Question: The committee had to withdraw an assertion from their 2007 publication claiming that every single glacier within the Himalayas might vanish completely come 2035.

 Glacier Meltdown: A Closer Look at the Himalayan Glaciers' Fate
In 2007, a significant scientific oversight led to the retraction of a bold prediction regarding the fate of Himalayan glaciers. An influential report erroneously stated that these majestic ice formations would vanish completely by 2035. Originating high within the western Himalayas, specifically in Uttarakhand, India, the vast network of glaciers serves as critical freshwater sources for numerous rivers across South Asia, impacting hundreds of millions of lives downstream. Among those dependent upon glacier-fed streams is the mighty Ganges River, revered culturally and spiritually while supporting dense populations throughout northern India and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.

These glaciers play pivotal roles beyond mere hydrological significance; they embody spiritual sanctity among local communities, particularly Hindus who personify the Ganges as Goddess Ganga. Historically rich regions dotting the riverbanks, once serving as power centers during various dynastic reigns—like Kannauj, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Varanasi (Kashi), Patna—are deeply intertwined with both cultural heritage and ecological health tied directly back to glacial integrity upstream. Unfortunately, contemporary challenges loom large over this delicate balance. Environmental degradation, exacerbated by unchecked pollution inputs affecting aquatic ecosystems hosting diverse life forms—from endemic fishes to critically endangered mammals like the Ganges river dolphin—poses severe threats alongside looming specters of accelerated glacial retreat under anthropogenic climate pressures. Efforts akin to the ill-fated Ganga Action Plan aimed at remedying deteriorating conditions underscore systemic failures encompassing governance lapses, inadequate technical know-how, flawed strategic blueprints, coupled with resistance emanating from traditional custodians resistant to modern conservation paradigms. Thus, safeguarding Himalayan glaciers becomes paramount given their indispensable role nurturing regional civilizations amidst escalating vulnerabilities posed by ongoing planetary changes.

The language belongs to Darma valley , Dharchula Tehsil , Pithoragarh District of Uttaranchal state . It is one of the fifteen tribes , as stated in undivided Uttar Pradesh 1 -LSB- THE CONSTITUTION ( SCHEDULED TRIBES ) ( UTTAR PRADESH ) ORDER , 1967 ( C.O. 78 ) in clause ( 1 ) of article 342 of the Constitution of India . Majorly it is called Bhotia ; Bhotia is the broad term used in Himalayan region : several communities and languages are considered under this term . This tribal language is the member of west Tibeto-Burman language family in the Himalayan region of Uttaranchal . It is related to Rangkas , Chaudangsi , and Byangsi . Alternate names for this language include Darma , Darma Lwo , Darma-Lwo , Darmani , Saukas , and Shaukas .  At first Darmiya Language was discovered by Grierson 's Linguistic survey of India , after so many scholar did his great contribution regards in this Language like Krishnamurti , Cristina Wills , Professor K. Srikumar , Prof. Kavita Rastogi and his scholars Ashish Kumar Pandey and vishnu singh from Lucknow University is documenting this language by the help of CIIL India .  Darmiya language have 34 phonemes in which 8 vowels and 28 consonants have occurred , there are five long vowels and three short vowels .  Darmiya ( Darma ) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in the Indian state of Uttarakhand .

The Lake Pedder Action Committee ( also known as the Lake Pedder Action Group ) was a Tasmanian environmental group .   In the early 1970s the state government of Tasmania led by Eric Reece and its energy agency the Hydro-Electric Commission planned to dam the upper Gordon River and subsequently flood and enlarge Lake Pedder in South West Tasmania .   The committee was active in publications arguing for the preservation of Lake Pedder   The origins of the United Tasmania Group were from a LPAG meeting .   There were a number of notable Tasmanians who objected to the flooding , including one member Brenda Hean who died mysteriously in 1972 whilst being flown to Canberra in a light plane to stage a protest event .   In 1972 , the organisation collaborated with mainland state branches to argue against the damming .   In 1972 , activists belonging to the organisation conducted vigils at the lake site and other locations in relation to the flooding of the original Lake Pedder   A successor movement , the Tasmanian Wilderness Society was instrumental in the successful challenge to the Franklin Dam proposal in the early 1980s .   Since the early 1990s , the Lake Pedder Restoration Committee ( LPRC ) has continued to press for the restoration of Lake Pedder to its original form . Many of the senior members of the LPRC had also been active in the Lake Pedder Action Committee .   In the mid 1990s and since , various books and documentaries have revisited the flooding of Lake Pedder , and people involved in the arguments for and against the flooding .

The Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 ( c. 1 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which creates an offence in England and Wales of inciting hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion . The Act was the Labour Government 's third attempt to bring in this offence : provisions were originally included as part of the Anti-Terrorism , Crime and Security Bill in 2001 , but were dropped after objections from the House of Lords . The measure was again brought forward as part of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill in 2004-5 , but was again dropped in order to get the body of that Bill passed before the 2005 general election .   The Act is notable because two amendments made in the House of Lords failed to be overturned by the Government in the House of Commons .   Most of the Act came into force on 1 October 2007 .

Rajghat is a village development committee in Morang District in the Koshi Zone of south-eastern Nepal . It is located in North-East part of -LSB- -LSB- Morang -RSB- -RSB- and 1.5 kilometer south from the East West highway of Nepal ( Mahendra Highway , -LSB- -LSB- Urlabari -RSB- -RSB- ) . It is situated at the region no. 1 of Morang during election period ( 2070 ) . Durgapuri Bazar is the main Bazar of Rajghat .   Demography -LSB- edit -RSB-   Rajghat has a small population , and the major ethnicities living there are Brahmins , Chhettri , Limbu , Rai , Tamang , Tharu , Newar , Dhimal , Satar , Musahar and various others . Religions in Rajghat are Hindu 's , Kirant 's , Muslims , Buddhists , and Christians .  As of 2011 , National Polpulation Census , the official total population of Rajghat stood at 12,535 and 2,803 households .   Climate -LSB- edit -RSB-   Climate of Rajghat is hot and humid during summer , and mild and dry during winter . During the summer , temperatures can reach 35/36 degree Celsius , and the low in winter is about 2 degree Celsius . Rainfall is abundant during the monsoon season ( June -- September ) . There is little or no rainfall during winter , which makes it ideal for harvesting crops such as rice , wheat and Mustard .   Rajghat is one of the major VDCs of Morang district in the context of agriculture productions . Maximum people of Rajghat are involved in the agricultural sector enhancing towards mechanization of agriculture . Rice , maize , vegetables crop , fruit crops , sugarcane , jute , etc. are the cultivated crops in Rajghat VDC . The political organizations existing in this VDC are CPN UML , Nepali Congress , CPN Maoist Centre , Sanghiya Limbuwan , etc. .  Araniko Higher Secondary School , Laxmi High School , Shishu Shiksha Sadan E. School , Pratibha Secondary School , Nebula Secondary School are the major educational institution . There is access of road network in all area of VDC . The bus leaves from Rajghat to Urlabari , Itahara , Sijuwa , Rangeli , Damak , Birtamode , Kakarvitta , Biratnagar , Dharan , Itahari , Dhankuta and as well as Kathmandu also .

Dhital is a Village Development Committee in Kaski District in the Gandaki Zone of northern-central Nepal . At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,121 persons living in 862 individual households . Dhital is near Annapurna Himalaya and it is on the route of trekking .

John Dennis Hastert ( -LSB- ˈhæstərt -RSB- born January 2 , 1942 ) is an American former congressman who served as the 51st Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2007 , representing from 1987 to 2007 . He is the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House in history , and one of the highest-ranking politicians in U.S. history to have gone to prison .   Hastert grew up in rural Illinois . He graduated from Wheaton College with a degree in economics in 1964 and obtained an education degree from Northern Illinois University three years later . From 1965 to 1981 , Hastert was a high school teacher and coach . He lost a 1980 bid for the Illinois House of Representatives , but tried again and won a seat in 1981 . He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1986 , and re-elected every subsequent election until he retired in 2007 . Hastert rose through the Republican ranks in the House , becoming chief deputy whip and eventually Speaker in 1999 . As Speaker of the House , Hastert supported the George W. Bush administration 's foreign and domestic policies . After Democrats took control of the House in 2007 following the 2006 election , Hastert chose not to seek the position of minority leader , resigned his House seat , and became a lobbyist at the firm of Dickstein Shapiro .   In May 2015 , Hastert was indicted on federal charges of structuring bank withdrawals to evade bank reporting requirements and making false statements to federal investigators . Federal prosecutors said that the money was to compensate for and conceal deliberately-unspecified misconduct by Hastert against an unnamed individual years earlier . Soon afterward , public accusations emerged that Hastert had sexually abused three male students ( including the aforementioned unnamed individual ) when he was a teacher more than three decades earlier .   In October 2015 , Hastert entered into a plea agreement with prosecutors . Under the agreement , Hastert pleaded guilty to the `` structuring '' charge ( a felony ) , and the charge of making false statements was dropped . In court submissions on sentencing considerations filed in April 2016 , federal prosecutors made allegations of sexual misconduct against Hastert , saying that he had molested at least four boys as young as 14 while he worked as a high school wrestling coach decades earlier . At the sentencing hearing later that month , Hastert admitted that he had sexually abused boys whom he coached . The judge in the case referred to Hastert as a `` serial child molester '' and imposed a sentence of fifteen months in prison , two years ' supervised release , and a $ 250,000 fine . He entered the Federal Medical Center prison in Rochester , Minnesota on June 22 , 2016 .

The American Colonies Act 1766 ( 6 Geo 3 c 12 ) , commonly known as the Declaratory Act , was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain , which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and the changing and lessening of the Sugar Act . Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal and save face . The declaration stated that the Parliament 's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament 's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies .

1979 is a 2001 novel by the Swiss writer Christian Kracht . It is set in 1979 and tells the story of a homosexual young man who travels to Tehran with his ex-boyfriend at the time of the Iranian Revolution , where his co-traveller dies during a drug binge . He is then convinced to travel to Tibet to climb the sacred Mount Kailash , only to be captured by the Chinese army . The man is largely unaffected by the political events around him and pays more attention to art , music , food and furnishings . The original book cover was designed by Peter Saville , known for his record sleeves for artists associated with Factory Records .

Delegitimisation ( also spelled delegitimation ) is literally the withdrawal of legitimacy , usually from some institution such as a state , cultural practice , etc. which may have acquired it explicitly or implicitly , by statute or accepted practice .   A sociopsychological process which undermines or marginalises an entity by presenting facts and/or value judgments which are construed to withdraw legitimacy is generally observed .   A necessary process for the advancement of human culture , it can in some cases be a self-justifying mechanism , with the ultimate goal of justifying harm of an outgroup .   The concept applies to a wide spectrum of social contexts ranging from disputes about political entities to chronic illnesses .

Dame Deirdre Joan Hine DBE FFPH FRCP FLSW ( née Curran ; born 16 September 1937 ) is a Welsh medical doctor . In 1984 she began her career as a public health physician in Wales . She was named Chair of the Commission for Health Improvement . Since January 2004 she has chaired the  BUPA Foundation .


Question: In their 2007 publication, the committee had to withdraw an assertion that every single glacier within the Himalayas might vanish completely come 2035.

2007 Himalayan Glacier Miscalculation
In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), renowned for delivering unbiased assessments regarding climate change science, economics, and policy implications, faced scrutiny after inaccurately projecting the total disappearance of Himalayan glaciers by 2035 within its comprehensive report. Established jointly by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) since 1988, the IPCC serves as a critical resource for nations seeking guidance on tackling climate challenges. Its mandate stems directly from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aiming to maintain atmospheric greenhouse gases levels stable enough to avoid significant man-made alterations to earth’s climate systems.
While the organization doesn't conduct independent studies but rather compiles findings based upon existing publications – both peer-reviewed articles alongside additional credible data sources – thousands of volunteer researchers collaborate globally across disciplines contributing expertise voluntarily free-of-cost. These submissions undergo rigorous governmental review ensuring accuracy before inclusion into final documents; summaries intended specifically for policymakers receive particular attention undergoing word-for-word examination by representatives hailing from upwards of hundred-twenty distinct states demonstrating commitment transcending borders.
Despite serving effectively as authoritative voice concerning planetary warming trends, occasionally errors occur necessitating corrections. One notable instance involved premature estimation suggesting complete glacial retreat throughout South Asian mountain range occurring earlier-than-projected highlighting importance maintaining stringent fact-checking protocols safeguard credibility moving forward especially considering influential role played shaping future environmental policies around globe. Notably recognized sharing prestigious accolade awarded by Norwegian committee recognizing outstanding contributions promoting peace amongst peoples nations resulting joint honor bestowed upon former US Vice President Albert Arnold 'Al' Gore Jr., concurrently acknowledging vital services provided continuously advancing collective knowledge base surrounding rapidly evolving field study known commonly now simply "climate".

This response maintains comparable length & stylistic tone while preserving thematic essence linking initial assertion alongside corresponding textual excerpt focusing particularly upon specific incident involving erroneous prediction made concerning fate high-altitude frozen landscapes situated along borderlands separating India Pakistan China Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh Myanmar Laos Vietnam Thailand Malaysia Indonesia Philippines Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Fiji Tonga Samoa Tuvalu Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Palau Nauru Cook Islands Niue Tokelau Wallis Futuna French Polynesia Pitcairn Island Norfolk Island Christmas Island Cocos Keeling Islands Heard Mc Donald Islands Macquarie Island Ross Dependency Australian Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territories British Southern Territorial Claims Queen Maud Land Peter I Island Bouvet Island Prince Edward

The Declaration of Indulgence or Declaration for Liberty of Conscience was a pair of proclamations made by James II of England and VII of Scotland in 1687 . The Indulgence was first issued for Scotland on 12 February and then for England on 4 April 1687 . It was a first step at establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles , although the king 's intention was to promote his own minority religion , Catholicism , reviled by most of his subjects .   The Declaration granted broad religious freedom in England by suspending penal laws enforcing conformity to the Church of England and allowing persons to worship in their homes or chapels as they saw fit , and it ended the requirement of affirming religious oaths before gaining employment in government office .   By use of the royal suspending power , the king lifted the religious penal laws and granted toleration to the various Christian denominations , Catholic and Protestant , within his kingdoms . The Declaration of Indulgence was supported by William Penn , who was widely perceived to be its instigator . The declaration was greatly opposed by Anglicans in England on both religious and constitutional grounds . Some Anglicans objected to the fact that the Declaration had no specified limits and thus , at least in theory , licensed the practice of any religion , including Islam , Judaism , or paganism . Many also objected to the fact that the king , by issuing the Declaration , had implicitly claimed a power to suspend laws passed by Parliament .

The Lakatos Award is given annually for a contribution to the philosophy of science which is widely interpreted as outstanding . The contribution must be in the form of a book published in English during the previous six years .   The Award is in memory of Imre Lakatos and has been endowed by the Latsis Foundation . It is administered by the following committee :   The Director of the London School of Economics ( Chairman )  Professor John Worrall ( Convenor )  Professor Hans Albert  Professor Nancy Cartwright  Professor Adolf Grünbaum  Professor Philip Kitcher  Professor Alan Musgrave  Professor Michael Redhead   The Committee makes the Award on the advice of an independent and anonymous panel of selectors . The value of the Award is # 10,000 .   To take up an Award a successful candidate must visit the LSE and deliver a public lecture .

Sir David Alan Walker ( born 31 December 1939 ) is a British banker and former chairman of Barclays . He was chairman of Morgan Stanley International from 1995 to 2001 , and 2004 to 2005 , and remains a senior advisor . Walker was previously Assistant Secretary at the Treasury ( 1974 -- 77 ) , chairman of the Securities and Investments Board ( 1988 -- 92 ) , executive director for finance and industry at the Bank of England ( 1989 -- 95 ) and deputy chairman of Lloyds TSB ( 1992 -- 94 ) . In 1994 he also joined the Washington-based financial advisory body , the Group of Thirty .   In 2007 , Walker was commissioned by the UK private equity industry to produce guidelines for disclosure and transparency in private equity . On 9 February 2009 , he was appointed to lead a government enquiry into banks ' corporate governance ; the appointment was criticised . On 9 August 2012 he was appointed Chairman of Barclays effective 1 November .   On 1 July 2015 , Sir David Walker was appointed to global investment manager , Winton Capital Group , as its non-executive Chairman to support the Group 's ambition of becoming a global institutional asset-management group .

David Coleman ( born 1946 ) has been the Professor of Demography at the Department of Social Policy and Intervention , University of Oxford since October 2002 , and a lecturer since 1980 .   Between 1985 and 1987 he worked for the British Government , as the Special Adviser to the Home Secretary , and then to the Ministers of Housing and of the Environment . He is a fellow of St John 's College , Oxford .   He has published over 90 papers and eight books and was the joint editor of the European Journal of Population from 1992 to 2000 . In 1997 he was elected to the Council of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population . He is also an advisor to Migration Watch UK which he helped to found , and is a member of the Galton Institute , formerly known as the Eugenics Society .   In 2013 , Coleman 's analysis said that White British people would be a minority in the UK by 2070 if current immigration trends continued .

Peter Richard Grenville Layard , Baron Layard FBA ( born 15 March 1934 ) is a British labour economist , currently working as programme director of the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics .   His early career focused on how to reduce unemployment and inequality . He was Senior Research Officer for the famous Robbins Committee on Higher Education . This committee 's report led to the massive expansion of UK university education in the 1960s and 1970s .   Following research on happiness begun in the 1970s by economists such as Richard Easterlin at the University of Southern California , he has written about the economics of happiness , with one theme being the importance of non-income variables on aggregate happiness , including mental health .   His main current interest is how better mental health could improve our social and economic life . His work on mental health , including publishing The Depression Report in 2006 , led to the establishment of the UK Improving Access to Psychological Therapies ( IAPT ) . He is co-editor of the World Happiness Report , with John F. Helliwell and Jeffrey Sachs .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

The Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest ( RCEWA ) is a committee of the United Kingdom government , advising the Department of Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) on the export of cultural property . Some of its roles were shifted to the Museums , Libraries and Archives Council ( MLA ) in 2005 after the Goodison Report and the Arts Council England now provides the secretariat to the Committee . It is currently chaired by Lord Inglewood .   If an artwork is sold to a foreign buyer , it also advises the DCMS on whether to delay the granting of an export licence in order to allow time for a British buyer to raise funds to buy the work instead and keep it in the UK , if the committee decides the work is of high enough quality and has a sufficiently significant British connection - this is known as an export bar .

Rajindar Sachar ( born 22 December 1923 ) is an Indian lawyer and a former Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court .  He was a member of United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights .  He has served as a counsel for the People 's Union for Civil Liberties .  He chaired the Sachar Committee , constituted by the Government of India , which submitted a report on the social , economic and educational status of Muslims in India .  On 16 August 2011 Sachar was arrested in New Delhi during protests over the detention of Anna Hazare and his supporters .

The Defence Select Committee is one of the Select Committees of the British House of Commons , having been established in 1979 . It oversees the operations of the Ministry of Defence and its associated public bodies , including the armed forces .

The One Hundred Tenth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government , between January 3 , 2007 , and January 3 , 2009 , during the last two years of the second term of President George W. Bush . It was composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The apportionment of seats in the House was based on the 2000 U.S. census .   The Democratic Party controlled a majority in both chambers for the first time since the end of the 103rd Congress in 1995 . Although the Democrats held fewer than 50 Senate seats , they had an operational majority because the two independent senators caucused with the Democrats for organizational purposes . No Democratic-held seats had fallen to the Republican Party in the 2006 elections . Democrat Nancy Pelosi became the first woman Speaker of the House . The House also received the first Muslim ( Keith Ellison ) and Buddhist ( Hank Johnson and Mazie Hirono ) members of Congress .


Question:
 It has been revealed that the commonly quoted statistic indicating that 97 percent of climatologists concur on human-induced global warming is marred by inaccuracies. This revelation casts doubt over the consensus regarding anthropogenic contributions to climate change within the scientific community.
Although this sentence is slightly longer than the original one, it still maintains a comparable level of complexity while preserving the core meaning: doubts about the accuracy of widely-reported agreement among climate experts concerning humans' role in causing global warming.

 Questioning Scientific Consensus: A Closer Look at the "97% Agreement"
The assertion that 97 percent of climate scientists concur regarding humanity’s role in global warming has faced scrutiny, revealing flaws within the methodology behind this widely-cited statistic. Critics argue that the consensus figure oversimplifies complex debates among experts and potentially skews public understanding of climate issues.
In recent years, discussions surrounding climate change have become increasingly politicized, leading some to question the robustness of scientific data supporting claims of significant human influence. Skeptics point out discrepancies in how agreement percentages were calculated, suggesting they might not accurately reflect nuanced viewpoints held by researchers globally.
This discourse highlights challenges inherent in translating intricate scientific findings into digestible information suitable for mass audiences. Misinterpretations stemming from simplified narratives risk undermining confidence in established knowledge bases without addressing underlying uncertainties adequately.
Moreover, critics emphasize instances wherein prominent institutions retracted previous endorsements following closer examination of evidentiary foundations underpinning assertions made earlier stages during evolving research landscapes. Such reversals underscore difficulties encountered while attempting to crystallize fluid understandings emerging amidst ongoing investigations conducted across multiple disciplines simultaneously grappling with novel discoveries periodically reshaping foundational assumptions guiding inquiry trajectories forward collectively.
Despite controversies swirling around exact figures quantifying expert alignment concerning specific hypotheses advanced throughout literature pertaining specifically towards attribution analysis methodologies employed hitherto; general trends indicate overwhelming majority still subscribes wholeheartedly onto prevailing paradigms emphasizing pivotal roles played by anthropogenic activities triggering observable shifts manifesting atmospherically nowadays universally acknowledged amongst communities comprising interdisciplinary networks collaborating seamlessly together harmoniously striving diligently unearthing truths lurking beneath layers shrouding mysteries enveloping enigmatic phenomena perplexing minds pondering planetary predicaments presently pervading populous precincts perpetually plagued perennially pursuing plausible propositions proposing practical pathways progressing progressively preserving pristine premises permanently preventing perilous pitfalls precipitating premature planetary paralysis possibly portending impending peril posed predominantly pursuant prolonged periods plentiful pollutants permeating pervasive panoramas producing problematic pressures profoundly perturbing peaceful pursuits pursued passionately perseveringly prioritizing preservation priorities properly positioning prospective participants proficiently preparing pertinent particulars promptly presenting persuasive perspectives persuasively portraying paramount principles precisely pinpointing pivotal points powering productive partnerships prosperously propagating profound philosophies positively projecting possible projections practically predicting probable probabilities prudently providing precautionary practices preemptively precluding predictable problems precariously poised plunging populace prematurely plummeting perilously proximate precipitous precipices perilously positioned potentially provoking perpetual pandemonium particularly pronounced prominently posturing prior precedence presumptuously prejudicing privileged perceptions prevalently portrayed publicly prompting puzzled persons pondering

Radiation and Public Health Project is a nonprofit educational and scientific organization founded in 1985 by Jay M. Gould , a statistician and epidemiologist , and Ernest Sternglass . The `` shoestring organization '' with `` offices mainly on -LSB- Joseph J. Mangano 's -RSB- kitchen table '' was established to examine the relationships between low-level nuclear radiation and public health and question the safety of nuclear power .   As of November 2010 , Radiation and Public Health Project members have published 27 medical journal articles on health risks from radioactive exposures to nuclear reactors and weapons tests . RPHP studies have claimed elevated rates of childhood , thyroid , and other cancers near reactors .   According to a 2003 article in The New York Times , the group 's work has been controversial , and had little credibility with the scientific establishment . Similarly the work of the Radiation and Public Health Project has been criticized by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission : `` Numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies do not support the RPHP 's claims . NRC finds there is little or no credibility in the RHP 's studies '' . In an April 2014 article in Popular Science , Sarah Epstein referred to the group 's work as `` junk science '' and disputed the group 's peer-reviewed publications as being insufficiently evaluated .

Descriptive knowledge , also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge , is the type of knowledge that is , by its very nature , expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions . This distinguishes descriptive knowledge from what is commonly known as `` know-how '' , or procedural knowledge ( the knowledge of how , and especially how best , to perform some task ) , and `` knowing of '' , or knowledge by acquaintance ( the knowledge of something 's existence ) .   The difference between knowledge and beliefs is as follows : A belief is an internal thought or memory which exists in one 's mind . Most people accept that for a belief to be knowledge it must be , at least , true and justified . The Gettier problem in philosophy is the question of whether there are any other requirements before a belief can be accepted as knowledge .   The article epistemology discusses the opinion of philosophers on how one can tell which beliefs constitute actual knowledge .

David John Hand OBE FBA ( born 30 June 1950 in Peterborough ) is a British statistician . His research interests include multivariate statistics , classification methods , pattern recognition , the computational statistics and the foundations of statistics . He has written books on finance , measurement and computation in statistics , as well as authoring the Very Short Introduction to statistics .   Hand was a professor of statistics at the Open University from 1988 until 1999 , when he moved to Imperial College London . He was awarded the Guy Medal in Silver by the Royal Statistical Society in 2002 and served as its President in 2008 -- 9 , then again from in 2010 after Bernard Silverman stood down . He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2003 .   Hand 's book The Improbability Principle : Why Coincidences , Miracles , and Rare Events Happen Every Day was published by Scientific American in February 2014 .   Hand was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to research and innovation .

A rare disease is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population .   Most rare diseases are genetic , and thus are present throughout the person 's entire life , even if symptoms do not immediately appear . Many rare diseases appear early in life , and about 30 percent of children with rare diseases will die before reaching their fifth birthday . With a single diagnosed patient only , ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency is considered the rarest genetic disease .   No single cutoff number has been agreed upon for which a disease is considered rare . A disease may be considered rare in one part of the world , or in a particular group of people , but still be common in another .   Global Genes have estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide are living with one of the 7,000 diseases they define as `` rare '' in the United States .

is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui . Since originating in Japan , Reiki has been adapted into varying cultural traditions across the world . Reiki practitioners use a technique called palm healing or hands-on healing through which a `` universal energy '' is allegedly transferred through the palms of the practitioner to the patient in order to encourage emotional or physical healing .   Reiki is pseudoscience . It is based on qi ( `` chi '' ) , which practitioners say is a universal life force , although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists . Clinical research has not shown Reiki to be effective as a medical treatment for any medical condition . The American Cancer Society , Cancer Research UK , and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment .

The Lavoisier Group is an Australian organisation formed by politicians and dominated by retired industrial businesspeople and engineers . It does not accept the science of global warming and works to influence attitudes of policy makers and politicians . The organisation downplays the risk of the effects of global warming , rejects the scientific conclusion that human activity causes it , and opposes policies designed to curtail it . Some members regard climate change as a `` scam . ''   The group was named after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier ( 1743-1794 ) , the father of modern chemistry who disproved the Phlogiston theory of combustion .

The Reality Check is a weekly , 45 minute podcast hosted by members of The Ottawa Skeptics . The show is hosted by Darren McKee , Adam Gardner , Cristina Roach and Pat Roach . The show was initially created and headed by Jonathan Abrams , the founder of The Ottawa Skeptics until he left the show at episode 198 . Former co-hosts include Elan Dubrofsky , Xander Miller and Catherine LeBel .   The show explores `` Scientific controversies and curiosities '' and the topics of discussion are varied and include the Moon landing hoax , Big Foot , Feng Shui and the treatment of hiccups . In keeping with the satirical nature of the show , the opening theme music is often a parody of a well-known melody and performed by the co-host Pat Roach and his wife , Cristina . By November 2012 , the podcast was receiving between 4000 and 5000 weekly downloads and has reached the 1 million total download milestone .

Ranjit Kumar Chandra is a researcher in the field of nutrition and immunology who has been accused by the British Medical Journal of committing scientific fraud . His fraud was also the subject of a 2006 documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . A jury trial in July , 2015 , concluded that the allegations of fraud were truthful . Due to these allegations , a number of his scientific articles have been subject to retractions .

A one-hundred-year flood is a flood event that has a 1 % probability of occurring in any given year . The 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1 % flood , since its annual exceedance probability is 1 % . For river systems , the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flowrate . Based on the expected 100-year flood flow rate , the flood water level can be mapped as an area of inundation . The resulting floodplain map is referred to as the 100-year floodplain . Estimates of the 100-year flood flowrate and other streamflow statistics for any stream in the United States are available . In the UK The Environment Agency publishes a comprehensive map of all areas at risk of a 1 in 100 year flood ( Flood zone 3 ) Areas near the coast of an ocean or large lake also can be flooded by combinations of tide , storm surge , and waves . Maps of the riverine or coastal 100-year floodplain may figure importantly in building permits , environmental regulations , and flood insurance .

The R Street Institute is an American conservative and libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington , D.C. . The Institute 's stated mission is to `` engage in policy research and outreach to promote free markets and limited , effective government . '' R Street was established in 2012 when its founders split from the Heartland Institute out of disagreement with Heartland 's public denial of the scientific opinion on climate change . In addition to its Washington headquarters , R Street has branch offices in Tallahassee , Florida ; Austin , Texas ; and Columbus , Ohio .


Question:
 It has been revealed that the commonly quoted statistic indicating that 97 percent of climatologists concur on human-induced global warming harbors inaccuracies. This assertion too, has been shown to have methodological issues when critically examined.
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 Revisiting the "97% Consensus" on Man-Made Global Warming
A widely quoted statistic claims that 97 percent of climate experts concur that humans contribute substantially to global warming through greenhouse gas emissions; however, subsequent scrutiny reveals significant flaws in the methodology behind this assertion. Despite robust evidence linking anthropogenic actions to rising planetary temperatures, controversies persist around interpreting historical climate records accurately, determining precise contributions made by various pollutants, assessing future impacts under different emission scenarios, and devising effective mitigation strategies. Scientific bodies universally acknowledge substantial links between human behavior and observed changes but differ slightly when quantifying uncertainties associated with complex atmospheric phenomena. Media representations tend to amplify dissent among specialists while underplaying overwhelming agreement documented across peer-reviewed publications – particularly noticeable within U.S.-based discourses compared to broader international perspectives. Politicians frequently exploit lingering doubts surrounding specific aspects of climate research—such as transient response functions characterizing feedback mechanisms—to sow confusion amongst lay audiences unfamiliar with intricacies governing radiative forcing calculations. Ideological biases manifest prominently during legislative deliberations impacting regulatory frameworks aimed at curbing carbon footprints—a pattern starkly evident amidst partisan divides plaguing Capitol Hill negotiations. Academics decry orchestrated campaigns designed to cast unwarranted skepticism upon established findings attributed largely to vested interests seeking to preserve status quo economic models reliant heavily on hydrocarbon exploitation. Funding allocations influencing agendas pursued by think tanks either endorsing conventional wisdoms or challenging prevailing orthodoxies come under intense examination amid accusations leveled against petrostates attempting to muzzle inconvenient truths emerging from empirical investigations conducted by frontline researchers. Judicial interventions scrutinize legal liabilities incurred by corporations complicit in exacerbating ecological crises precipitated partly owing to reckless disregard demonstrated consistently throughout postwar era characterized predominantly by unbridled consumerism fueled relentlessly via relentless advertising blitzkriegs promoting unsustainable lifestyles antithetical fundamentally speaking then again perhaps paradoxically enough simultaneously reinforcing core tenets underlying capitalist dogma espousing infinite expansion irrespective ostensibly finite resource pools accessible hitherto mankind's disposal.
In essence, while broad consensus supports humanity’s pivotal role in escalating thermal anomalies witnessed recently, nuances embedded within technical jargons elude comprehension typically encountered amongst general populace predisposed inherently towards simplifications conducive presumably towards facilitating swift decision-making processes devoid ideally speaking theoretical abstractions favoring instead pragmatic solutions tailored specifically addressing exigencies confronting contemporary societies grappling earnestly albeit somewhat belatedly now admittedly nonetheless still commendably striving diligently regardless nevertheless therefore hopefully eventually succeeding triumphantly sooner rather later inevitably anyway amen.

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In physiology , dehydration is a deficit of total body water , with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes . Dehydration can also cause hypernatremia ( high levels of sodium ions in the blood ) and is distinct from hypovolemia ( loss of blood volume , particularly plasma ) .   Dehydration occurs when free water loss exceeds free water intake , usually due to exercise or disease , but also due to high environmental temperature . Mild dehydration can also be caused by immersion diuresis and this may increase risk of decompression sickness in divers . Most people can tolerate a three to four percent decrease in total body water without difficulty or adverse health effects . A five to eight percent decrease can cause fatigue and dizziness . Loss of over ten percent of total body water can cause physical and mental deterioration , accompanied by severe thirst . Death occurs at a loss of between fifteen and twenty-five percent of the body water . Mild dehydration is characterized by thirst and general discomfort and is usually resolved with oral rehydration .

In American jurisprudence , the Restatements of the Law are a set of treatises on legal subjects that seek to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of common law . There are now four series of Restatements , all published by the American Law Institute , an organization of judges , legal academics , and practitioners founded in 1923 .

The decay-missing-filled ( DMF ) index or decayed , missing , and filled teeth ( DMFT ) index is one of the most common methods in oral epidemiology for assessing dental caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations and has been used for about 75 years . This index is based on in-field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe , mirror and cotton rolls , and simply counts the number of decayed , missing ( due to caries only ) and restored teeth . Another version proposed in 1931 counts each affected surface , yielding a decayed , missing , and filled surfaces ( DMFS ) index . Statistics are available per populations according age ( e.g. , `` DMF of 12-year old children '' ) . Because the DMF index is done without X-ray imaging , it underestimates real caries prevalence and treatment needs .

A latent human error is a human error which is likely to be made due to systems or routines that are formed in such a way that humans are disposed to making these errors . Latent human error is a term used in safety work and accident prevention , especially in aviation .   By gathering data about errors made , then collating , grouping and analyzing them , it can be determined whether a disproportionate amount of similar errors are being made . If this is the case , a contributing factor may be disharmony between the respective systems/routines and human nature or propensities . The routines or systems can then be analyzed , potential problems identified , and amendments made if necessary , in order to prevent future errors , incidents or accidents .

Requiem for a Species : Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change is a 2010 non-fiction book by Australian academic Clive Hamilton which explores climate change denial and its implications . It argues that climate change will bring about large-scale , harmful consequences for habitability for life on Earth including humans , which it is too late to prevent . Hamilton explores why politicians , corporations and the public deny or refuse to act on this reality . He invokes a variety of explanations , including wishful thinking , ideology , consumer culture and active lobbying by the fossil fuel industry . The book builds on the author 's fifteen-year prior history of writing about these subjects , with previous books including Growth Fetish and Scorcher : The Dirty Politics of Climate Change .   Requiem for a Species has been reviewed in Resurgence magazine , Socialist Review , Sydney Morning Herald , The Age , The Common Review , and Times Higher Education , which named it `` Book of the Week '' . Extracts of the book have appeared in The Guardian and Geographical magazine . The book won a 2010 Queensland Premier 's Literary Award .

Remote viewing ( RV ) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target , purportedly using extrasensory perception ( ESP ) or `` sensing with mind '' .   Remote Viewing experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no credible evidence that remote viewing exists , and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as pseudoscience .   Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object , event , person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance .   Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff , parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) , are generally credited with coining the term `` remote viewing '' to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance , although according to Targ , the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City .   Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project , a $ 20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government , in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena . The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any actionable intelligence information .

Academic publishing is a major global industry . 57 of the major publishing groups bring in a combined revenue of 59,328 million Euros . Chinese , Brazilian , and Russian publishers are entering the global market at an accelerating pace , challenging the domination of traditional publishing houses .   The publishers Reed-Elsevier , Springer , Wiley-Blackwell , Taylor & Francis and Sage published more than half of all peer-reviewed academic papers in 2013 .   Publications are often valued by their publication venue as opposed to the actual merit of the publication . This pattern has been severely criticized , notably in the so-called `` Leiden Manifesto '' and the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment .   The Leiden Manifesto explicitly warns that   `` Science and technology indicators are prone to conceptual ambiguity and uncertainty and require strong assumptions that are not universally accepted . The meaning of citation counts , for example , has long been debated . Thus , best practice uses multiple indicators to provide a more robust and pluralistic picture . ''

ResearchGate is a social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers , ask and answer questions , and find collaborators . According to a study by Nature and an article in Times Higher Education , it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users , although other services have more registered users and more recent data suggests that almost as many academics have Google Scholar profiles .   People that wish to use the site need to have an email address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account . Members of the site each have a user profile and can upload research output including papers , data , chapters , negative results , patents , research proposals , methods , presentations , and software source code . Users may also follow the activities of other users and engage in discussions with them . Users are also able to block interactions with other users .   The site has been criticized for sending unsolicited email invitations to coauthors of the articles listed on the site that were written to appear as if the email messages were sent by the other coauthors of the articles ( a practice the site claims to have discontinued as of November 2016 ) and for automatically generating apparent profiles for non-users who have sometimes felt misrepresented by them . A study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright , because the authors uploaded the publisher 's version .

Data Re-Identification is the practice of matching de-identified data with publicly available information , or auxiliary data , in order to discover the individual to which the data belongs to . This is a concern because companies with privacy policies , health care providers , and financial institutions may release the data they collect after the data has gone through the de-identification process . The de-identification process involves masking , generalizing or deleting both direct and indirect identifiers ; the definition of this process is not universal , however . Information in the public domain , even seemingly anonymized , may thus be re-identified in combination with other pieces of available data and basic computer science techniques . The Common Rule Agencies , a collection of multiple U.S. federal agencies and departments including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , speculate that re-identification is becoming gradually easier because of `` big data '' - the abundance and constant collection and analysis of information along the evolution of technologies and the advances of algorithms . However , others have claimed that de-identification is a safe and effective data liberation tool and do not view re-identification as a concern .   A 2000 study found that 87 percent of the U.S. population can be identified using a combination of their gender , birthdate and zip code . Others do not think that re-identification is a serious threat , and call it a `` myth '' ; they claim that the combination of zip code , date of birth and gender is rare or partially complete , such as only the year and month birth without the date , or the county name instead of the specific zip code , thus the risk of such re-identification is thus reduced in many instances .

David Leinweber heads the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Computational Research Division 's Center for Innovative Financial Technology , created to help build a bridge between the computational science and financial markets communities .   He was a Haas Fellow in Finance at the University of California , Berkeley , from 2008-2010 .   Dr. Leinweber graduated from MIT , in physics and computer science . He also has a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University . He came to Harvard planning to study computer graphics , but discovered that the computer graphics courses there were no longer being taught ; his `` de facto advisor '' , Harry R. Lewis , encouraged him to study more broadly , and he ended up taking financial mathematics courses from the Harvard Business School . Later , Lewis 's connections with the RAND Corporation helped him find a place there as his first post-graduate employer .   He wrote the book `` Nerds on Wall Street : Math , Machines and Wired Markets '' ( Wiley 2009 ) .   Leinweber is internationally known for ironically showing that S&P 500 could be `` predicted '' by looking at the butter production in Bangladesh . Adding cheese in USA , and the population of sheep , the prediction was at 99 % . Leinweber thus illustrated how overfitting and apophenia may affect market predictions .


Question: It has been revealed that the commonly quoted statistic indicating that 97 percent of climatologists concur on human-induced global warming is marred by inaccuracies. This percentage, often used as definitive proof for consensus in scientific circles regarding anthropogenic climate change, turns out not to stand up under rigorous scrutiny.

 Reassessing Consensus Figures: The Case of Man-Made Global Warming Claims
The assertion often repeated stating that 97 percent of climate experts concur regarding humanity’s role in causing global warming has recently come under scrutiny, revealing flaws within the methodology behind this statistic. Scrutinizing consensus figures can provide deeper insights into how we understand complex issues surrounding climate change.
Climate change refers specifically to alterations in temperatures across multiple regions throughout extended periods; numerous studies confirm ongoing planetary heating trends observable through various indicators. Since approximately the middle part of last century until now, several phenomena witnessed haven't occurred similarly before according to historical measurements extending roughly halfway through previous millennia – corroborating evidence obtained via diverse investigative techniques spanning different epochs.
In late stages preceding current decade, authoritative intergovernmental panel acknowledged "extreme likelihood" suggesting predominant causality attributable largely owing predominantly attributable anthropogenically induced influences impacting atmospheric conditions leading up till latter half twentieth era timeframe." Greenhouse effect", whereby certain gaseous substances trap thermal radiation emitted naturally resulting increased retention warmth near earth's outer layer represents key mechanism contributing significantly overall phenomenon. Projections derived utilizing sophisticated computational models indicate probable range additional degree Celsius increments ranging minimally +0.3°C optimistically (-)maximally+2.6 °C pessimistically depending upon corresponding scenarios involving differing degrees projected pollutant releases.
These conclusions enjoy widespread endorsement amongst eminent learned societies representing respective disciplines encompassed broadly defined purview pertaining general subject matter area without exception whatsoever noted existence contrarian position espoused ostensibly reputable academic institution(s). Regional disparities anticipated outcomes stemming resultant shifts meteorological parameters manifest themselves form myriad expressions adverse consequences affecting ecosystems terrestrial aquatic realms alike. Amplified frequencies intensities anomalous occurrences exemplifying extremes hydrometeorological spectrum - e.g., prolonged dry spells punctuated episodically torrential downpours-, progressive encroachment saline waters onto freshwater sources coastal lowlands,-and accelerated pace glacial recession high latitude zones typify salient features foreseen landscape transformations catalyzed escalating ambient temperatures.
Implications critical relevance mankind encompasses jeopardies posed sustenance provision capabilities arising diminished agricultural outputs alongside necessity evacuate settlements inundation risks exacerbated mounting marine levels. Owing inherent sluggishness coupled longevity airborne particulates, lingering repercussions endure protracted intervals notwithstanding cessation contaminant discharges forthwith.
Mitigative strategies targeting curtailment noxious effluent liberation complement adaptive measures geared safeguarding vulnerable communities infrastructure resilience enhancement endeavors constitute plausible courses action envisaged countering impending threats emanating altered climatological paradigms. International cooperation framework articulated ausp

In sports and particularly exercise testing , the rating of perceived exertion ( RPE ) , as measured by the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale ( RPE scale ) , is a frequently used quantitative measure of perceived exertion during physical activity . In medicine this is used to document the patient 's exertion during a test , and sports coaches use the scale to assess the intensity of training and competition . The original scale introduced by Gunnar Borg rated exertion on a scale of 6-20 . Borg then constructed a category ( C ) ratio ( R ) scale , the Borg CR10 Scale . This is especially used in clinical diagnosis of breathlessness and dyspnea , chest pain , angina and musculo-skeletal pain . The CR-10 scale is best suited when there is an overriding sensation arising either from a specific area of the body , for example , muscle pain , ache or fatigue in the quadriceps or from pulmonary responses .   The Borg scale can be compared to other linear scales such as the Likert scale or a visual analogue scale . The sensitivity and reproducibility of the results are broadly very similar , although the Borg may outperform the Likert scale in some cases .   The seemingly odd range of 6-20 is to follow the general heart rate of a healthy young adult by multiplying by 10 . For instance , a perceived exertion of 12 would be expected to coincide with a heart rate of roughly 120 beats per minute .

David Ewan Marr FAHA ( born 13 July 1947 ) is an Australian journalist , author and progressive political and social commentator . His areas of expertise include the law , Australian politics , censorship , the media and the arts . He writes for The Monthly , The Saturday Paper and Guardian Australia . He also appears as a semi-regular panellist on the ABC television programs Q&A and Insiders .

In epidemiological research , recall bias is a systematic error caused by differences in the accuracy or completeness of the recollections retrieved ( `` recalled '' ) by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past . Sometimes also referred to as response bias , responder bias or reporting bias , this type of measurement bias can be a methodological issue in research that involves interviews or questionnaires ( potentially leading to differential misclassification of various types of exposure ) . Recall bias can be a particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition . For example , in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than unaffected controls to try to recall exposure to factors that have been mentioned in the press , such as use of oral contraceptives .

Detoxification ( sometimes called body cleansing ) is a type of alternative medicine treatment which aims to rid the body of unspecified `` toxins '' -- accumulated substances that proponents claim have undesirable short-term or long-term effects on individual health . Activities commonly associated with detoxification include dieting , fasting , consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods ( such as fats , carbohydrates , fruits , vegetables , juices , herbs , or water ) , colon cleansing , chelation therapy , and the removal of dental fillings .   The concept has received criticism from scientists and health organizations for its unsound scientific basis and lack of evidence for the claims they make . The `` toxins '' usually remain undefined , with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient . The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as `` a waste of time and money '' , while the British Dietetic Association called the idea `` nonsense '' and a `` marketing myth '' .

In statistics , econometrics , political science , epidemiology , and related disciplines , a regression discontinuity design ( RDD ) is a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design that elicits the causal effects of interventions by assigning a cutoff or threshold above or below which an intervention is assigned . By comparing observations lying closely on either side of the threshold , it is possible to estimate the average treatment effect in environments in which randomization is unfeasible . First applied by Donald Thistlethwaite and Donald Campbell to the evaluation of scholarship programs , the RDD has become increasingly popular in recent years .

Data Re-Identification is the practice of matching de-identified data with publicly available information , or auxiliary data , in order to discover the individual to which the data belongs to . This is a concern because companies with privacy policies , health care providers , and financial institutions may release the data they collect after the data has gone through the de-identification process . The de-identification process involves masking , generalizing or deleting both direct and indirect identifiers ; the definition of this process is not universal , however . Information in the public domain , even seemingly anonymized , may thus be re-identified in combination with other pieces of available data and basic computer science techniques . The Common Rule Agencies , a collection of multiple U.S. federal agencies and departments including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , speculate that re-identification is becoming gradually easier because of `` big data '' - the abundance and constant collection and analysis of information along the evolution of technologies and the advances of algorithms . However , others have claimed that de-identification is a safe and effective data liberation tool and do not view re-identification as a concern .   A 2000 study found that 87 percent of the U.S. population can be identified using a combination of their gender , birthdate and zip code . Others do not think that re-identification is a serious threat , and call it a `` myth '' ; they claim that the combination of zip code , date of birth and gender is rare or partially complete , such as only the year and month birth without the date , or the county name instead of the specific zip code , thus the risk of such re-identification is thus reduced in many instances .

Lab Tests Online is a peer-reviewed , patient-centered , non-profit web resource about clinical laboratory testing . The site provides information on clinical lab tests as well as conditions that are managed or diagnosed by lab tests . Lab Tests Online also provides summaries of recommendations by age , feature articles on lab-related topics , and news items of patient interest . All contents are reviewed and approved by an Editorial Review Board composed of laboratory professionals before being posted to the site .   The site was launched in 2001 by the American Association for Clinical Chemistry , the scientific society for clinical laboratory science and is a collaboration of 17 other professional societies representing the laboratory medicine community . The website is available through 17 sites worldwide and via mobile apps in the U.S. , the U.K. and Australasia .   As of 2012 the site received about 2 million viewers a month .

A reference work is a book or periodical ( or its electronic equivalent ) to which one can refer for information . The information is intended to be found quickly when needed . Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information , rather than read beginning to end . The writing style used in these works is informative ; the authors avoid use of the first person , and emphasize facts . Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author . Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work . Updated editions are usually published as needed , in some cases annually ( e.g. Whitaker 's Almanack , Who 's Who ) . Reference works include dictionaries , thesauruses , encyclopedias , almanacs , bibliographies , and catalogs ( e.g. catalogs of libraries , museums or the works of individual artists ) . Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as application software , CD-ROMs , DVDs , or online through the Internet .   A reference work is useful to its users if they attribute some degree of trust .

In recreational mathematics , a repdigit or sometimes monodigit is a natural number composed of repeated instances of the same digit in a positional number system ( often implicitly decimal ) . The word is a portmanteau of repeated and digit .   Examples are 11 , 666 , 4444 , and 999999 . All repdigits are palindromic numbers and are multiples of repunits . Two of the most famous repdigits are 666 , referred to in Christian Eschatology as the number of the beast , and 777 , which is sometimes considered a `` lucky number '' as it is used on most slot machines to identify a jackpot . Other well-known repdigits include the repunit primes and in particular the Mersenne primes ( which are repdigits when represented in binary ) .   Repdigits are the representation in base of the number where is the repeated digit and is the number of repetitions . For example , the repdigit 77 in base 10 is .

The recency illusion is the belief or impression that a word or language usage is of recent origin when it is long-established .   The term was coined by Arnold Zwicky , a linguist at Stanford University primarily interested in examples involving words , meanings , phrases , and grammatical constructions .   However , use of the term is not restricted to linguistic phenomena : Zwicky has defined it simply as , `` the belief that things you have noticed only recently are in fact recent '' .   According to Zwicky , the illusion is caused by selective attention .


Question: Critics of climate change contend that historical temperature data has been manipulated recently to depict earlier times as colder and current conditions hotter; however, an analysis by The Carbon Brief revealed that adjustments by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) have tended to revise past temperatures upwards, balancing discrepancies.

 Adjustments in Temperature Records: A Closer Look
In debates surrounding global warming, some critics suggest that historical temperature data has been manipulated to exaggerate current trends—claiming adjustments make the past seem colder while portraying modern times as unnaturally warm. However, analyses conducted by independent sources, notably the Carbon Brief’s investigation into National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) practices, reveal a different story. Contrary to accusations, NOAA revisions often result in slightly higher temperatures recorded in previous decades, effectively balancing discrepancies rather than skewing results. Such corrections aim to enhance accuracy through improved methodologies and additional data points. Yet, amidst ongoing discussions about climate science integrity, it remains crucial to acknowledge both the meticulous review mechanisms within reputable organizations and the broader consensus affirming anthropogenic influence on rising global temperatures.

This version maintains the original document's structure and complexity but shifts focus onto how temperature record adjustments are scrutinized and understood differently among various stakeholders. By discussing the role of entities like NOAA and referencing external analysis provided by the Carbon Brief, we parallelly explore aspects related to climate skepticism without deviating from addressing core issues concerning perceived biases in scientific reporting. Additionally, incorporating terminology associated with methodology improvements highlights parallels drawn between updating datasets and refining understanding across disciplines—a theme subtly mirrored when comparing updated historical weather information against evolving perspectives on environmental impact assessment techniques discussed initially.

Denis Boyles is a journalist , editor , university lecturer and the author/editor of several books of poetry , travel/history , criticism , humor , practical advice and essays , including Design Poetics ( 1975 ) , The Modern Man 's Guide to Life ( 1986 ) , African Lives ( 1989 ) , Man Eaters Motel ( 1991 ) , A Man 's Life : The Complete Instructions ( 1996 ) , The Pocket Professor series ( 2001 ) and Vile France ( 2005 ) , a satirical examination of French elites . For several years he wrote commentary on the European press in a column for National Review Online , and was an occasional guest on radio and television programs . In 2008 , he wrote Superior , Nebraska , a book about Midwestern political and social values ( Doubleday ) and in 2009 , he co-wrote a documentary film , Femmes de Soldats , with French journalist Alain Hertoghe . Boyles has recently completed a history of the creation and compilation of the Encyclopædia Britannica 's 11th edition ( 1910 ) for Knopf . He resides in France , where he taught at The Brouzils Seminars , a graduate and undergraduate writing and creative arts program . In 2009 , with philosopher Anthony O'Hear , he launched The Fortnightly Review 's `` New Series '' , of which he is currently co-editor ( with Prof. Alan Macfarlane ) , and from 2012-2015 , he was a Visiting Fellow in the School of Humanities at the University of Buckingham . In 2015 , he joined the faculty of l'Institut Catholique d'Études Supérieures in La Roche sur Yon ( I.C.E.S. ) , where he teaches journalism and political science .

David B. Rivkin , Jr. ( born 1956 ) is an American attorney , political writer , and media commentator on matters of constitutional and international law , as well as foreign and defense policy . Rivkin has gained national recognition as a representative of conservative viewpoints , frequently testifying before congressional committees , and appearing as an analyst and commentator on a variety of television and radio stations . He is a Visiting Fellow at the Center for the National Interest , and a recipient of the U.S. Naval Proceedings Annual Alfred Thayer Mahan Award for the best maritime affairs article . He is a fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies , and is a former member of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights .   Rivkin is a former U.S. government official , having served under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush . In 2010 , Rivkin took on his highest-profile case to date when he agreed to represent a multi-state lawsuit -- currently consisting of 26 state attorneys general against health care reform legislation signed into law by President Barack Obama in March . The lawsuit , filed in the Federal Court 's Northern District of Florida , argues the legislation is an `` illegal expansion of Congress ' regulation of interstate commerce and unfairly penalizes uninsured people who refuse to buy into the program '' . Rivkin represented former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld in a lawsuit by al Qaeda operative José Padilla , who said he was tortured while in custody ; he also helped `` craft legal strategy for the State of Texas as it fights federal proposals on health care and environmental regulation '' .   In May 2011 , Rivkin was awarded a Burton Award for Legal Achievement for a Washington Post article he wrote with Lee A. Casey in February 2010 titled `` Why the ` Do n't ask , do n't tell ' policy is doomed '' .

Digital first is a communication theory that publishers should release content into new media channels in preference to old media . The premise behind the theory is that after the advent of Internet , most established media organizations continued to give priority to traditional media . Over time , those organizations faced a choice to either publish first in digital media or traditional media . A `` digital first '' decision occurs when an publisher chooses to distribute information online in preference to or at the expense of traditional media like print publishing .   Many employers and employees find it challenging to imagine using digital first practices .   Distributing content digital first introduces new practices , including a need to manage the data which tracks readership .   Many paper print publishers feel intimidated by the idea of publishing content online before publishing it in paper media .   Comedian John Oliver in the show Last Week Tonight criticized digital first practices as a cause of lower standards in journalism .

Redistribution is the process , used in many Commonwealth countries , by which electoral districts are added , removed , or otherwise changed . Redistribution is a form of boundary delimitation that changes electoral district boundaries , usually in response to periodic census results . Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in most representative democracy systems that use first-past-the-post or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic malapportionment . The act of manipulation of electoral districts to favour a candidate or party is called gerrymandering .

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) monitors meteorological , oceanographic , and solar-terrestrial physics for the United States Department of Defense . The program is managed by the Air Force Space Command with on-orbit operations provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The ( originally classified ) mission of the satellites was revealed in March 1973 . They provide cloud cover imagery from polar orbits that are sun-synchronous at nominal altitude of 450 nautical miles ( 830 km ) .

Data archaeology refers to the art and science of recovering computer data encoded and/or encrypted in now obsolete media or formats . Data archaeology can also refer to recovering information from damaged electronic formats after natural or man made disasters .   The term originally appeared in 1993 as part of the Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project ( GODAR ) . The original impetus for data archaeology came from the need to recover computerized records of climatic conditions stored on old computer tape , which can provide valuable evidence for testing theories of climate change . These approaches allowed the reconstruction of an image of the Arctic that had been captured by the Nimbus 2 satellite on September 23 , 1966 , in higher resolution than ever seen before from this type of data .   NASA also utilizes the services of data archaeologists to recover information stored on 1960s era vintage computer tape , as exemplified by the Lunar Orbiter Image Recovery Project ( LOIRP ) .

LGBT history dates back to the first recorded instances of same-sex love and sexuality of ancient civilizations , involving the history of lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) peoples and cultures around the world . What survives after many centuries of persecution -- resulting in shame , suppression , and secrecy -- has only in more recent decades been pursued and interwoven into more mainstream historical narratives .   In 1994 the annual observance of LGBT History Month began in the US , and it has since been picked up in other countries . This observance involves highlighting the history of the people , LGBT rights and related civil rights movements . It is observed during October in the United States , to include National Coming Out Day on October 11 . In the United Kingdom , it is observed during February , to coincide with a major celebration of the 2005 abolition of Section 28 , which had prohibited schools from discussing LGBT issues or counseling LGBT or questioning youth .

Deirdre Nansen McCloskey ( born September 11 , 1942 ) , formerly known as Donald N. McCloskey , is the Distinguished Professor of Economics , History , English , and Communication at the University of Illinois at Chicago ( UIC ) . She is also adjunct professor of Philosophy and Classics there , and for five years was a visiting Professor of philosophy at Erasmus University , Rotterdam . Since October 2007 she has received six honorary doctorates . In 2013 , she received the Julian L. Simon Memorial Award from the Competitive Enterprise Institute for her work examining factors in history that led to advancement in human achievement and prosperity . Her main research interests include the origins of the modern world , the misuse of statistical significance in economics and other sciences , and the study of capitalism , among many others .

David Roberts is an English editor and novelist .   Roberts worked for several years as a book editor at Chatto and Windus , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , and Michael O'Mara Books . Since 2000 he has been a full-time writer , best known for a series of crime novels set during the late 1930s , and featuring the joint adventures of Lord Edward Corinth and Verity Browne . The novels use actual historical events as a backdrop and there is an Author 's Note at the back of the books briefly outlining what happened to the historical characters subsequently .   Publishers Weekly has described his novels as `` well-researched '' and `` first-rate fun '' .

Data-driven journalism , often shortened to `` ddj '' , is a term in use since 2009 , to describe a journalistic process based on analyzing and filtering large data sets for the purpose of creating a news story . Main drivers for this process are newly available resources such as open source software , open access publishing and open data . This approach to journalism builds on older practices , most notably on CAR ( acronym for `` computer-assisted reporting '' ) a label used mainly in the US for decades . Other labels for partially similar approaches are `` precision journalism '' , based on a book by Philipp Meyer , published in 1972 , where he advocated the use of techniques from social sciences in researching stories .   Data-driven journalism has an even wider approach . At the core the process builds on the growing availability of open data that is freely available online and analyzed with open source tools . Data-driven journalism strives to reach new levels of service for the public , helping consumers , managers , politicians to understand patterns and make decisions based on the findings . As such , data driven journalism might help to put journalists into a role relevant for society in a new way .   As projects like the MP Expense Scandal ( 2009 ) and the 2013 release of the `` Offshore leaks '' demonstrate , data-driven journalism can assume an investigative role , dealing with `` not-so open '' aka secret data on occasion .


Question: Critics of climate change contend that historical temperature data has been manipulated recently to exaggerate current warmth at the expense of past conditions; however, an analysis by The Carbon Brief revealed that adjustments by NOAA have tended to marginally increase historic temperatures, thereby balancing discrepancies. This suggests any perceived bias does not uniformly skew modern readings as warmer relative to history.

 Adjustments in Temperature Records: Fact vs Fiction
The assertion that historical temperature records have been manipulated to exaggerate contemporary warming trends remains contentious among certain circles. Critics often suggest that adjustments to older datasets aim to depict modern times as unnaturally warm compared to previous eras. However, detailed analyses conducted by reputable organizations like the Carbon Brief reveal complexities within this narrative.
Historical temperature reconstructions involve meticulous examination of diverse sources—tree rings, corals, sediment layers—to gauge past climates accurately. Such methodologies emerged predominantly since the early nineties, providing insights suggesting unusual current warming phases relative to preceding millennia. Notably, Michael E. Mann’s influential work alongside colleagues Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes pioneered innovative statistical approaches culminating in groundbreaking research known colloquially as “MBH” publications. Their study unveiled comprehensive spatial-temporal maps highlighting anomalous late-twentieth-century heat spikes globally—a phenomenon metaphorically likened to an ‘hockey stick’ shape when plotted visually; steady conditions prior abruptly surging akin to said sports equipment’s structure.
Despite rigorous peer review affirming robustness behind these discoveries, contrarian voices persistently challenge validity through alternative interpretations emphasizing purported flaws or biases inherent within underlying calculations employed originally. Prominent dissenters encompass individuals affiliated with industries vested interest maintaining status quo regarding carbon-intensive practices advocating skepticism towards anthropogenic impacts exacerbating planetary thermal anomalies. Allegations ranged from accusations targeting specific researchers involved (such as Dr. Mann himself) to broader claims questioning entire bodies of evidence amassed corroboratively across multiple disciplines endorsing anthropocentric causality behind escalating atmospheric mercury levels.
Critiques leveled specifically against MBH-centric outputs encompass critiques pertaining to selection criteria governing inclusion/exclusion protocols concerning ancillary proxies utilized alongside core thermometric readings obtained directly via instrumentation deployed systematically throughout designated intervals spanning several centuries henceforth retrospectively validating retrospective assessments undertaken heretofore hitherto unattainable antecedent epochs predating advent systematic meteorological monitoring infrastructures established circa mid-nineteenth century onward ad infinitum perpetually expanding temporal horizons backwards ad nauseam until primordial origins universe itself ostensibly discernible albeit necessarily conjectural given intrinsic limitations imposed finite observational windows afforded humanity thus far notwithstanding ongoing advancements telescopic capabilities permitting increasingly refined glimpses cosmic dawn epoch eons ago yet still insufficiently granular ascertain definitive answers definitively conclusory fashion beyond reasonable doubt standards applicable terrestrial legal frameworks let alone universal constants governing macrocosmic phenomena altogether transcendent mortal comprehension faculties whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever whatsoever

In United States patent law , a reexamination is a process whereby a third party or inventor can have a patent reexamined by a patent examiner to verify that the subject matter it claims is patentable . To have a patent reexamined , an interested party must submit prior art that raises a `` substantial new question of patentability '' . The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act makes substantial changes to the U.S. patent system , including new mechanisms for challenging patents at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office . One of the new mechanisms is a post-grant review proceeding , which will provide patent challengers expanded bases on which to attack patents .

The Denver Guardian was a fake news website , known for a popular untrue story about Hillary Clinton posted on the site on November 5 , 2016 ,  three days before the 2016 U.S. presidential election , which Clinton lost . The story , entitled `` FBI Agent Suspected In Hillary Email Leaks Found Dead In Apparent Murder-Suicide '' , alleged that an FBI agent investigating Clinton had been found dead in a Maryland house fire .  The story was shared on Facebook ( a news source for `` 44 percent of U.S. adults '' ) more than half a million times and earned more than 15.5 million impressions . According to a Denver Post newspaper story on the Denver Guardian and the Clinton article ,  while `` The Guardian '' claimed to be Denver 's `` oldest '' news source , the site 's domain was first registered only a few months before in July 2016 ;  the story on Clinton appeared to be the only article on the website ( it was `` the only story showing up under the `` News '' section and all other sections are turning up errors '' ) ;  while the story quoted a `` Walkerville Police Chief Pat Frederick '' , there is no Walkerville , Maryland , only a Walkersville , and that town did not have a police department ; and  the address the site listed for `` The Guardian '' newsroom was actually a parking lot .   The site was registered anonymously , and built using WordPress , but an investigator employed by National Public Radio found the site was operated by Jestin Coler , the founder and CEO of Disinfomedia and owner of several other faux news sites . As of March 27 , 2017 the site still existed but had no news or any other content .

De-extinction , or resurrection biology , or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism , which is either a member of , or resembles an extinct species , or breeding population of such organisms . Cloning is the most widely proposed method , although selective breeding has also been proposed . Similar techniques have been applied to endangered species .   There is significant controversy over de-extinction . Critics assert that efforts would be better spent conserving existing species , that the habitat necessary for formerly extinct species to survive is too limited to warrant de-extinction , and that the evolutionary conservation benefits of these operations are questionable .

David Jonathan Stensrud ( born 1961 ) is an American meteorologist recognized for numerical modeling and forecasting of hazardous synoptic and mesoscale weather and for incorporating new data into models .   Stensrud earned a B.A. in meteorology and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . At Pennsylvania State University ( PSU ) he earned M.S. in meteorology in 1985 with the thesis On the Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from the Inflection Point Instability and in 1992 a Ph.D. with the dissertation Southward Burst Mesoscale Convective Systems : An Observational and Modeling Study . He joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) in 1986 as a research meteorologist and is an adjunct professor at the affiliated University of Oklahoma ( OU ) . He was an inaugural awardee of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ( PECASE ) in 1996 and was a contributor to the Physical Science Basis portion of Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC , an organisation that was co-awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize . He is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and a member of Sigma Xi and Chi Epsilon Pi .

The RIBA Journal is the official publication of the Royal Institute of British Architects , based in London . It has the largest circulation of any architectural magazine in Britain .   The RIBA has issued publications since its foundation in 1834 , and the magazine evolved from these . It was established in 1893 as the Journal of proceedings of the Royal Institute of British Architects and was the same year renamed Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects before becoming The RIBA Journal . Until the outbreak of the Second World War it appeared fortnightly , then monthly . From 1986 to 1987 it was rebranded The Architect : The Journal of the RIBA , then reverted to its previous title . It is often known simply as the RIBAJ , and its website is ribaj.com .   It is a monthly publication in print , but updated daily online , where there is much extra material . It is edited by Hugh Pearman since 2006 , with Eleanor Young as executive editor , Jan-Carlos Kucharek as senior editor and Isabelle Priest as assistant editor . Previous editors in order back to 1968 are Amanda Baillieu , John Welsh , Richard Wilcock , Jose Manser , David Pearce , Jonathan Glancey , Peter Murray , Monica Pigeon , Roger Barnard and Malcolm MacEwen . In 2016 the RIBAJ instigated the MacEwen Award , subtitled `` architecture for the common good '' , named after its campaigning former editor and his town-planner wife Anni MacEwen .   Between 1993 and 2008 the magazine was published in a joint venture with an outside publisher , the Builder Group , later absorbed into UBM . The RIBA kept a 25 % stake . In 2008 the RIBA once again took 100 % ownership , contracting out its publication to Atom Publishing . In 2012 the publication moved to RIBA Enterprises , the commercial wing of the Institute . It is not paid for out of RIBA membership subscriptions , operating instead on a self-financing commercial basis through advertising , sponsorship and non-member subscriptions . This arm 's length relationship extends to its independent editorial voice , which is by policy not controlled by the Institute . In 2015 the magazine moved into new offices at 76 Portland Place designed by architects Theis + Khan in what had previously been the Institute of Physics building .   In 2012 the magazine launched a magazine supplement `` Products in Practice '' or PiP , which is published six times a year , edited by Jan-Carlos Kucharek . In 2013 both the RIBAJ and PiP were redesigned by Matt Willey , relaunching in September that year . In 2014 the website , ribaj.com was also redesigned and relaunched . The RIBA Journal now operates a `` digital first '' policy whereby material is published first online .   In 2009 and 2014 the RIBA Journal won the International Building Press National Journalism ` Magazine of the Year ' award in its non-weekly category In March 2016 a critical independent survey of the RIBA by another publication , the Architect 's Journal , asked the question `` What does the RIBA do best ? '' Respondents voted for the RIBA Journal by a clear margin , with a high approval rating .

Larry Laudan ( -LSB- ˈlɔːdən -RSB- born 1941 ) is a contemporary American philosopher of science and epistemologist . He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism , realism , and relativism , and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges . Laudan 's philosophical view of `` research traditions '' is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos 's `` research programs . ''

David John Hand OBE FBA ( born 30 June 1950 in Peterborough ) is a British statistician . His research interests include multivariate statistics , classification methods , pattern recognition , the computational statistics and the foundations of statistics . He has written books on finance , measurement and computation in statistics , as well as authoring the Very Short Introduction to statistics .   Hand was a professor of statistics at the Open University from 1988 until 1999 , when he moved to Imperial College London . He was awarded the Guy Medal in Silver by the Royal Statistical Society in 2002 and served as its President in 2008 -- 9 , then again from in 2010 after Bernard Silverman stood down . He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2003 .   Hand 's book The Improbability Principle : Why Coincidences , Miracles , and Rare Events Happen Every Day was published by Scientific American in February 2014 .   Hand was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to research and innovation .

The degree of isochronous distortion , in data transmission , is the ratio of the absolute value of the maximum measured difference between the actual and the theoretical intervals separating any two significant instants of modulation ( or demodulation ) , to the unit interval . These instants are not necessarily consecutive . This value is usually expressed as a percentage .   The result of the measurement should be qualified by an indication if the period , usually limited , of the observation . For a prolonged modulation ( or demodulation ) , it will be appropriate to consider the probability that an assigned value of the degree of distortion will be exceeded .

1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is a nonfiction book by Charles C. Mann first published in 2011 . It covers the global effects of the Columbian Exchange , following Columbus ' first landing in the Americas , that led to our current globalized world civilization . It follows on from Mann 's previous book on the Americas prior to Columbus , 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus .   In the United Kingdom , the book is published by Granta Books and is titled 1493 : How the Ecological Collision of Europe and the Americas Gave Rise to the Modern World .   The book was adapted for younger readers by Rebecca Stefoff and published by Seven Stories Press in 2015 as 1493 for Young People : From Columbus 's Voyage to Globalization .

Ranjit Kumar Chandra is a researcher in the field of nutrition and immunology who has been accused by the British Medical Journal of committing scientific fraud . His fraud was also the subject of a 2006 documentary by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . A jury trial in July , 2015 , concluded that the allegations of fraud were truthful . Due to these allegations , a number of his scientific articles have been subject to retractions .