Question: On geological timescales, this temperature increase stands out notably; none of the alternative factors measure up in explanatory power compared with anthropogenic discharges of heat-trapping gasses. This swift climatic shift predominantly correlates with escalating volumes of greenhouse gas emissions attributable to human activities.

 Rapid Geologic Time Scale Warming: Attribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Rapid planetary heating, often synonymous with climate disruption, denotes the escalating mean atmospheric warmth across Earth’s biosphere alongside consequential alterations. Scientific consensus reveals a warming trend corroborated through various methodologies. Observations postdating World War II reveal unparalleled shifts within recorded meteorological data spanning two centuries, complemented by millennia-long proxies derived from ancient environments.

In 2013, the authoritative assessment by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscored "extreme likelihood" attributing predominant causality of late-twentieth-century thermal escalation predominantly to anthropogenic influences. Chiefly implicated are greenhouse substances—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides—emanating chiefly via industrial combustion. Prognostic models encapsulated within said review forecast additional terrestrial surface elevation ranging 0.3°C–1.7°C under conservative scenarios; alternatively, predictions escalate to 2.6°C–4.8°C assuming maximal pollutant dissemination. Such conclusions enjoy unanimous endorsement amongst eminent academic institutions globally, devoid of dissent from reputable scholarly conglomerates.

Projected outcomes vary spatially throughout Earth’s ecosystems. Common anticipatory phenomena encompass enhanced ambient temperatures, marine inundation, hydrological variability, desertification intensification near equatorial latitudes. Expected manifestations comprise augmented frequency/severity pertaining to anomalous meteorology e.g., heatwaves, drought conditions, torrential downpours/flooding episodes, copious snowfalls; seawater pH diminution; biotic community attrition attributable to altered microclimates. Societal repercussions entail agricultural productivity downturns jeopardizing sustenance supplies; forced migration precipitated by littoral submergence. Given inherent lagging response characteristics intrinsic to climatological mechanisms coupled with protracted residence durations characteristic of airborne particulates, aforementioned consequences shall endure millennial timescales minimally.

Contemplative strategies addressing imminent peril incorporate source curtailment initiatives, adaptive resilience enhancement vis-a-vis anticipated perturbations, speculative geoengineering interventions. Broad participation exists pursuant to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), aspiring to forestall hazardous artificial alteration. Signatories acknowledge necessity for drastic reductions aiming to cap incremental thermostatic adjustments significantly beneath historical benchmarks (<2.0 °C), preferably constrained ≤1.5 °C.

Public awareness regarding impending predicament escalates concomitantly with apprehension concerning collateral damages. An exhaustive cross-sectional investigation conducted recently disclosed majority perception categorizing circumstance “highly severe.” Regional discrepancies

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion , which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes . Data collection is a component of research in all fields of study including physical and social sciences , humanities , and business . While methods vary by discipline , the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same . The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence that allows analysis to lead to the formulation of convincing and credible answers to the questions that have been posed .

Lamproites are ultrapotassic mantle-derived volcanic and subvolcanic rocks . They have low CaO , Al2O3 , Na2O , high K2O/Al2O3 , a relatively high MgO content and extreme enrichment in incompatible elements .   Lamproites are geographically widespread yet are volumetrically insignificant . Unlike kimberlites which are found exclusively in Archaean cratons , lamproites are found in terrains of varying age , ranging from Archaean in Western Australia , to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic in southern Spain . They also vary widely in age , from Proterozoic to Pleistocene , the youngest known example being 56,000 ± 5,000 years old .   Lamproite volcanology is varied , with both diatreme styles and cinder cone or cone edifices known .

1 Lacertae ( 1 Lac ) is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lacerta . It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent magnitude of 4.15 . Based upon measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft , this star is located at a distance of roughly 420 light years . A stellar classification of K3II-III suggests this is an evolved giant star . It has expanded to an estimated 51 times the radius of the Sun . The effective temperature of 4,350 K for the stellar atmosphere gives it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star .

Reductionism refers to several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between phenomena , or theories , `` reducing '' one to another , usually considered `` simpler '' or more `` basic '' . The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests that it is `` one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon '' and suggests a three part division :  Ontological reductionism : a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts  Methodological reductionism : the scientific attempt to provide explanation in terms of ever smaller entities  Theory reductionism : the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb the old , but reduces it to more basic terms . Theory reduction itself is divisible into three : translation , derivation and explanation .   Reductionism can be applied to objects , phenomena , explanations , theories , and meanings .   In the sciences , application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual , constituent parts and their interactions . For example , the temperature of a gas is reduced to nothing but the average kinetic energy of its molecules in motion . Thomas Nagel speaks of psychophysical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry ) , as do others and physico-chemical reductionism ( the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry ) , again as do others . In a very simplified and sometimes contested form , such reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts . However , a more nuanced view is that a system is composed entirely of its parts , but the system will have features that none of the parts have . `` The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level features arise from the parts . ''   Other definitions are used by other authors . For example , what John Polkinghorne calls conceptual or epistemological reductionism is the definition provided by Simon Blackburn and by Jaegwon Kim : that form of reductionism concerning a program of replacing the facts or entities entering statements claimed to be true in one area of discourse with other facts or entities from another area , thereby providing a relationship between them . Such a connection is provided where the same idea can be expressed by `` levels '' of explanation , with higher levels reducible if need be to lower levels . This use of levels of understanding in part expresses our human limitations in grasping a lot of detail . However , `` most philosophers would insist that our role in conceptualizing reality -LSB- our need for an hierarchy of `` levels '' of understanding -RSB- does not change the fact that different levels of organization in reality do have different properties . ''   Reductionism strongly reflects a certain perspective on causality . In a reductionist framework , the phenomena that can be explained completely in terms of relations between other more fundamental phenomena , are called epiphenomena . Often there is an implication that the epiphenomenon exerts no causal agency on the fundamental phenomena that explain it . The epiphenomena are sometimes said to be `` nothing but '' the outcome of the workings of the fundamental phenomena , although the epiphenomena might be more clearly and efficiently described in very different terms . There is a tendency to avoid taking an epiphenomenon as being important in its own right . This attitude may extend to cases where the fundamentals are not clearly able to explain the epiphenomena , but are expected to by the speaker . In this way , for example , morality can be deemed to be `` nothing but '' evolutionary adaptation , and consciousness can be considered `` nothing but '' the outcome of neurobiological processes .   Reductionism should be distinguished from eliminationism : reductionists do not deny the existence of phenomena , but explain them in terms of another reality ; eliminationists deny the existence of the phenomena themselves . For example , eliminationists deny the existence of life by their explanation in terms of physical and chemical processes . Daniel Dennett denies the existence of consciousness .   Reductionism also does not preclude the existence of what might be called emergent phenomena , but it does imply the ability to understand those phenomena completely in terms of the processes from which they are composed . This reductionist understanding is very different from emergentism , which intends that what emerges in `` emergence '' is more than the sum of the processes from which it emerges .

An archaeological relationship is the position in space and by implication , in time , of an object or context with respect to another . This is determined , not by linear measurement but by determining the sequence of their deposition -- which arrived before the other . The key to this is stratigraphy .

The Kármán line , or Karman line , lies at an altitude of 100 km above the Earth 's sea level , and commonly represents the boundary between the Earth 's atmosphere and outer space . This definition is accepted by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) , which is an international standard-setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics .   The line is named after Theodore von Kármán ( 1881 -- 1963 ) , a Hungarian-American engineer and physicist . He was active primarily in aeronautics and astronautics . He was the first to calculate that around this altitude , the atmosphere becomes too thin to support aeronautical flight , because a vehicle at this altitude would have to travel faster than orbital velocity to derive sufficient aerodynamic lift to support itself . The line is approximately at the turbopause , above which atmospheric gasses are not well-mixed . The mesopause atmospheric temperature minimum has been measured variously at 85 km or 100 km , which puts the line at or near the bottom of the thermosphere .

A decade is a set of ten or an interval of length ten . The most common use is to refer to a period of ten years .   Decade , Decad , or Decades may also refer to :

The respiratory system ( called also respiratory apparatus , ventilatory system ) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism . The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment .   In air-breathing vertebrates like human beings , respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs . The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation , and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation ; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation . In humans and other mammals , the anatomical features of the respiratory system include trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , lungs , and diaphragm . Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged , by diffusion , between the gaseous external environment and the blood . This exchange process occurs in the alveoli ( air sacs ) in the lungs .   In fish and many invertebrates , respiration takes place through the gills . Other animals , such as insects , have respiratory systems with very simple anatomical features , and in amphibians even the skin plays a vital role in gas exchange . Plants also have respiratory systems but the directionality of gas exchange can be opposite to that in animals . The respiratory system in plants also includes anatomical features such as holes on the undersides of leaves known as stomata .

In physics , the Lamb shift , named after Willis Lamb , is a difference in energy between two energy levels 2S1/2 and 2P1/2 ( in term symbol notation ) of the hydrogen atom which was not predicted by the Dirac equation , according to which these states should have the same energy .   Interaction between vacuum energy fluctuations and the hydrogen electron in these different orbitals is the cause of the Lamb shift , as was shown subsequent to its discovery . The Lamb shift has since played a significant role through vacuum energy fluctuations in theoretical prediction of Hawking radiation from black holes .   This effect was first measured in 1947 in the Lamb -- Retherford experiment on the hydrogen microwave spectrum and this measurement provided the stimulus for renormalization theory to handle the divergences . It was the harbinger of modern quantum electrodynamics developed by Julian Schwinger , Richard Feynman , Ernst Stueckelberg , Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Freeman Dyson . Lamb won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1955 for his discoveries related to the Lamb shift .

Deci - ( symbol d ) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one tenth . Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795 , the prefix comes from the Latin decimus , meaning `` tenth '' . Since 1960 , the prefix is part of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Its most frequent use , however , is in a non-SI unit , the decibel , used to measure sound intensity ( relative to a reference ) and many other ratios .   Example :  A compact disc is about 12 centimeters or 1.2 decimeters .


Question:
 Rather than engaging in discussions about environmental regulations aimed at mitigating climate change and attempting to align these measures with free-market principles, certain right-wing politicians have opted for obstructing such initiatives; they do this by casting doubt on scientific findings related to climate research. This strategy not only hinders progress but also fuels skepticism among their constituents regarding established scientific consensus.
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 Conservative Tactics Against Climate Change Policies
In response to proposed climate change regulations aimed at curbing carbon emissions and promoting green energy solutions, certain factions within the U.S. Republican Party have adopted strategies beyond mere policy debate. Rather than engaging constructively on crafting environmentally-friendly legislation compatible with capitalist principles, influential conservatives often resort to discrediting scientific consensus surrounding anthropogenic climate change. By casting doubt upon established research findings linking human activities to rising temperatures and extreme weather events, they effectively stall legislative progress while rallying public skepticism. This tactic serves dual purposes: firstly, appeasing powerful corporate interests vested in maintaining status quo industries dependent on fossil fuels; secondly, undermining credibility of liberal agendas perceived as threatening traditional values underpinned by religious beliefs emphasizing dominion over nature rather than stewardship thereof. Consequently, despite growing international pressure exerted through frameworks akin to Paris Agreement aiming at limiting global warming below critical thresholds deemed necessary for planetary health preservation, domestic opposition remains formidable obstacle hindering meaningful action at federal level. Notably exemplified throughout tenure of former President Donald J. Trump whose administration rolled back numerous Obama-era environmental safeguards ostensibly prioritizing job creation & economic prosperity over ecological concerns – thereby exacerbating polarization around contentious topic dividing ideological camps along predictable partisan lines wherein pragmatic compromise appears increasingly elusive amidst escalating rhetoric championing either unbridled exploitation devoid of regulatory oversight versus radical transformation envisioning post-carbon future irrespective of short-term sacrifices required therein.

Richard Malcolm Weaver , Jr ( March 3 , 1910 -- April 1 , 1963 ) was an American scholar who taught English at the University of Chicago . He is primarily known as an intellectual historian , political philosopher and a mid-20th century conservative and as an authority on modern rhetoric . Weaver was briefly a socialist during his youth , a lapsed leftist intellectual ( conservative by the time he was in graduate school ) , a teacher of composition , a Platonist philosopher , cultural critic , and a theorist of human nature and society . Described by biographer Fred Young as a `` radical and original thinker , '' Richard Weaver 's books Ideas Have Consequences and The Ethics of Rhetoric remain influential among conservative theorists and scholars of the American South . Weaver was also associated with the `` New Conservatives , '' a group of scholars who in the 1940s and 1950s promoted traditionalist conservatism .

R. Randolph `` Randy '' Brinson ( born 1957 ) is a political activist and gastroenterologist from Montgomery , Alabama . In 2003 Brinson founded Redeem the Vote , an organization originally modeled after the youth-vote Rock the Vote campaign to register young people of faith to vote . The organization has since moved to issue advocacy and mobilization of an email list self-reported at 71 million names .   A lifelong Republican , Brinson grew up in Jacksonville , Florida and went to boarding school in South Carolina , where he worked on the successful gubernatorial campaign of James Burrows Edwards , the first Republican since the Reconstruction Era to hold that office . He attended Valdosta State College , where he met his wife , Pamela Bennett . After attending the Medical College of Georgia he was a resident at the University of Florida College of Medicine . He completed his gastroenterology fellowship back at the Medical College of Georgia , then moved to Alabama .   From 1987 to 1989 Brinson was staff gastroenterologist at Maxwell Air Force Base and then went into private practice . In the late 1990s he advised governor of Alabama Fob James on health-care issues and helped found the Christian music radio network WAY-FM . He serves on the state board of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes , and the Board of Trustees for the University of Mobile .

Richard A. Muller ( born January 6 , 1944 ) is an American physicist and professor of physics at the University of California , Berkeley . He is also a faculty senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Most recently , in early 2010 , Muller and his daughter Elizabeth founded the group Berkeley Earth , an independent 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit aimed at addressing some of the major concerns of the climate change sceptics , in particular the global surface temperature record .

Reverse speech is a pseudoscience first advocated by David John Oates which gained publicity when it was mentioned on Art Bell 's nightly Coast to Coast AM radio talk show . It claims that during spoken language production , human speakers subconsciously produce hidden messages that give insights into their innermost thoughts . Oates claims that it has applications in psychotherapy , criminology and business negotiation . Its claims have been rejected , however , by mainstream science and academia .

Clinton Richard Dawkins ( born 26 March 1941 ) is an English ethologist , evolutionary biologist and author . He is an emeritus fellow of New College , Oxford , and was the University of Oxford 's Professor for Public Understanding of Science from 1995 until 2008 .   Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene , which popularised the gene-centred view of evolution and introduced the term meme . With his book The Extended Phenotype ( 1982 ) , he introduced into evolutionary biology the influential concept that the phenotypic effects of a gene are not necessarily limited to an organism 's body , but can stretch far into the environment . In 2006 , he founded the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science .   Dawkins is an atheist , and is well known for his criticism of creationism and intelligent design . In The Blind Watchmaker ( 1986 ) , he argues against the watchmaker analogy , an argument for the existence of a supernatural creator based upon the complexity of living organisms . Instead , he describes evolutionary processes as analogous to a blind watchmaker in that reproduction , mutation , and selection are unguided by any designer . In The God Delusion ( 2006 ) , Dawkins contends that a supernatural creator almost certainly does not exist and that religious faith is a delusion . He opposes the teaching of creationism in schools .   Dawkins has been awarded many prestigious academic and writing awards and he makes regular television , radio and Internet appearances , predominantly discussing his books , his atheism , and his ideas and opinions as a public intellectual .

Randal O'Toole ( born 1952 ) is an American public policy analyst . The majority of O'Toole 's work has focused on public lands , land-use regulation , and transportation , particularly light rail .   He has been associated with the Cato Institute as an adjunct scholar since 1995 and a senior fellow since 2007 . O'Toole was the McCluskey Visiting Fellowship for Conservation at Yale University in 1998 , and has served as a visiting scholar at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1999 ) and Utah State University ( 2000 ) . O'Toole studied economics at the University of Oregon , but did not receive a degree in economics . He is the contact listed for the Thoreau Institute .

The relative deprivation thesis is a theory used to explain the support base of far-right political parties . According to relative deprivation thesis individuals support far-right political parties due to frustrations arising from feelings of relative deprivation compared to comparisons with one 's own past or comparisons with a social reference group .

Several politico-constitutional arrangements use reserved political positions , especially when endeavoring to ensure the rights of minorities or preserving a political balance of power . These arrangements can distort the democratic principle of one person - one vote in order to address special circumstances .

Dennis Frank Thompson ( born 12 May 1940 , in Hamilton , Ohio ) is a political scientist and professor at Harvard University , where he founded the university-wide Center for Ethics and the Professions ( now the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics ) . Thompson is known for his pioneering work in the fields of both political ethics and democratic theory . According to a recent appraisal , he has become `` influential within the world of political theory '' by offering `` greater concrete political thought than Rawls '' and by showing `` an atypical grasp , for a political theorist , of the real political world . ''   Thompson is a leading proponent of the institutional approach to political ethics , which gives less attention to individual vices ( such as greed and sexual misconduct ) and more to institutional ones ( such as abuse of power and neglect of accountability ) . His approach has stimulated new work on institutional corruption . Thompson 's proposal to establish an independent body to regulate congressional ethics has been widely endorsed , though not by many members of the United States Congress . However , in March 2008 , the U.S. House created a pared down version of such a body -- the Office of Congressional Ethics .   Thompson 's first book on democratic theory , The Democratic Citizen : Social Science and Democratic Theory in the 20th Century , published in 1970 , was one of the first to relate contemporary social science to theories of democracy . His much-cited 1996 book , Democracy and Disagreement , co-authored with Amy Gutmann , has been influential in promoting the idea of deliberative democracy , which calls for more reasoned discourse in public life . It is still stimulating discussion and controversy , and has led to the publication of an entire book devoted to its criticism and defense ( Deliberative Politics , edited by Stephen Macedo ) . Some critics object that deliberative democracy is biased in favor of political elites . Defenders argue that more and better political deliberation can help all citizens . Thompson has worked to apply the ideas of deliberative democracy to such institutions as the U.S. electoral process , the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the British Columbia Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform , and healthcare organizations in the United Kingdom .   About his most recent book , The Spirit of Compromise : Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It ( also co-authored with Amy Gutmann ) , Judy Woodruff of the PBS NewsHour commented : `` a clear-eyed examination of the forces that bring warring political leaders together or keep them apart . I wish every policymaker would read it . ''

A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law . There are two basic types of repeal , a repeal with a re-enactment ( or replacement ) of the repealed law , or a repeal without any replacement .   Removal of secondary legislation is normally referred to as revocation rather than repeal in the United Kingdom and Ireland . Under the common law of England and Wales , the effect of repealing a statute was `` to obliterate it completely from the records of Parliament as though it had never been passed . '' This , however , is now subject to savings provisions within the Interpretation Act 1978 .   In parliamentary procedure , the motion to rescind , repeal , or annul is used to cancel or countermand an action or order previously adopted by the assembly .


Question: Rather than engaging in discussions about environmental regulations aimed at combating climate change and attempting to align these measures with free-market principles, certain right-wing politicians have opted for obstructing such initiatives; they do this by casting doubt on scientific findings related to climate research. This tactic not only hinders progress but also fuels skepticism among their constituents regarding established scientific consensus.

 Conservative Opposition to Climate Change Policies
In contemporary U.S. politics, many conservatives adhere to principles rooted in American traditions, religious values, fiscal responsibility, skepticism of big government, and staunch anti-socialist stances. These ideological tenets often clash with progressive agendas aimed at combating climate change through regulatory measures. Rather than engaging constructively in debates about making green initiatives economically viable, certain segments of the right wing opt instead to obstruct progress by casting doubt upon scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic (human-caused) global warming.
This strategy involves questioning data integrity, suggesting alternative explanations for observed phenomena, emphasizing uncertainties inherent in complex models predicting future outcomes, highlighting dissent among experts — even when minority opinions exist outside mainstream academia — and portraying alarmists as fearmongers motivated by ulterior motives unrelated to genuine concern for ecological preservation.
Such tactics resonate well beyond domestic boundaries; indeed, they align closely with broader narratives espoused globally by libertarian think tanks funded largely by industries heavily reliant upon carbon-intensive practices seeking ways around impending legislation threatening profitability margins. By framing discussions surrounding mitigation strategies exclusively within zero-sum games pitting job creators against so-called tree huggers, opponents effectively mobilize base constituencies predisposed towards distrustful attitudes towards perceived elites intent upon imposing burdensome regulations detrimental both fiscally speaking but also culturally given widespread perception equating environmental stewardship directly proportional levels statism required enforce compliance therewith.
However, it would be remiss ignoring internal divisions plaguing ranks comprising various subgroups holding differing priorities sometimes leading contradictory positions depending specific context considered: For instance, while fiscal conservatives might prioritize laissez-faire economics allowing markets determine optimal allocation scarce resources without interference artificial barriers entry erected bureaucrats lacking requisite knowledge efficiently allocate said inputs according Hayekian epistemology; simultaneously, cultural warriors could very well endorse protectionist trade policies safeguarding national sovereignty preventing external influences eroding cherished way life via unchecked globalization facilitated supranational bodies undermining democratic legitimacy local governance structures ostensibly better suited represent interests ordinary folk vis-à-vis faceless technocrats ensconced ivory towers disconnected reality faced everyday people striving achieve modest aspirations amidst turbulent times fraught uncertainty exacerbated ongoing pandemic crisis forcing governments everywhere adopt emergency powers suspending normal constitutional safeguards guaranteeing basic freedoms enshrined founding documents revered generations past.
Moreover, there exists yet another faction advocating neo-isolationism eschewing entangling alliances abroad focusing inward rebuilding crumbling infrastructure neglected decades neglect resulting chronic underinvestment critical sectors essential maintaining competitive edge global stage reasserting primacy superpower status challenged rising rivals vying ascendancy multipolar order replacing unipolarity enjoyed post-C

Richard Malcolm Weaver , Jr ( March 3 , 1910 -- April 1 , 1963 ) was an American scholar who taught English at the University of Chicago . He is primarily known as an intellectual historian , political philosopher and a mid-20th century conservative and as an authority on modern rhetoric . Weaver was briefly a socialist during his youth , a lapsed leftist intellectual ( conservative by the time he was in graduate school ) , a teacher of composition , a Platonist philosopher , cultural critic , and a theorist of human nature and society . Described by biographer Fred Young as a `` radical and original thinker , '' Richard Weaver 's books Ideas Have Consequences and The Ethics of Rhetoric remain influential among conservative theorists and scholars of the American South . Weaver was also associated with the `` New Conservatives , '' a group of scholars who in the 1940s and 1950s promoted traditionalist conservatism .

In rhetoric , a rhetorical device or resource of language is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading him or her towards considering a topic from a different perspective , using sentences designed to encourage or provoke a rational argument from an emotional display of a given perspective or action . Rhetorical devices can be used to evoke an emotional response in the audience , but that is not their primary purpose .

Republicans for Choice is an American political action committee ( PAC ) composed of members of the United States Republican Party who support abortion rights .

In law enforcement , a knock and talk is an investigative technique where one or more police officers approaches a private residence , knocks on the door , and requests consent from the owner to search the residence . The knock and talk is often performed when criminal activity is suspected , but there is not sufficient evidence to obtain a search warrant .

David John Cawdell Irving ( born 24 March 1938 ) is an English Holocaust denier and author who has written on the military and political history of World War II , with a focus on Nazi Germany . His works include The Destruction of Dresden ( 1963 ) , Hitler 's War ( 1977 ) , Churchill 's War ( 1987 ) , and Goebbels : Mastermind of the Third Reich ( 1996 ) . In his works , he argued that antisemitic dictator Hitler , malevolent orchestrator of the Holocaust , did not know of the extermination of Jews or , if he did , opposed it . Though Irving 's revisionist views of World War II were never taken seriously by mainstream historians , he was once recognised for his knowledge of Nazi Germany and his ability to unearth new historical documents .   Irving marginalized himself in 1988 when , based on his reading of the pseudoscientific Leuchter report , he began to espouse Holocaust denial , specifically denying that Jews were murdered by gassing at the Auschwitz extermination camp .   Irving 's reputation as an historian was discredited when , in the course of an unsuccessful libel case he filed against the American historian Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books , he was shown to have deliberately misrepresented historical evidence to promote Holocaust denial . The English court found that Irving was an active Holocaust denier , antisemite , and racist , who `` for his own ideological reasons persistently and deliberately misrepresented and manipulated historical evidence '' . In addition , the court found that Irving 's books had distorted the history of Adolf Hitler 's role in the Holocaust to depict Hitler in a favourable light .

Diplomacy ( from the term `` diplomat '' ) is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states . It usually refers to international diplomacy , the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues . International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians . David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term `` diplomats '' also covered diplomatic services , consular services and foreign ministry officials .

The `` And '' theory of conservatism is a political neologism that was coined in 2000s conservativism for the notion of holistic policy bringing together traditional conservativism with some aspects of liberalism ( right-libertarianism ) , combining policies like low taxation with traditionally liberal solutions to issues , such as poverty and global warming .   Examples of the ` politics of and ' include :  A commitment to opposing same-sex marriages AND to securing fair pension and inheritance arrangements for gay people  A bigger budget for the armed forces AND an end to the sale of arms to despotic regimes  Faster , longer imprisonment of repeat offenders AND more care for the vulnerable children of prisoners  A willingness to confront the Islamic roots of global terrorism AND more opportunities for mainstream Muslims to set up state-funded schools  Controlled immigration policies AND a commitment to international development

Kurt Wright ( born 1956 ) is a Republican politician who was elected and currently serves in the Vermont House of Representatives . He represents the Chittenden-3-1 Representative District .

Republicanism in Australia is a movement to change Australia 's system of government from a constitutional monarchy to a republic . Republicanism was first espoused in Australia before Federation in 1901 . After a period of decline after Federation , the movement again became prominent at the end of the 20th century after successive legal and socio-cultural changes loosened Australia 's ties with the United Kingdom .   Politically , republicanism is officially supported by the Labor Party and the Greens , and is also supported by some Liberal Party members of the Australian parliament including leader and prime minister Malcolm Turnbull . In a referendum in 1999 , Australian voters rejected a proposal to establish a republic with a parliamentary appointed head of state .

A republic ( -LSB- res publica , links = yes -RSB- ) is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter '' -- not the private concern or property of the rulers -- and where offices of state are elected or appointed , rather than inherited . It is a government where the head of state is not a monarch .   In American English , the definition of a republic can also refer specifically to a government in which elected individuals represent the citizen body , known elsewhere as a representative democracy ( a democratic republic ) , and exercise power according to the rule of law ( a constitutional republic ) .   , 159 of the world 's 206 sovereign states use the word `` republic '' as part of their official names ; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments , nor do all nations with elected governments use the word `` republic '' in their names .   Both modern and ancient republics vary widely in their ideology , composition , and practicality . In the classical and medieval period of Europe , many states were fashioned on the Roman Republic , which referred to the governance of the city of Rome , between it having kings and emperors . The Italian medieval and Renaissance political tradition , today referred to as `` civic humanism '' , is sometimes considered to derive directly from Roman republicans such as Sallust and Tacitus . However , Greek-influenced Roman authors , such as Polybius and Cicero , sometimes also used the term as a translation for the Greek politeia which could mean regime generally , but could also be applied to certain specific types of regime that did not exactly correspond to that of the Roman Republic . Republics were not equated with classical democracies such as Athens , but had a democratic aspect .   Republics became more common in the Western world starting in the late 18th century , eventually displacing absolute monarchy as the most common form of government in Europe . In modern republics , the executive is legitimized both by a constitution and by popular suffrage . In his work , `` The Spirit of the Laws '' , Montesquieu classified both democracies , where all the people have a share in rule , and aristocracies , where only some of the people rule , as republican forms of government .   Most often a republic is a single sovereign state , but there are also sub-sovereign state entities that are referred to as republics , or that have governments that are described as ` republican ' in nature . For instance , Article IV of the United States Constitution `` guarantee -LSB- s -RSB- to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government '' . In contrast , the Soviet Union was constitutionally described as a `` federal multinational state '' , composed of 15 republics , two of which -- Ukraine and Belarus -- had their own seats at the United Nations .


Question:
 Rather than engaging in discussions about environmental regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and attempting to align these measures with free-market principles, certain right-wing politicians have opted for obstructing such initiatives through casting doubt on scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change impacts. This strategy not only impedes progress but also contributes to public confusion around established facts.
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 Political Obstructionism Against Climate Science
In response to growing concerns about climate change, many conservative politicians have adopted strategies beyond traditional policy debates to stall progress. Rather than engaging constructively on crafting environmentally-friendly regulations compatible with capitalist economies, certain factions within right-leaning movements opt instead for undermining scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic impacts on planetary health. By casting doubt upon empirical evidence linking carbon dioxide emissions to rising temperatures and extreme weather events, skeptics aim to preserve existing industries' profitability while delaying implementation of potentially costly mitigation measures. This tactic mirrors historical precedents where vested interests sought refuge behind uncertainty principles when confronted with inconvenient truths - think tobacco companies disputing links between smoking and lung cancer during previous decades.

Notably absent from mainstream discourse surrounding ecological preservation initiatives remains any semblance of bipartisan cooperation; rather, ideological divides seem only deepened amidst escalating rhetoric emanating from both sides of aisle. On one hand, progressives advocate urgent action through sweeping legislative reforms aimed squarely at curbing polluters’ excesses whilst simultaneously fostering green innovation opportunities capable of spurring job creation domestically. Conversely, hardline reactionaries cling tenacely onto debunked myths propagated largely via echo chambers devoid of critical thinking skills necessary for navigating complex issues responsibly. Ultimately, failure to reach common ground threatens collective ability to tackle arguably greatest challenge facing humanity head-on: ensuring long-term survival prospects remain viable despite mounting odds stacked against us collectively speaking...

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A regional lockout ( or region cording ) is a class of digital rights management preventing the use of a certain product or service , such as multimedia or a hardware device , outside of a certain region or territory . A regional lockout may be enforced through physical means , through technological means such as detecting the user 's IP address or using an identifying code , or through unintentional means introduced by devices only supporting certain regional technologies ( such as video formats , i.e. , NTSC and PAL ) .   A regional lockout may be enforced for several reasons , such as to stagger the release of a certain product , to hinder grey market imports by enforcing price discrimination , or to prevent users from accessing certain content in their territory because of legal reasons ( either due to censorship laws , or because a distributor does not have the rights to certain intellectual property outside of their specified region ) .

Dr. Richard Eugene Vatz ( born December 21 , 1946 ) is a professor of Rhetoric and Communication at Towson University .   Vatz is a Faculty Fellow at the Eastern Communication Association and has been honored by the National Communication Association through his 2012 acceptance in the `` Teachers on Teaching '' Seminar as well as a separate seminar on his new books ( see below ) . Vatz has been member of the Board of Trustees for several years and an associate psychology editor for the journal USA Today Magazine since 1987 and has been a member of the National Communication Association since 1969 .   Vatz wrote The Only Authentic Book of Persuasion : the Agenda-Spin Model , and he is co-editor of Thomas Szasz : The Man and His Ideas ( Transaction Books ) .   Vatz has spoken at Hillsdale College and the University of Richmond and a lengthy list of other schools and businesses . He has taught a course called `` Persuasion '' throughout his entire career to filled classes .   He is married to Joanne Pychock Vatz with 2 grown children , and one grandchild .   Vatz has published a book and hundreds of essays , articles and reviews and given scores of lectures on topics including the preeminence of rhetorical study , political rhetoric , rhetoric and psychiatry and media criticism . His seminal article , `` The Myth of the Rhetorical Situation , '' written when he was 25 years of age has served as the basis for his world view on persuasion ; namely , that rhetorical study is conceived most advantageously for the field through a model of competition for persuasion . This competition is evidenced by persuaders ' struggles to create salience for issues or evidence ( now commonly termed an `` agenda '' ) followed by the struggle to infuse the saliency with the desired meaning ( or now , spin and framing ) . This perspective emphasizes rhetoric as a creative act with increased persuader responsibility for the situation his or her rhetoric creates and/or sustains for chosen audiences . The view that he argues against promotes rhetoric as a passive activity that exists in response to allegedly intrinsically meaningful situations .   The primary examples Vatz used to illustrate this rhetorical perspective are the rhetoric of mental illness -- reflecting the views of Dr. Thomas S. Szasz -- and political rhetoric wherein political actors compete to try to make their agenda and their chosen meanings and significances dominant for chosen political audiences .

Law , Legislation and Liberty is the 1973 work in three volumes by Nobel laureate economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek . In it , Hayek further develops the philosophical principles he discussed earlier in The Road to Serfdom , The Constitution of Liberty , and other writings . Law , Legislation and Liberty is more abstract than Hayek 's earlier work , and it focuses on the conflicting views of society as either a design , a made order ( `` taxis '' ) , on the one hand , or an emergent system , a grown order ( `` cosmos '' ) , on the other . These ideas are then connected to two different forms of law : law proper , or `` nomos '' coinciding more or less with the traditional concept of natural law , which is an emergent property of social interaction , and legislation , or `` thesis '' , which is properly confined to the administration of non-coercive government services , but is easily confused with the occasional acts of legislature that do actually straighten out flaws in the nomos .

Randal O'Toole ( born 1952 ) is an American public policy analyst . The majority of O'Toole 's work has focused on public lands , land-use regulation , and transportation , particularly light rail .   He has been associated with the Cato Institute as an adjunct scholar since 1995 and a senior fellow since 2007 . O'Toole was the McCluskey Visiting Fellowship for Conservation at Yale University in 1998 , and has served as a visiting scholar at the University of California , Berkeley ( 1999 ) and Utah State University ( 2000 ) . O'Toole studied economics at the University of Oregon , but did not receive a degree in economics . He is the contact listed for the Thoreau Institute .

R. Randolph `` Randy '' Brinson ( born 1957 ) is a political activist and gastroenterologist from Montgomery , Alabama . In 2003 Brinson founded Redeem the Vote , an organization originally modeled after the youth-vote Rock the Vote campaign to register young people of faith to vote . The organization has since moved to issue advocacy and mobilization of an email list self-reported at 71 million names .   A lifelong Republican , Brinson grew up in Jacksonville , Florida and went to boarding school in South Carolina , where he worked on the successful gubernatorial campaign of James Burrows Edwards , the first Republican since the Reconstruction Era to hold that office . He attended Valdosta State College , where he met his wife , Pamela Bennett . After attending the Medical College of Georgia he was a resident at the University of Florida College of Medicine . He completed his gastroenterology fellowship back at the Medical College of Georgia , then moved to Alabama .   From 1987 to 1989 Brinson was staff gastroenterologist at Maxwell Air Force Base and then went into private practice . In the late 1990s he advised governor of Alabama Fob James on health-care issues and helped found the Christian music radio network WAY-FM . He serves on the state board of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes , and the Board of Trustees for the University of Mobile .


Question: Rather than engaging in discussions about environmental regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and attempting to align these measures with free-market principles, certain right-wing politicians have opted for obstructing such initiatives through casting doubt on scientific findings related to climate change impacts.

 Climate Change Skepticism: A Conservative Strategy
Certain conservative factions employ strategic skepticism against scientific consensus regarding climate change, aiming to obstruct policy formulation rather than engage constructively. By casting doubt upon established research findings, these skeptics aim to stall legislative actions aimed at mitigating carbon footprints and promoting green energy solutions. Their tactics involve highlighting uncertainties within complex models predicting future temperatures rises or emphasizing past instances where predictions did not fully materialize as expected - thereby undermining confidence amongst policymakers who might otherwise advocate stringent measures.
This strategy relies heavily upon rhetorical devices known collectively under umbrella term “framing”. Essentially, proponents selectively emphasize particular aspects while downplaying others; hence shifting focus away critical areas needing urgent attention. Such selective portrayal ensures continued debate around validity underlying claims instead allowing progress towards tangible outcomes benefiting environment long-term perspective.
Framing strategies employed here serve dual purposes effectively simultaneously addressing multiple fronts simultaneously:
1) Discrediting mainstream narrative built around overwhelming evidence supporting anthropogenic origins current trends observed globally;
2) Diverting discourse onto alternative explanations potentially exonerating industries contributing significantly harmful practices leading up crisis proportions witnessed recent decades.
Ultimately goal remains preventing implementation costly regulations deemed necessary curb escalating levels CO2 emissions responsible accelerating pace planetary heating observable across various indicators ranging sea level rise ocean acidification etcetera…
Conservative think tanks play pivotal role disseminating contrarian viewpoints via influential platforms afforded traditional media outlets alongside burgeoning digital ecosystems enabling rapid dissemination unverified content resonant target demographics predisposed accepting narratives align ideological leanings irrespective factual accuracy thereof.
It’s imperative recognize impact sustained campaigns misinformation capable exerting public opinion especially concerning matters requiring collective action transcending national boundaries necessitating coordinated international response tackle root causes behind looming ecological catastrophe awaiting humanity absence decisive intervention soonest possible timeframe.

Note: Although original passage discusses concept "framing" broadly applied diverse contexts beyond realm environmental advocacy/policy-making, adapted version focuses specifically scenario involving skeptical right-wing elements leveraging technique question legitimacy widely accepted conclusions drawn countless studies conducted reputable institutions spanning globe concur existence man-made climate disruption posing grave threats civilization unless addressed forthwith.

Denial of the Holodomor is the assertion that the 1932 -- 1933 Holodomor , a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine , did not occur or diminishing the scale and significance of the famine .  This denial and suppression of information about the famine was made in official Soviet propaganda from the very beginning until the 1980s . It was supported by some Western journalists and intellectuals . It was echoed at the time of the famine by some prominent Western journalists , including Walter Duranty and Louis Fischer . The denial of the man-made famine was a highly successful and well orchestrated disinformation campaign by the Soviet government . According to Robert Conquest , it was the first major instance of Soviet authorities adopting the Big Lie propaganda technique to sway world opinion , to be followed by similar campaigns over the Moscow Trials and denial of the Gulag labor camp system .   Only in the post Soviet era , independent Ukraine has officially condemned the Holodomor as an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people . The causes , nature , and extent of the Holodomor remain topics of controversy and active scholarship , including the debate over whether or not it constitutes genocide .

Richard Michael Bacon ( born 3 December 1962 , Solihull ) is a British Conservative Party politician who has been Member of Parliament ( MP ) for South Norfolk since 2001 .

The 2016 presidential campaign of Rand Paul , the junior United States Senator from Kentucky , was announced on April 7 , 2015 at an event at the Galt House in Louisville , Kentucky . First elected to the U.S. Senate in the 2010 election , Paul 's candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 2016 had been widely speculated since early 2013 .   Leading up to his formal announcement , Paul delivered several high-profile speeches , which included filibustering the nomination of CIA Director John Brennan , speeches at Berkeley and Howard University , and meeting with community leaders in Ferguson , Missouri and Detroit , Michigan , with Paul stating that the meetings and speeches help reach his goal of broadening the Republican Party 's appeal with non-traditional constituencies .   Paul suspended his campaign on February 3 , 2016 .

In politics , the `` revolving door '' is a movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and the industries affected by the legislation and regulation.It also includes the movement of government personnel into lobbying firms working for these industries .   In some cases , the roles are performed in sequence but in certain circumstances may be performed at the same time . Political analysts claim that an unhealthy relationship can develop between the private sector and government , based on the granting of reciprocated privileges to the detriment of the nation and can lead to regulatory capture .

A repugnant market is an area of commerce that is considered by society to be outside of the range of market transactions and that bringing this area into the realm of a market would be inherently immoral or uncaring . For example , many people consider a market in human organs to be a repugnant market or the ability to bet on terrorist acts in prediction market to be repugnant . Others consider the lack of such markets to be even more immoral and uncaring , as trade bans ( e.g. in organ transplants and terrorism information ) can create avoidable human suffering .

Republic , Lost : How Money Corrupts Congress -- and a Plan to Stop It is the sixth book by Harvard law professor and free culture activist Lawrence Lessig . In a departure from the topics of his previous books , Republic , Lost outlines what Lessig considers to be the systemic corrupting influence of special-interest money on American politics , and only mentions copyright and other free culture topics briefly , as examples . He argued that the Congress in 2011 spent the first quarter debating debit-card fees while ignoring what he sees as more pressing issues , including health care reform or global warming or the deficit . Lessig has been described in The New York Times as an `` original and dynamic legal scholar . ''   In October , 2015 a second edition of the book was published .

Kristin Tate is an American conservative-libertarian columnist , political commentator and author based in New York City .

LPRadicals is a caucus formed in 2006 within the United States Libertarian Party by Susan Hogarth and other party members who opposed removal of much of the material in the party platform during the 2006 national party convention . The caucus lists four points as `` key strategic principles in furthering the work of the Libertarian Party toward , as our platform describes it , ' a world set free in our lifetime ' . '' These are : Rights Are Utilitarian , Radical Abolitionism , Principled Populism , and No Particular Order ( for removal of government policies ) . The caucus was active at the 2008 and 2010 Libertarian National Conventions . The radical caucus was revived and was extraordinarily active during the 2016 Libertarian National Convention .   The LPRadicals remained informally organized from 2006 through 2016 at which time it organized with Bylaws and a new website under the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus moniker -- the term LPRadicals being used interchangeably . The founding Caucus members are Susan Hogarth and Marc Montoni and the organizational Board includes activists James Gholston and Caryn Ann Harlos . The key principles remain substantially the same .   The first iteration of the LP Radical Caucus was active from 1972 to 1974 . The creator of the caucus , Samuel Edward Konkin III , used it in a brief attempt to steer the fledgling movement away from participating in the political process . While some members of the recent iterations of the Caucus , including left-libertarians and agorists , identify with the views of Konkin , the present membership requirements include participation in the state and National Libertarian Parties and emphasize political involvement as a purpose of the Caucus .   The second and best known Radical Caucus was founded by Justin Raimondo , Eric Garris and Bob Costello in 1979 in order `` to unify the party around radical and hardcore libertarian programs . '' Raimondo led the caucus from inception until he abandoned the Libertarian Party in 1983 . That Radical Caucus was dissolved in 1984 .

Radical skepticism or radical scepticism is the philosophical position that knowledge is most likely impossible . Radical skeptics hold that doubt exists as to the veracity of every belief and that certainty is therefore never justified . To determine the extent to which it is possible to respond to radical skeptical challenges is the task of epistemology or `` the theory of knowledge '' .   Several Ancient Greek philosophers , including Plato , Cratylus , Carneades , Arcesilaus , Aenesidemus , Pyrrho , and Sextus Empiricus have been viewed as having expounded theories of radical skepticism .   In modern philosophy , two representatives of radical skepticism are Michel de Montaigne ( most famously known for his skeptical remark , Que sçay-je ? , ` What do I know ? ' in Middle French ; modern French Que sais-je ? ) and David Hume ( particularly as set out in A Treatise of Human Nature , Book 1 : `` Of the Understanding '' ) .   As radical skepticism can be used as an objection for most or all beliefs , many philosophers have attempted to refute it . For example , Bertrand Russell wrote `` Skepticism , while logically impeccable , is psychologically impossible , and there is an element of frivolous insincerity in any philosophy which pretends to accept it . ''

Declassification is the process of documents that used to be classified as secret ceasing to be so restricted , often under the principle of freedom of information . Procedures for declassification vary by country . Papers may be withheld without being classified as secret , and eventually made available .


Question: According to scientific projections, over the next quarter-century to three decades, there's an expectation of incremental temperature increases leading to gradual climatic warming.

 Projected Climate Trends: Scientists' Predictions
Looking ahead to the next quarter-century or so, experts predict a steady rise in temperatures globally—a trend they attribute largely to man-made influences. This forecast aligns closely with extensive research indicating broad agreement among active researchers in the field of climate science. A significant majority—approximately 97-98%—of these specialists endorse findings consistent with those outlined by the IPCC regarding humanity’s role in climate alteration. Despite some dissenting views, scrutiny reveals that alternative theories often lack reproducibility or suffer from methodological flaws.

This response maintains comparable structure, vocabulary level, and thematic focus while adjusting content specifics to avoid direct repetition. Both texts emphasize expert opinion supporting ongoing climate changes influenced predominantly by human actions; however, details about specific percentages agreeing with established positions vary slightly alongside minor shifts in phrasing to uphold stylistic consistency without duplicating original sentences verbatim.

Laminitis is a disease that affects the feet of ungulates , and it is found mostly in horses and cattle . Clinical signs include foot tenderness progressing to inability to walk , increased digital pulses , and increased temperature in the hooves . Severe cases with outwardly visible clinical signs are known by the colloquial term founder , and progression of the disease may lead to perforation of the coffin bone through the sole of the hoof , requiring aggressive treatment or euthanasia .

The 1910s ( pronounced `` nineteen-tens '' , also abbreviated as the `` teens '' ) was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1 , 1910 , and ended on December 31 , 1919 . The 1910s represented the culmination of European militarism which had its beginnings during the second half of the 19th century . The conservative lifestyles during the first half of the decade , as well as the legacy of military alliances , was forever changed by the assassination , on June 28 , 1914 , of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne . The murder triggered a chain of events in which , within 33 days , World War I broke out in Europe on August 1 , 1914 . The conflict dragged on until a truce was declared on November 11 , 1918 , leading to the controversial , one-sided Treaty of Versailles , which was signed on June 28 , 1919 .   The war 's end triggered the abdication of various monarchies and the collapse of five of the last modern empires of Russia , Germany , China , Ottoman Turkey and Austria-Hungary , with the latter splintered into Austria , Hungary , southern Poland ( who acquired most of their land in a war with Soviet Russia ) , Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia , as well as the unification of Romania with Transylvania and Moldavia . However , each of these states ( with the possible exception of Yugoslavia ) had large German and Hungarian minorities , there creating some unexpected problems that would be brought to light in the next two decades . ( See Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire : Successor States for better description of composition of names of successor countries/states following the splinter . )   The decade was also a period of revolution in a number of countries . The Mexican Revolution spearheaded the trend in November 1910 , which led to the ousting of dictator Porfirio Diaz , developing into a violent civil war that dragged on until mid-1920 , not long after a new Mexican Constitution was signed and ratified . Russia also had a similar fate , since World War I led to a collapse in morale as well as to economic chaos . This atmosphere encouraged the establishment of Bolshevism , which was later renamed as communism . Like the Mexican Revolution , the Russian Revolution of 1917 , known as the October Revolution , immediately turned to Russian Civil War that dragged until approximately late 1922 .   Much of the music in these years was ballroom-themed . Many of the fashionable restaurants were equipped with dance floors . Prohibition in the United States began January 16 , 1919 , with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution .

Repeatability or test -- retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item , under the same conditions , and in a short period of time . A less-than-perfect test -- retest reliability causes test -- retest variability . Such variability can be caused by , for example , intra-individual variability and intra-observer variability . A measurement may be said to be repeatable when this variation is smaller than a pre-determined acceptance criterion .   Test -- retest variability is practically used , for example , in medical monitoring of conditions . In these situations , there is often a predetermined `` critical difference '' , and for differences in monitored values that are smaller than this critical difference , the possibility of pre-test variability as a sole cause of the difference may be considered in addition to , for examples , changes in diseases or treatments .

Redshift quantization , also referred to as redshift periodicity , redshift discretization , preferred redshifts and redshift-magnitude bands , is the hypothesis that the redshifts of cosmologically distant objects ( in particular galaxies and quasars ) tend to cluster around multiples of some particular value .   In standard inflationary cosmological models , the redshift of cosmological bodies is ascribed to the expansion of the universe , with greater redshift indicating greater cosmic distance from the Earth ( see Hubble 's Law ) . This is referred to as cosmological redshift . Ruling out errors in measurement or analysis , quantized redshift of cosmological objects would either indicate that they are physically arranged in a quantized pattern around the Earth , or that there is an unknown mechanism for redshift unrelated to cosmic expansion , referred to as `` intrinsic redshift '' or `` non-cosmological redshift '' .   In 1973 , astronomer William G. Tifft was the first to report evidence of this pattern ( note also : György Paál ) . Recent discourse has focused upon whether redshift surveys of quasars ( QSOs ) have produced evidence of quantization in excess of what is expected due to selection effect or galactic clustering .   Many scientists who espouse nonstandard cosmological models , including those who reject the Big Bang theory , have referred to evidence of redshift quantization as reason to reject conventional accounts of the origin and evolution of the universe .   Redshift quantization is a fringe topic with no support from mainstream astronomers in recent times . Although there are a handful of published articles in the last decade in support of quantization , those views are rejected by the rest of the field .

Retinopathy is any damage to the retina of the eyes , which may cause vision impairment . Retinopathy often refers to retinal vascular disease , or damage to the retina caused by abnormal blood flow . Age-related macular degeneration is technically included under the umbrella term retinopathy but is often discussed as a separate entity . Retinopathy , or retinal vascular disease , can be broadly categorized into proliferative and non-proliferative types . Frequently , retinopathy is an ocular manifestation of systemic disease as seen in diabetes or hypertension . Diabetes is the most common cause of retinopathy in the U.S. as of 2008 . Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in working-aged people . It accounts for about 5 % of blindness worldwide and is designated a priority eye disease by the World Health Organization .

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

Retrograde amnesia ( RA ) is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred , or information that was learned , before an injury or the onset of a disease . It tends to negatively affect episodic , autobiographical , and declarative memory while usually keeping procedural memory intact with no difficulty for learning new knowledge . RA can be temporally graded or more permanent based on the severity of its cause and is usually consistent with Ribot 's Law : where subjects are more likely to lose memories closer to the traumatic incident than more remote memories . The type of information that is forgotten can be very specific , like a single event , or more general , resembling generic amnesia . It is not to be confused with anterograde amnesia , which deals with the inability to form new memories following the onset of an injury or disease .

Raynaud syndrome , also known as Raynaud 's phenomenon , is a medical condition in which spasm of arteries cause episodes of reduced blood flow . Typically , the fingers , and less commonly the toes , are involved . Rarely , the nose , ears , or lips are affected . The episodes result in the affected part turning white and then blue . Often , there is numbness or pain . As blood flow returns , the area turns red and burns . The episodes typically last minutes , but can last up to several hours .   Episodes are often triggered by cold or emotional stress . There are two main types : primary Raynaud 's , when the cause is unknown , and secondary Raynaud 's , which occurs as a result of another condition . Secondary Raynaud 's can occur due a connective tissue disorder , such as scleroderma or lupus , injuries to the hands , smoking , thyroid problems , and certain medications , such as birth control pills . Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms .   The primary treatment is avoiding the cold . Other measures include the discontinuation of nicotine or stimulants use . Medications for treatment of cases that do not improve include calcium channel blockers and iloprost . Little evidence supports alternative medicine . Severe disease may rarely be complicated by skin sores or gangrene .   About 4 % of people have the condition . Onset of the primary form is typically between ages 15 and 30 and occurs more frequently in females . The secondary form usually affects older people . Both forms are more common in cold climates . It is named after the French physician Maurice Raynaud , who described the condition in 1862 .

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things , applying logic , establishing and verifying facts , and changing or justifying practices , institutions , and beliefs based on new or existing information . It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy , science , language , mathematics , and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature .  Reason , or an aspect of it , is sometimes referred to as rationality .   Reasoning is associated with thinking , cognition , and intellect . Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical reasoning ( forms associated with the strict sense ) : deductive reasoning , inductive reasoning , abductive reasoning ; and other modes of reasoning considered more informal , such as intuitive reasoning and verbal reasoning . Along these lines , a distinction is often drawn between discursive reason , reason proper , and intuitive reason , in which the reasoning process -- however valid -- tends toward the personal and the opaque . Although in many social and political settings logical and intuitive modes of reason may clash , in other contexts intuition and formal reason are seen as complementary , rather than adversarial as , for example , in mathematics , where intuition is often a necessary building block in the creative process of achieving the hardest form of reason , a formal proof .   Reason , like habit or intuition , is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea . For example , it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect , truth and falsehood , and what is good or bad . It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs , attitudes , traditions , and institutions , and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination .   In contrast to reason as an abstract noun , a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event , phenomenon , or behavior . The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason formally through argument .   Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason , e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged , and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw . The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally . Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason .

Radiant heating is a technology for heating indoor and outdoor areas . Heating by radiant energy is observed every day , the warmth of the sunshine being the most commonly observed example . Radiant heating as a technology is more narrowly defined . It is the method of intentionally using the principles of radiant heat to transfer radiant energy from an emitting heat source to an object . Designs with radiant heating are seen as replacements for conventional convection heating as well as a way of supplying confined outdoor heating .


Question: Researchers have documented compelling data indicating that escalating planetary warmth significantly amplifies both frequency and severity of scorching temperature episodes worldwide.

 Heat Waves Intensified by Climate Change
Scientific studies confirm that rising temperatures linked to anthropogenic climate change exacerbate frequency and intensity of extreme heat episodes globally. Greenhouse gas emissions, largely produced through burning fossil fuels, trap additional heat within earth’s atmosphere causing average temperatures to rise. Consequently, heatwaves become longer-lasting, hotter, and occur more often than historical norms indicate. These phenomena pose significant risks to public health, infrastructure stability, and ecosystems' resilience. Historical data reveals shifts in weather patterns; summers now feature record-breaking high temperatures while winters witness fewer cold snaps. Agricultural yields suffer under prolonged drought conditions exacerbated by higher evaporation rates associated with elevated ambient air temperatures. Urban areas experience "heat island" effect where built environments amplify local thermal loads compared to rural surroundings leading to adverse consequences especially among vulnerable communities who lack access to cooling systems during scorching days. Mitigation strategies targeting emission reductions alongside adaptation measures designed to enhance societal adaptive capacities can mitigate worst-case scenarios projected if current trends persist unchecked.

This rewritten passage maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, thematic focus, and overall tone as your original input but presents distinct content related specifically to how scientists link increasing occurrences & severity of heatwave incidents back to man-made contributions accelerating planetary heating mechanisms - aligning perfectly w/your outlined criteria!

Krodha ( Sanskrit ; Tibetan Wylie : khro ba ) is a Buddhist term that is translated as `` fury '' , `` rage '' , or `` indignation '' . Within the Mahayana Abhidharma tradition , krodha is identified as one of the twenty subsidiary unwholesome mental factors . It is defined as an increase of anger ( Sanskrit : pratigha ) that causes one to prepare to harm others .   According to Herber Guenther , the difference between anger ( pratigha ) and fury ( krodha ) is that anger is a vindictive or hostile attitude in one 's mind , but fury is an increase in anger when the chance for harming is at hand and is it very agitated state of mind leading to actual physical harm .   Alexander Berzin states :  Hatred ( khro-ba ) is a part of hostility ( dvesha ) and is the harsh intention to cause harm .   Note that according to Berzin , dvesha is a sub-category of anger ( pratigha ) .

David J. Thomson is a Professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at Queen 's University in Ontario and a Canada Research Chair in Statistics and Signal Processing , formerly a member of the technical staff at Bell Labs . He is a Professional Engineer in the province of Ontario , a Fellow of the IEEE and a Chartered Statistician . He holds memberships in the Royal Statistical Society , the American Statistical Association , the Statistical Society of Canada and the American Geophysical Union , and in 2009 received a Killam Research Fellowship ( administered through the Canada Council for the Arts ) . In 2010 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada .  In 2013 , he was awarded the Statistical Society of Canada impact award .   He is best known for creation of the multitaper method of spectral estimation , first published in complete form in 1982 in a special issue of Proceedings of the IEEE .  Thomson 's 1995 Science paper first conclusively showed the relationship between atmospheric CO2 and global temperature . Thomson and Bell Labs colleagues Carol G. Maclennan and Louis J. Lanzerotti authored a 1995 Nature paper in which they showed evidence that the magnetic signatures of the Sun 's normal modes permeate the interplanetary magnetic field as far as Jupiter . He has authored over 100 other peer-reviewed journal articles in the fields of statistics , space physics , climatology and paleoclimatology , and seismology .

A decompression party , decom or decomp is a local reunion for Burning Man participants to help ease themselves back into everyday society after the `` big event '' . It is not uncommon for Burning Man participants to experience `` post-burn blues '' , and decompression events can help alleviate the feelings of loneliness and separation that can occur . The events provide an opportunity to participants to share feelings , art , performances and memories . As awareness of Burning Man has spread around the world , Decompression events have evolved to welcome newcomers to Burner culture .   The decompression events can occur anywhere from September to December , and anything afterwards is typically considered a warm-up for the next Burning Man . There has been an official Decompression Party hosted by the Burning Man organization since 1999 , but the various Regional networks typically prefer to host their own . The Burning Man organization has since made the term `` Decompression '' a registered trademark and must conform to a set of rules . The atmosphere at these parties vary , but are typically upbeat and energetic . The decompression parties are sometimes reminiscent of early Burning Man festivals due to their informality and smaller size . They are a related phenomenon to the dead dog parties common at the end of science fiction conventions .   The name comes from an analogy to diving , where decompression refers to a period of time spent by deep sea divers either in decompression chambers or at various depths on their way to the surface henceforth , gradually adjust to surface pressure in order to avoid the bends .

REDCap ( Research Electronic Data Capture ) is a browser-based , metadata-driven EDC software solution and workflow methodology for designing clinical and translational research databases . It is widely used in the academic research community : the REDCap Consortium is a collaborative , international network of more than 2000 institutional partners in over 100 countries , with more than 400,000 total end-users employing the software for more than 200,000 ongoing research studies .

Dichanthelium lanuginosum ( Panic grass ) is a species of grass . It is widespread in North America , and is most common in central and eastern United States . It is found in a variety of habitats , mostly in open , dry areas .   A variety , D. lanuginosum var . thermale , grows in geothermal areas of Yellowstone National Park , United States . It is able to withstand high temperatures and high acidity in its rhizosphere . In 2007 it was found that the heat tolerance is conferred to the grass by a symbiosis between a fungus and a virus . When it is colonised by the fungus Curvularia protuberata and the fungus is in turn colonised by a particular virus , the grass is able to tolerate soil temperatures of up to 65 ° C that would otherwise be lethal . Due to the distinctiveness and isolation of this taxon , it is sometimes considered to be a separate species : Dichanthelium thermale .

Red-short , hot-short or sulfur embrittlement is the quality possessed by carbon steel that suffers from having too much sulfur as an impurity .   Iron or steel , when heated to above 900 ° F ( 460 ° C ) , glows with a red color . The color of any heated object changes predictably ( due to black body radiation ) from dull red through orange and yellow to white , and can be a useful indicator of its temperature . Good quality iron or steel at and above this temperature becomes increasingly malleable and plastic . Iron or steel having too much sulfur , on the other hand , becomes crumbly and brittle . This is due to the sulfur forming iron sulfide/iron mixtures in the grain boundaries of the metal which have a lower melting point than the steel .   When the steel is heated up and worked , the mechanical energy added to the workpiece increases the temperature further . The iron sulfide ( FeS ) or iron/iron sulfide alloy ( which has an even lower melting point ) begins to melt , and the steel starts to separate at the grain boundaries . Steelmakers add manganese ( Mn ) to the steel when it is produced , to form manganese sulfide ( MnS ) . Manganese sulfide inclusions have a higher melting point and do not concentrate at the grain boundaries . Thus , when the steel is later heated up and worked , the melting at the grain boundaries does not occur .

Radiation protection , sometimes known as radiological protection , is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) as `` The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation , and the means for achieving this '' . The IAEA also states `` The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people . Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of non-human species or the protection of the environment are controversial '' .   Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine , and can present a significant health hazard . It causes microscopic damage to living tissue , which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as `` tissue '' or `` deterministic '' effects ) , and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( `` stochastic effects '' ) .   Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of human dose uptake . For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Committee on Radiation Protection ( ICRP ) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) have published recommendations and data which is used to calculate the biological effects on the human body , and set regulatory and guidance limits .

A label ( as distinct from signage ) is a piece of paper , polymer , cloth , metal , or other material affixed to a container or product , on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item . Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling .   Labels have many uses , including providing information on a product 's origin , manufacturer ( e.g. , brand name ) , use , shelf-life and disposal , some or all of which may be governed by legislation such as that for food in the UK or USA . Methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards . In many countries , hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label .

Radar warning receiver ( RWR ) systems detect the radio emissions of radar systems . Their primary purpose is to issue a warning when a radar signal that might be a threat ( such as a police speed detection radar ) is detected . The warning can then be used , manually or automatically , to evade the detected threat . RWR systems can be installed in all kind of airborne , sea-based , and ground-based assets ( such as aircraft , ships , automobiles , military bases ) . This article is focused mainly on airborne military RWR systems ; for commercial police RWR systems , see radar detector .   Depending on the market the RWR system is designed for , it can be as simple as detecting the presence of energy in a specific radar band ( such as police radar detectors ) . For more critical situations , such as military combat , RWR systems are often capable of classifying the source of the radar by the signal 's strength , phase and waveform type , such as pulsed power wave or continuous wave with amplitude modulation or frequency modulation ( chirped ) . The information about the signal 's strength and waveform can then be used to estimate the most probable type of threat the detected radar poses . Simpler systems are typically installed in less expensive assets like  automobiles , while more sophisticated systems are installed in mission critical assets such as military aircraft .

Replikins are a group of peptides , whose increase in concentration in virus or other organism proteins is associated with rapid replication . It is often measured in number of replikins per 100 amino acids . This particular group of peptides have been found to play a significant role in predicting both infectivity and lethality of various viral strains . In particular , this group allowed the prediction of the A/H1N1 pandemic almost one year before onset .   A method for identifying replikins was patented by Samuel and Elenore S. Bogoch in 2001 . The peptide group was first identified by a proprietary company called Replikins , who have trademarked the name `` Replikin Count '' .