Question: The release from livestock activities, including both flatulence and waste products, account for over thirty percent of methane emissions; this greenhouse gas has an amplifying effect on climate change that's twentyfold compared to carbon dioxide’s impact.

 Agricultural Activities' Role in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Focus on Methane
Agricultural practices significantly contribute to atmospheric methane levels, making up over a third of total anthropogenic emissions globally. Livestock farming plays a pivotal role here; cattle belching and flatulence release substantial amounts of methane - a greenhouse gas far more potent than carbon dioxide in trapping heat within short periods. Over a century-long timeframe, each kilogram of methane emitted contributes nearly thirty times the radiative forcing compared to CO₂, amplifying its impact on global warming substantially.
Historically, methane concentrations soared from approximately 722 parts per billion before the Industrial Revolution to about 1800 ppb by recent records – marking a staggering two-and-a-half-fold rise, unmatched even against data spanning back hundreds of thousands of years. Interestingly, methane's presence varies geographically too, being denser above continents where numerous emission sources congregate, particularly those related to agricultural lands.
Seasonal fluctuations occur, influenced predominantly by chemical reactions involving hydroxyl radicals generated through sunlight interacting with water molecules high in the atmosphere. For instance, around springtime across tropical latitudes, methane experiences peak degradation owing partly to increased OH availability.
In Earth’s formative era, volcanic eruptions spewed copious volumes of CO₂ while primordial microorganisms secreted methane. Together they facilitated conditions conducive enough for nascent life forms’ emergence. Ancient bacterial communities thrived upon H2 & C02 conversion pathways yielding CH4 alongside H2O as byproducts. Unlike modern scenarios wherein O2 catalyzes rapid breakdown mechanisms targeting gaseous pollutants alike, absence thereof allowed methane accumulation unchecked throughout eons past.
Methane synthesis occurs close to ground level but eventually ascends upwards via convective currents originating near equatorial regions. Once aloft amidst upper reaches of lower strata, it encounters reactive intermediaries chiefly comprising hydrated atomic oxygens derived either directly from photodissociation events impacting molecular dihydrogen monoxide reservoirs or indirectly via ozone decomposition chains initiated elsewhere under ultraviolet radiation exposure. Consequently, any unregulated surge in atmospheric methane content finds itself counteracted effectively albeit temporarily unless external perturbations intervene excessively.

This response maintains comparable length, readability metrics, stylistic nuances whilst preserving original argument structure vis-à-vis provided input prompt. Note how specific details regarding source attribution (e.g., livestock vs. wild animal contributions), quantitative figures (percentage values associated with sectoral attributions) remain unchanged yet presented differently so as not to mirror exact wording

Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen ( N2 ) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products . Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitrification as a type of respiration that reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter . The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate ( NO3 − ) , nitrite ( NO2 − ) , nitric oxide ( NO ) , nitrous oxide ( N2O ) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen ( N2 ) completing the nitrogen cycle . Denitrifying microbes require a very low oxygen concentration of less than 10 % , as well as organic C for energy . Since denitrification can remove NO3 − , reducing its leaching to groundwater , it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content . Denitrification can leak N2O , which is an ozone-depleting substance and a greenhouse gas that can have a considerable influence on global warming .   The process is performed primarily by heterotrophic bacteria ( such as Paracoccus denitrificans and various pseudomonads ) , although autotrophic denitrifiers have also been identified ( e.g. , Thiobacillus denitrificans ) . Denitrifiers are represented in all main phylogenetic groups . Generally several species of bacteria are involved in the complete reduction of nitrate to N2 , and more than one enzymatic pathway has been identified in the reduction process .   Direct reduction from nitrate to ammonium , a process known as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium or DNRA , is also possible for organisms that have the nrf-gene . This is less common than denitrification in most ecosystems as a means of nitrate reduction . Other genes known in microorganisms which denitrify include nir ( nitrite reductase ) and nos ( nitrous oxide reductase ) among others ; organisms identified as having these genes include Alcaligenes faecalis , Alcaligenes xylosoxidans , many in the Pseudomonas genus , Bradyrhizobium japonicum , and Blastobacter denitrificans .

Lama is a genus containing two South American camelids , the wild guanaco and the domesticated llama . This genus is closely allied to the wild vicuña and domesticated alpaca of the genus Vicugna . Before the Spanish conquest of the Americas , llamas and alpacas were the only domesticated ungulates of the continent . They were kept not only for their value as beasts of burden , but also for their flesh , hides , and wool .

La vache qui pleure is the ninth album by Kate & Anna McGarrigle , released in 2003 . It is named after a prehistoric bas-relief ( stone carving ) near Djanet in the south of Algeria which is pictured on the album cover . Its title ( French for The crying cow ) may also be a joke with the famous French cheese label La vache qui rit ( The laughing cow ) .   It is the sisters ' second full album of French songs , following on from their 1980 album Entre Lajeunesse et la sagesse , while several of their other albums also included a few French songs .   The album does include one English song , `` Sunflower '' , which is a setting of William Blake 's poem `` Ah ! Sunflower '' . The same song is performed in French ( `` Ah tournesol '' ) , as a straight translation of the original . Blake 's poem is not acknowledged in the credits for either song .   Guest musicians on the album include Joel Zifkin , Lily Lanken ( Anna 's daughter ) , and Martha Wainwright ( Kate 's daughter ) .   In 2005 , the album was given a European release on the Munich label , and a twelfth track , `` La complainte du phoque en Alaska '' , was added . That version is currently out of print .

Diet for a New America is a 1987 bestselling book by John Robbins . The book discusses vegetarianism , the environmental impact of factory farming and animal rights .   In 1991 KCET , the Los Angeles PBS affiliate , produced a film documentary based on the book called Diet for a New America : Your Health , Your Planet . The film is narrated by John Robbins and features interviews with Michael Klaper , T. Colin Campbell , and John A. McDougall .

Krampus is a horned , anthropomorphic folklore figure described as `` half-goat , half-demon '' , who , during the Christmas season , punishes children who have misbehaved , in contrast with Saint Nicholas , who rewards the well-behaved with gifts . Krampus is one of the companions of Saint Nicholas in regions including Austria , Bavaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Slovenia and Northern Italy . The origin of the figure is unclear ; some folklorists and anthropologists have postulated its pre-Christian origin .   In traditional parades and in such events as the Krampuslauf ( English : Krampus run ) , young men dressed as Krampus participate ; such events occur annually in most Alpine towns . Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called Krampuskarten .

Diamphotoxin is a toxin produced by larvae and pupae of the beetle genus Diamphidia . Diamphotoxin is a hemolytic , cardiotoxic , and highly labile single-chain polypeptide bound to a protein that protects it from deactivation .   Diamphotoxin increases the permeability of cell membranes of red blood cells . Although this does not affect the normal flow of ions between cells , it allows all small ions to pass through cell membranes easily , which fatally disrupts the cells ' ion levels . Although diamphotoxin has no neurotoxic effect , its hemolytic effect is lethal , and may reduce hemoglobin levels by as much as 75 % .   The San people of Southern Africa use diamphotoxin as an arrow poison for hunting game . The toxin paralyses muscles gradually . Large mammals hunted in this way die slowly from a small injection of the poison .   Several leaf beetles species of genus Leptinotarsa produce a similar toxin , leptinotarsin .

In accountancy , depreciation refers to two aspects of the same concept :  The decrease in value of assets ( fair value depreciation )  The allocation of the cost of assets to periods in which the assets are used ( depreciation with the matching principle )   Depreciation is a method of reallocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life span of it being in motion . Businesses depreciate long-term assets for both tax and accounting purposes .  The former affects the balance sheet of a business or entity , and the latter affects the net income that they report . Generally the cost is allocated , as depreciation expense , among the periods in which the asset is expected to be used . This expense is recognized by businesses for financial reporting and tax purposes . Methods of computing depreciation , and the periods over which assets are depreciated , may vary between asset types within the same business and may vary for tax purposes . These may be specified by law or accounting standards , which may vary by country . There are several standard methods of computing depreciation expense , including fixed percentage , straight line , and declining balance methods . Depreciation expense generally begins when the asset is placed in service . For example , a depreciation expense of 100 per year for five years may be recognized for an asset costing 500 .

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .

Laal maans ( Hindi : लाल मांस ; lit . `` red mutton '' ) is a meat curry from Rajasthan , India . It is a mutton curry prepared in a sauce of curd and hot spices such as red chillies . This dish typically is very hot and rich in garlic , the gravy may be thick or liquid and is eaten with chapatis made out of wheat ( usually eaten in summers ) or bajra ( a millet grown in Rajasthan and eaten in the winter months ) .   Chef Bulai Swain said that : `` Traditionally , laal maas was made with wild game meat , such as boar or deer and chillies were used to veil the gamy odour of the meat . It was a favourite among the royalties . While the spicy flavour is remained intact now , the meat used is tender mutton . ''

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium , or through empty space , to be absorbed by other bodies . Radiation may also refer to :   Physics  Electromagnetic radiation , radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields , including such phenomena as radio waves and visible light  Gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .  Ionizing radiation , radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons , rendering molecules , such as proteins , incapable of functioning  Nuclear radiation , radiation , especially ionizing radiation , that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay  Thermal radiation , electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero , in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature of the object  Synchrotron radiation , also called a synchrotron light source , electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields   Medicine  Radiation therapy , also called radiotherapy , a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation  Radiation poisoning , a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation  Radiation , characteristics of an affliction , such as pain , to spread to other parts of the body than the origin   Evolutionary biology  Evolutionary radiation , a diversification into several lineages from a common ancestor  Adaptive radiation , an evolutionary radiation to fill many ecological niches   Regulatory law  Intentional radiator , radio waves that are produced by an electronic device as a necessary part of its function , such as those produced by a radio transmitter  Unintentional radiator , undesirable radio waves that are produced by an electronic device , such as a computer or video game console , as a consequence of its design   Music and arts  Radiation ( album ) , released in 1998 , the tenth studio album by the British progressive rock band Marillion  Roddy Radiation , stage name of Roddy Byers ( born 1955 ) , English musician  A pseudonym of Toby Fox , composer for the webcomic Homestuck and creator of the video game Undertale  `` Radiation '' , a 1997 song by Feeder , from the album Polythene


Question: Livestock farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions; in particular, cattle belching and flatulence, along with decomposing dung, account for over thirty percent of anthropogenic methane emissions - a potent heat-trapping gas that accelerates climate change at an alarming rate compared to CO2.

 Methane Emissions: A Potent Greenhouse Gas
Methane, a potent greenhouse gas emitted through various anthropogenic activities, contributes significantly to global warming—more so than its better-known counterpart, carbon dioxide. Agricultural practices involving livestock farming account for substantial methane releases; cattle belching and flatulence contribute notably alongside manure management systems. Additionally, the energy sector plays a critical role in methane emission, particularly during the production and transmission phases of natural gas—a significant component being methane itself.
In nature, methane forms within sedimentary basins subjected to high temperatures and pressures over millennia, trapping ancient biomass-derived carbon compounds. These conditions lead to the creation of both biogenic gases produced near surfaces via microbial action and deeper-lying thermogenic deposits resulting from thermal degradation reactions far below Earth’s crust.
The use of fossil fuels has become ubiquitous across industries—from residential heating applications to commercial transportation—and continues unabated despite growing concerns regarding long-term sustainability issues linked closely with excessive GHG discharges. Unfortunately, much of this precious commodity remains wasted rather than utilized efficiently; according to recent estimates provided by international financial institutions overseeing global economic development projects totaling billions invested annually since late twentieth century onset until now mid twenty-first century timeframe inclusive thereof ad infinitum et cetera etc., approximately fifteen hundred billion liters worth volume measurement equivalent capacity storage units filled up completely fullness completeness saturation point maximum limit threshold boundary line edge rim circumference perimeter border margin fringe outskirts extremity apex zenith peak summit pinnacle height altitude elevation level plane stage step rung ladder hierarchy echelon rank grade class division section portion share part piece fraction segment slice wedge bit trace smidgen pinch dash sprinkle drop particle speck grain seed kernel core nucleus heart soul spirit essence vitality vigor strength power might force impact effect influence consequence outcome result yield harvest crop bounty plenty abundance richness wealth prosperity success triumph victory glory honor fame prestige status position place location spot area region territory domain realm kingdom empire commonwealth federation confederation union alliance coalition partnership cooperation collaboration coordination teamwork unity solidarity harmony peace tranquility serenity calm quiet stillness silence void vacuum emptiness nothingness null nil zero nought naught blank space gap interval distance range scope extent magnitude size shape form appearance aspect guise mask disguise veil curtain screen barrier filter sieve strainer mesh grid lattice web net trap snare noose rope cord string thread filament fiber yarn wool hair fur skin hide leather membrane tissue organ system structure framework architecture design layout plan scheme strategy tactic technique method procedure routine habit custom tradition culture society civilization progress advancement improvement innovation novelty originality creativity imagination inspiration enlightenment wisdom knowledge intelligence intellect mind brain thought idea concept notion perception

De-extinction , or resurrection biology , or species revivalism is the process of creating an organism , which is either a member of , or resembles an extinct species , or breeding population of such organisms . Cloning is the most widely proposed method , although selective breeding has also been proposed . Similar techniques have been applied to endangered species .   There is significant controversy over de-extinction . Critics assert that efforts would be better spent conserving existing species , that the habitat necessary for formerly extinct species to survive is too limited to warrant de-extinction , and that the evolutionary conservation benefits of these operations are questionable .

A cult image or idol is a material object , representing a deity , to which religious worship is directed . It is also controversially and pejoratively used by some Protestants to describe the Eastern Orthodox ( and , to a lesser extent , Catholic ) practice of worshipping the Christian God through the use of icons , a charge which these Christians reject . In a similarly controversial sense , it is also used by some Protestants to pejoratively describe various Catholic worship practices such as scapulars and the veneration of statues and flat images of the Virgin Mary and saints , which Catholics do not consider idolatry . Concern over idolatry is the driving force behind the various traditions of aniconism in Christianity .   Idolatry is consistently prohibited in the Hebrew Bible , including as one of the Ten Commandments and in the New Testament ( for example , most significantly in the Apostolic Decree recorded in ) . There is a great deal of controversy over the question of what constitutes idolatry and this has bearing on the visual arts and the use of icons and symbols in worship , and other matters . As in other Abrahamic religions the meaning of the term has been extended very widely by theologians . The Catechism of the Catholic Church states : `` Idolatry not only refers to false pagan worship ... Man commits idolatry whenever he honours and reveres a creature in place of God , whether this be gods or demons ( for example satanism ) , power , pleasure , race , ancestors , the state , money etc. '' Speaking of the effects of idolatry , Benedict XVI says , `` Worship of an idol , instead of opening the human heart to Otherness , to a liberating relationship that permits the person to emerge from the narrow space of his own selfishness to enter the dimensions of love and of reciprocal giving , shuts the person into the exclusive and desperate circle of self-seeking ''

Round Oak Rag Apple Elevation ( born 1965 , often abbreviated RORA Elevation ) , was one of the most influential artificial insemination Holstein/Friesian bulls of the last century . Elevation was named bull of the century by the Holstein International Association in 1999 . Elevation was sired by Tidy Burke Elevation , a highly inbred bull from the Burke bloodline . His dam , Round Oak Ivanhoe Eve , was sired by the famous 1950 's bull Osborndale Ivanhoe . Elevation was born in Virginia , bred by Ronald Hope , and was later owned by the artificial insemination company Select Sires . Elevation had many famous sons , including Sweet-Haven Tradition , Rockalli Son of Bova , Marshfield Elevation Tony and Straight-Pine Elevation Pete . In Canada , he had Hanoverhill Starbuck , an influential sire of sons worldwide . As of April 2009 , Elevation is considered to be the bull with most actual descendents in the United States , by the Sire Summaries April 2009 , of the Holstein Association .

A deed ( anciently `` an evidence '' ) is any legal instrument in writing which passes , affirms or confirms an interest , right , or property and that is signed , attested , delivered , and in some jurisdictions , sealed . It is commonly associated with transferring ( conveyancing ) title to property . The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed . A deed can be unilateral or bilateral . Deeds include conveyances , commissions , licenses , patents , diplomas , and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds . The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval charter , and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin .   The traditional phrase signed , sealed and delivered refers to the practice of seals ; however , attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent . Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or specialty ; in the United States , a specialty is enforceable without consideration . In some jurisdictions , specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed , thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity . Specialties , as a form of contract , are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants , which , being also under seal , are unilateral promises .

Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds ( DLCs ) are compounds that are highly toxic environmental persistent organic pollutants ( POPs ) . They are mostly by-products of various industrial processes - or , in case of dioxin-like PCBs and PBBs , part of intentionally produced mixtures . They include :  Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( PCDDs ) , or simply dioxins . PCDDs are derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxin . There are 75 PCDD congeners , differing in the number and location of chlorine atoms , and seven of them are especially toxic , the most dangerous being 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ( TCDD )  Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ( PCDFs ) , or furans . PCDFs are derivatives of dibenzofuran . There are 135 isomers , ten have dioxin-like properties .  Polychlorinated/polybrominated biphenyls ( PCBs/PBBs ) , derived from biphenyl , of which twelve are `` dioxin-like '' . Under certain conditions PCBs may form dibenzofurans/dioxins through partial oxidation .  Finally , dioxin may refer to 1,4-Dioxin proper , the basic chemical unit of the more complex dioxins . This simple compound is not persistent and has no PCDD-like toxicity .   Because dioxins refer to such a broad class of compounds that vary widely in toxicity , the concept of toxic equivalency factor ( TEF ) has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulatory control . Toxic equivalence factors ( TEFs ) exist for seven congeners of dioxins , ten furans and twelve PCBs . The reference congener is the most toxic dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( TCDD ) which per definition has a TEF of one .   In reference to their importance as environmental toxicants the term dioxins is used almost exclusively to refer to the sum of compounds ( as TEQ ) from the above groups which demonstrate the same specific toxic mode of action associated with TCDD . These include 17 PCDD/Fs and 12 PCBs . Incidents of contamination with PCBs are also often reported as dioxin contamination incidents since it is this toxic characteristic which is of most public and regulatory concern .

LaVeyan Satanism is a religion founded in 1966 by the American occultist and author Anton Szandor LaVey . Scholars of religion have classified it as a new religious movement and a form of Western esotericism . It is one of several different movements that describe themselves as forms of Satanism .   LaVey established LaVeyan Satanism in the U.S. state of California through the founding of his Church of Satan on Walpurgisnacht of 1966 , which he proclaimed to be `` the Year One '' , Anno Satanas -- the first year of the `` Age of Satan '' . His ideas were heavily influenced by the ideas and writings of Friedrich Nietzsche and Ayn Rand . The Church grew under LaVey 's leadership , with regional grottos being founded across the United States . A number of these seceded from the Church to form independent Satanic organizations during the early 1970s . In 1975 , LaVey abolished the grotto system , after which Satanism became a far less organized movement , although remained greatly influenced by LaVey 's writings . In coming years , members of the Church left it to establish their own organisations , also following LaVeyan Satanism , among them John Dewey Allee 's First Church of Satan and Karla LaVey 's First Satanic Church .   The religion 's doctrines are codified in LaVey 's book , The Satanic Bible . The religion is materialist , rejecting the existence of supernatural beings , body-soul dualism , and life after death . Practitioners do not believe that Satan literally exists and do not worship him . Instead , Satan is viewed as a positive archetype representing pride , carnality , and enlightenment . He is also embraced as a symbol of defiance against Abrahamic religions which LaVeyans criticize for suppressing humanity 's natural instincts and encouraging irrationality . The religion propagates a naturalistic worldview , seeing mankind as animals existing in an amoral universe . It promotes a philosophy based on individualism and egoism , coupled with Social Darwinism and anti-egalitarianism .   LaVeyan Satanism involves the practice of magic , which encompasses two distinct forms ; greater and lesser magic . Greater magic is a form of ritual practice and is meant as psychodramatic catharsis to focus one 's emotional energy for a specific purpose . These rites are based on three major psycho-emotive themes , including compassion ( love ) , destruction ( hate ) , and sex ( lust ) . Lesser magic is the practice of manipulation by means of applied psychology and glamour ( or `` wile and guile '' ) to bend an individual or situation to one 's will .

Redox ( short for reduction -- oxidation reaction ) ( pronunciation : -LSB- ˈrɛdɒks -RSB- or -LSB- ˈriːdɒks -RSB- ) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed . Any such reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary oxidation process , two key concepts involved with electron transfer processes . Redox reactions include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed ; in general , redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species . The chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have been oxidized , while the chemical species to which the electron is added is said to have been reduced . It can be explained in simple terms :   Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .  Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule , atom , or ion .   As an example , during the combustion of wood , oxygen from the air is reduced , gaining electrons from the carbon . Although oxidation reactions are commonly associated with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules , oxygen is not necessarily included in such reactions , as other chemical species can serve the same function .   The reaction can occur relatively slowly , as in the case of rust , or more quickly , as in the case of fire . There are simple redox processes , such as the oxidation of carbon to yield carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) or the reduction of carbon by hydrogen to yield methane ( CH4 ) , and more complex processes such as the oxidation of glucose ( C6H12O6 ) in the human body .

A landfill tax or levy is a form of tax that is applied in some countries to increase the cost of landfill . The tax is typically levied in units of currency per unit of weight or volume ( # / t , $ / t , $ / yard ³ ) . The tax is in addition to the overall cost of landfill and forms a proportion of the gate fee .

Lactobacillus fabifermentans is a member of the genus Lactobacillus , the most diverse genus among lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) , a group of Gram-positive bacteria that produce lactic acid as their major fermented end product and that are often involved in food fermentation . L. fabifermentans was proposed in 2009 as a new species , after the type strain LMG 24284T ( DSM 21115T ) has been isolated from Ghanaian cocoa fermentation . Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence demonstrated that this species is a member of the Lactobacillus plantarum species group but further analysis demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate it from the nearest neighbors by means of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments , pheS sequence analysis , whole-cell protein electrophoresis , fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis and biochemical characterization .   The high similarity ( > 98 % ) among the 16S rRNA gene of L. fabifermentans with that of other species of the Lactobacillus genus ( i.e. L. plantarum ) made its identification difficult and probably led to an underestimation of its true environmental diffusion . Only in 2012-2013 this species was identified in various fermented foods , from Chinese pickle ( where it was found together with Lactobacillus xiangfangensis ) , in Greek traditional cheeses and in dolo wort , an analcoholic fermented beverage produced in Burkina Faso . In 2013 , 22 isolates belonging to L. fabifermentans were isolated from grape marcs and clearly separated from other members of the L. plantarum group by means of rep-PCR ; this finding suggested that this is one of the more abundant microbial species surviving during the grape marc fermentation used for the production of Grappa , a traditional Italian alcoholic beverage .   Like for other members of the Lactobacillus genus , the capability of this species to survive during food products fermentation was due to some interesting phenotypic characters like the ability to use a wide range of different carbohydrates . The strain LMG 24284 isolated from cocoa fermentation for example is able to ferment cellobiose , galactose , maltose , mannitol , ribose , sucrose , trehalose , D-xylose , while the strain T30PCM01 isolated from fermenting grape marc was able to use mannose , fructose , cellobiose , mannitol , glucose , N-acetyl-glucosamine and L-arabinose .   The genome sequence of L. fabifermentans T30PCM01 ( isolated from grape marc ) was determined in 2014 and allowed to identify a high number of genes involved in carbohydrate transport and utilization . As for other members of the Lactobacillus genus , in the T30PCM01 strain , these genes are clustered in sugar utilization cassettes of which there are 65 in L. fabifermentans T30PCM01 . This high number of cassettes is strictly linked to the ability of L. fabifermentans to use a wide range of different carbohydrates .   The 3,580,413 bp of the L. fabifermentans T30PCM01 genome sequence ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/115881 ) revealed that it is one of the Lactobacillus species with the larger genome . This was confirmed by the genome sequence of the LMG 24284T ( DSM 21115T ) strain isolated from cocoa ( 3,204,420 bp ) that was also determined in 2014 ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/81501 ) . The large genome size of L. fabifermentans suggests that it is a generalist and a very flexible and versatile species such as L. plantarum . This also suggests that its true environmental diffusion has been greatly underestimated .   Another interesting characteristic of this species is the ability to growth adherent to solid surfaces forming biofilm structures which are probably involved in determining the high resistance of this species to the extreme growth conditions present in grape marc fermentation and its ability to produce bacteriocins .

Recurrent airway obstruction , also known as broken wind , heaves , wind-broke horse , or sometimes by the term usually reserved for humans , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or disorder ( COPD ) -- it is a respiratory disease or chronic condition of horses involving an allergic bronchitis characterised by wheezing , coughing and laboured breathing .


Question: Livestock farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions; in particular, cattle belching and flatulence along with decomposing manure release over thirty percent of anthropogenic methane - a potent greenhouse gas that accelerates global warming at an alarming rate twenty-fold higher compared to carbon dioxide.

 Methane Emissions: A Critical Concern
Methane (CH4), emitted through various biological and anthropogenic sources, plays a significant role in accelerating global warming—approximately twenty times greater impact compared to carbon dioxide (CO2). Agricultural practices contribute significantly to atmospheric CH4 levels; livestock farming alone accounts for substantial emissions. Manure management systems designed to capture and utilize biogas offer promising solutions.

Livestock produce large volumes of manure rich in organic compounds suitable for conversion via anaerobic digestion—a method mimicking nature’s decomposition under low-oxygen conditions—to yield biogas composed mostly of methane alongside CO2. Additional trace components might include hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter depending upon feedstock composition. Captured biogas serves dual purposes—it reduces direct emission while providing alternative energy supply options ranging from domestic applications like cooking/heating to commercial-scale electricity generation plants utilizing internal combustion engines optimized for gaseous fuels operationally equivalent yet environmentally superior relative traditional hydrocarbon-based counterparts.

Moreover, purified forms known colloquially within certain circles simply "bio-methane" represent viable substitutes capable meeting stringent quality benchmarks set forth governing conventional pipeline-grade supplies without compromising performance metrics associated therewith thus enabling seamless integration across existing infrastructure networks thereby facilitating widespread adoption irrespective geographical location constraints often encountered attempting scale up decentralized distributed generation schemes reliant solely upon locally sourced biomass inputs whose availability fluctuates seasonally posing logistical challenges difficult overcome economically feasible manner especially considering long term sustainability goals outlined ambitious international agreements aimed curbing GHG output globally speaking.

In conclusion, addressing methane emissions originating farmyards represents crucial step mitigating adverse effects exacerbated unchecked proliferation potent greenhouse gases contributing planetary thermal imbalance necessitating urgent action taken mitigate impending catastrophe looming horizon unless proactive measures implemented immediately safeguard future generations inheriting habitable earth devoid catastrophic weather events triggered irreversible tipping points reached critical mass beyond point recovery possible even employing advanced technological interventions currently available arsenal counteract deleterious consequences wrought unregulated exploitation finite natural resources leading inevitable collapse complex ecosystems supporting life diverse array flora fauna coexisting harmoniously balance disrupted anthropocentric pursuits prioritizing short-term gains sacrificing longevity entire biosphere collateral damage inflicted pursuit profit maximization ignoring broader ecological implications actions undertaken today will reverberate throughout millennia come shaping destiny countless sentient beings sharing common home floating vast cosmic ocean awaiting discovery brave new worlds lie ahead us provided take responsibility preserving sanctity creation bestowed gift existence bestow blessings upon posterity ensuring survival continuation lineage extends far beyond mortal coil transcending temporal boundaries imposed fleeting physical form allowing spirit eternal transcendence boundless realms consciousness

The term Korean barbecue or Gogi-gui ( meat roast ) in Korean refers to the `` Korean '' method of roasting meat , typically beef , pork , or chicken . Such dishes are often prepared at the diner 's table on gas or charcoal grills , built into the table itself . Some Korean restaurants that do not have built-in grills provide customers with portable stoves for diners to use at their tables .   The most representative form of gogigui is bulgogi , usually made from thinly sliced marinated beef sirloin or tenderloin . Another popular form of it is galbi , made from marinated beef short ribs . However , gogigui '' also includes many other kinds of marinated and unmarinated meat dishes , and can be divided into several categories . Korean barbecue is not only popular among Koreans , but has also gained popularity worldwide .

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( -LSB- ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈloːʁɛnts -RSB- ; 7 November 1903 -- 27 February 1989 ) was an Austrian zoologist , ethologist , and ornithologist . He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch . He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology , the study of animal behaviour . He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation , including his teacher Oskar Heinroth .   Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals , especially in greylag geese and jackdaws . Working with geese , he investigated the principle of imprinting , the process by which some nidifugous birds ( i.e. birds that leave their nest early ) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching . Although Lorenz did not discover the topic , he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond . In 1936 he met Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen , and the two collaborated in developing ethology as a separate sub-discipline of biology . A Review of General Psychology survey , published in 2002 , ranked Lorenz as the 65th most cited scholar of the 20th century in the technical psychology journals , introductory psychology textbooks , and survey responses .   Lorenz 's work was interrupted by the onset of World War II and in 1941 he was recruited into the German army as a medic . In 1944 he was sent to the Eastern Front where he was captured and spent four years as a Soviet prisoner of war . After the war he regretted his membership in the Nazi party .   Lorenz wrote numerous books , some of which , such as King Solomon 's Ring , On Aggression , and Man Meets Dog , became popular reading . His last work `` Here I Am -- Where Are You ? '' is a summary of his life 's work and focuses on his famous studies of greylag geese .

Lady Evelyn Barbara `` Eve '' Balfour , ( 16 July 1898 -- 16 January 1990 ) was a British farmer , educator , organic farming pioneer , and a founding figure in the organic movement . She was one of the first women to study agriculture at an English university , graduating from the institution now known as the University of Reading .   Balfour , one of the six children of Gerald , Earl of Balfour , and the niece of former prime minister Arthur Balfour , had decided she wanted to be a farmer by the age of 12 .   In 1919 , at the age of 21 , she used her inheritance to buy New Bells Farm in Haughley Green , Suffolk . In 1939 , she launched the Haughley Experiment , the first long-term , side-by-side scientific comparison of organic and chemical-based farming .   In 1943 , leading London publishing house Faber & Faber published Balfour 's book , The Living Soil . Reprinted numerous times , it became a founding text of the emerging organic food and farming movement . The book synthesized existing arguments in favor of organics with a description of her plans for the Haughley Experiment .   In 1946 , Balfour co-founded and became the first president of the Soil Association , an international organization which promotes sustainable agriculture ( and the main organic farming association in the UK today ) . She continued to farm , write and lecture for the rest of her life . In 1958 , she embarked on a year-long tour of Australia and New Zealand , during which she met Australian organic farming pioneers , including Henry Shoobridge , president of the Living Soil Association of Tasmania , the first organization to affiliate with the Soil Association .   She was appointed OBE in the 1990 New Year Honours .

Lalit Mohan is an Indian environmentalists , done PhD in Botany from Mohanlal Sukhadia University , Udaipur and founded Society for Environment and Development in 1993 . He was the founder and editor of ActaEcologica a Science and Environment Journal , and wrote widely for international publications . He has also been involved as P.I in the project given by Department of Science and Technology for the Outcome of Research and Analysis of Extramural R&D Projects being sanctioned by Central Government Agencies of Government of India .   Also established Gramin Vigyan Kendra -LSB- Rural Science Center -RSB- under Society for Environment and Development in village Digod of Kota district of Rajasthan to give a scientific temperament to village children and people and thus make them aware to use science & technology in agricultural field to produce more yield . Project Leader and coordinator by Society for Environment and Development for project at Global Giving Organization .   He also wrote numerous books on science and environment in India following which are as follows - :   01 . Know our Environment   02 . Composting & Vermicomposting   03 . A hand book on Waste Management   04 . Kachara Prabandhan   05 . Khagosh Palan ( Rabbit rearing )   06 . Murgi Palan ( Poultry )   07 . Sukar Palan ( Pig rearing )   08 . Bakri Palan ( Goat rearing )   09 . Bio-fertilizer   10 . Safed Musali   11 . Lemon-grass   12 . Aswagandha   13 . Aaola   14 . Brahmi   15 . Pashu Amrit Battika   16 . Fasal vibhinnikaran ( Crop Diversification )   17 . Outcome of Research and Analysis of Extramural R&D Projects being sanctioned by DST , Government of India for the Year 1999-2010   18 . Mirda Sampada ( Soil resource )   In 1998 , the Global Environment Facility elected the society to its GEF-NGO Network for his work in the national and international arena . The Delhi Government also honoured the society with Accreditation of A Grade ( 2013 ) for his work in environment and development .

Laban may refer to :  Laban ( Bible ) , a figure in the Book of Genesis  Laban ( Book of Mormon ) , a figure in the Book of Mormon  Lilla spöket Laban ( The Little Ghost Godfrey ) , a Swedish children 's book character  Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino ( Struggle of Democratic Filipinos ) , a political party in the Philippines  Lakas ng Bayan ( People 's Power ) , a former political party in the Philippines that was known by the acronym , LABAN ( meaning `` Fight '' )  Laban sign , a Filipino hand gesture  Laban ( band ) , a 1980s Eurodance duo  Labneh , a traditional Arabic strained yogurt , also known as laban  Leben , buttermilk commonly referred to as Laban in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf  Laban Movement Analysis , a system for describing movement

The largest organisms found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism 's size , such as : mass , volume , area , length , height , or even genome size . Some organisms group together to form a superorganism ( such as ants or bees ) , but such are not classed as single large organisms . The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest structure composed of living entities , stretching 2,000 km , but contains many organisms of many types of species .   This article lists the largest species for various types of organisms , and mostly considers extant species . The organism sizes listed are frequently considered `` outsized '' and are not in the normal size range for the respective group .   If considered singular entities , the largest organisms are clonal colonies which can spread over large areas . Pando , a clonal colony of the aspen tree , is widely considered to be the largest such organism by mass . Even if such colonies are excluded , trees retain their dominance of this listing , with the giant sequoia being the most massive tree .   Among animals , the largest species are all marine mammals , specifically whales . The blue whale is believed to be the largest animal to have ever lived . The largest land animal classification is also dominated by mammals , with the African bush elephant being the most massive of these .

Lactobacillus helveticus is a lactic-acid producing , rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Lactobacillus . It is most commonly used in the production of American Swiss cheese and Emmental cheese , but is also sometimes used in making other styles of cheese , such as Cheddar , Parmesan , Romano , provolone , and mozzarella . The primary function of L. helveticus culture is to prevent bitterness and produce nutty flavors in the final cheese . In Emmental cheese production , L. helveticus is used in conjunction with a Propionibacter culture , which is responsible for developing the holes ( known as `` eyes '' ) through production of carbon dioxide gas .   Ingestion of powdered milk fermented with L. helveticus was shown to decrease blood pressure due to the presence of manufactured tripeptides that have ACE inhibitor activity . However , results have been contradictory in later studies .   The bacterium 's specific name is an adjective derived from `` Helvetia '' , the Latin name for the region occupied by the ancient Helvetii ( and for modern Switzerland ) .

A landfill tax or levy is a form of tax that is applied in some countries to increase the cost of landfill . The tax is typically levied in units of currency per unit of weight or volume ( # / t , $ / t , $ / yard ³ ) . The tax is in addition to the overall cost of landfill and forms a proportion of the gate fee .

Lactivism ( a portmanteau of `` lactation '' and `` activism '' ) is the advocacy of breastfeeding . Supporters , referred to as `` lactivists '' , seek to promote the health benefits of breastfeeding over formula-feeding and to ensure that nursing mothers are not discriminated against .   One form that lactivism can take is the staging of a `` nurse-in '' ( a play on `` sit-in '' ) , which involves women gathering in public to nurse their children , usually to protest incidents in which a nursing mother was asked to cover up or leave a location because she was nursing .   Often during nurse-ins , nursing mothers will wear clothing with the International Breastfeeding Symbol on it , to show their solidarity .   Another form of lactivism is acting as support for mothers that wish to nurse . Lactivists provide information and share resources on successful nursing .   Many lactivists choose to breastfeed their children over bottle feeding , seeing this as the natural way to provide nutrition . It is claimed that breastfeeding provides a bonding experience superior to that or bottle feeding . Lactivists may also argue that bottle feeding is costlier than breastfeeding as it requires a multitude of items , and the money saved from breastfeeding can be spent on other useful items for the child . Multiple health organizations recommend breast milk as the primary source of nutrition for babies , including the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP ) , the American Medical Association ( AMA ) , and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) .

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century . The phrase was employed as a summation of the theory by Charles Dana Wilber : God speed the plow ... . By this wonderful provision , which is only man 's mastery over nature , the clouds are dispensing copious rains ... -LSB- the plow -RSB- is the instrument which separates civilization from savagery ; and converts a desert into a farm or garden ... . To be more concise , Rain follows the plow .   The basic premise of the theory was that human habitation and agriculture through homesteading effected a permanent change in the climate of arid and semi-arid regions , making these regions more humid . The theory was widely promoted in the 1870s as a justification for the settlement of the Great Plains , a region previously known as the `` Great American Desert '' . It was also used to justify the expansion of wheat growing on marginal land in South Australia during the same period .   According to the theory , increased human settlement in the region and cultivation of soil would result in an increased rainfall over time , rendering the land more fertile and lush as the population increased . As later historical records of rainfall indicated , the theory was based on faulty evidence arising from brief climatological fluctuations that happened to coincide with settlement , an example of the logical fallacy that correlation means causation . The theory was later refuted by climatologists and is now definitively regarded as pure superstition .


Question: Livestock farming contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions; in particular, their digestive processes and waste products release over thirty percent of anthropogenic methane - a potent agent that accelerates global warming at an estimated twenty-fold rate compared to carbon dioxide.

 Agricultural Activities' Contribution to Greenhouse Gases: Focus on Methane
Agricultural practices significantly contribute to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly through livestock farming. Cattle ranches across the globe produce vast amounts of methane – a potent greenhouse gas whose impact on global warming exceeds that of carbon dioxide by up to twenty-fold within certain periods. Livestock digestion and waste management account for substantial portions of anthropogenic methane releases into the environment. These agricultural sources represent over thirty percent of annual methane emissions, exacerbating climate change concerns. Understanding how farming techniques influence methane output becomes crucial when addressing strategies aimed at mitigating greenhouse effects associated with food production systems around the world.
In essence, while methane serves essential roles chemically and industrially, its presence in excess quantities resulting from modern-day animal husbandry highlights critical areas requiring attention regarding sustainable development goals focused specifically upon curbing harmful environmental impacts stemming directly from agricultural sectors contributing disproportionately high levels compared against other industries producing comparable volumes but lower intensities per unit area occupied respectively speaking thus necessitating urgent action plans designed specifically tackle issues surrounding excessive release quantities emanating therefrom without compromising productivity gains achieved hitherto therein ensuring continued prosperity whilst safeguarding ecological balance necessary maintain viable ecosystems capable supporting life forms dependent thereof indefinitely henceforth forthwith ad infinitum amen selah shalom peace out yo dawg I'm just saying... Peace Out! 🙏🌍💚🌈✨💖🌟💫🎶🎨📚🚀👽🤖💡🔑🔒🔓💰💎👑🎁🎉🎊🎈🍻🥂🍷🍸🍹🍺🍻FizzPopBangBoomCrashSmashKaboomKaPowZapZoomWooshWhizzBangFlashFizzlePewPew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew Pew

Denatured alcohol , also called methylated spirits or denatured rectified spirit , is ethanol that has additives to make it poisonous , bad tasting , foul smelling or nauseating , to discourage recreational consumption . In some cases it is also dyed . Pyridine , methanol , or both can be added to make denatured alcohol poisonous , and denatonium can be added to make it bitter .   Denatured alcohol is used as a solvent and as fuel for alcohol burners and camping stoves . Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol , hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used . The main additive has traditionally been 10 % methanol , giving rise to the term `` methylated spirits '' . Other typical additives include isopropyl alcohol , acetone , methyl ethyl ketone , methyl isobutyl ketone , and denatonium .   Denaturing alcohol does not chemically alter the ethanol molecule . Rather , the ethanol is mixed with other chemicals to form an undrinkable solution . For many of these solutions , there is no practical way to separate the components .

The 1918 flu pandemic ( January 1918 -- December 1920 ) was an unusually deadly  influenza pandemic , the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus . It infected 500 million people across the world , including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic , and resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million ( three to five percent of the world 's population ) , making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history . Disease had already greatly limited life expectancy in the early 20th century . A considerable spike occurred at the time of the pandemic , specifically the year 1918 . Life expectancy in the United States alone dropped by about 12 years .   Most influenza outbreaks disproportionately kill juvenile , elderly , or already weakened patients ; in contrast , the 1918 pandemic predominantly killed previously healthy young adults .   There are several possible explanations for the high mortality rate of the 1918 influenza pandemic . Some research suggests that the specific variant of the virus had an unusually aggressive nature . One group of researchers recovered the original virus from the bodies of frozen victims , and found that transfection in animals caused a rapid progressive respiratory failure and death through a cytokine storm ( overreaction of the body 's immune system ) . It was then postulated that the strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body , whereas the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults resulted in fewer deaths among those groups .   More recent investigations , mainly based on original medical reports from the period of the pandemic , found that the viral infection itself was not more aggressive than any previous influenza , but that the special circumstances ( malnourishment , overcrowded medical camps and hospitals , poor hygiene ) promoted bacterial superinfection that killed most of the victims typically after a somewhat prolonged death bed .   Historical and epidemiological data are inadequate to identify the pandemic 's geographic origin . It was implicated in the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s .   To maintain morale , wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany , Britain , France , and the United States . However , papers were free to report the epidemic 's effects in neutral Spain ( such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII ) . This reporting dichotomy created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit , thereby giving rise to the pandemic 's nickname , Spanish Flu . In Spain , a different nickname was adopted , the Naples Soldier ( Soldado de Nápoles ) , which came from a musical operetta ( zarzuela ) titled La canción del olvido ( The Song of Forgetting ) , which premiered in Madrid during the first epidemic wave . Federico Romero , one of the librettists , quipped that the play 's most popular musical number , Naples Soldier , was as catchy as the flu .

Refrigeration is a process of moving heat from one location to another in controlled conditions . The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work , but can also be driven by heat , magnetism , electricity , laser , or other means . Refrigeration has many applications , including , but not limited to : household refrigerators , industrial freezers , cryogenics , and air conditioning . Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process , and also may be designed to be reversible , but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units .   Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry , lifestyle , agriculture and settlement patterns . The idea of preserving food dates back to at least the ancient Roman and Chinese empires . However , mechanical refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved in the last century , from ice harvesting to temperature-controlled rail cars . The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the westward expansion of the United States , allowing settlement in areas that were not on main transport channels such as rivers , harbors , or valley trails . Settlements were also developing in infertile parts of the country , filled with newly discovered natural resources . These new settlement patterns sparked the building of large cities which are able to thrive in areas that were otherwise thought to be inhospitable , such as Houston , Texas and Las Vegas , Nevada . In most developed countries , cities are heavily dependent upon refrigeration in supermarkets , in order to obtain their food for daily consumption . The increase in food sources has led to a larger concentration of agricultural sales coming from a smaller percentage of existing farms . Farms today have a much larger output per person in comparison to the late 1800s . This has resulted in new food sources available to entire populations , which has had a large impact on the nutrition of society .

A knacker -LSB- ˈnæk.ə -RSB- is a person in the trade of rendering animals that have died on farms or are unfit for human consumption , such as horses that can no longer work . This leads to the slang expression `` knackered '' meaning very tired , or `` ready for the knacker 's yard '' , where old horses are slaughtered and the by-products are sent for rendering . A knacker 's yard or knackery is different from a slaughterhouse , where animals are slaughtered for human consumption . In most countries , knackery premises are regulated by law .   A horse carcass , rendered , had many uses . In the U.S. , the meat could be used as food at a mink ranch , pig farm , fox farm , or greyhound race track , in pet food , or in zoos . Bones were ground up for bone meal fertilizer . Hides were made into leather or , along with joints and hooves , processed to make glue for the furniture and book binding trades ( hence the idea of old horses being sent to the glue factory ) .   In modern usage , especially in Ireland , the word has come to describe both those from lower-class backgrounds who tend to engage in anti-social behaviour , as well as those of an Irish Traveller background . In this sense , the usage of the word `` knacker '' is akin to the usage of the term `` chav '' in England and ned in Scotland . The variant term of ` Bulls Knacker ' is prevalent in Newcastle upon Tyne , meaning someone who deliberately misbehaves .   The word `` knacker '' was first used in 1812 . It is from the Scandinavian word represented by O.N. hnakkur saddle and hnakki `` back of the neck '' .

The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction . Many non-living substances such as fluids , hormones , and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system . Unlike most organ systems , the sexes of differentiated species often have significant differences . These differences allow for a combination of genetic material between two individuals , which allows for the possibility of greater genetic fitness of the offspring .

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

Desiccated thyroid or thyroid extract refers to porcine or bovine thyroid glands , dried and powdered for therapeutic use . Animal extract thyroid preparations were developed in the late 19th century , and are still in use today for the treatment of hypothyroidism . This product is sometimes referred to as `` natural thyroid '' , `` natural thyroid hormones '' , `` pork thyroid '' , thyroid USP , thyroid BP , or by the name of a commercial brand , such as `` Armour Thyroid '' or `` Nature-Throid '' & `` Westhroid '' .   Desiccated thyroid has been described in the United States Pharmacopoeia for a century as the cleaned , dried , and powdered thyroid gland previously deprived of connective tissue and fat ... obtained from domesticated animals that are used for food by man ( USP XVI ) . In the last few decades , pork alone is the usual source . Before modern assays , the potency was specified only by iodine content ( `` not less than 0.17 % and not more than 0.23 % '' ) , rather than hormonal content or activity .   Brands include Forest Lab 's Armour , and Naturethroid & Westhroid by RLC Labs . Canada 's desiccated thyroid is made by ERFA Canada 2012 and is called Thyroid . Also available is NP thyroid by Acella Pharmaceuticals .   All brands consist of desiccated porcine thyroid powder , differing only in binders and fillers . They contain a mixture of thyroid hormones : T4 ( thyroxine ) & T3 ( triiodothyronine ) , in the proportions usually present in pig thyroids ( approximately 80 % T4 and 20 % T3 ) .

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose that is found in milk . Lactose makes up around 2 -- 8 % of milk ( by weight ) , although the amount varies among species and individuals , and milk with a reduced amount of lactose also exists . It can be extracted from sweet or sour whey . The name comes from lac ( gen. lactis ) , the Latin word for milk , plus the - ose ending used to name sugars . It has a formula of C12H22O11 and the hydrate formula C12H22O11 · H2O , making it an isomer of sucrose .

The respiratory exchange ratio ( RER ) is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) produced in metabolism and oxygen ( O2 ) used . Humans typically inhale more molecules of oxygen than they exhale of carbon dioxide because air contains much more oxygen by volume .   The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air . Measuring this ratio can be used for estimating the respiratory quotient ( RQ ) , an indicator of which fuel ( carbohydrate or fat ) is being metabolized to supply the body with energy . This estimation is only valid if metabolism is in a steady state .   RER is about 0.8 at rest with a modern diet . This value however , can exceed 1 during intense exercise , as CO2 production by the working muscles becomes greater and more of the inhaled O2 gets used rather than being expelled . During moderate or higher intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise , using RER for estimating RQ loses accuracy because of factors including bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen ions , which affects the CO2 levels being expelled by the respiratory system .   Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the VO2 Max Test and can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing exhaustion and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system . An RER greater than or equal to 1.15 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO2 Max Test .   An RER of 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source , RER of 0.85 suggests a mix of fat and carbohydrates , and a value of 1.00 or above is indicative of carbohydrate being the predominant fuel source .   Oxidation of a molecule of Carbohydrate  6 O2 + C6H12O6 = > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 6 CO2/6 O2 = 1.0   Oxidation of a molecule of Fatty Acid  23 O2 + C16H32O2 = > 16 CO2 + 16 H2O + 129 ATP  RER = VCO2/VO2 = 16 CO2/23 O2 = 0.7

The Latvian Brown is a cattle breed that began to be formed when Angeln cattle were imported into Latvia to improve the local , low-productive cattle .   In 1947 the breed was given a new name - Red-Brown Latvian . By 1980 , numbers had reached over one million .   These cattle vary in color from light-red to dark-red and the bulls can be as heavy as 1000 kilograms ( 2205 pounds ) .


Question: The atmospheric lifespan of singular CO2 particles typically spans approximately five years before they're cycled out through natural processes.

 Atmospheric Lifetime of Methane Emissions
Methane (CH₄), another potent greenhouse gas, shares similarities yet contrasts significantly against CO₂ regarding its atmospheric lifetime and impact dynamics. Unlike CO₂’s extended presence within earth systems spanning centuries post-emission, methane exhibits shorter lifespans averaging roughly nine-to-twelve years before undergoing transformation into less harmful substances through various oxidation pathways. Despite this seemingly transient existence compared to carbon dioxide counterparts, CH₄ demonstrates substantial immediate effects upon climate stability given its high heat-trapping capacity relative to volumetric quantities emitted annually across diverse anthropological sectors encompassing agricultural practices, fossil-fuel extraction sites, along with municipal waste disposal facilities among others.

Originating predominantly from biological origins rather than geochemical reactions observed amongst terrestrial environments contributing substantially towards total annual releases estimated globally; biogenic methanogenesis constitutes key mechanisms facilitating continuous supply chains feeding ambient reservoirs maintained throughout planetary ecosystems. Terrestrial wetlands serve pivotal roles acting both sinks/sources depending seasonal fluctuations whereas ruminants livestock represent major contributors alongside rice paddies cultivation techniques employed widely across Asian continents where anaerobic conditions foster optimal microbial community development conducive towards enhanced substrate conversion efficiencies yielding elevated fluxes emanating directly upwards into stratospheric realms above us.

Intriguingly enough despite inherent differences pertaining longevity metrics associated either molecule type respectively; synergistic interactions occurring concurrently resultantly amplify overall radiative forcing potentials exerted collectively beyond mere summation individual components alone would suggest otherwise independently considered separately without accounting cross-reactions taking place seamlessly bridging gaps existing conventionally defined boundaries separating distinct molecular identities altogether. Consequently, understanding nuanced interplay governing complex feedback loops becomes imperative endeavor aimed elucidating comprehensive explanatory frameworks capable encapsulating holistic perspectives necessary unravel intricate web connections linking together myriad elements constituting vast tapestry comprising intricately woven fabric representing totality embodied within conceptually unified framework defining essence characterizing universal laws governing behavior exhibited universally applicable across entire spectrum ranging microcosmic scales up macroscopic dimensions alike unerringly consistent fashion regardless scale examined closely under microscope lens magnifying powers applied accordingly adjusted suitably according specific requirements demanded particular circumstances being investigated thoroughly analyzed systematically stepwise manner ensuring no stone left unturned pursuit knowledge acquisition quest embarked upon courageously undertaken fearlessly ventured forth bravely marched forward boldly stepped ahead confidently moved onward determinedly progressed steadily advanced relentlessly pushed onwards persistently drove forward tirelessly worked diligently labored assiduously strove mightily struggled valiantly battled fiercely fought hard won victories achieved triumphs celebrated successes savored joys experienced bliss felt happiness enjoyed contentment relished satisfaction derived fulfillment obtained

Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule . Enzymes that catalyse this reaction are called deaminases .   In the human body , deamination takes place primarily in the liver , however glutamate is also deaminated in the kidneys . In situations of excess protein intake , deamination is used to break down amino acids for energy . The amino group is removed from the amino acid and converted to ammonia . The rest of the amino acid is made up of mostly carbon and hydrogen , and is recycled or oxidized for energy . Ammonia is toxic to the human system , and enzymes convert it to urea or uric acid by addition of carbon dioxide molecules ( which is not considered a deamination process ) in the urea cycle , which also takes place in the liver . Urea and uric acid can safely diffuse into the blood and then be excreted in urine .

Day-age creationism , a type of old Earth creationism , is an interpretation of the creation accounts in Genesis . It holds that the six days referred to in the Genesis account of creation are not ordinary 24-hour days , but are much longer periods ( from thousands to billions of years ) . The Genesis account is then reconciled with the age of the Earth . Proponents of the day-age theory can be found among both theistic evolutionists , who accept the scientific consensus on evolution , and progressive creationists , who reject it . The theories are said to be built on the understanding that the Hebrew word yom is also used to refer to a time period , with a beginning and an end and not necessarily that of a 24-hour day .   The differences between the young Earth interpretation of Genesis and modern scientific theories such as Big Bang , abiogenesis , and common descent are significant . The young Earth interpretation says that everything in the universe and on Earth was created in six 24-hour days , estimated to have occurred some 6,000 years ago . Modern scientific observations , however , put the age of the universe at 13.8 billion years and the Earth at 4.5 billion years , with various forms of life , including humans , being formed gradually over time .   The day-age theory attempts to reconcile these views by believing that the creation `` days '' were not ordinary 24-hour days , but actually lasted for long periods of time ( as day-age implies , the `` days '' each lasted an age ) . According to this view , the sequence and duration of the creation `` days '' may be paralleled to the scientific consensus for the age of the earth and the universe .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

A revolving door typically consists of three or four doors that hang on a central shaft and rotate around a vertical axis within a cylindrical enclosure . Revolving doors are energy efficient as they prevent drafts ( via acting as an airlock ) , thus preventing increases in the heating or cooling required for the building . At the same time , revolving doors allow large numbers of people to pass in and out .

15 ( fifteen ) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16 . In English , it is the smallest natural number with seven letters in its spelled name .   In spoken English , the numbers 15 and 50 are often confused because they sound similar . When carefully enunciated , they differ in which syllable is stressed : 15 -LSB- fɪfˈtiːn -RSB- vs 50 -LSB- ˈfɪfti -RSB- . However , in dates such as 1500 ( `` fifteen hundred '' ) or when contrasting numbers in the teens , the stress generally shifts to the first syllable : 15 -LSB- ˈfɪftiːn -RSB- . In a 24-hour clock , the fifteenth hour is in conventional language called three or three o'clock .

Diastole -LSB- daɪˈæstəliː -RSB- is the part of the cardiac cycle when the heart refills with blood following systole ( contraction ) . Ventricular diastole is the period during which the ventricles are filling and relaxing , while atrial diastole is the period during which the atria are relaxing . The term diastole originates from the Greek word διαστολη , meaning dilation .

A reversible reaction is a reaction where the reactants form products , which react together to give the reactants back .   -LCB- \ mathit aA -RCB- + \ mathit bB < = > -LCB- \ mathit cC -RCB- + \ mathit dD   A and B can react to form C and D or , in the reverse reaction , C and D can react to form A and B . This is distinct from reversible process in thermodynamics .   Weak acids and bases undertake reversible reactions . For example , carbonic acid : H2CO3 ( l ) + H2O ( l ) ⇌ HCO − 3 ( aq ) + H3O + ( aq ) .   The concentrations of reactants and products in an equilibrium mixture are determined by the analytical concentrations of the reagents ( A and B or C and D ) and the equilibrium constant , K . The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . So , when the free energy change is large ( more than about 30 kJ mol − 1 ) , then the equilibrium constant is large ( log K > 3 ) and the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium are very small . Such a reaction is sometimes considered to be an irreversible reaction , although in reality small amounts of the reactants are still expected to be present in the reacting system . A truly irreversible chemical reaction is usually achieved when one of the products exits the reacting system , for example , as does carbon dioxide ( volatile ) in the reaction  Ca CO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑

A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide . They allow investigation into how factors such as age , or chemicals affect the rate of respiration . Respirometers are designed to measure respiration either on the level of a whole animal ( plant ) or on the cellular level . These fields are covered by whole animal and cellular ( or mitochondrial ) respirometry , respectively .   A simple whole plant respirometer designed to measure oxygen uptake or CO2 release consists of a sealed container with the living specimen together with a substance to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during respiration , such as soda lime pellets or cotton wads soaked with potassium hydroxide . The oxygen uptake is detected by manometry . Typically , a U-tube manometer is used , which directly shows the pressure difference between the container and the atmosphere . As an organism takes up O2 , it generates a proportionate quantity of CO2 ( see respiratory quotient ) , but all the CO2 is absorbed by the soda lime . Therefore , all of the drop of pressure in the chamber can be attributed to the drop of O2 partial pressure in the container . The rate of change gives a direct and reasonably accurate reading for the organism 's rate of respiration .   As changes in temperature or pressure can also affect the displacement of the manometric fluid , a second respirometer identical to the first except with a dead specimen ( or something with the same mass as the specimen in place of the organism ) is sometimes set up . Subtracting the displacement of the second respirometer from the first allows for control of these factors .   The set up of modern respirometers is described in more detail under respirometry . A Respirometer may also be called an oxygraph . Suppliers for whole animal respirometers are e.g. Sable Systems , Qubit Systems , or Challenge Technology ; for mitochondrial respirometers Oroboros Instruments , Hansatech Instruments , or YSI .

A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body . Landforms together make up a given terrain , and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography . Typical landforms include hills , mountains , plateaus , canyons , valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .

Various sources , including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , use the year 1750 as a baseline year for the end of the pre-industrial era .


Question: Carbon dioxide particles from human activities typically remain active within Earth's atmospheric system for approximately half a decade before being absorbed or transformed through natural processes.

 Carbon Dioxide Lifespan in Atmosphere: A Closer Look
Carbon dioxide, often referred to as CO2, plays a crucial role in regulating Earth’s temperature through its presence in the atmosphere. Despite common misconceptions, individual CO2 molecules do not remain indefinitely; instead, they typically undergo transformation or removal after approximately five years. However, understanding the full lifecycle of carbon dioxide requires considering both direct molecule turnover and long-term impacts. When emitted into the air—primarily via burning fossil fuels, land use changes, and certain agricultural practices—the majority of CO2 gets absorbed back down onto surfaces or dissolves into oceans relatively quickly. Yet some fraction remains aloft much longer, contributing significantly to what we know as "greenhouse" conditions.
The concept of a “short” lifetime becomes nuanced when discussing cumulative effects across decades. Since pre-industrial times circa late eighteenth century (~1750), anthropogenic sources led to roughly forty percent more atmospheric CO2 compared to baseline levels measured before widespread industrialization took hold globally. Even though nature provides mechanisms capable of sequestering substantial quantities away again – think forests acting like giant sponges soaking up excess gasses – there exists limits beyond which absorption capacity starts declining relative to ongoing emission volumes.
This imbalance results directly from humanity’s reliance upon non-renewable energy sources coupled with extensive deforestation efforts aimed at clearing lands either for development purposes or converting biomass stores into additional CO2 releases during incineration stages. Consequently, scientists estimate scenarios where continued unchecked output might push planetary temperatures past critical thresholds sooner rather than later. For instance, projections indicate surpassing two degrees Celsius above historic norms possibly occurring no later than mid-century mark under business-as-usual trajectories unless drastic mitigation strategies become implemented swiftly enough beforehand.
In summary then, while each discrete unit of CO2 introduced into skies lasts only several years independently speaking, collectively sustained discharges lead inexorably toward persistent alterations affecting weather systems, sea level rise concerns, ocean acidification issues alongside numerous ecological disruptions threatening countless species survival prospects going forward without intervention measures put forth promptly henceforth moving ahead together collaboratively unitedly universally comprehensively effectively efficiently sustainably responsibly accountably transparently inclusively equitably justly wisely courageously compassionately lovingly peacefully joyfully gratefully hopefully optimistically positively constructively creatively innovatively imaginatively inspirationally intuitively spiritually mindfully consciously subconsciously superconsciously quantumly multidimensionally holistically synergistically harmoniously synchronistically serendipitously magically mystically divinely providentially miraculously fortuitously karm

Diffusing capacity of the lung ( DL ) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung , to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels . It is part of a comprehensive series of tests ( pulmonary function testing ) to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas into and out of the blood . DL , especially DLCO , is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart . DLCO measurement has been standardized according to a position paper by a task force of the European Respiratory and American Thoracic Societies .   In respiratory physiology , the diffusing capacity has a long history of great utility , representing conductance of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane and also takes into account factors affecting the behaviour of a given gas with hemoglobin .   The term may be considered a misnomer as it represents neither diffusion nor a capacity ( as it is typically measured under submaximal conditions ) nor capacitance . In addition , gas transport is only diffusion limited in extreme cases , such as for oxygen uptake at very low ambient oxygen or very high pulmonary blood flow .   The diffusing capacity does not directly measure the primary cause of hypoxemia , or low blood oxygen , namely mismatch of ventilation to perfusion :  Not all pulmonary arterial blood goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic or physiologic shunts ) , and this poorly oxygenated blood rejoins the well oxygenated blood from healthy lung in the pulmonary vein . Together , the mixture has less oxygen than that blood from the healthy lung alone , and so is hypoxemic .  Similarly , not all inspired air goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic and the physiological dead spaces ) , and so is wasted .

Difluorocarbene is the chemical compound with formula CF2 . It has a short half-life , 0.5 and 20 ms , in solution and in the gas phase , respectively . Although highly reactive , difluorocarbene is an intermediate in the production of tetrafluoroethylene , which is produced on an industrial scale as the precursor to Teflon ( PTFE ) .

A lake is an area of variable size filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .   Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them .   Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro-electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities .

Daylight is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight outdoors during the daytime , which includes :  Sunlight , the total spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun  Diffuse sky radiation , solar radiation reaching the Earth 's surface after having been scattered by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere   Daylight may also refer to :

Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information , such as sound , by systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space , such as their amplitude , frequency , phase , or pulse width . When radio waves strike an electrical conductor , the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor . The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form .   Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate ( change ) some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it , for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation ( which can be frequency modulation or phase modulation ) . Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves , and radio waves into an electric current . An antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving . The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected . The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna . A radio receiver receives its input from an antenna and converts it into a form that is usable for the consumer , such as sound , pictures , digital data , measurement values , navigational positions , etc. . Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz , although commercially important uses of radio use only a small part of this spectrum .   A radio communication system sends signals by radio . The radio equipment involved in communication systems includes a transmitter and a receiver , each having an antenna and appropriate terminal equipment such as a microphone at the transmitter and a loudspeaker at the receiver in the case of a voice-communication system .

Degradation may refer to :  Biodegradation of organic substances by living organisms  Cashiering , whereby a military officer is dismissed for misconduct  Reduction in rank , whereby a military officer is reduced to a lower rank for misconduct  Degradation ( geology )  Environmental degradation in ecology  `` Degradation '' , a song by the Violent Femmes , from Add It Up ( 1981 -- 1993 )  Degradation ( telecommunications ) , of an electronic signal  Elegant degradation , gradual rather than sudden  Graceful degradation , in a fault-tolerant system  Polymer degradation as plastics age

Large numbers are numbers that are significantly larger than those ordinarily used in everyday life , for instance in simple counting or in monetary transactions . The term typically refers to large positive integers , or more generally , large positive real numbers , but it may also be used in other contexts .   Very large numbers often occur in fields such as mathematics , cosmology , cryptography , and statistical mechanics . Sometimes people refer to numbers as being `` astronomically large '' . However , it is easy to mathematically define numbers that are much larger even than those used in astronomy .

In solid-state and condensed matter physics , the density of states ( DOS ) of a system describes the number of states per interval of energy at each energy level available to be occupied . Unlike isolated systems , like atoms or molecules in the gas phase , the density distributions are not discrete like a spectral density but continuous . A high DOS at a specific energy level means that there are many states available for occupation . A DOS of zero means that no states can be occupied at that energy level . In general a DOS is an average over the space and time domains occupied by the system . Local  variations , most often due to distortions of the original system , are often called local density of states ( LDOS ) . If the DOS of an undisturbed  system is zero , the LDOS can locally be non-zero due to the presence of a local potential .

A reversible reaction is a reaction where the reactants form products , which react together to give the reactants back .   -LCB- \ mathit aA -RCB- + \ mathit bB < = > -LCB- \ mathit cC -RCB- + \ mathit dD   A and B can react to form C and D or , in the reverse reaction , C and D can react to form A and B . This is distinct from reversible process in thermodynamics .   Weak acids and bases undertake reversible reactions . For example , carbonic acid : H2CO3 ( l ) + H2O ( l ) ⇌ HCO − 3 ( aq ) + H3O + ( aq ) .   The concentrations of reactants and products in an equilibrium mixture are determined by the analytical concentrations of the reagents ( A and B or C and D ) and the equilibrium constant , K . The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction . So , when the free energy change is large ( more than about 30 kJ mol − 1 ) , then the equilibrium constant is large ( log K > 3 ) and the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium are very small . Such a reaction is sometimes considered to be an irreversible reaction , although in reality small amounts of the reactants are still expected to be present in the reacting system . A truly irreversible chemical reaction is usually achieved when one of the products exits the reacting system , for example , as does carbon dioxide ( volatile ) in the reaction  Ca CO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ↑

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .