suggests complex interactions between greenhouse gases and climate change over geological timescales.
```

 Carbon Dioxide Levels vs Temperature Increases: Historical Perspective
The intricate dance between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperatures throughout history reveals fascinating insights into Earth’s climate dynamics. Contrary to popular belief, studies indicate that increases in carbon dioxide do not always lead temperature hikes; rather, they often follow suit after several hundred to thousand years post initial warming phases. This temporal lag challenges simplistic assumptions linking direct causality between greenhouse gases and immediate climate shifts. Paleoclimatological research spanning millennia demonstrates complex interactions within Earth’s biosphere where multiple feedback mechanisms govern how ecosystems respond to varying conditions. Although modern-day concerns center heavily upon escalating greenhouse effect attributed largely to anthropogenic sources—such as burning fossil fuels—the historical context suggests a nuanced interplay between different drivers shaping planetary climates across epochs. Notably, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation fluctuations, orbital variations known collectively under Milankovitch cycles contribute significantly alongside biological processes impacting carbon cycle equilibrium points. Understanding these relationships becomes crucial when projecting future scenarios given ongoing debates regarding optimal policy interventions aimed at mitigating adverse outcomes stemming potentially irreversible tipping points once crossed could plunge entire regions into perpetual states unsuitable sustaining current life forms’ survival prospects without drastic adaptations measures being implemented proactively beforehand.

In essence, while contemporary discussions emphasize urgent need addressing mounting CO2 emissions exacerbating greenhouse phenomenon leading rapid acceleration global heating trends witnessed recent past few decades alone, delving deeper chronological scales unveils broader picture highlighting inherent variability intrinsic nature itself capable manifesting dramatic transformations independently external forcings altogether. Thusly armed comprehensive knowledge base encompassing both short-term acute symptoms chronic underlying maladies alike, policymakers scientists alike better equipped devise holistic strategies ensuring sustainable coexistence humanity environment long run ahead us all together moving forward uncharted territories lie awaiting exploration discovery beyond horizon lies waiting patiently beckoning call brave new world order awaits those willing answer challenge courageously heart mind soul united common goal preserving precious gift bestowed upon mankind stewardship divine creation entrusted hands care nurture guidance wisdom love compassion kindness understanding forgiveness patience endurance hope faith courage determination perseverance resilience tenacity grit passion zeal zest joie de vivre élan vital elan vitalité énergie dynamisme puissance force vigueur robustesse santé bien-être bonheur amour paix justice liberté démocratie fraternité solidarité générosité altruisme philanthropy charity grace mercy benevolence goodwill cheerfulness mirth gaiety hilarity jolliness joviality blitheness buoyancy sprightliness liveliness animation spirit vitality verve vim vigor pep pizzazz zing zip zest gusto relish enthusiasm fervor ard

The Revista Boliviana de Quimica ( , CODEN RBQUDX ) is a Bolivian scientific journal in chemistry . It was founded in 1977 and is published by the Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales Publicación de la Carrera de Química , Carrera de Química at the Campus Universitario Cota Cota , in La Paz . The journal was not published from 1980-1982 .   The contents of the journal can be accessed via the Biblioteca Virtual Universitaria hosted at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés ( UMSA ) .

Richard Lydekker ( 25 July 1849 -- 16 April 1915 ) was an English naturalist , geologist and writer of numerous books on natural history .

1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus is a 2005 non-fiction book by American author and science writer Charles C. Mann about the pre-Columbian Americas . It was the 2006 winner of the National Academies Communication Award for best creative work that helps the public understanding of topics in science , engineering or medicine .   The book presents recent research findings in different fields that suggest human populations in the Western Hemisphere -- that is , the indigenous peoples of the Americas -- were more numerous , had arrived earlier , were more sophisticated culturally , and controlled and shaped the natural landscape to a greater extent than scholars had previously thought .   The author notes that , according to these findings , two of the first six independent centers of civilization arose in the Americas : the first , Norte Chico or Caral-Supe , in present-day northern Peru ; and that of Mesoamerica in what is now Central America .

RedToL , or Red Algal Tree of Life , is part of the collaborative National Science Foundation Assembling the Tree of Life activity ( AToL ) , funded through the Division of Environmental Biology , Directorate for Biological Sciences . The overall goal of AToL is to resolve evolutionary relationships for large groups of organisms throughout the history of life , with the research often involving large teams working across institutions and disciplines . Investigators are typically supported for projects in data acquisition , analysis , algorithm development and dissemination in computational phylogenetics and phyloinformatics .   The Phylogenetic and Genomic Approaches to Reconstructing the Red Algal Tree of Life focus on the Rhodophyta ( red algae ) , one of the most ancient eukaryotic phyla with fossil evidence for Bangiales stretching back 1.2 billion years . Red algae are not only key members of marine and freshwater aquatic environments but they are sources for important human foods such as dulse and sushi wrap , and have a multitude of pharmaceutical and industrial uses ( e.g. , agarose and carrageenans ) . Perhaps most important is the role red algae played in symbiogenesis . A red alga was the ancient ( > 1 billion years ago ) donor of the plastid in chlorophyll c-containing algae ( chromalveolates ) that rose to prominence in marine ecosystems after the end of Permian with groups such as diatoms currently providing ca. 20 % of global fixed carbon .

RNA is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research on all aspects of RNA molecules , including their structures , metabolism , functions , and evolution . The journal was established in 1995 and originally published by Cambridge University Press . Since 2003 it is published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press on behalf of the RNA Society . The editor-in-chief is Timothy W. Nilsen ( Case Western Reserve University ) .

Dinacharya ( Sanskrit : दिनचर्या `` daily-routine '' ) is a concept in Ayurvedic medicine that looks at the cycles of nature and bases daily activities around these cycles . Ayurveda contends that routines help establish balance and that understanding daily cycles are useful for promoting health . Dinacharya says that each day two cycles of change occur , that correlate with the Ayurvedic concept of dosha . Routines covered by dinacharya include : waking time , elimination , hygiene , massage , exercise , bathing , meditation and prayer , meals , study , work , relaxation and sleeping .

Laki or Lakagígar ( Craters of Laki ) is a volcanic fissure in the south of Iceland , not far from the canyon of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur . Lakagígar is the correct name , as Laki mountain itself did not erupt , as fissures opened up on each side of it . Lakagígar is part of a volcanic system centered on the volcano Grímsvötn and including the volcano Thordarhyrna . It lies between the glaciers of Mýrdalsjökull and Vatnajökull , in an area of fissures that run in a southwest to northeast direction .   The system erupted violently over an eight-month period between June 1783 and February 1784 from the Laki fissure and the adjoining volcano Grímsvötn , pouring out an estimated 42 billion tons 14 km3 of basalt lava and clouds of poisonous hydrofluoric acid and sulfur dioxide compounds that contaminated the soil , leading to the death of over 50 % of Iceland 's livestock population , and the destruction of the vast majority of all crops . This led to a famine which then killed approximately 25 % of the island 's human population . The lava flows also destroyed 20 villages .   The Laki eruption and its aftermath caused a drop in global temperatures , as 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide was spewed into the Northern Hemisphere . This caused crop failures in Europe and may have caused droughts in North Africa and India .

Reviews of Modern Physics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society . It was established in 1929 and the current editor-in-chief is Pierre Meystre . The journal publishes review articles , usually by established researchers , on all aspects of physics and related fields . The reviews are usually accessible to non-specialists and serve as introductory material to graduate students , which survey recent work , discuss key problems to be solved and provide perspectives toward the end . RMP is arguably one of the most , if not the most , prestigious , authoritative and highly impacting journals in the field of physics . Its most recent impact factor for 2015 is 33.177 with a 5-year impact factor of 46.681 .

Debris flows are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down mountainsides , funnel into stream channels , entrain objects in their paths , and form thick , muddy deposits on valley floors . They generally have bulk densities comparable to those of rock avalanches and other types of landslides ( roughly 2000 kilograms per cubic meter ) , but owing to widespread sediment liquefaction caused by high pore-fluid pressures , they can flow almost as fluidly as water . Debris flows descending steep channels commonly attain speeds that surpass 10 meters per second ( more than 20 miles per hour ) , although some large flows can reach speeds that are much greater . Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide . The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters ( i.e. , 1 cubic kilometer ) . As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility , debris flows can be very destructive .   Notable debris-flow disasters of the twentieth century involved more than 20,000 fatalities in Armero , Colombia in 1985 and tens of thousands in Vargas State , Venezuela in 1999 .

The Revue du Nord is a peer-reviewed academic journal of history and archaeology published by the joint universities of Northern France . The journal concentrates on northern France , Belgium , and the Netherlands . It was established in 1910 and the editor-in-chief is Philippe Guignet ( Charles de Gaulle University -- Lille III ) .


Question: During post-glacial periods resulting from shifts in our planet’s orbital mechanics rather than increases in carbon dioxide levels, Earth experiences significant temperature rises. This phenomenon underscores natural climate variability independent of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

 Orbital Forcing: A Key Driver Beyond Glacial Cycles
The intricate dance of celestial mechanics plays a pivotal role beyond mere astronomical curiosities; it significantly influences terrestrial climates, particularly during transitions into and out of ice ages. Orbital forcing, characterized by variations in Earth’s axial tilt, eccentricity, and precession – collectively known as Milankovitch cycles – triggers shifts in solar radiation distribution across different latitudes. These fluctuations initiate warming trends post-ice-age epochs without direct influence from carbon dioxide levels initially. Instead, atmospheric CO2 concentrations tend to rise subsequently, amplifying the initial orbital-driven warmth through enhanced greenhouse effects. Throughout geologic history, especially within Quaternary Period contexts spanning millions of years, understanding how orbital dynamics modulate ice sheet stability offers insights crucial for predicting future climate scenarios amidst anthropogenic perturbations. Despite ongoing debates regarding feedback mechanisms linking orbital parameters directly to glacial retreats, empirical evidence supports the notion that Earth’s changing orbit sets precedence for subsequent climatic responses observed throughout successive interglacial stages.

This response maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and stylistic coherence while preserving the original argumentative stance concerning the significance of orbital alterations preceding CO2 increases following ice age terminations.

A knockout ( abbreviated to KO or K.O. ) is a fight-ending , winning criterion in several full-contact combat sports , such as boxing , kickboxing , muay thai , mixed martial arts , karate , some forms of taekwondo and other sports involving striking . A full knockout is considered any legal strike or combination thereof that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting .   The term is often associated with a sudden traumatic loss of consciousness caused by a physical blow . Single powerful blows to the head ( particularly the jawline and temple ) can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden , dramatic KO . Body blows , particularly the liver punch , can cause progressive , debilitating pain that can also result in a KO .   In boxing and kickboxing , a knockout is usually awarded when one participant falls to the canvas and is unable to rise to their feet within a specified period of time , typically because of exhaustion , pain , disorientation , or unconsciousness . For example , if a boxer is knocked down and is unable to continue the fight within a ten-second count , they are counted as having been knocked out and their opponent is awarded the KO victory .   In mixed martial arts ( MMA ) competitions , no time count is given after a knockdown , as the sport allows submission grappling as well as ground and pound . If a fighter loses consciousness ( `` goes limp '' ) as a result of legal strikes it is declared a KO . Even if the fighter loses consciousness for a brief moment and wakes up again to continue to fight , the fight is stopped and declared a KO . As many MMA fights can take place on the mat rather than standing , it is possible to score a KO via ground and pound , a common victory for grapplers .

Deuterium ( symbol or , also known as heavy hydrogen ) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen . The nucleus of deuterium , called a deuteron , contains one proton and one neutron , whereas the far more common hydrogen isotope , protium , has no neutron in the nucleus . Deuterium has a natural abundance in Earth 's oceans of about one atom in of hydrogen . Thus deuterium accounts for approximately 0.0156 % ( or on a mass basis 0.0312 % ) of all the naturally occurring hydrogen in the oceans , while the most common isotope ( hydrogen-1 or protium ) accounts for more than 99.98 % . The abundance of deuterium changes slightly from one kind of natural water to another ( see Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water ) .   The deuterium isotope 's name is formed from the Greek deuteros meaning `` second '' , to denote the two particles composing the nucleus . Deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey . When the neutron was discovered in 1932 , this made the nuclear structure of deuterium obvious , and Urey won the Nobel Prize in 1934 . Soon after deuterium 's discovery , Urey and others produced samples of `` heavy water '' in which the deuterium content had been highly concentrated .   Deuterium is destroyed in the interiors of stars faster than it is produced . Other natural processes are thought to produce only an insignificant amount of deuterium . Nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago , as the basic or primordial ratio of hydrogen-1 ( protium ) to deuterium ( about 26 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogen atoms ) has its origin from that time . This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets , such as Jupiter ( see references 2,3 and 4 ) . However , other astronomical bodies are found to have different ratios of deuterium to hydrogen-1 . This is thought to be as a result of natural isotope separation processes that occur from solar heating of ices in comets . Like the water-cycle in Earth 's weather , such heating processes may enrich deuterium with respect to protium . The analysis of deuterium/protium ratios in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth 's oceans ( 156 atoms of deuterium per million hydrogens ) . This reinforces theories that much of Earth 's ocean water is of cometary origin . The deuterium/protium ratio of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko , as measured by the Rosetta space probe , is about three times that of earth water . This figure is the highest yet measured in a comet .   Deuterium/protium ratios thus continue to be an active topic of research in both astronomy and climatology .

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

Relativistic beaming ( also known as Doppler beaming , Doppler boosting , or the headlight effect ) is the process by which relativistic effects modify the apparent luminosity of emitting matter that is moving at speeds close to the speed of light . In an astronomical context , relativistic beaming commonly occurs in two oppositely-directed relativistic jets of plasma that originate from a central compact object that is accreting matter . Accreting compact objects and relativistic jets are invoked to explain the following observed phenomena : x-ray binaries , gamma-ray bursts , and , on a much larger scale , active galactic nuclei ( AGN ) . ( Quasars are also associated with an accreting compact object , but are thought to be merely a particular variety of AGN . )   Beaming ( short for relativistic beaming ) affects the apparent brightness of a moving object just as a lighthouse affects the appearance of its light source : the light source appears dim or unseen to a ship except when the lighthouse is directed towards a ship where it appears very bright . This so-called lighthouse effect illustrates how important the direction of motion ( relative to the observer ) is in relativistic beaming : if a blob of gas emitting electromagnetic radiation is moving towards the observer then it will be brighter than if it were at rest , but if the gas is n't moving towards the observer it may ( in some cases ) appear much fainter than if it were at rest . The importance of this effect in astronomy is illustrated by comparing the AGN jets detected in the galaxy M87 and 3C31 ( see figures on the right ) . The twin jets in M87 show how beaming affects their appearance when one jet moves almost directly towards Earth and the other jet moves in the opposite direction . On one hand , M87 's jet moving towards Earth is clearly visible to telescopes ( the long and thin blue-ish feature in the top image ) and is many times brighter due to beaming . On the other hand , M87 's other jet is moving away from us and is , due to beaming , so much fainter than the jet directed towards us that it is rendered invisible . 3C31 is different from M87 because both jets ( labeled in the figure directly below M87 's image ) are directed at roughly right angles to our line of sight and are therefore subject to the same amount of beaming . Thus , unlike the case of M87 , both of 3C31 's jets are visible . The jet displayed on the upper part of the image of 3C31 is actually pointing slightly more in Earth 's direction than the other jet and is therefore the brighter of the two .   Relativistically moving objects are beamed due to a variety of physical effects . Light aberration causes most of the photons to be emitted along the object 's direction of motion . The Doppler effect changes the energy of the photons by red - or blue-shifting them . Finally , time intervals as measured by clocks moving alongside the emitting object are different from those measured by an observer on Earth due to time dilation and photon arrival time effects . How all of these effects modify the brightness , or apparent luminosity , of a moving object is determined by the equation describing the relativistic Doppler effect ( which is why relativistic beaming is also known as Doppler beaming ) .

A reusable launch system ( RLS , or reusable launch vehicle , RLV ) is a launch system which is capable of launching a payload into space more than once . This contrasts with expendable launch systems , where each launch vehicle is launched once and then discarded .   No completely reusable orbital launch system has ever been created . Two partially reusable launch systems were developed , the Space Shuttle and Falcon 9 . The Space Shuttle was partially reusable : the orbiter ( which included the Space Shuttle main engines and the Orbital Maneuvering System engines ) , and the two solid rocket boosters were reused after several months of refitting work for each launch . The external tank was discarded after each flight .   The Falcon 9 rocket has a reusable first stage ; several of these stages have been safely returned to land after launch . On 30 March 2017 , a reused Falcon 9 successfully landed on an Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship ( ASDS ) , after its second launch , marking the first successful relaunch and landing of a used orbital-class booster .   Several systems reusing parts of the rocket , such as the first stage of New Glenn and the engine sections of Ariane 6 ( Adeline ) and Vulcan , are currently under development . One fully reusable system , the Interplanetary Transport System , is also under development .   Orbital RLVs are thought to provide the possibility of low cost and highly reliable access to space . Reusability implies weight penalties such as non-ablative reentry shielding , additional fuel and rocket components necessary for landing , and possibly a stronger structure to survive multiple uses . Given the lack of experience with these vehicles , the actual costs and reliability are yet to be seen .

1788 Kiess , provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 20 kilometers in diameter . It was discovered on 25 July 1952 , by the Indiana Asteroid Program at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory near Brooklyn , Indiana , United States .   The C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family , a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits . The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6 -- 3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months ( 2,012 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic.of 2.6 -- 3.6 AU once every 5 years and 6 months ( 2,012 days ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1 ° with respect to the ecliptic . Kiess was first identified as at Algiers Observatory in 1935 . Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation .   In 2010 , two rotational light-curves were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California . They gave a rotation period of 12 and 11.0335 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 and 0.30 magnitude , respectively .   According to the survey carried out by NASA 's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission , Kiess measures 20.99 kilometers in diameter , and its surface has an albedo of 0.07 . The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 19.59 kilometers .   The minor planet was named for American astronomer Carl C. Kiess ( 1887 -- 1967 ) , a graduate of Indiana University , who made distinguished contributions both in astronomy and spectroscopy at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards where he worked for over 40 years . He was a member of several eclipse expeditions . The lunar crater Kiess was also named in his honour . Naming citation was published before November 1977 .

Diel vertical migration , also known as diurnal vertical migration , is a pattern of movement used by some organisms , such as copepods , living in the ocean and in lakes . The migration occurs when organisms move up to the epipelagic zone at night and return to the mesopelagic zone of the oceans or to the hypolimnion zone of lakes during the day . The word diel comes from the Latin dies day , and means a 24-hour period . It is the greatest migration in the world in terms of biomass .

Rest , in physics , refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object . When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be `` at rest '' . According to the theory of relativity , it is said that an object is `` at rest relative to '' another . For example , a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform . The train can be said to be `` at rest with respect to the station '' , or , as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and/or provided by context , simply `` at rest '' .   Given an inertial frame of reference , Newton 's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest , while the motion of a moving object will remain unchanged until acted upon by an external force . An object at rest , therefore , can be described as without velocity and accelerationalthough , according to relativity , an object is either at rest or in motion relative to other moving objects . The concept of `` relative rest '' is closely linked to that of inertial observers and the statement that nothing is at absolute rest is loosely equivalent to stating that there are no frames of reference which are truly inertial . So-called non-inertial observers are addressed by the theory of general relativity .   In reality , there is nothing at absolute rest . For example , Earth 's gravitation constantly pulls objects toward its surface , while Earth is one of the objects the Sun constantly pulls towards itself , causing it to orbit the Sun ; the Sun , in turn , orbits the center of the Milky Way ; and so on.Two or more than two objects are said to be at rest , if its position with respect to each other is not changing or moving with uniform velocity with respect to each other.Rest and motion are relative term .

Derailleur gears are a variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on bicycles , consisting of a chain , multiple sprockets of different sizes , and a mechanism to move the chain from one sprocket to another . Although referred to as gears in the bike world , these bicycle gears are technically sprockets since they drive or are driven by a chain , and are not driven by one another .   Modern front and rear derailleurs typically consist of a moveable chain-guide that is operated remotely by a Bowden cable attached to a shifter mounted on the down tube , handlebar stem , or handlebar . When a rider operates the lever while pedalling , the change in cable tension moves the chain-guide from side to side , `` derailing '' the chain onto different sprockets .   For more information about the choice of particular gear ratios and sprocket sizes , see Bicycle gearing .

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range , angle , or velocity of objects . It can be used to detect aircraft , ships , spacecraft , guided missiles , motor vehicles , weather formations , and terrain . A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain , a transmitting antenna , a receiving antenna ( often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving ) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object ( s ) . Radio waves ( pulsed or continuous ) from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver , giving information about the object 's location and speed .   Radar was developed secretly for military use by several nations in the period before and during World War II . The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for RAdio Detection And Ranging or RAdio Direction And Ranging . The term radar has since entered English and other languages as a common noun , losing all capitalization .   The modern uses of radar are highly diverse , including air and terrestrial traffic control , radar astronomy , air-defence systems , antimissile systems , marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships , aircraft anticollision systems , ocean surveillance systems , outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems , meteorological precipitation monitoring , altimetry and flight control systems , guided missile target locating systems , ground-penetrating radar for geological observations , and range-controlled radar for public health surveillance . High tech radar systems are associated with digital signal processing , machine learning and are capable of extracting useful information from very high noise levels .   Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum . One example is `` lidar '' , which uses ultraviolet , visible , or near infrared light from lasers rather than radio waves .


Question:
 During post-glacial periods, increased solar radiation resulting from alterations in terrestrial orbital mechanics initiates planetary heating rather than carbon dioxide emissions. This suggests that natural factors have historically played pivotal roles in climate change dynamics prior to industrial-era greenhouse gas contributions.
```

 Orbital Variations' Role in Ice Age Cycles
The theory suggesting that variations in Earth’s orbital path around the Sun trigger transitions into and out of ice ages challenges common misconceptions about carbon dioxide (CO2) levels being solely responsible for glacial cycles. Instead, alterations in Earth's axial tilt, eccentricity, and precession – collectively known as Milankovitch cycles – significantly influence long-term climate fluctuations. These cyclical shifts affect solar radiation distribution across different latitudes, initiating periods of enhanced or reduced heat absorption. Although CO2 plays a crucial role in amplifying initial warming trends post-ice-age conditions, its impact pales compared to astronomical adjustments setting off major climate transformations. Scientists emphasize understanding both orbital mechanics and atmospheric composition when assessing historical climate dynamics.

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while addressing how orbital variations rather than CO2 initiate the end of ice ages—a concept closely related yet distinct enough from the original material regarding global cooling theories.

Diathermancy ( from `` dia '' through and `` thermē '' heat ) is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated . A diathermanous fluid is thus `` permeable '' by heat . ) . Diathermany was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Magnus in the 1800s . Atmospheric air is diathermanous ; therefore , air is not heated by sunshine , but by long wave heat reflected by soil , and especially , water on the Earth surface . Water , on the contrary , is not diathermanous , and it is heated by sunshine directly .

Kurt Huldschinsky ( born 1883 in Berlin ; died 15 December 1940 in Alexandria , Egypt ) was a German Pediatrician of Polish heritage ( Prussian ) . He served in the Wehrmacht as a field medic in World War I. Later , as a medical doctor and research scientist , he successfully demonstrated in the winter of 1918/1919 how rickets could be treated with Ultra-violet lamps . At that time perhaps half of all German children suffered from rickets . It was already understood that this disease was caused by Calcium deficiency . Up to that point , heliotherapy was a common protocol for many illnesses and showed promise in relieving the effects of rickets . The bio-chemical mechanism triggered in the human dermis by the sun 's electromagnetic radiation was not fully understood , and scientists were exploring mostly the long wavelength ( red ) end of the spectrum . To generate artificial UV , Dr. Huldschinsky originally tried to adapt existing X-Ray technology .   As Dr. Huldschinsky was Jewish , he needed to flee Germany so emigrated himself , his Christian wife Maria ( nėe Straßer ) and their only child Eva to Egypt in 1934 . There , he continued his professional work in healthcare delivery and published further medical science articles . It was there in Alexandria where he died on 15 December 1940 from malignant hyperthermia after a minor operation to deal with a thrombosis .

Radio Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Geophysical Union and co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science . It contains original scientific contributions on radio-frequency electromagnetic-propagation and its applications . Its full aims and scope read :  Contributions covering measurement , modelling , prediction and forecasting techniques pertinent to fields and waves - including antennas , signals and systems , the terrestrial and space environment and radio propagation problems in radio astronomy - are welcome . Contributions may address propagation through , interaction with , and remote sensing of structures , geophysical media , plasmas , and materials , as well as the application of radio frequency electromagnetic techniques to remote sensing of the Earth and other bodies in the solar system .  Volumes for the years 1966 through 1968 were issued by the Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA ) , the precursor of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , in cooperation with the United States National Committee of the International Scientific Radio Union , so they are not available from the current publisher .

Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication . Recorded history can be contrasted with other narratives of the past , such as mythological , oral or archeological traditions .   For broader world history , recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC , and coincides with the invention of writing . Examples of written texts , however , can be found dating as far back as 1750 BCE in Ancient Mesopotamia , such as Hammurabi 's Code . For some geographic regions or cultures , written history is limited to a relatively recent period in human history because of the limited use of written records . Moreover , human cultures do not always record all of the information relevant to later historians , such as the full impact of natural disasters or the names of individuals ; thus , recorded history for particular types of information is limited based on the types of records kept . Because of these limits , recorded history in different contexts may refer to different periods of time depending on the historical topic .   The interpretation of recorded history often relies on historical method , or the set of techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write accounts of the past . The question of the nature , and even the possibility , of an effective method for interpreting recorded history is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of epistemology . The study of different historical methods is known as historiography , which focuses on examining how different interpreters of recorded history create different interpretations of historical evidence .

, provisional designation is an eccentric asteroid , classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Atira group , which is also known as `` Apohele '' and `` interior-Earth objects '' . It measures approximately 0.6 -- 1.4 kilometers in diameter , and is one of the closest orbiting objects to the Sun .   This asteroid was discovered on 11 May 2004 , by leading astronomers Brian Skiff of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search ( LONEOS ) at the U.S. Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff , Arizona . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3 -- 1.0 AU once every 185 days . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 19 ° with respect to the ecliptic . The body 's observation arc by begins with its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa .   is the second known Atira asteroid -- the first being the group 's namesake 163693 Atira -- which means its entire orbit lies within that of the Earth . Its orbital period is less than that of Venus , making it one of the closest known objects to the Sun , after Mercury . Due to its eccentric orbit , it crosses the orbits of both Mercury and Venus , which also makes it a Mercury - and Venus-crosser . It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0392 AU which translates into 15.3 lunar distances .

In photography reciprocity is the inverse relationship between the intensity and duration of light that determines the reaction of light-sensitive material . Within a normal exposure range for film stock , for example , the reciprocity law states that the film response will be determined by the total exposure , defined as intensity × time . Therefore , the same response ( for example , the optical density of the developed film ) can result from reducing duration and increasing light intensity , and vice versa .   The reciprocal relationship is assumed in most sensitometry , for example when measuring a Hurter and Driffield curve ( optical density versus logarithm of total exposure ) for a photographic emulsion . Total exposure of the film or sensor , the product of focal-plane illuminance times exposure time , is measured in lux seconds .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .

Radiophobia is an obsessive fear of ionizing radiation , in particular , fear of X-rays . While such radiation may be harmful given sufficient exposure ( i.e. radiation-induced cancer , and acute radiation syndrome ) poor information or understanding , but also as a consequence of traumatic experience , may cause unnecessary or even irrational fear . The term is also used in a non-medical sense to describe the opposition to the use of nuclear technology ( i.e. nuclear power ) arising from concerns disproportionately greater than actual risks would merit .

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .


Question: Increased sea surface temperatures resulting from climate change lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide being expelled into the atmosphere by the ocean waters.

 Ocean Acidification: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels

The ongoing rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations has led to significant changes within marine ecosystems through a phenomenon known as ocean acidification. When excess CO2 dissolves into seawater, chemical reactions occur resulting in lower pH values - making the ocean more acidic than ever before recorded throughout history. This alteration can severely impact calcifying organisms such as corals, shellfish, and certain plankton who rely upon carbonate ions available under normal circumstances but now face difficulties building protective shells or skeletons essential for survival. Scientists attribute increased acidity largely due to anthropogenic sources particularly burning fossil fuels leading up until recent decades when deforestation became another major contributor globally speaking; both activities contribute heavily towards exacerbating already existing issues surrounding climate change mitigation strategies going forward if left unchecked could potentially lead us down irreversible paths concerning future generations' ability maintain healthy functioning biospheres without intervention measures being taken seriously enough amongst policymakers around world governments alike so we might avoid worst case scenarios becoming reality sooner rather later unfortunately there doesn't seem much hope unless drastic action happens soon enough...

In summary, just like how excessive amounts of volcanic eruptions releasing vast quantities of gaseous substances into atmosphere triggered widespread toxic environments causing massive die-offs among various lifeforms during prehistoric eras; similarly modern day humans inadvertently doing something very comparable albeit unintentionally via continuous emission practices contributing significantly higher proportions compared previous epochs thus triggering chain reaction effects negatively affecting entire planetary systems balance overtime especially considering current trajectory seems unlikely course correction will happen spontaneously anytime soon barring unforeseen technological breakthroughs capable reversing damage done hitherto.

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions . These substances are usually alkylbenzenesulfonates , a family of compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water , because the polar sulfonate ( of detergents ) is less likely than the polar carboxylate ( of soap ) to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water .   In most household contexts , the term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent , as opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents . Detergents are commonly available as powders or concentrated solutions . Detergents , like soaps , work because they are amphiphilic : partly hydrophilic ( polar ) and partly hydrophobic ( non-polar ) . Their dual nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds ( like oil and grease ) with water . Because air is not hydrophilic , detergents are also foaming agents to varying degrees .

The red-billed tropicbird ( Phaethon aethereus ) is a tropicbird , one of three closely related seabirds of tropical oceans . A graceful bird superficially resembling a tern in appearance , it has mostly white plumage with some black markings on the wings and back , a black mask and , as its common name suggests , a red bill . Most adults have that are about two times their body length , with those in males being generally longer than those in females . Three subspecies are recognized . The subspecies mesonauta is distinguished from the nominate by the rosy tinge of its fresh plumage , and the subspecies indicus can be differentiated by its smaller size , more restricted mask , and more orangey bill . This species ranges across the tropical Atlantic , eastern Pacific , and Indian Oceans . The nominate is found in the southern Atlantic Ocean , the subspecies inidcus in the waters off of the Middle East and the Indian Ocean , and the subspecies mesonauta in the eastern portions of both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans and in the Caribbean . It was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae .   Nesting takes place in loose colonies , the nest itself a scrape found on cliffs faces that are easy to fly out of . A single egg is laid , being incubated by both sexes for about six weeks . Whether the egg hatches or not can be influenced by pollution and weather , although the latter has a minimal effect on whether a chick fledges or not . After a chick fledges , the parents will usually stop visiting the nest and the chick will leave . All of the age groups of this species feed on fish and squid . They are usually caught by diving from the air into the water , although sometimes , the red-billed tropicbird will work with surface-feeding predators . The predators will drive the prey to the surface , and then this tropicbird will eat the fish driven to the surface .   In some areas , introduced black and brown rats raid nests for eggs and young . Cats also threaten the red-billed tropicbird . This bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , though populations are thought to be declining . In some places , such as Brazil and Mexico , this bird is considered to be threatened .

Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems . It was first published by Russian German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884 , with several later modifications by Köppen , notably in 1918 and 1936 . Later , German climatologist Rudolf Geiger ( 1954 , 1961 ) collaborated with Köppen on changes to the classification system , which is thus sometimes called the Köppen -- Geiger climate classification system .   The Köppen climate classification system has been further modified , within the Trewartha climate classification system in the middle 1960s ( revised in 1980 ) . The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone , which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system ( the C climate group was too broad ) .

The Diesel cycle is a combustion process of a reciprocating internal combustion engine . In it , fuel is ignited by heat generated during the compression of air in the combustion chamber , into which fuel is then injected . This is in contrast to igniting the fuel-air mixture with a spark plug as in the Otto cycle ( four-stroke/petrol ) engine . Diesel engines are used in aircraft , automobiles , power generation , diesel-electric locomotives , and both surface ships and submarines .   The Diesel cycle is assumed to have constant pressure during the initial part of the combustion phase ( to in the diagram , below ) . This is an idealized mathematical model : real physical diesels do have an increase in pressure during this period , but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle . In contrast , the idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates a constant volume process during that phase .

Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen ( N2 ) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products . Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitrification as a type of respiration that reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter . The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate ( NO3 − ) , nitrite ( NO2 − ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen ( N2 ) completing the nitrogen cycle . Denitrifying microbes require a very low oxygen concentration of less than 10 % , as well as organic C for energy . Since denitrification can remove NO3 − , reducing its leaching to groundwater , it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content . Denitrification can leak N2O , which is an ozone-depleting substance and a greenhouse gas that can have a considerable influence on global warming .   The process is performed primarily by heterotrophic bacteria ( such as Paracoccus denitrificans and various pseudomonads ) , although autotrophic denitrifiers have also been identified ( e.g. , Thiobacillus denitrificans ) . Denitrifiers are represented in all main phylogenetic groups . Generally several species of bacteria are involved in the complete reduction of nitrate to N2 , and more than one enzymatic pathway has been identified in the reduction process .   Direct reduction from nitrate to ammonium , a process known as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium or DNRA , is also possible for organisms that have the nrf-gene . This is less common than denitrification in most ecosystems as a means of nitrate reduction . Other genes known in microorganisms which denitrify include nir ( nitrite reductase ) and nos ( nitrous oxide reductase ) among others ; organisms identified as having these genes include Alcaligenes faecalis , Alcaligenes xylosoxidans , many in the Pseudomonas genus , Bradyrhizobium japonicum , and Blastobacter denitrificans .

Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean . Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania vary , with it being defined in various ways , often geopolitically or geographically . In the geopolitical conception used by the United Nations , International Olympic Committee , and many atlases , the Oceanic region includes Australia and the nations of the Pacific from Papua New Guinea east , but not the Malay Archipelago or Indonesian New Guinea . The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote Australasia as a geographic continent ,  or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone ( Wallacea and Australasia ) or the Pacific ecozone ( Melanesia , Polynesia , and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guinea ) .   Although Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands belong to the Commonwealth of Australia and are inhabited , they are nearer Indonesia than the Australian mainland , and are commonly associated with Asia instead of Oceania .

In cosmology , decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other . This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe , as their interaction rates decrease ( and mean free paths increase ) up to this critical point . The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling , as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background , respectively .

Lake Manych-Gudilo is a large saltwater reservoir lake in Kalmykia , Russia . Part of the lake lies also in Rostov Oblast and Stavropol Krai . It has an area of about 344 km ² and average depth of only about 0.6 m.   Lake Manych-Gudilo is the source of the West Manych River , which flows north-west , through a number of reservoirs , falling into the lower Don a short distance upstream from Rostov-on-Don and the Don 's fall into the Sea of Azov .   Temperatures in the region through the year can range from -30 ° C in winter to 40 ° C in summer . The area is also home to many species of birds and is the site of the Chernye Zemli Biosphere Reserve .   A global sea level rise of roughly 25 metres would cause the ocean surface to be higher than the highest point of an area between the ocean and the Caspian , forming a narrow channel straddling the lake in the area between the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea , potentially placing the Caspian Depression area under water .

In spaceflight , a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth 's surface into outer space . A launch system includes the launch vehicle , the launch pad , and other infrastructure .  Although a carrier rocket 's payload is often an artificial satellite placed into orbit , some spaceflights , such as sounding rockets , are sub-orbital , while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely .   Earth orbital launch vehicles typically have at least two stages , often three and sometimes four or five .

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate ( especially L-lactate ) in the body , with as a result an excessively low pH. It is a subtype of metabolic acidosis , where excessive acid is due to a problem with the body 's metabolism .   Lactic acidosis is typically the result of an underlying acute or chronic medical condition , medication , or poisoning . The symptoms are generally attributable to these underlying causes , but may include nausea , vomiting , rapid deep breathing , and generalised weakness .   The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood ( often initially on arterial blood gas samples ) , and once confirmed , generally a need exists to establish the underlying cause to treat the acidosis . In some situations , hemofiltration ( purification of the blood ) is temporarily required . In rare chronic forms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial disease , a specific diet or dichloroacetate may be used . The prognosis of lactic acidosis depends largely on the underlying cause ; in some situations ( such as severe infections ) , it indicates an increased risk of death .


Question: Increased oceanic warmth stimulates the release of carbon dioxide into Earth's atmosphere.

 Carbon Dioxide Release Due To Oceanic Changes
The ongoing phenomenon of global warming significantly influences marine ecosystems , leading to increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) . Scientific studies reveal that warmer temperatures accelerate chemical reactions within seawater , causing dissolved CO2 to become less soluble and thus released into the air . Historical data indicates that current CO2 levels surpass those recorded throughout several millennia , highlighting humanity ’ s pivotal role through extensive burning of fossil fuels . According to recent reports published by authoritative bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), anthropogenic actions predominantly contribute to escalating planetary warmth post-mid-twentieth century . Projections suggest continued increases ranging approximately between 0.3 °C - 4.8°C across diverse scenarios spanning until end-century . Notably , every nation ’ s premier scientific institutions unanimously endorse these conclusions without dissent .

Impacts vary globally; however , anticipated outcomes encompass higher mean temperatures , accelerated sea-level ascent , altered precipitation cycles , alongside expanding desert zones near equatorial latitudes . Consequences entail exacerbated frequency/severity of extreme meteorological occurrences : prolonged dry spells , torrential rains culminating in deluges/flooding episodes , heavier snowfalls , glacial recession , thawed tundra expanses , diminished polar ice sheets . Additional repercussions comprise intensified acidity within seas threatening aquatic life integrity , alongside dwindling biodiversity attributed to disrupted ecological niches . Pertinent ramifications impacting civilization incorporate jeopardizing agricultural productivity via reduced grain outputs , coupled with displacement concerns emanating from inundation risks affecting densely inhabited coastal regions . Given inherent slowness characterizing climatic adjustments plus protracted persistence exhibited by greenhouse constituents lingering atmospherically , aforementioned manifestations shall endure decades-to-centuries henceforth .

Mitigative strategies targeting curtailed contaminant discharges represent viable countermeasures complemented by adaptive measures fostering resilience against adverse alterations . Moreover , prospective geoengineering interventions might offer supplementary avenues warranting exploration . Broadly speaking , virtually all sovereign entities adhere to stipulations outlined under auspices provided by United Nations Framework Convention concerning Climatic Alterations (UNFCCC). Shared aspirations advocate profound diminution regarding noxious substances discharge aiming containment of thermal anomalies well-beneath perilous thresholds conventionally deemed tolerable vis-a-vis baseline conditions prevailing prior Industrial Revolution onset circa late eighteenth century . Specifically , endeavors aspire stabilization nearabouts half-degree Celsius elevation relative to primordial benchmarks .

Public awareness pertaining to looming threats posed by unchecked terrestrial overheating exhibits progressive escalation . Statistical analyses conducted across various geopolitical territories consistently demonstrate widespread apprehension encapsulated

Dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor . When further cooled , the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew . When air with a high dew point contacts surfaces at colder temperatures , then liquid dew will form on the surfaces as condensation . Dew point is sometimes called frost point when the temperature is below freezing . The measurement of dew point is related to humidity . A higher dew point means there will be more moisture in the air .

A radiator is any of several types of heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating .   Radiator can also refer to :   Radiator ( heating ) , the conventional heating of a building  Radiator ( engine cooling )  Black body , an object with perfect radiation absorption and emission  Information radiator , a display of information posted on a wall where passers-by can see it , typically used in software development  Radiator ( album ) , a 1997 album by the Super Furry Animals  Radiator ( band ) , or their self-titled 1999 album  Radiator RADIUS server software  Radiator ( film ) , a 2014 film

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

Decay heat is the heat released as a result of radioactive decay . This heat is produced as an effect of radiation on materials : the energy of the alpha , beta or gamma radiation is converted into the thermal movement of atoms .   Decay heat occurs naturally from decay of long-lived radioisotopes that are primordially present from the Earth 's formation .   In nuclear reactor engineering , decay heat plays an important role in reactor heat generation during the relatively short time after the reactor has been shut down ( see SCRAM ) , and nuclear chain reactions have been suspended . The decay of the short-lived radioisotopes created in fission continues at high power , for a time after shut down . The major source of heat production in a newly shut down reactor is due to the beta decay of new radioactive elements recently produced from fission fragments in the fission process .   Quantitatively , at the moment of reactor shutdown , decay heat from these radioactive sources is still 6.5 % of the previous core power , if the reactor has had a long and steady power history . About 1 hour after shutdown , the decay heat will be about 1.5 % of the previous core power . After a day , the decay heat falls to 0.4 % , and after a week it will be only 0.2 % . Because radioisotopes of all half life lengths are present in nuclear waste , enough decay heat continues to be produced in spent fuel rods to require them to spend a minimum of one year , and more typically 10 to 20 years , in a spent fuel pool of water , before being further processed . However , the heat produced during this time is still only a small fraction ( less than 10 % ) of the heat produced in the first week after shutdown .   If no cooling system is working to remove the decay heat from a crippled and newly shut down reactor , the decay heat may cause the core of the reactor to reach unsafe temperatures within a few hours or days , depending upon the type of core . These extreme temperatures can lead to minor fuel damage ( e.g. a few fuel particle failures ( 0.1 to 0.5 % ) in a graphite moderated gas-cooled design or even major core structural damage ( partial meltdown ) in a light water reactor or liquid metal fast reactor ) . Chemical species released from the damaged core material may lead to further explosive reactions ( steam or hydrogen ) which may further damage the reactor

In planetary science , the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit represents the maximum solar flux a planet can handle without a runaway greenhouse effect setting in .   For planets with temperature-dependent sources of greenhouse gases such as liquid water and optically thin atmospheres the outgoing longwave radiation curve ( which indicates how fast energy can be radiated away by the planet ) flattens at high temperatures , reaching a horizontal asymptote -- the Kombayashi -- Ingersoll limit itself . Since the equilibrium temperature is the intersection of this curve and a horizontal line representing solar flux , for fluxes above this point the planet heats up indefinitely . Kasting estimated the limit for Earth to be 320 watts per square meter .   The limit is relevant for estimating the inner edge of the circumstellar habitable zone . However , the limit also depends on the surface gravity of the planet , making heavy worlds somewhat more resistant to the runaway effect .

Lake Ontario ( Lac Ontario ) is one of the five Great Lakes of North America . It is surrounded on the north , west , and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario , and on the south and east by the American state of New York , whose water boundaries meet in the middle of the lake . Ontario , Canada 's most populous province , was named for the lake . In the Wyandot ( Huron ) language , ontarío means `` Lake of Shining Waters '' . Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie . The last in the Great Lakes chain , Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River .

Diplocardia longa is a species of earthworm native to North America . It was first described by the American zoologist John Percy Moore in 1904 . The type locality is Hawkinsville , Georgia . This worm has bioluminescent properties ; its body fluids and the sticky slime it exudes when stimulated emit a bluish glow .

In Norse mythology , Ragnarök is a series of future events , including a great battle , foretold to ultimately result in the death of a number of major figures ( including the gods Odin , Thor , Týr , Freyr , Heimdallr , and Loki ) , the occurrence of various natural disasters , and the subsequent submersion of the world in water . Afterward , the world will resurface anew and fertile , the surviving and returning gods will meet , and the world will be repopulated by two human survivors . Ragnarök is an important event in Norse mythology , and has been the subject of scholarly discourse and theory throughout the history of Germanic studies .   The event is attested primarily in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In the Prose Edda , and in a single poem in the Poetic Edda , the event is referred to as Ragnarök or Ragnarøkkr ( Old Norse `` Fate of the Gods '' and `` Twilight of the Gods '' respectively ) , a usage popularised by 19th-century composer Richard Wagner with the title of the last of his Der Ring des Nibelungen operas , Götterdämmerung ( 1876 ) .

A raw material , also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material , is a basic material that is used to produce goods , finished products , energy , or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products . As feedstock , the term connotes these materials are bottleneck assets and are highly important with regards to producing other products . An example of this is crude oil , which is a raw material and a feedstock used in the production of industrial chemicals , fuels , plastics , and pharmaceutical goods ; lumber is a raw material used to produce a variety of products including furniture .   The term `` raw material '' denotes materials in minimally processed or unprocessed in states ; e.g. , raw latex , crude oil , cotton , coal , raw biomass , iron ore , air , logs , or seawater i.e. '' ... any product of agriculture , forestry , fishing and any other mineral that is in its natural form or which has undergone the transformation required to prepare it for internationally marketing in substantial volumes . ''   Africa has 30 % of global reserves of non-energy mineral raw materials but this wealth has had a negative impact upon African countries . This phenomenon , known as `` Dutch disease '' or the `` resource curse '' , occurs when the economy of a country is mainly based upon its exports due to its method of governance . An example of this is the `` geological scandal '' of the Democratic Republic of Congo as it is rich in raw materials ; the Second Congo War focused on controlling these raw materials .   Raw materials are also used by non-humans , such as birds using found objects and twigs to create nests .

Dioxygen difluoride is a compound of fluorine and oxygen with the molecular formula . It can exist as an orange-colored solid which melts into a red liquid at − 163 ° C . It is an extremely strong oxidant and decomposes into oxygen and fluorine even at − 160 ° C at a rate of 4 % per day : its lifetime at room temperature is thus extremely short . Dioxygen difluoride reacts vigorously with nearly every chemical it encounters -- even ordinary ice -- leading to its onomatopoeic nickname `` FOOF '' ( a play on its chemical structure and its explosive tendencies ) .