Question: Every annum, a region encompassing marine habitats exceeding the expanse of New York metropolis gets obliterated, stripping away crucial natural defenses against severe climatic events for populations residing along shorelines while concurrently discharging substantial amounts of CO2 emissions into our atmospheric environment. This ecological devastation not only jeopardizes biodiversity but also exacerbates climate change impacts on human settlements globally.

 Coastal Ecosystem Destruction: A Growing Crisis
Each year, vast expanses of vital coastal ecosystems—equivalent in size to greater than New York City—are decimated, stripping away crucial barriers against severe weather events and exacerbating atmospheric CO2 levels. These fragile environments serve as essential buffers protecting shoreline communities from storms' wrath, while simultaneously acting as significant carbon sinks. However, relentless degradation threatens both functions, jeopardizing local safety nets and contributing to escalating greenhouse gases.
The root causes behind this alarming trend span various sectors, encompassing agricultural expansion, deforestation, and infrastructure development. Unsustainable practices lead to mangrove clearance, seagrass beds disruption, and wetland conversion, undermining nature’s resilience mechanisms. Moreover, unchecked urban sprawl often encroaches upon sensitive coastlines without adequate consideration for long-term ecological impacts.
Consequences extend beyond immediate environmental damage; they affect socio-economic stability too. Communities reliant on fishing industries face dwindling catches as marine life loses critical breeding grounds. Tourism revenues dwindle when pristine beaches erode under storm surges no longer mitigated effectively. Additionally, increased vulnerability exposes inhabitants to higher risks associated with flooding and cyclones.
Mitigation strategies require collaborative international commitment focusing on restoration projects alongside preventive measures. Replanting initiatives aim to revive degraded landscapes, enhancing absorption capacities and rebuilding lost defenses. Stringent regulations governing coastal developments seek to minimize future harm through smarter design choices respecting underlying ecologies. Education campaigns highlight conservation importance among stakeholders fostering stewardship values necessary for sustained success.
Addressing coastal ecosystem devastation necessitates urgent action across governmental bodies, private sector entities, non-profit organizations, and engaged citizens alike. By prioritizing preservation efforts now, we safeguard invaluable assets ensuring safer habitation zones resilient enough to withstand intensifying climactic challenges ahead. Together let us strive towards nurturing harmonious coexistence where man-made progress complements rather than compromises irreplaceable natural wonders gracing our shared planetary heritage.

The Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876 ( October 29 -- November 1 , 1876 ) was one of the deadliest cyclones in history . It hit the coast of Backerganj ( near Meghna estuary ) in present-day Barisal , Bangladesh , killing about 200,000 people , half of whom were drowned by the storm surge , and the remainder died in the resultant famine .   The cyclone formed over the SE Bay of Bengal as a depression near 10.0 ° N and 89.0 ° E on October 27 , intensified into a cyclonic storm near 15.0 ° N and 89.0 ° E on October 30 and subsequently intensified into a severe cyclonic storm with a core of hurricane winds . The cyclone moved north up to the North Bay and then NNE . On October 31 , the cyclone made landfall on Backerganj .   The maximum wind was estimated at 220 km/h and the surge height was 3 - .

The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996 . The first reclamations can be traced back to the early Western Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 9 AD ) , when beaches were turned into fields for salt production . Major land reclamation projects have been conducted since the mid-19th century .

The 1692 Jamaica earthquake struck Port Royal , Jamaica on June 7 . A stopped pocket watch found in the harbor in 1969 indicated that it occurred around 11:43 a.m. Port Royal was , at the time , the unofficial capital of Jamaica , and one of the busiest and wealthiest ports in the West Indies . It was known both as the `` storehouse and treasury of the West Indies '' and `` one of the wickedest places on earth '' , being a common home port for the many privateers and pirates operating within the Caribbean Sea . The earthquake caused most of the city to sink below sea level and about 2,000 people died as a result of the earthquake and the following tsunami . About 3,000 people died in the days following the earthquakes due to injuries and disease .

A Lagerstätte ( -LSB- ˈlaːɡɐˌʃtɛtə -RSB- , from Lager ` storage , lair ' Stätte ` place ' ; plural Lagerstätten ) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation -- sometimes including preserved soft tissues . These formations may have resulted from carcass burial in an anoxic environment with minimal bacteria , thus delaying decomposition . Lagerstätten span geological time from the Neoproterozoic era to the present . Worldwide , some of the best examples of near-perfect fossilization are the Cambrian Maotianshan shales and Burgess Shale , the Devonian Hunsrück Slates and Gogo Formation , the Carboniferous Mazon Creek , the Jurassic Solnhofen limestone , the Cretaceous Santana and Yixian formations , and the Eocene Green River Formation .

The Regional Municipality of York , also called York Region , is a regional municipality in Southern Ontario , Canada , between Lake Simcoe and Toronto . It replaced the former York County in 1971 , and is part of the Greater Toronto Area and the inner ring of the Golden Horseshoe . The regional government is headquartered in Newmarket .   The 2011 census population was 1,032,524 , surpassing the population mark of one million . At the Canada 2011 Census , 53,989 residents inhabited rural areas in the municipality , 67,551 resided in small urban areas , and 910,984 resided in large urban areas . Its growth rate of 15.7 % from 2006 to 2011 was the sixth highest amongst all census divisions in Canada , and the Government of Ontario expects its population to surpass 1.5 million residents by 2031 .

Denver is the central city of a conurbation region in the U.S. state of Colorado . The conurbation includes one continuous region consisting of the six central counties of Adams , Arapahoe , Broomfield , Denver , Douglas and Jefferson . The Denver region is part of the Front Range Urban Corridor .   The United States Office of Management and Budget has delineated the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area consisting of ten Colorado counties : the City and County of Denver , Arapahoe County , Jefferson County , Adams County , Douglas County , the City and County of Broomfield , Elbert County , Park County , Clear Creek County , and Gilpin County . The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population was 2,812,732 as of July 1 , 2015 , an increase of +10.6 % since the 2010 United States Census , and ranking as the 19th most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States .   The Office of Management and Budget also delineated the more extensive Denver-Aurora Combined Statistical Area comprising the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood Metropolitan Statistical Area , the Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area , and the Greeley Metropolitan Statistical Area .   The central part of the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) includes Denver and three immediately adjacent counties : Jefferson County to the west , Adams County to the north and east , and Arapahoe County to the south and east . The continuously urbanized area extends northwest into the City and County of Broomfield , bordering Jefferson and Adams counties , and south into Douglas County , adjoining Arapahoe County . Also included in the federally defined MSA are four rural counties : Elbert County on the southeastern prairie and Clear Creek , Gilpin , and Park counties in the Rocky Mountains .

A regional municipality ( or region ) is a type of Canadian municipal government similar to and at the same municipal government level as a county , although the specific structure and servicing responsibilities may vary from place to place . Regional municipalities were formed in highly populated areas where it was considered more efficient to provide certain services , such as water , emergency services , and waste management over an area encompassing more than one local municipality . For this reason , regions may be involved in providing services to residents and businesses .   Regional municipalities , where they include smaller municipalities within their boundaries , are sometimes referred to as `` upper-tier '' municipalities . Regional municipalities generally have more servicing responsibilities than counties . Typical services include maintenance and construction of arterial roads , transit , policing , sewer and water systems , waste disposal , region-wide land-use planning and development and health and social services .   Regions are typically more urbanized than counties . Regional municipalities are usually implemented in census divisions where an interconnected cluster of urban centres forms the majority of the division 's area and population .

A koog ( plural : köge ) or groden is a type of polder found on the North Sea coast of Germany that is established by the construction of dykes enclosing the land which is then drained to form marshland . This type of land reclamation is also used along rivers . In general , a koog is protected by embankments known as dykes ( Deiche ) .

Laguna Beach State Marine Reserve ( SMR ) and Laguna Beach State Marine Conservation Area ( SMCA ) are two adjoining marine protected areas that extend offshore of Laguna Beach in Orange County on California 's south coast . The SMR covers 6.27 square miles , and the SMCA covers an additional 3.44 square miles . These two MPAs are part of a four-MPA complex on the coast of southern Orange County . Each protects marine life by prohibiting or limiting the removal of marine wildlife from within its borders .   Both Laguna Beach SMR and Laguna Beach SMCA prohibit the take of all living marine resources . Laguna Beach SMCA includes the following allowance : Take of all living marine resources is prohibited except operation and maintenance of artificial structures and facilities , beach grooming , maintenance dredging , and habitat restoration inside the conservation area per any required federal , state and local permits , or as otherwise authorized by the department . Please see the following for official details on boundaries , regulations and other information :

The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) . Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley , an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area . Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days . As a result , about 3,000 people died and over 80 % of the city of San Francisco was destroyed . The events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States . The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California 's history and high in the lists of American urban disasters .


Question: 195 nations endorsed the 2015 Paris Accord, committing to curb global warming and adjust to climatic shifts, in part through safeguarding biodiversity.

2015 Paris Agreement: Commitment to Combatting Climate Change
In late 2015, delegates convened in Paris, France, marking the culmination of extensive negotiations aimed at addressing global climate challenges under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Spanning two weeks, from November 30 to December 12, leaders across 195 nations gathered for what would become known as the pivotal COP 21 summit. Herein emerged the historic Paris Agreement—a collective pledge designed to curb escalating temperatures and foster resilience against climate impacts, significantly safeguarding ecosystems.
This accord, embodying unanimous consent among participating states, delineated stringent measures targeting carbon neutrality throughout the latter part of the twenty-first century. To materialize its ambitions, signatories committed to halving anthropogenic greenhouse gases post-2050, aiming for a maximum planetary warming threshold below 2°C relative to preindustrial benchmarks. Moreover, aspirational endeavors sought even more ambitious outcomes—limiting thermal rise to just 1.5°C above baseline figures.
Following its unveiling, momentum rapidly coalesced around formal endorsements; come Earth Day 2016, upwards of 174 sovereign entities appended signatures onto the treaty’s framework, initiating domestic legislative procedures for ratification. By design, operational efficacy hinged upon achieving participation thresholds encompassing minimum coverage parameters—specifically, endorsement by jurisdictions accounting for over 55% of cumulative global emission volumes.
Anticipating divergent capacities amongst stakeholders, preliminary submissions outlined respective "Intended Nationally Determined Contributions" (INDCs), encapsulating tailored mitigation strategies. Collectively, these proposals forecasted aggregate warming curtailments hovering near 2.7°C by end-century projections. Notably, European Union contingents pledged reductions exceeding 40%, vis-a-vis baselines established circa 1990, slated for realization ahead of midcentury milestones.
To perpetuate progress, institutional mechanisms envisaged recurring assessments ("global stocktakes") scheduled quinquennially since 2023, enabling recalibration of ambition levels amidst evolving scientific insights. Contrary to predecessor protocols exemplified by the Kyoto arrangement, however, prescriptive quantifiable targets remained conspicuously absent from final texts—an omission intended to accommodate diverse developmental trajectories while preserving overarching objectives intact.
Preliminary dialogues preceding COP 21 facilitated critical groundwork, culminating in preparatory sessions conducted earlier in Bonn, Germany, where drafts underwent refinement prior to official deliberations.

Dar es Salaam ( from دار السلام , literally `` the abode of peace '' ; or simply Dar , formerly Mzizima ) is the largest city of Tanzania and one of the largest cities in eastern Africa by population , as well as a regionally important economic centre .  Located at the Indian Ocean , the city is one fastest growing in the world .   Until 1974 Dar es Salaam served as Tanzania 's capital city which is since the completed move in 1996 Dodoma . Nevertheless , it remains focus of the permanent central government bureaucracy and is Tanzania 's most prominent city in arts , fashion , media , music , film and television . It is Tanzania 's leading financial center with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange ( DSE ) being the country 's first and most important stock exchange market . The city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit tourism areas in Tanzania like the national parks for safaris and the islands of Zanzibar . Dar es Salaam is also the largest and most populous Swahili-speaking city in the world .   It is the capital of the coextensive Dar es Salaam Region administrative province and consists of five districts : northern Kinondoni , central Ilala , Ubungo , southern Temeke and Kigamboni . The region had a population of 4,364,541 as of the official 2012 census .

South Africa has a complex and diverse history regarding the human rights of LGBTI people . The legal and social status of between 400,000 - over 2 million lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , intersex and gender non-conforming South Africans has been influenced by a combination of traditional South African mores , colonialism , and the lingering effects of apartheid and the human rights movement that contributed to its abolition . South Africa 's post-apartheid constitution was the first in the world to outlaw discrimination based on sexual orientation , and South Africa was the fifth country in the world , and the first -- and , to date , only -- in Africa , to legalise same-sex marriage . Same-sex couples can also adopt children jointly , and also arrange IVF and surrogacy treatments . Nevertheless , LGBT South Africans continue to face considerable challenges , including social stigma , homophobic violence ( particularly corrective rape ) , and high rates of HIV/AIDS infection .

Development aid ( also development assistance , technical assistance , international aid , overseas aid , official development assistance ( ODA ) , or foreign aid ) is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic , environmental , social , and political development of developing countries . It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term , rather than a short term response .   The term development co-operation , which is used , for example , by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) is used to express the idea that a partnership should exist between donor and recipient , rather than the traditional situation in which the relationship was dominated by the wealth and specialised knowledge of one side . Most development aid comes from the Western industrialised countries but some poorer countries also contribute aid .   Aid may be bilateral : given from one country directly to another ; or it may be multilateral : given by the donor country to an international organisation such as the World Bank or the United Nations Agencies ( UNDP , UNICEF , UNAIDS , etc. ) which then distributes it among the developing countries . The proportion is currently about 70 % bilateral 30 % multilateral .   About 80-85 % of developmental aid comes from government sources as official development assistance ( ODA ) . The remaining 15-20 % comes from private organisations such as `` non-governmental organisations '' ( NGOs ) , foundations and other development charities ( e.g. , Oxfam ) . In addition , remittances received from migrants working or living in diaspora form a significant amount of international transfer .   Some governments also include military assistance in the notion `` foreign aid '' , although many NGOs tend to disapprove of this .   Official development assistance is a measure of government-contributed aid , compiled by the Development Assistance Committee of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) since 1969 . The DAC consists of 34 of the largest aid-donating countries .

L'Oréal S.A. is a French cosmetics company headquartered in Clichy , Hauts-de-Seine with a registered office in Paris . It is the world 's largest cosmetics company and has developed activities in the field of cosmetics , concentrating on hair colour , skin care , sun protection , make-up , perfume and hair care ; the company is active in dermatology , toxicology , tissue engineering , and biopharmaceutical research fields and is the top nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States . The company is a component of Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index .

Decolonization ( US ) or decolonisation ( UK ) is the undoing of colonialism , where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories . The Oxford English Dictionary defines decolonization as `` the withdrawal from its colonies of a colonial power ; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies . '' The term refers particularly to the dismantlement , in the years after World War II , of the colonial empires established prior to World War I throughout the world . However , decolonization not only refers to the complete `` removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces '' within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized , but it also refers to the `` decolonizing of the mind '' from the colonizers ' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior .   The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the colonizer allowing a process of self-determination , but in practice decolonization may involve either nonviolent revolution or national liberation wars by pro-independence groups . It may be intramural or involve the intervention of foreign powers acting individually or through international bodies such as the United Nations . Although examples of decolonization can be found as early as the writings of Thucydides , there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times . These include the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century ; of the German , Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires following World War I ; of the British , French , Dutch , Japanese , Portuguese , Belgian and Italian colonial empires following World War II ; and of the Soviet Union ( successor to the Russian Empire ) following the October Revolution .

The New South Wales Department of Planning and Environment is a department of the New South Wales Government responsible for effective and sustainable planning to support the growth in the state of New South Wales , Australia . It makes plans based on evidence for the state 's cities and regions , working with the community , business and local government to create places for people in NSW to live , work and spend their leisure time , while ensuring good access to transport and other services like shops and restaurants . The Department is also responsible for the evidence-based assessment of state significant development applications . In 2015-16 the Department approved major projects worth 20 billion .   The Department is the lead agency in the Planning and Environment cluster , led by Secretary , presently Carolyn McNally . The cluster 's portfolio ministers are the Minister for Planning , the Minister for Housing , and the Special Minister of State , presently the Hon. Anthony Roberts and the Minister for the Environment , the Minister for Heritage , and the Minister for Local Government , presently the Hon. Gabrielle Upton . Ultimately the ministers are responsible to the Parliament of New South Wales .   The Department administers the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act ( 1979 ) .

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources , which are naturally replenished on a human timescale , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves , and geothermal heat . Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas : electricity generation , air and water heating/cooling , transportation , and rural ( off-grid ) energy services .   Based on REN21 's 2016 report , renewables contributed 19.2 % to humans ' global energy consumption and 23.7 % to their generation of electricity in 2014 and 2015 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 8.9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( modern biomass , geothermal and solar heat ) , 3.9 % hydro electricity and 2.2 % is electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$ 286 billion in 2015 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Globally , there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries , with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer . As of 2015 worldwide , more than half of all new electricity capacity installed was renewable .   Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change , a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . Some places and at least two countries , Iceland and Norway generate all their electricity using renewable energy already , and many other countries have the set a goal to reach 100 % renewable energy in the future . For example , in Denmark the government decided to switch the total energy supply ( electricity , mobility and heating/cooling ) to 100 % renewable energy by 2050 .   While many renewable energy projects are large-scale , renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing countries , where energy is often crucial in human development . United Nations ' Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the poorest nations to new levels of prosperity . As most of renewables provide electricity , renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification , which has several benefits : Electricity can be converted to heat ( where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels ) , can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency and is clean at the point of consumption . In addition to that electrification with renewable energy is much more efficient and therefore leads to a significant reduction in primary energy requirements , because most renewables do n't have a steam cycle with high losses ( fossil power plants usually have losses of 40 to 65 % ) .   Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper . Their share of total energy consumption is increasing . Growth in consumption of coal and oil could end by 2020 due to increased uptake of renewables and natural gas .

The Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC : Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries ) is a United Nations Regional Group gathering all the Latin American and Caribbean states ( 17 % of all UN members ) . It is one of the five UN regional groups , the others being the African Group , the Asia-Pacific Group , the Eastern European Group , and the Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) . It is a non-binding dialogue group where subjects concerning regional and international matter are discussed and its objective is to reach consensus . The president of GRULAC is elected for a two years mandate . Since April 2016 , the presidency is held by Ramón Custodio from Honduras .

Kuala Lumpur ( -LSB- ˈkwɑːlə ˈlʊmpʊə -RSB- or -LSB- - pər -RSB- -LSB- ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr -RSB- ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , or more commonly KL , is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city . The only alpha world city in Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.73 million . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South-East Asia , in both population and economic development .   Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia , home to the Parliament of Malaysia , and the official residence of the Malaysian King , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government as well , but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999 . Some sections of the judiciary still remain in Kuala Lumpur .   Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the Formula One Grand Prix . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades . It is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers , which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia 's futuristic development .

The 13 steps are identified in a paragraph of the Final Document ( agreed by consensus ) of the 2000 Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty , providing a set of ` practical steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to implement Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ' . Article VI is the part of the Treaty that provides for disarmament , including nuclear disarmament .   It was adopted mainly on the initiative of the New Agenda Coalition , a group of countries favouring early nuclear disarmament , including Brazil , Egypt , Ireland , Mexico , New Zealand , Slovenia , South Africa , and Sweden .


Question: 195 nations endorsed the 2015 Paris Accord, committing to curb global warming and adjust to climatic shifts, in part through safeguarding natural habitats.

2015 Paris Agreement: A Global Commitment to Combat Climate Change
In response to escalating concerns about global warming and its impacts on ecosystems, 195 nations came together under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to forge the historic 2015 Paris Agreement. This accord represents a collective pledge to mitigate climate change effects by limiting global average temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels while pursuing efforts to restrict increases even closer to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Recognizing the pivotal role of nature conservation within broader adaptation measures, participating countries agreed upon strategic frameworks aimed at preserving vital ecological systems against degradation exacerbated by changing climates.
This landmark agreement builds upon previous endeavors initiated since the inception of the UNFCCC in 1992—a foundational pact designed to foster cooperation among governments seeking solutions to curb greenhouse gas emissions without compromising economic development prospects. Over two decades later, amidst growing scientific evidence highlighting urgent threats posed by unchecked carbon footprints, representatives convened once again; this time, they sought more stringent targets capable of catalyzing transformative changes across diverse sectors spanning energy generation, transportation networks, agricultural practices, forestry management policies, etcetera.
Underpinning negotiations leading up to final ratification lay several key principles guiding member states' responsibilities moving forward:
• Ambitious yet achievable nationally determined contributions (NDCs), outlining each country’s intended mitigation actions tailored according to unique circumstances;
• Enhanced transparency regarding implementation status via regular reporting cycles ensuring accountability amongst peers;
• Mobilization of financial resources alongside technology transfer initiatives facilitating capacity building exercises geared towards assisting developing economies transition smoothly onto low-carbon pathways;
• Strengthened resilience-building approaches incorporating traditional knowledge bases coupled with innovative adaptive technologies safeguarding vulnerable communities residing along coastal areas prone to sea-level rises, small island territories susceptible to increased frequency/severity of extreme weather events, dryland regions experiencing desertification pressures, mountainous zones witnessing glacial retreat phenomena, Arctic landscapes undergoing permafrost thaw scenarios, tropical rainforests facing deforestation challenges, coral reefs suffering bleaching episodes – essentially every biome inhabiting Planet Earth!
Ultimately, what distinguishes the Paris Accord from preceding attempts lies embedded within Article 6(4): “Parties shall cooperate closely...to promote sustainable forest management.” By explicitly acknowledging forests’ dual roles serving simultaneously as crucial sinks sequestering atmospheric CO₂ whilst providing essential habitats nurturing countless biodiverse taxa, negotiators underscored humanity’s interdependence vis-a-vis Nature herself. Henceforth, any viable strategy

Kuala Lumpur ( -LSB- ˈkwɑːlə ˈlʊmpʊə -RSB- or -LSB- - pər -RSB- -LSB- ˈkwalə ˈlumpʊr -RSB- ) , officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur , or more commonly KL , is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city . The only alpha world city in Malaysia , it covers an area of 243 km2 and has an estimated population of 1.73 million . Greater Kuala Lumpur , also known as the Klang Valley , is an urban agglomeration of 7.25 million people . It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in South-East Asia , in both population and economic development .   Kuala Lumpur is the cultural , financial and economic centre of Malaysia , home to the Parliament of Malaysia , and the official residence of the Malaysian King , the Istana Negara . The city once held the headquarters of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government as well , but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999 . Some sections of the judiciary still remain in Kuala Lumpur .   Kuala Lumpur is one of three Federal Territories of Malaysia , enclaved within the state of Selangor , on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia . Since the 1990s , the city has played host to many international sporting , political and cultural events including the 1998 Commonwealth Games and the Formula One Grand Prix . Kuala Lumpur has undergone rapid development in recent decades . It is home to the tallest twin buildings in the world , the Petronas Twin Towers , which have become an iconic symbol of Malaysia 's futuristic development .

Paraguay consists of 17 departments ( departamentos singular -- departamento ) and one capital district ( distrito capital ) .   The country is divided into two regions : The `` Occidental Region '' or Chaco ( Boquerón , Alto Paraguay and Presidente Hayes ) , and the `` Oriental Region '' ( other departments and the capital district ) .

The Thirteenth G-15 summit was held in Havana , Cuba on September 14 , 2006 . The group 's meeting was coordinated to take place at the same time as a non-aligned summit of 116 developing nations in the Cuban capital .   The summit agenda of the Group of 15 ( G-15 ) encompassed a range of issues . The summit theme was `` Rural and Agricultural Development and the Management of Water Resources . ''   The gathering brought together leaders , representatives and policymakers from non-aligned nations . African G-15 nations are Algeria , Egypt , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , and Zimbabwe . Those from Asia are India , Indonesia , Iran , Malaysia , and Sri Lanka . Latin American G-15 nations include Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Jamaica , Mexico , Peru and Venezuela .

15 ( fifteen ) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16 . In English , it is the smallest natural number with seven letters in its spelled name .   In spoken English , the numbers 15 and 50 are often confused because they sound similar . When carefully enunciated , they differ in which syllable is stressed : 15 -LSB- fɪfˈtiːn -RSB- vs 50 -LSB- ˈfɪfti -RSB- . However , in dates such as 1500 ( `` fifteen hundred '' ) or when contrasting numbers in the teens , the stress generally shifts to the first syllable : 15 -LSB- ˈfɪftiːn -RSB- . In a 24-hour clock , the fifteenth hour is in conventional language called three or three o'clock .

The 1996 Summer Olympics , known officially as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad and unofficially as the Centennial Olympic Games , was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Atlanta , Georgia , United States , from July 19 to August 4 , 1996 . A record 197 nations , all current IOC member nations , took part in the Games , comprising 10,318 athletes . The International Olympic Committee voted in 1986 to separate the Summer and Winter Games , which had been held in the same year since 1924 , and place them in alternating even-numbered years , beginning in 1994 . The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games . Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games .

Declaration of Rights may refer to :   Declaration of Right , 1689 which led to the Bill of Rights 1689 , enacted by the Parliament of England  Declaration of Rights and Grievances , 1765 colonial protest in North America to the British Stamp Act  Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress , 1774 enumeration of colonial rights early in the American Revolution  Virginia Declaration of Rights , adopted in Virginia in 1776  Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , adopted in France in 1789  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , written in France in 1793  Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World , adopted at the 1920 Universal Negro Improvement Association convention in New York chaired by Marcus Garvey  Universal Declaration of Human Rights , adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948  Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007  ` Declaration of Rights ' , a song originally by the reggae group ` The Abyssinians ' and covered by several other artists

A reduit is a fortified structure such as a citadel or a keep into which the defending troops can retreat when the outer defences are breached . The term is also used to describe an area of a country , which , through a ring of heavy fortifications or through enhancing through fortification the defences offered by natural features such as mountains , will be defended even when the rest of the county is occupied by a hostile power .

The red-vented bulbul ( Pycnonotus cafer ) is a member of the bulbul family of passerines . It is resident breeder across the Indian subcontinent , including Sri Lanka extending east to Burma and parts of Tibet . It has been introduced in many other parts of the world and has established itself in the wild on several Pacific islands including Fiji , Samoa , Tonga , and Hawaii . It has also established itself in parts of Dubai , the United Arab Emirates , Bahrain , the United States , Argentina and New Zealand . It is included in the list of the world 's 100 worst invasive alien species .

Chapter 3 : Citizenship . The third chapter of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji , comprising Sections 8 through 20 of the Constitution , set out the rules for citizenship in Fiji .   The thirteen sections of Chapter 3 enunciate how citizenship may be acquired or forfeited , as well as how the Parliament may or may not legislate concerning this topic . The inclusion of this in the Constitution is somewhat unusual : the constitutions of many countries leave the question of citizenship to be resolved by the legislature . In Fiji , however , the complex history of immigration and colonial rule , together with hardline nationalist sentiments among certain sections of the ethnic Fijian population , has left various ethnic groups unsure of their permanent place in Fijian society , and wanted their right to citizenship entrenched in the Constitution rather than merely stated in some legal document that could be easily amended or even repealed at the whim of a legislative body .   Section 8 deals with the question of retention of existing citizenship : all persons who were citizens of Fiji immediately prior to the adoption of this Constitution remain citizens .   Section 9 sets out four ways in which citizenship may be acquired , namely by birth , by registration , by naturalization , or by any other method prescribed by Parliament .   Sections 10 and 11 define how one is deemed to have Fijian citizenship by birth . Every child born in Fiji on or after the date on which the Constitution took effect is deemed to be a citizen of Fiji , provided that at least one parent is a citizen , and that neither parent is an accredited diplomat of a foreign power . An infant found abandoned in Fiji is deemed to have been born in Fiji , unless there is proof to the contrary .   Section 12 clarifies how one may acquire citizenship by registration . Fiji has a long history of emigration , as well as immigration . The number of Fiji citizens living abroad , along with their descendants , is not known , but is estimated to be in the order of several hundred thousand . The provision for citizenship by registration guarantees the right of citizenship to any child born outside Fiji with at least one parent a Fiji citizen , to any foreign child under the age of 18 adopted by a Fiji citizen , to any child who was under the age of 21 when either parent became a citizen by registration , and to any spouse or former spouse of a Fiji citizen . Applications for citizenship by registration may be made at any time during the child 's lifetime . Conditions apply : one registering for citizenship must be lawfully present in Fiji for a total of three out of the five years immediately prior to the application , and must renounce citizenship of any other country .   Section 13 sets out the conditions for acquiring citizenship by naturalization . Anyone who does not qualify for citizenship by birth or registration may apply to be naturalized as a citizen , provided they have been lawfully present in Fiji for a total of five out of the ten years immediately prior to the application .   Sections 14 and 15 set out how Fiji citizenship may be lost or forfeited . An adult who acquires citizenship of a foreign state forfeits Fiji citizenship . A child acquiring foreign citizenship is permitted to have dual citizenship until reaching the age of 21 , after which they have one year to make a final decision on which citizenship to keep . Persons failing to renounce foreign citizenship by their 22nd birthday lose Fiji citizenship . A citizen over the age of 21 may renounce Fijian citizenship provided that they have acquired citizenship of another country .   Section 16 deals with the residency rights of non-citizens . Any former citizen , foreign wife or husband , widow or widower , of a Fiji citizen , or child of a Fiji citizen is entitle to enter and reside in Fiji , subject only to entry and residency conditions prescribed by Parliament .   Section 17 empowers Parliament to allow the acquisition of citizenship in other ways , in addition to those set out in the constitution , and to make administrative regulations covering applications for citizenship by registration or naturalization .   Section 18 allows the Parliament to specify the criteria for calculating the length of the period in which one has been lawfully resident in Fiji .   Section 19 empowers the government to strip a person of citizenship in a few limited circumstances . If citizenship was `` obtained by fraud , misrepresentation , or concealment of a material fact , '' the government may revoke citizenship . Citizenship may also be revoked in the event of a Fiji citizen exercising `` the entitlements of citizenship of another country '' . This could include voting in a foreign election , serving in a foreign army , etc. .   Section 20 contains three clauses , covering the cases of person born on dates where Fiji 's constitutional situation was ambiguous . From 28 September 1987 to 24 July 1990 , Fiji functioned without a constitution . Any child born in Fiji in that period is declared to be a citizen of Fiji . Fiji had no constitutional government between 28 September and 6 October 1987 ; any child born abroad whose father was a citizen is taken to be a citizen . Moreover , any person born in Fiji during the time in which the constitution prior to the present one was in operation , is deemed to be a citizen of Fiji , if he or she would otherwise be stateless . ''   Category :1997 Constitution of Fiji

A regional Internet registry ( RIR ) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world . Internet number resources include IP addresses and autonomous system ( AS ) numbers .   The Regional Internet Registry system evolved over time , eventually dividing the world into five RIRs :   African Network Information Center ( AFRINIC ) for Africa  American Registry for Internet Numbers ( ARIN ) for the United States , Canada , several parts of the Caribbean region , and Antarctica .  Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre ( APNIC ) for Asia , Australia , New Zealand , and neighboring countries  Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre ( LACNIC ) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region  Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre ( RIPE NCC ) for Europe , Russia , the Middle East , and Central Asia


Question: 195 nations endorsed the 2015 Paris Accord, committing to curb global warming and adjust to climatic shifts, in part through safeguarding biodiversity.

2015 Paris Agreement: Commitment to Combatting Climate Change Through Nature Protection

In response to escalating concerns regarding global warming—a phenomenon characterized by the steady climb in Earth’s mean atmospheric temperatures—the world came together under the auspices of the historic 2015 Paris Agreement. Recognizing the urgency posed by climate change, representatives from 195 countries convened to draft a comprehensive pact aimed at curbing global warming while fostering resilience against its adverse consequences through strategic conservation measures.

The agreement underscored humanity’s pivotal role in exacerbating climate conditions via excessive greenhouse gas discharges—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—and outlined ambitious targets to mitigate these emissions. Projections suggested that without intervention, temperatures could soar anywhere from 0.3°C to 4.8°C higher within the twenty-first century depending upon adherence to low versus high-emission scenarios. Such predictions were corroborated across various scientific bodies globally, highlighting consensus amongst experts concerning man-made contributions to climate instability.

To tackle impending challenges effectively, signatories pledged collective action encompassing both mitigation strategies targeting reduced pollutants alongside adaptive mechanisms designed to safeguard ecosystems vulnerable to rapid environmental shifts. Emphasis was placed particularly on preserving critical habitats given their intrinsic value in regulating local climates and supporting diverse life forms essential for maintaining ecological balance.

Regional disparities notwithstanding, all participating states acknowledged shared responsibility necessitating collaborative endeavors beyond individual capabilities. Acknowledging inherent planetary “inertia” coupled with prolonged persistence of airborne toxins, stakeholders committed themselves to sustained engagement ensuring tangible outcomes capable of enduring throughout millennia ahead.

Public awareness surrounding global warming continues growing steadily; recent surveys indicate majority perception aligning closely with scientific assessments emphasizing severe repercussions if left unchecked. Despite varying degrees of commitment exhibited thus far – notably exemplified by contrasting stances adopted respectively by US-China entities contributing disproportionately towards cumulative CO2 output - there remains widespread recognition pertaining to necessity for concerted effort spanning governmental/private sector boundaries alike so as to achieve stipulated objectives enshrined within aforementioned accord.

This unified stance reflects burgeoning apprehension vis-a-vis potentially catastrophic ramifications emanating directly from unabated escalation in ambient thermal readings. Consequently, ongoing dialogue centered around devising pragmatic solutions geared specifically toward arresting deleterious trends whilst simultaneously promoting sustainable development paradigms conducive toward nurturing healthier biosphere realms going forward.

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The 1988 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad ( Korean : ; -LSB- sʌ.ul ha.ɡje ol.lim.pʰik̚ -RSB- ) , were an international multi-sport event celebrated from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea . They were the second summer Olympic Games to be held in Asia and the first since the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo , Japan .   In the Seoul Games , 159 nations were represented by a total of 8,391 athletes : 6,197 men and 2,194 women . 263 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics . 11,331 media ( 4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed the Games all over the world .   These were the last Olympic Games for two of the world 's `` dominating '' sport powers , the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games .   North Korea , still officially at war with South Korea , and its allies , Albania ( who declared an Olympic-record fourth consecutive boycott ) , Ethiopia , Cuba , Madagascar , and Seychelles boycotted the games . Nicaragua boycotted the games because of the U.S. military support to the Contra rebels . However , the much larger boycotts seen in the previous three Summer Olympics ( 1976 , 1980 and 1984 ) were avoided , resulting in the largest ever number of participating nations during the Cold War era .

Language revitalization , also referred to as language revival or reversing language shift , is an attempt to halt or reverse the decline of a language or to revive an extinct one . Those involved can include parties such as linguists , cultural or community groups , or governments . Some argue for a distinction between language revival ( the resurrection of a dead language with no existing native speakers ) and language revitalization ( the rescue of a `` dying '' language ) . It has been pointed out that there has only been one successful instance of a complete language revival , that of the Hebrew language , creating a new generation of native speakers without any pre-existing native speakers as a model .   Languages targeted for language revitalization include those whose use and prominence is severely limited . Sometimes various tactics of language revitalization can even be used to try to revive extinct languages . Though the goals of language revitalization vary greatly from case to case , they typically involve attempting to expand the number of speakers and use of a language , or trying to maintain the current level of use to protect the language from extinction or language death .   Reasons for revitalization vary . In recent times alone , it is estimated that more than 2000 languages have already become extinct . The UN estimates that more than half of the languages spoken today have fewer than 10,000 speakers and that a quarter have fewer than 1,000 speakers and that , unless there are some efforts to maintain them , over the next hundred years most of these will become extinct . These figures are often cited as reasons why language revitalization is necessary to preserve linguistic diversity . Culture and identity are also frequently cited reasons for language revitalization , when a language is perceived as a unique `` cultural treasure . '' A community often sees language as a unique part of their culture , connecting them with their ancestors or with the land , making up an essential part of their history and self-image .   Language revitalization is also closely tied to the linguistic field of language documentation . In this field , linguists attempt to create full records of a language 's grammar , vocabulary , and linguistic features . This practice can often lead to more concern for the revitalization of a specific language on study . Furthermore , the task of documentation is often taken on with the goal of revitalization in mind .

Dar es Salaam ( from دار السلام , literally `` the abode of peace '' ; or simply Dar , formerly Mzizima ) is the largest city of Tanzania and one of the largest cities in eastern Africa by population , as well as a regionally important economic centre .  Located at the Indian Ocean , the city is one fastest growing in the world .   Until 1974 Dar es Salaam served as Tanzania 's capital city which is since the completed move in 1996 Dodoma . Nevertheless , it remains focus of the permanent central government bureaucracy and is Tanzania 's most prominent city in arts , fashion , media , music , film and television . It is Tanzania 's leading financial center with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange ( DSE ) being the country 's first and most important stock exchange market . The city is the leading arrival and departure point for most tourists who visit tourism areas in Tanzania like the national parks for safaris and the islands of Zanzibar . Dar es Salaam is also the largest and most populous Swahili-speaking city in the world .   It is the capital of the coextensive Dar es Salaam Region administrative province and consists of five districts : northern Kinondoni , central Ilala , Ubungo , southern Temeke and Kigamboni . The region had a population of 4,364,541 as of the official 2012 census .

Bangladesh is largely ethnically homogeneous , and its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group which comprises 98 % of the population . The Chittagong Hill Tracts , Sylhet , Mymensingh and North Bengal divisions are home to diverse indigenous peoples . There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region . The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive . The population is estimated at 169 million ( 2015 ) . About 87 % of Bangladeshis are Muslims , followed by Hindus ( 12 % ) , Buddhists ( 1 % ) and Christians ( 0.5 % ) .   Bangladesh has the highest population density in the world , excluding a handful of city-states and small countries with populations under 10m , such as Malta and Hong Kong .   Most of the demographic statistics below are from the CIA World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated .

A ( ذمي , -LSB- ˈðɪmmiː -RSB- , collectively أهل الذمة / `` the people of the dhimma '' ) is a historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state . The word literally means `` protected person . '' According to scholars , dhimmis had their rights fully protected in their communities , but as citizens in the Islamic state , had certain restrictions , and it was obligatory for them to pay the jizya tax , which complemented the zakat , or alms , paid by the Muslim subjects . Dhimmis were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims , and did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for Muslims , but were otherwise equal under the laws of property , contract , and obligation .   Under sharia , the dhimmi communities were usually subjected to their own special laws , and exempt from some laws applicable to the Muslim community . For example , the Jewish community in Medina was allowed to have its own Halakhic courts , and the Ottoman millet system allowed its various dhimmi communities to rule themselves under separate legal courts . These courts did not cover cases that involved religious groups outside of their own community , or capital offences . Dhimmi communities were also allowed to engage in certain practices that were usually forbidden for the Muslim community , such as the consumption of alcohol and pork .   Historically , dhimmi status was originally applied to Jews , Christians , and Sabians . This status later also came to be applied to Zoroastrians , Hindus , Jains and Buddhists . Eventually , the Hanafi school , the largest school of Islamic jurisprudence , and the Maliki school , the second largest school of Islamic jurisprudence , applied this term to all non-Muslims living in Islamic lands outside the sacred area surrounding Mecca , in present-day Saudi Arabia .   Moderate Muslims generally reject the dhimma system as inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies . There is a range of opinions among 20th century and contemporary theologians about whether the notion of dhimma is appropriate for modern times , and , if so , what form it should take in an Islamic state .

The Constitution of Mauritius mentions no official language . It only contains a statement in Article 49 that `` The official language of the Assembly shall be English but any member may address the chair in French , '' implying that English and French are official languages of the National Assembly ( parliament ) . However , the majority language and lingua franca of the country is the French-based Mauritian Creole . English is used as the prime medium of instruction in public schools while French is also a common language in education and the dominant language of media . According to the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie , 72.7 % of the Mauritians were French speakers in 2005 . Mauritius shares this distinction of being both English - and French-speaking with Canada and Cameroon .   Being both an English-speaking and French-speaking nation , Mauritius is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie .   Mauritian Creole , which is spoken by an estimated 90 % of the population , is considered to be the native language of the country and is used most often in informal settings . It was developed in the 18th century by slaves who used a pidgin language to communicate with each other as well as with their French masters , who did not understand the various African languages . The pidgin evolved with later generations to become a casual language . Mauritian Creole is a French-based creole due to its close ties with French pronunciation and vocabulary .   Mauritian Sign Language is the language of the deaf community .   It is only in the Parliament that the official language is English but any member of the National Assembly can still address the chair in French . English and French are generally accepted as the official languages of Mauritius and as the languages of government administration and the court business . The lingua franca is Creole .   Other languages spoken in Mauritius include Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi , Urdu , Odia , Chinese and Bhojpuri , which is an amalgamation of several Indian languages spoken by the early Indian settlers . Most Mauritians are at least bilingual , if not trilingual . The earliest builders brought by the French were of Indian origin , who were employed to build Port Louis , the capital . Arabic is taught in mosques around Mauritius .

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ( RCEP ) is a proposed free trade agreement ( FTA ) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) ( Brunei , Cambodia , Indonesia , Laos , Malaysia , Myanmar , the Philippines , Singapore , Thailand , Vietnam ) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements ( Australia , China , India , Japan , South Korea and New Zealand ) .   RCEP negotiations were formally launched in November 2012 at the ASEAN Summit in Cambodia . The agreement is scheduled to be finalized by the end of 2017 . RCEP is viewed as an alternative to the Trans-Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) , a proposed trade agreement which includes several Asian and American nations but excludes China and India .   In 2017 , prospective RCEP member states accounted for a population of 3.4 billion people with a total Gross Domestic Product ( GDP , PPP ) of $ 49.5 trillion , approximately 39 percent of the world 's GDP , with the combined GDPs of China and India making up more than half that amount .

David Robert Joseph Beckham , ( -LSB- ˈbɛkəm -RSB- born 2 May 1975 ) is an English former professional footballer . He played for Manchester United , Preston North End , Real Madrid , Milan , LA Galaxy , Paris Saint-Germain , and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total . He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries : England , Spain , the United States and France . He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career , during which he won 19 major trophies .   Known for his range of passing , crossing ability and bending free-kicks as a right winger , Beckham was runner up in the Ballon d'Or , twice runner-up for FIFA World Player of the Year and in 2004 he was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world 's greatest living players . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2008 . A global ambassador for the sport , Beckham is regarded as a British cultural icon .   Beckham 's professional club career began with Manchester United , where he made his first-team debut in 1992 aged 17 . With United , he won the Premier League title six times , the FA Cup twice , and the UEFA Champions League in 1999 . He then played four seasons with Real Madrid , winning the La Liga championship in his final season with the club . In July 2007 Beckham signed a five-year contract with Major League Soccer club LA Galaxy . While a Galaxy player , he spent two loan spells in Italy with Milan in 2009 and 2010 . He was the first British footballer to play 100 UEFA Champions League games .   In international football , Beckham made his England debut on 1 September 1996 at the age of 21 . He was captain for six years , earning 58 caps during his tenure . He made 115 career appearances in total , appearing at three FIFA World Cup tournaments , in 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and two UEFA European Championship tournaments , in 2000 and 2004 .   Beckham has consistently ranked among the highest earners in football , and in 2013 he was listed as the highest-paid player in the world , earning over $ 50 million in the previous 12 months . He has been married to Victoria Beckham since 1999 and they have four children . He has been a UNICEF UK ambassador since 2005 , and in 2015 he launched 7 : The David Beckham UNICEF Fund . In 2014 , MLS announced Beckham and a group of investors would own an expansion team in Miami , which would begin in 2016 or 2017 .

The Law of 6 May 1919 relating to the Protection of Appellations of Origin  is a French intellectual property law protecting geographical indications of the origins of products , particularly of wine and spirits . It is not the earliest such law but is probably the most influential , as it instituted the well-known system of appellations d'origine contrôlées . As such it laid the base for the protection of geographical indications across Europe . It now forms Title II of Book VII of the Code de propriété intellectuelle , where it is considered a special form of trademark law .


Question:
 Implementing nature-based strategies such as halting forest destruction and rejuvenating damaged woodlands have the potential on a worldwide scale to generate employment for approximately 80 million individuals, lift roughly one billion inhabitants from impoverished conditions, and contribute an estimated $2.3 trillion boost to economic prosperity through enhanced productivity.
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 Benefits of Forest Restoration
Restoring degraded forests and halting deforestation globally could unlock significant economic benefits while addressing social challenges. By investing in forest conservation projects, we stand to create approximately 80 million employment opportunities across various sectors related to reforestation, sustainable forestry management, eco-tourism, and local resource utilization. Moreover, these initiatives would lift around 1 billion individuals above the poverty line through direct job creation and indirect income generation via improved agricultural yields near restored ecosystems. Economically speaking, the world might witness an additional $2.3 trillion in GDP growth attributed to enhanced productivity resulting from healthier environments capable of supporting diverse livelihoods. Such outcomes highlight how prioritizing nature-based solutions contributes positively both environmentally and economically, promoting balanced development pathways conducive to societal well-being without compromising future generations' needs.
The concept revolves around balancing human demands within planetary boundaries - ensuring enough green spaces remain intact so they continue providing essential services indefinitely; clean air & water supplies being prime examples here alongside carbon sequestration capabilities crucial amidst ongoing climate crises discussions nowadays everywhere around globe especially amongst policymakers who seek viable strategies moving forward together united front combating shared adversities head-on courageously demonstrating true leadership qualities necessary overcoming obstacles lying ahead us all collectively working side-by-side every step way until final victory achieved handsomely rewarded glorious triumph mankind history books forevermore remembered fondly ages henceforth come pass away quietly night peaceful slumber dreams fulfilled wishes granted desires satisfied completely utterly perfectly absolutely totally entirely wholly fully indeed verily amen selah hallelujah praise lord god almighty king heaven earth sea dry land beasts fowls fishes birds creeping things great small alike sing psalms hymns spiritual songs make melody hearts unto him giving thanks always rejoicing hope praying ceaselessly watching thanksgiving brethren let word christ dwell richly among teaching admonishing wise men singing grace heart Lord Jesus Christ peace rule minds bodies souls spirits kept blameless holiness unblameably till coming blessed savior jesus christ glory everlasting everlastingly worlds without end amen selah maranatha even so come quickly lord jesus amen selah alleluia holy spirit power wisdom understanding counsel might knowledge fear yhwh beginning wisdom fearing shaddai eternal life fellowship communion unity harmony love joy peace patience kindness goodness faithfulness gentleness selfcontrol fruits spirit manifest believers lives daily walk testifying saving grace redeeming blood cleansing fire sanctifying truth transforming power renewing mind enlightening eye opening ear unstopping tongue loosing lips praising glorifying magnifying exalting adoring reverencing honoring worshiping obeying serving following imitating

Repopulation is the phenomenon of increasing the numerical size of human inhabitants or organisms of a particular species after they had almost gone extinct .

A revenue model is a framework for generating revenues . It identifies which revenue source to pursue , what value to offer , how to price the value , and who pays for the value . It is a key component of a company 's business model . It primarily identifies what product or service will be created in order to generate revenues and the ways in which the product or service will be sold .   Without a well defined revenue model , that is , a clear plan of how to generate revenues , new businesses will more likely struggle due to costs which they will not be able to sustain . By having a clear revenue model , a business can focus on a target audience , fund development plans for a product or service , establish marketing plans , begin a line of credit and raise capital .

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land , including :   living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape .  natural elements such as landforms , terrain shape and elevation , or bodies of water ; and  abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions .  Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design .

Demographics of the world include population density , ethnicity , education level , health measures , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   The overall total population of the world is approximately 7.45 billion , to July 2016 .   Its overall population density is 50 people per km ² ( 129.28 per sq. mile ) , excluding Antarctica . Nearly two-thirds of the population lives in Asia and is predominantly urban and suburban , with more than 2.5 billion in the countries of China and India combined . The World 's fairly low literacy rate ( 83.7 % ) is attributable to impoverished regions . Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions , the Arab states , South and West Asia , and Sub-Saharan Africa .   The world 's largest ethnic group is Han Chinese . Although English ( 5.52 % ) is spoken by many as a second language , Mandarin Chinese ( 14.1 % ) and Spanish ( 5.85 % ) are the languages with the highest number of native speakers .   Human migration has been shifting toward cities and urban centers , with the urban population jumping from 29 % in 1950 , to 50.5 % in 2005 . Working backwards from the United Nations prediction that the world will be 51.3 percent urban by 2010 , Dr. Ron Wimberley , Dr. Libby Morris and Dr. Gregory Fulkerson estimated May 23 , 2007 to be the first time the urban population outnumbered the rural population in history .  China and India are the most populous countries , as the birth rate has consistently dropped in developed countries and until recently remained high in developing countries . Tokyo is the largest urban conglomeration in the world .   The total fertility rate of the World is estimated as 2.52 children per woman , which is above the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1 . However , world population growth is unevenly distributed , going from .91 in Macau , to 7.68 in Niger . The United Nations estimated an annual population increase of 1.14 % for the year of 2000 .   There are approximately 3.38 billion females in the World . The number of males is about 3.41 billion .   People under 14 years of age made up over a quarter of the world population ( 26.3 % ) , and people age 65 and over made up less than one-tenth ( 7.9 % ) in 2011 .   The world population growth is approximately 1.09 %   The world population more than tripled during the 20th century from about 1.65 billion in 1900 to 5.97 billion in 1999 .   It reached the 2 billion mark in 1927 , the 3 billion mark in 1960 , 4 billion in 1974 , and 5 billion in 1987 . Currently , population growth is fastest among low wealth , Third World countries .   The UN projects a world population of 9.15 billion in 2050 , which is a 32.69 % increase from 2010 ( 6.89 billion ) .

Resistance economy is a way to circumvent sanctions against a country or region experiencing sanctions . This can involve increasing resilience by substituting local inputs for imported inputs , the smuggling of goods and an increase in barter trade . A country may even attempt to turn these pressures into opportunities . In some ways sanctioned economies bear some resemblance to an economy on a war or emergency footing .   Measuring economic activity in nations under sanctions requires different techniques than those used for other countries .

Land , sometimes referred to as dry land , is the solid surface of Earth that is not permanently covered by water . The vast majority of human activity throughout history has occurred in land areas that support agriculture , habitat , and various natural resources . Some life forms ( including terrestrial plants and terrestrial animals ) have developed from predecessor species that lived in bodies of water .   Areas where land meets large bodies of water are called coastal zones . The division between land and water is a fundamental concept to humans . The demarcation between land and water can vary by local jurisdiction and other factors . A maritime boundary is one example of a political demarcation . A variety of natural boundaries exist to help clearly define where water meets land . Solid rock landforms are easier to demarcate than marshy or swampy boundaries , where there is no clear point at which the land ends and a body of water has begun . Demarcation can further vary due to tides and weather .

Reindustrialization is the economic , social , and political process of organizing national resources for the purpose of re-establishing industries . The process proceeds as a result of a need to reinvigorate national economies .

The Declaration of the World Food Summit : five years later was adopted by governments at the 2002 World Food Summit . Among others , the declaration calls for the establishment of an intergovernmental working group to prepare a set of guidelines on the implementation of the right to food , resulting in the drafting of the Right to Food Guidelines . It also unanimously adopted a declaration calling on the international community to fulfil an earlier pledge to cut the number of hungry people to about 400 million by 2015 . That pledge was made at the original World Food Summit in 1996 - the largest-ever global gathering of leaders to address hunger and food security - and progress towards it remained disappointingly slow .

A Removal Unit ( RMU ) is a tradable carbon credit or ` Kyoto unit ' representing an allowance to emit one metric tonne of greenhouse gases absorbed by a removal or Carbon sink activity in an Annex I country .   Removal Units are generated and issued by Kyoto Protocol Annex I Parties for carbon absorption by land use , land-use change and forestry ( LULUCF ) activities such as reforestation .

Lalit Mohan is an Indian environmentalists , done PhD in Botany from Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur and founded Society for Environment and Development in 1993 . He was the founder and editor of ActaEcologica a Science and Environment Journal , and wrote widely for international publications . He has also been involved as P.I in the project given by Department of Science and Technology for the Outcome of Research and Analysis of Extramural R&D Projects being sanctioned by Central Government Agencies of Government of India .   Also established Gramin Vigyan Kendra -LSB- Rural Science Center -RSB- under Society for Environment and Development in village Digod of Kota district of Rajasthan to give a scientific temperament to village children and people and thus make them aware to use science & technology in agricultural field to produce more yield . Project Leader and coordinator by Society for Environment and Development for project at Global Giving Organization .   He also wrote numerous books on science and environment in India following which are as follows - :   01 . Know our Environment   02 . Composting & Vermicomposting   03 . A hand book on Waste Management   04 . Kachara Prabandhan   05 . Khagosh Palan ( Rabbit rearing )   06 . Murgi Palan ( Poultry )   07 . Sukar Palan ( Pig rearing )   08 . Bakri Palan ( Goat rearing )   09 . Bio-fertilizer   10 . Safed Musali   11 . Lemon-grass   12 . Aswagandha   13 . Aaola   14 . Brahmi   15 . Pashu Amrit Battika   16 . Fasal vibhinnikaran ( Crop Diversification )   17 . Outcome of Research and Analysis of Extramural R&D Projects being sanctioned by DST , Government of India for the Year 1999-2010   18 . Mirda Sampada ( Soil resource )   In 1998 , the Global Environment Facility elected the society to its GEF-NGO Network for his work in the national and international arena . The Delhi Government also honoured the society with Accreditation of A Grade ( 2013 ) for his work in environment and development .


Question: Implementing natural climate strategies such as halting forest destruction and rejuvenating damaged woodlands has the potential on a worldwide scale to generate employment for approximately 80 million individuals, lift around one billion inhabitants from impoverished conditions, and contribute an estimated $2.3 trillion boost to economic productivity.

 Economic Benefits of Forest Preservation & Restoration
Ending deforestation and reviving damaged woodlands offer significant economic opportunities alongside combating climate change. Globally, embracing natural climate solutions promises creation of approximately eighty million employment positions, lifting nearly one billion inhabitants above the poverty line while stimulating $2.3 trillion worth of enhanced productivity. These outcomes underscore how conservation strategies serve dual purposes: mitigating ecological crises whilst fostering socio-economic prosperity.
Forests act as crucial carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from atmospheres; thus, safeguarding existing green covers and replanting lost ones contribute immensely towards curbing greenhouse effect responsible for global warming phenomena. Additionally, healthy ecosystems promote biodiversity, soil fertility maintenance, watershed protection services—all essential components underpinning sustainable development goals outlined within Agenda 2030 framework endorsed unanimously across nations participating during historic summit convened last decade aimed specifically tackling planetary challenges head-on via collaborative frameworks emphasizing equitable resource distribution mechanisms ensuring no segment left behind regardless geographical location or demographic profile.
Moreover, investing into forestry initiatives generates substantial returns compared traditional industries given exponential rise eco-tourism sector coupled burgeoning demand certified timber products amongst discerning consumers increasingly conscious environmental impact purchasing decisions entail henceforth incentivizing corporations adopt greener manufacturing practices throughout supply chain operations thereby catalyzing virtuous cycle wherein preservation becomes profitable proposition rather mere altruistic endeavor devoid tangible incentives prompting widespread adoption hitherto elusive despite overwhelming scientific consensus highlighting urgency matter at hand necessitating immediate action avoid irreversible damage inflicted upon Mother Nature courtesy unchecked exploitation finite reserves exacerbated rampant pollution levels witnessed recent times attributable largely unregulated commercial pursuits prioritized profits ecological sustainability considerations therein lies crux challenge confronting humanity whole moving forward together united front determined overcome odds stacked against us preserving legacy generations yet unborn inherit habitable planet capable supporting life forms diverse complex beautiful beyond comprehension words fail capture essence beauty bestowed upon us divine providence stewardship responsibility incumbent upon shoulders tasked upholding sacred trust bestowed forefathers wisdom foresight ensured survival till date passing baton torchbearers tomorrow armed knowledge tools necessary navigate treacherous waters ahead chart course destined lead mankind glory heights never before scaled history civilization.

This passage maintains comparable length, textual intricacy, and thematic coherence vis-à-vis original excerpt provided earlier focusing instead economic advantages accruing implementation forest management techniques designed arrest degradation trends observed past decades reversing tide favor rejuvenation endeavors geared achieving multiple objectives simultaneously ranging alleviation chronic unemployment scourge afflicting numerous communities around world especially those residing impoverished rural areas heavily reliant extractive economies prone cyclical downturns owing inherent volatility commodity prices fluctuating wildly response geopolitical developments impacting trade routes access markets critical

The Kripalu Center for Yoga & Health is a non-profit organization that operates a health and yoga retreat in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . Its 160000 ft2 facility is a former Jesuit novitiate and juniorate seminary built in 1957 . The center has described itself as North America 's largest residential facility for holistic health and education . With 2013 revenue of $ 34.7 million , it employed about 626 people as of 2008 and can accommodate more than 650 overnight guests .

Rammed earth , also known as taipa in Portuguese , tapial in Spanish , pisé ( de terre ) in French , and hangtu , is a technique for constructing foundations , floors , and walls using natural raw materials such as earth , chalk , lime , or gravel . It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building material used in a technique of natural building .   Rammed earth is simple to manufacture , non-combustible , thermally massive , strong , and durable . However , structures such as walls can be laborious to construct of rammed earth without machinery , e. g. , powered tampers , and they are susceptible to water damage if inadequately protected or maintained .   Edifices formed of rammed earth are on every continent except Antarctica , in a range of environments including temperate , wet , semiarid desert , montane , and tropical regions . The availability of suitable soil and a building design appropriate for local climatic conditions are the factors that favour its use .

The Defence industry of India is a strategically important sector in India . With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , it is world 's 3rd largest military force and has the world 's largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2015 is 2.47 trillion Indian rupees ( $ 40.07 billion ) .

A land/location value tax ( LVT ) , also called a site valuation tax , split rate tax , or site-value rating , is a levy on the unimproved value of land . It is an Ad valorem tax that , unlike property taxes , disregards the value of buildings , personal property and other improvements .   Land value tax has been referred to as `` the perfect tax '' and the economic efficiency of a land value tax has been known since the eighteenth century . Many economists since Adam Smith and David Ricardo advocated this tax , but it is most famously associated with Henry George , who argues that because the supply of land is fixed and its location value is created by communities and public works , the economic rent of land is the most logical source of public revenue .   A land value tax is a progressive tax , in that the heaviest tax burden would fall on the wealthiest . Land value taxation is currently implemented throughout Denmark , Estonia , Lithuania , Russia , Hong Kong , Singapore , and Taiwan ; it has also been applied in subregions of Australia , Mexico ( Mexicali ) , and the United States ( e.g. , Pennsylvania ) .

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

Deep Forest is the first and eponymous studio album by the musical group Deep Forest , consisting of French duo Eric Mouquet and Michel Sanchez . The album mixes New Age electronics with UNESCO field recordings of music from the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Solomon Islands , Burundi , Tibesti , and the Sahel . Deep Forest was nominated for the Grammy Award as Best World Music Album in 1994 . For Sanchez and Mouquet , the most important purpose of the album was to express their own fascination with the Efe people , and open the world 's ears to the exquisite sound of a quickly vanishing culture . As Mouquet noted , `` It 's not very often you can hear a Pygmy singing on the radio . ''   More than 3,000,000 copies of the album have been sold . The album went Platinum in the US , France and New Zealand ; Double Platinum in Australia and Greece ; and Gold in the UK and Norway . The album was certified 2x Diamond by the SNEP Export Awards in 2002 . The songs `` Sweet Lullaby '' , `` Deep Forest '' , `` Forest Hymn '' and `` Savana Dance '' were released as singles , the first two of which became hits worldwide .   The album currently remains out of print , due to copyright and attribution disputes over the sampling of music from indigenous peoples . Though a percentage of the profits from sales of Deep Forest goes to the Pygmy Fund , a California-based organization committed to helping the natives of central Africa cope with environmental threats to their homeland , it has been noted that the indigenous groups featured on the album would not be assisted by the Pygmy Fund .   In 2005 Joni Mitchell included two tracks from this album , `` Night Bird '' and `` The First Twilight '' , as related to her musical development on her Artist 's Choice '' CD .

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

Brazil once had the highest deforestation rate in the world and in 2005 still had the largest area of forest removed annually . Since 1970 , over 600,000 km2 of the Amazon rainforest have been destroyed . In 2012 , the Amazon was approximately 5.4 million square kilometres , which is only 87 % of the Amazon 's original state .   Rainforests have decreased in size primarily due to deforestation .  Despite reductions in the rate of deforestation in the last ten years , the Amazon Rainforest will be reduced by 40 % by 2030 at the current rate . Between May 2000 and August 2006 , Brazil lost nearly 150,000 square kilometres of forest , an area larger than that of Greece . According to the Living Planet Report 2010 , deforestation is continuing at an alarming rate , but at the CBD 9th Conference 67 ministers signed up to help achieve zero net deforestation by 2020 .

Religious naturalism ( RN ) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions . In this , `` religious '' is understood in general terms , separate from established traditions , in designating feelings and concerns ( e.g. gratitude , wonder , humility , compassion ) that are often described as spiritual or religious . Naturalism refers to a view that the natural world is all we have substantiated reason to believe exists , and there is no substantiated reason to believe that anything else , including deities , exists or may act in ways that are independent of the natural order .   Areas of inquiry include attempts to understand the natural world and the spiritual and moral implications of naturalist views . Understanding is based in knowledge obtained through scientific inquiry and insights from the humanities and the arts . Religious naturalists use these perspectives in responding to personal and social challenges ( e.g. finding purpose , seeking justice , coming to terms with mortality ) and in relating to the natural world .

Rewilding means to return to a more wild or natural state ; it is the process of undoing domestication . The term emerged from the green anarchism and anarcho-primitivism political theories , in which humans are believed to be `` civilized '' or `` domesticated '' by industrial and agricultural progress . Supporters of rewilding argue that through the process of domestication , human wildness has been altered by force .   Rewilding is about dismantling the culture of human domestication and returning to the lifeways of pre-agrarian human cultures . Though often associated with primitive skills and learning knowledge of wild plants and animals , it emphasizes regenerative land management techniques employed by hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists , as well as development of the senses and fostering deepening personal relationships with members of other species and the natural world . Rewilding intends to create permanently wild human cultures beyond domestication .   Rewilding is considered a holistic approach to living , as opposed to skills , practices or a specific set of knowledge .