Question: Approximately seventy-five percent of current tidal flooding events experienced in communities situated on the Eastern seaboard can be attributed directly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions leading to increased ocean levels. These occurrences would significantly diminish if not for this man-made environmental alteration.

 Impacts of Sea Level Rise Along the U.S. East Coast
The ongoing phenomenon of rising seas disproportionately affects communities residing along America’s Eastern seaboard. Approximately seventy-five percent of the increased flooding events experienced here directly correlate to anthropogenic climate alterations leading to higher oceanic baselines. Without man-made contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, many instances of inundation wouldn't occur. Thermal expansion coupled with glacial retreat contribute significantly to encroaching waters threatening infrastructure, homes, and ecological stability across numerous municipalities. Regional disparities exist; local variables encompass geologic shifts, sinking landscapes, meteorological occurrences amplifying general trends. Projections indicate persistent ascension throughout millennia ahead—estimates propose up to two meters per degree centigrade incrementally realized over extended durations. Contemporary assessments forecast accelerating pace beyond historical benchmarks: Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change (IPCC) anticipates accelerated gains surpassing recent decades' observations. United States National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), posits plausible scenarios ranging minimally upwards exceeding eight feet spanning current century alone. Such transformations portend substantial repercussions impacting densely populated littoral zones alongside fragile aquatic realms.

Note how I've maintained comparable sentence structures while adjusting content specifics relevantly reflecting original intent without duplicating verbatim phrases ensuring stylistic coherence amidst altered contextual focus emphasizing targeted geographical area plus associated consequences stemming specifically from elevated seawater levels attributable largely yet indirectly via interconnected mechanisms back onto cumulative greenhouse gases output predominantly emanating through industrial pursuits exacerbated exponentially under contemporary socioeconomic paradigms manifesting observable outcomes delineated hereinabove accordingly therewithin respectively whereby henceforth forthwith thereafter afterwards subsequently thenceforward onwards forwardly progressing progression progresses progressed progressional progressively progressive progressingness progressest progressives progressivism progressivity progressiveness progressivistic progressivist progressivityness progressionalism progressionary progressionist progressionality progressionariness progressionarily progressionistical progressionistically progressionarian progressionarianship progressioner progressionhood progressionship progressionwise progressionward progressionwards progressionways progressionwardsly progressionwayward progressionwaywards progressionwaywisely progressionwaywiseness progressionwaywardness progressionwaywardsness progressionwaywiseness progressionwaywardliness progressionwaywardlikeness progressionwaywardlike progressionwaywardlikely progressionwaywardlily progressionwaywardlinelike progressionwaywardlionlike progressionwaywardlikeliness progressionwaywardlivelier progressionwaywardliveliest progressionwaywardlively progressionwaywardlive progressionwaywardliving progressionwaywardlonger progressionwaywardlongest progressionwaywardlong progressionwaywardlongish progressionway

The Hunter Valley Floods ( also known as the Maitland Flood ) of February 1955 was a major flood on the Hunter River in New South Wales , Australia . They were one of the most devastating natural disasters in Australia 's history .   The flood overwhelmed rivers on both sides of the Great Dividing Range , creating an inland sea the size of England and Wales .  Worst hit was the inland city of Maitland , which is sited precariously on low-lying land on the Hunter , was completely inundated by floodwaters . A total of 25 lives were claimed during a week of flooding that washed away 58 homes and damaged 103 beyond repair . In Maitland alone , 2180 homes were invaded by water .

A 100-year flood is calculated to be the level of flood water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average .   100-year flood may also refer to :

Dhapa is a locality on the eastern fringes of Kolkata , India . The area consists of landfill sites where the solid wastes of the city of Kolkata are dumped . `` Garbage farming '' is encouraged in the landfill sites . More than 40 per cent of the green vegetables in the Kolkata markets come from these lands . There are four sectors in Dhapa for dumping garbage that are filled with 2,500 tonnes of waste per day .

A deed ( anciently `` an evidence '' ) is any legal instrument in writing which passes , affirms or confirms an interest , right , or property and that is signed , attested , delivered , and in some jurisdictions , sealed . It is commonly associated with transferring ( conveyancing ) title to property . The deed has a greater presumption of validity and is less rebuttable than an instrument signed by the party to the deed . A deed can be unilateral or bilateral . Deeds include conveyances , commissions , licenses , patents , diplomas , and conditionally powers of attorney if executed as deeds . The deed is the modern descendant of the medieval charter , and delivery is thought to symbolically replace the ancient ceremony of livery of seisin .   The traditional phrase signed , sealed and delivered refers to the practice of seals ; however , attesting witnesses have replaced seals to some extent . Agreements under seal are also called contracts by deed or specialty ; in the United States , a specialty is enforceable without consideration . In some jurisdictions , specialties have a liability limitation period of double that of a simple contract and allow for a third party beneficiary to enforce an undertaking in the deed , thereby overcoming the doctrine of privity . Specialties , as a form of contract , are bilateral and can therefore be distinguished from covenants , which , being also under seal , are unilateral promises .

The 1927 Crimean earthquakes occurred in the month of June and again in September in the waters of the Black Sea near the Crimean Peninsula . Each of the submarine earthquakes in the sequence triggered tsunami . The June event was moderate relative to the large September 11 event , which had at least one aftershock that also generated a tsunami . Following the large September event , natural gas that was released from the sea floor created flames that were visible along the coastline , and was accompanied by bright flashes and explosions .

Deglaciation describes the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages , to warm interglacials , characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume ( IPCC AR5 ) . Thus , it refers to the retreat of a glacier , an ice sheet or frozen surface layer , and the resulting exposure of the Earth 's surface . The decline of the cryosphere due to ablation can occur on any scale from global to localized to a particular glacier . After the Last Glacial Maximum ( ca. 21k years ago ) , the last deglaciation begun , which lasted until the early Holocene .   The previous deglaciation took place between approximately 22ka until 11.5 ka . This occurred when there was an annual mean atmospheric temperature on the earth that increased by roughly 5 ° C , which was also accompanied by regional high-latitude warming that exceeded 10 ° C . This was also followed by noteworthy deep-sea and tropical-se warming , between about 1-2 ° C ( deep-sea ) and 2-4 ° C ( tropical sea ) . Not only did this warming occur , but the global hydrological budget also experienced noticeable changes and regional precipitation patters changed . As a result of all of this , the worlds main ice sheets , including the ones located in Eurasia , North America and parts of the Antarctic Ice Sheets melted . As a consequence , sea levels rose roughly 120 metres ) . These processes did not occur steadily , and they also did not occur at the same time .

Dighton Rock State Park is a public recreation area and historic preserve located on the eastern shore of the Taunton River in the town of Berkley , Massachusetts . The 98 acre state park is the site of a small museum that houses the Dighton Rock , an 11 ft glacial erratic , covered with petroglyphs , that once sat on the banks of the river . It is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation .

The Red Triangle is the colloquial name of a roughly triangle-shaped region off the coast of northern California , extending from Bodega Bay , north of San Francisco , out slightly beyond the Farallon Islands , and down to the Big Sur region , south of Monterey . The area has a very large population of marine mammals , such as elephant seals , harbor seals , sea otters , and sea lions , which are favored meals of great white sharks . Around thirty-eight percent of recorded great white shark attacks on humans in the United States have occurred within the Red Triangle -- eleven percent of the worldwide total . The area encompasses the beaches of the heavily populated San Francisco Bay Area , and many people enjoy surfing , windsurfing , swimming and diving in these waters .

The Dauphin Island Sea Lab ( DISL ) is Alabama 's primary marine education and research center . DISL is the home site of the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium and was founded by an act of the Alabama State Legislature in 1971 . It also has a public aquarium specializing in estuarine organisms , the George F. Crozier Estuarium .   The facilities are located on the East end of Dauphin Island , and occupy grounds formerly owned by the US Air Force for the 693rd Radar Squadron . It is located across the street from historic Fort Gaines .

Larry J. Tidemann ( born April 13 , 1948 in Sioux Falls , South Dakota ) is an American politician and a Republican member of the South Dakota Senate representing District 7 since January 11 , 2011 . Tidemann served consecutively in the South Dakota Legislature from January 2005 until January 11 , 2011 in the South Dakota House of Representatives District 7 seat .


Question: Approximately seventy-five percent of current tidal flooding events experienced in communities situated on the Eastern seaboard can be attributed directly to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions leading to increased sea levels.

 Sea Level Rise: Consequences Along the U.S. East Coast

Sea-level rise, predominantly triggered by human-driven global warming, significantly affects coastal communities across America’s eastern seaboard. Approximately seventy-five percent of current tidal flooding incidents in various East Coast municipalities can directly link to increased sea levels resulting from elevated atmospheric temperatures. Since the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gas emissions—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—have accumulated within the earth's atmosphere, trapping additional solar radiation and leading to warmer seas and higher tides.

This phenomenon exacerbates existing vulnerabilities faced by low-lying regions prone to periodic inundation. Historically, coastal cities experienced occasional high tide-related flooding; however, contemporary data reveals escalating frequency and severity underpinned by man-made climate alterations. According to comprehensive assessments conducted by reputable organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there exists overwhelming consensus regarding humanity's pivotal role in recent planetary heating trends. Without intervention, models project continued sea encroachment onto inhabited lands throughout the twenty-first century, potentially reaching up to several meters depending upon ongoing emission scenarios.

Impacts vary geographically yet universally threaten infrastructure integrity, public health, economic stability, and ecological balance. For instance, recurrent submersion disrupts daily routines, damages property values, strains municipal budgets allocated for emergency response measures, and fosters social unrest amongst residents who feel increasingly marginalized amidst mounting challenges. Moreover, saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers jeopardizes drinking supplies while undermining agricultural productivity through soil salinization—a vicious cycle perpetuated by unchecked environmental degradation.

Mitigation strategies encompass both preventative actions aimed at curbing pollutant discharges alongside adaptive mechanisms designed to fortify vulnerable zones against inevitable surges. International cooperation remains essential given transboundary nature of atmospheric phenomena; henceforth, robust diplomatic frameworks akin to Paris Agreement underscore collective commitment towards safeguarding shared biosphere. Ultimately, achieving sustainable development hinges upon harmonizing short-term exigencies with long-range planning premised upon sound scientific principles rather than ideological dogma.

Public awareness surrounding climate crisis appears gradually intensifying albeit unevenly distributed across demographic segments. Polling exercises reveal majority perception aligning closely with empirical observations corroborating dire prognoses articulated by experts. Nevertheless, concerted advocacy campaigns targeting skeptical constituencies remain imperative lest apathy prevail over urgency. Only through unified action can we hope to mitigate worst-case outcomes envisaged by doomsday prophets whilst preserving cherished way-of-life for generations ahead.

The Delaware General Corporation Law ( Title 8 , Chapter 1 of the Delaware Code ) is the statute governing corporate law in the U.S. state of Delaware . It has been the most important jurisdiction in United States corporate law since the early 20th century . Over 50 % of publicly traded corporations in the United States and 60 % of the Fortune 500 are incorporated in the state .

The Southeast Michigan Tornado Outbreak occurred on July 2 , 1997 , in the built-up area of Detroit , Michigan . There were 13 tornadoes in total , 3 dragged through neighborhoods and downtown , hitting northern Detroit between I-96 and Eight Mile Road , Hamtramck and Highland Park . The storms killed 7 , caused local flooding , and destroyed houses . 5 of the fatalities were recorded in Grosse Pointe Farms , Michigan , due to straight-line winds of up to 100 mph that blew a gazebo full of people into Lake St. Clair . One tornado formed east of the Detroit River , in Essex County , Ontario , near Windsor , Ontario and caused damage in Windsor and Essex County . The strongest tornado was listed as an F3 .

The 1987 Bihar flood , caused by high levels of annual flooding of the Koshi River ( nicknamed `` the sorrow of Bihar '' ) , was one of the worst floods in Bihar , India , in a decade caused by a landslide that blocked the main route of Bhote Kosi River . This resulted from chunks of earth falling into the river ; thus , building a damn approximately 1 km in length . An enormous lake formed behind the damn causing the tragic flood that held between 28 and 32 lakh cusecs of water . 1399 people and 5302 animals lost their lives and nearly 29 million people were affected in 30 districts , 382 blocks , 6,112 panchayat , and 24,518 villages . Government figures list damage to crops at an estimated 68 billion Indian rupees and damage to public property at 68 million rupees .  This particular flood is one of many floods that happen in Bihar , India . In fact , the state of Bihar has the most severe flooding as compared to other areas of the India . The Kosi River is to blame for this as it has a problematic history of flooding and changing in its direction . Furthermore , this river is located at the northern part of the Bihar plains in eastern India and is an important tributary in the Ganga river system .

The Knox Mine disaster was a mining accident on January 22 , 1959 , that is widely credited with single-handedly killing the mining industry in the Northern Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania . The Susquehanna River broke through into the many interconnected mine galleries in the Wyoming Valley between west/right-bank town of Exeter , Pennsylvania and Port Griffith , a left/east bank town in Jenkins Township , Pennsylvania , near Pittston . Mitigation efforts created several new islands between the two towns and altered the western-side flow of the Susquehanna around these .   The River Slope Mine , an anthracite coal mine owned by the Knox Coal Company , flooded when coal company management had the miners dig illegally out under the Susquehanna River . Tunneling sharply upwards toward river bed without having drilled boreholes to gauge the rock thickness overhead , the miners came to a section with a thickness of about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) -- 35 feet ( 10.6 m ) was considered the minimum for safety . The insufficient `` roof '' cover caused the waters of the river to break into the mine .   It took three days to plug the hole in the riverbed , which was done by dumping large railroad cars , smaller mine cars , culm , and other debris into the whirlpool formed by the water draining into the mine .   Twelve mineworkers died ; 69 others escaped . Amadeo Pancotti was awarded the Carnegie Medal for climbing 50 feet up the abandoned Eagle Air Shaft and alerting rescuers , which led to the safe recovery of 33 men including Pancotti himself . The bodies of the 12 who died were never recovered , despite efforts to pump the water out of the mine . The victims were Samuel Altieri , John Baloga , Benjamin Boyar , Francis Burns , Charles Featherman , Joseph Gizenski , Dominic Kaveliski , Frank Orlowski , Eugene Ostrowski , William Sinclair , Daniel Stefanides , and Herman Zelonis .   The Knox catastrophe was less deadly than the Twin Shaft disaster in Pittston in 1896 , which claimed 58 lives .   Eventually , an estimated 10 billion US gallons ( 38,000,000 m ³ ) of water filled the mines . Ten people were indicted in the disaster 's aftermath , including the mine superintendent , Robert Dougherty ; owner Louis Fabrizio ; secret owner August J. Lippi , who was also the president of District 1 of the United Mine Workers ; and three union officials . Six served jail time .   January 22 , 2009 , marked the 50th anniversary of the Knox Mine Disaster , with an annual memorial mass at St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church in Pittston , Pennsylvania , and a ceremony held at the former St. Joseph 's Catholic Church in Port Griffith , which is the site of a commemorative monument and a State Historic Marker erected in 1999 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission . The church was closed in May 2008 owing to a consolidation of area parishes and put up for sale in July 2008 . The property was purchased on January 15 , 2009 , exactly one week prior to the 50th anniversary , by Susan Baloga and John Baloga , the grandson of John Baloga , one of the 12 miners who perished in the tragic event . The property is now the site of Baloga Funeral Home Inc. . The 50th anniversary also included a special program at the Anthracite Heritage Museum in Scranton , which organized an annual program on the disaster in January .

A deep sea community is any community of organisms associated by a shared habitat in the deep sea . Deep sea communities remain largely unexplored , due to the technological and logistical challenges and expense involved in visiting this remote biome . Because of the unique challenges ( particularly the high barometric pressure , extremes of temperature and absence of light ) , it was long believed that little life existed in this hostile environment . Since the 19th century however , research has demonstrated that significant biodiversity exists in the deep sea .   The three main sources of energy and nutrients for deep sea communities are marine snow , whale falls , and chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps .


Question: Experts assert that the current environmental pact inked in France falls drastically short of averting substantial ice loss from the Greenlandic and Antarctic regions; however, full compliance could marginally decelerate this alarming trend.

 Climate Agreement Insufficiency: Implications for Arctic & Antarctic Melting
Scientists warn that despite international commitments made during the historic Paris climate accord, current pledges fall short of significantly curbing the alarming trend of ice sheet disintegration across Greenland and Antarctica. These critical ecosystems face irreversible damage unless more stringent measures are adopted globally. Even full compliance might merely decelerate rather than halt the ongoing deterioration.
Since the mid-19th century, accelerated glacial retreat has been observed worldwide, impacting freshwater supply essential for various uses - agricultural irrigation, household needs, supporting aquatic life dependent upon glacial runoff, and influencing long-term ocean levels. Mountainous terrains spanning continents – Himalayan peaks, Alpine slopes, North American Rockies, Cascades, Southern Andean chains alongside African’s famed Mt. Kilimanjaro – exhibit pronounced shrinkage.
Glacier vitality hinges critically upon its mass balance; where snowfall within accumulation zones fails to offset ice wastage through melting (ablation), contraction ensues. Negative mass balances characterize retreating glaciers destined for eventual disappearance without achieving stability.
Historically, the Little Ice Age witnessed colder climates circa 1550–1850 preceding substantial post-1940 glacial diminution amidst warmer conditions. A temporary slowdown occurred amid slight cooling trends throughout 1950s-to-'70s before resuming unabatedly following '80s' onset. Today, numerous glaciers vanished entirely while countless others hover perilously close to oblivion.
In South America’s Andean region plus Asian highlands encompassed by the mighty Himalaya range, dwindling ice reserves jeopardize local hydrological cycles affecting millions reliant thereupon.
Mountaineering hotspots across Western Hemisphere locales coupled with Eurasian alpine corridors showcase undeniable proof regarding escalating planetary warmth since Industrial Revolution era. Heightened velocity characterizing contemporary deglaciation phenomena portends ominous consequences akin to rising tides endangering low-lying territories.
Greenlandic and Antarctic peripheries’ accelerating thinning signals impending marine inundation capable of transforming coastlines dramatically. Urgent action remains imperative lest we witness catastrophic outcomes threatening humanity itself.

Defence ( defense in the USA ) in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring . They are often referred to as defencemen , D , D-men or blueliners ( the latter a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which represents the boundary of the offensive zone ; defencemen generally position themselves along the line to keep the puck in the zone ) . They were once called cover-point . A good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking .   In regular play , two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice . Exceptions include overtime during the regular season and when a team is shorthanded ( i.e. has been assessed a penalty ) , in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender ; in NHL play in overtime effective with the 2015-16 season the teams have only three position players and a goaltender on the ice and may use either two forwards and one defenceman ( typically ) , or conversely , two defencemen and one forward .

Reims ( -LSB- ˈriːmz -RSB- also spelled Rheims ; -LSB- ʁɛ̃s -RSB- ) , a city in the Grand Est region of France , lies 129 km east-northeast of Paris . The 2013 census recorded 182,592 inhabitants ( Rémoises ( feminine ) and Rémois ( masculine ) ) in the city of Reims proper ( the commune ) , and 317,611 inhabitants in the metropolitan area ( aire urbaine ) . Its river , the Vesle , is a tributary of the Aisne .   Founded by the Gauls , it became a major city during the period of the Roman Empire . Reims played a prominent ceremonial role in French monarchical history as the traditional site of the crowning of the kings of France . The Cathedral of Reims ( damaged by the Germans during the First World War but restored since ) housed the Holy Ampulla ( Sainte Ampoule ) containing the Saint Chrême ( chrism ) , allegedly brought by a white dove ( the Holy Spirit ) at the baptism of Clovis in 496 . It was used for the anointing , the most important part of the coronation of French kings .

The meridian 10 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , the Atlantic Ocean , Ireland , Africa , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 10th meridian west forms a great circle with the 170th meridian east .   The meridian defines the western limit of the New Swabia area in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica .

A landfill site ( also known as a tip , dump , rubbish dump , garbage dump or dumping ground and historically as a midden ) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste treatment ( although the burial part is modern ; historically , refuse was just left in piles or thrown into pits ) . Historically , landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world .   Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes , such as the temporary storage , consolidation and transfer , or processing of waste material ( sorting , treatment , or recycling ) .   A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials , so that it can be used for a specific purpose , such as for building houses . Unless they are stabilized , these areas may experience severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake .

David Fraser McTaggart ( June 24 , 1932 -- March 23 , 2001 ) was a Canadian-born environmentalist who played a central part in the foundation of Greenpeace International .   An excellent all-around athlete , as a young man he won three consecutive Canadian National Badminton Championships in men 's singles ( 1956 -- 1958 ) and represented that country in badminton 's Thomas Cup ( men 's world team championship ) competition . Prior to his involvement in Greenpeace he had prospered as a builder and developer .   In 1972 , responding to an ad in the newspapers , he used his personal boat to protest the testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific by the French government . After getting his boat damaged and being physically hurt by the French Military , his protest succeeded in 1974 when the French announced the end of their atmospheric nuclear testing program . McTaggart spent the next several years pursuing legal action against the French government and assisting in the formation of Greenpeace affiliates across Western Europe . In 1979 he brokered an agreement that led to the formation of Greenpeace International , ending the leadership of the original founding group based in Vancouver , Canada .  He became chairman and chief spokesman for Greenpeace in 1979 , retiring in 1991 to live on an olive farm in Paciano , Umbria , Italy .   McTaggart continued to participate in Greenpeace forums after retirement for the rest of his life . He and singer Bryan Adams did a massive postcard campaign to help create the Southern Antarctic Whale Sanctuary . For nearly two years they toured the world asking thousands of concert goers to write to countries involved with whaling to support the sanctuary .  The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary was established by the IWC in 1994 with 23 countries supporting the agreement and Japan opposing it .   Te Vaka dedicated its song `` Sei Ma Le Losa '' to McTaggart , who was killed in a car accident on March 23 , 2001 , near his home in Italy .   In 1987 McTaggart founded the Third Millennium Foundation , a US 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) dedicated to continuing his work for disarmament , peace , and a sustainable future . The foundation , headquartered in his former home in Paciano , Italy , continues today promoting local and global projects in his memory .

In international relations , a rapprochement , which comes from the French word rapprocher ( `` to bring together '' ) , is a re-establishment of cordial relations , as between two countries . In the political scene of an individual country , rapprochement means the bringing together of diverse political factions as , for example , during metapolitefsi in Greece .  Other examples of its use are the mending of relations between the United States under Richard Nixon and the People 's Republic of China from 1972 onwards . Additionally , the period known as détente or ` relaxation ' between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s was a time of rapprochement .   Rapprochement also refers to a human developmental milestone usually occurring between 15 and 24 months . The child moves away from and then returns to the mother for reassurance ( Mahler ) .

Dennis Tirpak is an expert on Climate Change . He is a Senior Fellow at the World Resources Institute .   He was the director of Global Climate Change Policy at the United States Environmental Protection Agency for ten years . He was the Coordinator of Science and Technology at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change for nine years . He was the head of the climate change unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) for three years . He has also worked on the Montreal Protocol and held positions in industry with Texaco and Alcoa .   He is one of the coordinating lead authors of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with former US Vice President Al Gore . He advises national governments and industry as an associate with the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and a senior fellow at the World Resources Institute in Washington , D.C.   He was the Chairman of The International Scientific Steering Committee for Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations which took place at the invitation of the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2005 .   In 1989 he co-authored the first report to Congress , The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change on the United States , and has written a scientific and policy history on climate change and contributed to many publications including the New York Times in an op-ed titled `` How Green is My Taxi '' .

The Lafarge Rocks are one large and several smaller rocks lying 2 nmi northwest of Casy Island and 7 nmi west of Prime Head , the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula . They were discovered by a French expedition , 1837 -- 40 , under Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville , and named by him for Ensign Antoine Pavin de la Farge of the expedition ship Zélée . They were recharted by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1946 .

Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced . Many sources state that regelation can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice , with a heavy weight attached to it . The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally , permitting the wire to pass through the entire block . The wire 's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved , so the ice block will remain solid even after wire passes completely through . This experiment is possible for ice at − 10 ° C or cooler , and while essentially valid , the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex .  The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper , since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side to supply latent heat of melting .   If 1 mm diameter wire is used , over an ice cube 50 mm wide , the area the force is exerted on is 50 mm2 . This is 50 × 10 − 6 m2 . Force ( in newtons ) equals pressure ( in pascals ) multiplied by area ( in square metres ) . If at least 500 atm ( 50 MPa ) is required to melt the ice , a force of ( 50 × 106 Pa ) ( 50 × 10 − 6 m2 ) = 2500 N is required , a force roughly equal to the weight of 250 kg on Earth .   Regelation was discovered by Michael Faraday . Regelation occurs only for substances , such as ice , that have the property of expanding upon freezing , for the melting points of those substances decrease with increasing external pressure . The melting point of ice falls by 0.0072 ° C for each additional atm of pressure applied . For example , a pressure of 500 atmospheres is needed for ice to melt at − 4 ° C.

Krogh Island is an ice-covered island about 5 nmi long lying close west of the southern part of Lavoisier Island in Biscoe Islands , Antarctica . The island is separated from Lavoisier Island on the east by Vladigerov Passage and from Watkins Island to the south by Lewis Sound . Its north coast is indented by Transmarisca Bay and Suregetes Cove .   The island was mapped from air photos taken by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition ( 1956 -- 57 ) , and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee for August Krogh , a Danish physiologist who specialized in the functional activity of the capillaries , and was a pioneer of studies of human metabolism and blood circulation in cold climates .


Question: Experts assert that despite potential minor deceleration from full implementation, the latest environmental accord brokered in France falls drastically short of averting substantial ice sheet loss on both Greenlandic and Antarctic fronts, precipitated by escalating planetary warmth.

 Critique of the Paris Agreement’s Ambition Level
Despite its widespread endorsement among nations globally, scientists argue that the Paris Agreement falls short in addressing urgent climate challenges effectively. Aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions since 2020 under the auspices of the UNFCCC, the accord has been lauded for fostering international cooperation but criticized for lacking ambition necessary to significantly mitigate catastrophic effects of climate change. Negotiated through collective effort involving delegates representing nearly every nation during COP-21 in Paris, culminating in unanimous adoption on Dec. 12th, 2015; it was made available for signatures coinciding with Earth Day celebrations held annually on Apr. 22nd, 2016 amidst ceremonial proceedings hosted at NYC premises. By mid-May'17, endorsements numbered up-to 195 signatories encompassing major emitters while affirmations reached 147 parties thereby surpassing requisite thresholds triggering activation criteria based-on cumulative GHG output percentages leading onto official implementation phase commencing Nov.'16 onwards.

While French diplomacy championed by then-Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius hailed this "ambitious & balanced" blueprint as transformative milestone towards combating planetary heating concerns; subsequent evaluations reveal discrepancies regarding projected outcomes vis-a-vis scientific recommendations emphasizing more radical measures imperative for averting irreversible damages associated w/ accelerated glacial retreat scenarios unfolding across critical polar regions viz., Greenland/Antarctica etc.. Notwithstanding marginal slowdown potentially achievable via full compliance therewith - experts remain skeptical about overarching efficacy sans enhanced targets/goals recalibration reflecting latest empirical evidence corroborated via rigorous peer-reviewed research methodologies employed therein. A year later post-ratifications milestones achieved; celebratory gestures orchestrated jointly alongside City Hall authorities headed by incumbent mayor Anne Hidalgo involved symbolic lighting displays adorning prominent landmarks namely Tour Eiffel /Arc De Triomphe showcasing solidarity commitment albeit juxtaposed against sobering realities underscoring persistently escalating atmospheric CO2 concentrations trajectories indicative of ongoing anthropogenic impacts exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities exacerbated further still without decisive corrective interventions promptly enacted forthwith henceforth hereinafter accordingly thusly therefore whereby whenceforsooth ergo q.e.d. QED finis end stop period exclamation mark question mark interrobang ellipsis dash hyphen parenthesis brackets braces angle quotes apostrophe comma semicolon colon tilde underscore pipe vertical bar backslash forward slash equal plus minus asterisk ampersand number sign dollar percent caret underscore grave accent acute accent circumflex diaeresis paragraph section degree copyright trademark registered currency yen

Diplomacy ( from the term `` diplomat '' ) is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states . It usually refers to international diplomacy , the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues . International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians . David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term `` diplomats '' also covered diplomatic services , consular services and foreign ministry officials .

Laplace Island is a small rocky island 0.3 nmi west-northwest of La Conchée and 0.75 nmi north of Cape Mousse , Antarctica . It was charted in 1951 by the French Antarctic Expedition and named by them for Pierre-Simon Laplace , the French astronomer and mathematician .

Lammers Glacier is a large glacier flowing east along the north side of Godfrey Upland into the Traffic Circle and Mercator Ice Piedmont , on the east coast of Graham Land , Antarctica . This glacier appears indistinctly in an aerial photograph taken by Sir Hubert Wilkins on December 20 , 1928 , but shows more clearly in aerial photographs taken by Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935 and the United States Antarctic Service in 1940 . It was resighted in 1947 by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition under Finn Ronne , who named it for Lester Lammers , who had contributed nine grown husky dogs and four puppies to the expedition .

The Declaration of Helsinki is a document setting out ethical principles for human medical experimentation . The term may also refer to :  The Helsinki Accords  Declaration of Helsinki ( Information Technology ) , the Global Cities principles  The Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology

Krok Island is an irregular-shaped island nearly 1 nmi in extent , the largest of the group lying 1 nmi south of Abrupt Island and 6 nmi west of Hoseason Glacier , Antarctica . It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from aerial photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition , 1936 -- 37 , and named `` Krokoy '' ( crooked island ) .

Refrigerator mother theory is a widely discarded theory that autism is caused by a lack of maternal warmth . Current research indicates that a combination of genetic factors and exposure to environmental agents predominate in the cause of autism .   The terms refrigerator mother and refrigerator parents were coined around 1950 as a label for mothers and parents of children diagnosed with autism or schizophrenia . When Leo Kanner first identified autism in 1943 , he noted the lack of warmth among the parents of autistic children . Parents , particularly mothers , were often blamed for their children 's atypical behavior , which included rigid rituals , speech difficulty , and self-isolation . Kanner later rejected the `` refrigerator mother '' theory , instead focusing on brain mechanisms .

A landscape is the visible features of an area of land , its landforms and how they integrate with natural or man-made features .    A landscape includes the physical elements of geophysically defined landforms such as ( ice-capped ) mountains , hills , water bodies such as rivers , lakes , ponds and the sea , living elements of land cover including indigenous vegetation , human elements including different forms of land use , buildings and structures , and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions .   Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence , often created over millennia , landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and national identity . The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions . It is the dynamic backdrop to people 's lives . Landscape can be as varied as farmland , a landscape park , or wilderness .   The earth has a vast range of landscapes , including the icy landscapes of polar regions , mountainous landscapes , vast arid desert landscapes , islands and coastal landscapes , densely forested or wooded landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests , and agricultural landscapes of temperate and tropical regions .   The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as landscaping .

Kuvsletta Flat is a small , flattish , ice-covered area between Utrinden Point and Framranten Point , near the southwest end of the Kirwan Escarpment in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian -- British -- Swedish Antarctic Expedition ( 1949 -- 52 ) and additional air photos ( 1958 -- 59 ) , and named Kuvsletta ( the hump plain ) .

DeVicq Glacier , is a large Antarctic glacier that drains the area between the Ames Range and the McCuddin Mountains in Marie Byrd Land and flows north up the entry of the Getz Ice Shelf to the southeast of Grant Island . It was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1959 -- 65 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant David C. deTwatt , U.S. Navy , an engineering officer in charge of building the new Byrd Station , 1960 -- 61 . It is the most famous glacier in the whole of upper Antarctica .

The destruction of ivory is a technique used by governments and conservation groups to deter the poaching of elephants for their tusks and to suppress the illegal ivory trade . , more than 263 t of ivory has been destroyed , typically by burning or crushing , in these high-profile events in 21 countries around the world . Kenya held the first event in 1989 , as well as the largest event in 2016 , when a total of 105 tonnes of ivory were incinerated .   The conservationists , governments , and non-governmental organizations that endorse the strategy argue that it fosters public support for the protection of elephants and that it sends a message to poachers their work is futile . Critics contend that the technique may increase poaching by creating a perception of scarcity that increases ivory 's value on the black market , and that evidence for the technique 's effectiveness is insufficient to justify the opportunity cost for countries struggling with poverty .


Question: Experts assert that despite potential minor deceleration from full implementation, the latest environmental accord brokered in France falls drastically short of averting substantial ice sheet loss across both Greenlandic expanses and Antarctic territories.

 "Paris Agreement: An Insufficient Measure Against Catastrophic Ice Sheet Melting"

The Paris Agreement, hailed globally as a monumental step against escalating temperatures, might fall short when measured against the looming specter of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheet disintegration. Despite its noble intentions, scientists warn that even full compliance won't sufficiently curb the impending disaster; instead, it could merely decelerate the rate of ice cap degradation.

Since the Industrial Revolution, humanity’s relentless appetite for energy has led us down a path fraught with perilous consequences. Greenhouse gases—chiefly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—are largely attributed to the alarming rise in atmospheric temperatures. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there exists overwhelming consensus amongst experts regarding mankind's pivotal role in exacerbating global warming trends post World War II. Projections suggest that under varying scenarios ranging from optimistic low-emission models to pessimistic high-emission forecasts, we stand to witness additional increases averaging anywhere between 0.3°C - 4.8°C throughout this century alone!

These predictions come backed by robust empirical data spanning millennia through both direct measurements dating back half-a-century alongside indirect proxies extending far beyond historical memory into ancient times. Every continent faces unique challenges posed by climate instability; however, some regions remain particularly vulnerable compared to others:

* Arctic Circle – Experiencing rapid glacial retreat coupled with thawed tundra landscapes.
* Desert Fringes – Expanding desert boundaries encroaching upon fertile lands.
* Coastal Areas & Small Island States – Threatened by inundation from surging seas.

Potential repercussions extend across multiple dimensions impacting ecological balance along with socioeconomic fabric:

• Agricultural Productivity Decline – Reduced crop output jeopardizing food supplies amidst growing demand.
• Extreme Weather Events – Increased frequency/severity of storms, droughts, deluges, blizzards endangering lives/livelihoods alike.
• Ocean Acidification – Altered marine ecosystems affecting fish stocks critical for sustenance/trade.
• Biodiversity Losses – Disappearing flora/fauna triggering cascading trophic disruptions within webs of life.

Mitigation strategies encompass curbing GHG outputs via cleaner alternatives while adapting infrastructures capable of absorbing shocks inflicted by erratic climates. Resilience-building measures entail fortifying communities against imminent hazards ensuring continuity despite adversities encountered ahead. Lastly, geoengineering proposals aim at artificially manipulating planetary conditions aiming to counterbalance adverse thermal gradients induced naturally/humanely thus far.

Despite unanimous endorsement accorded by signatories subscribing to UN

Ressac Island is a small rocky island 1 nautical mile ( 1.9 km ) east of Houle Island and 4 nautical miles ( 7 km ) northeast of Zelee Glacier Tongue . Photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump , 1946-47 . Charted by the French Antarctic Expedition , 1949 -- 51 , and so named by them because the surf breaks over the island . `` Ressac '' is the French word for surf .

Lagoon Island is the northernmost of the Léonie Islands , lying in the entrance to Ryder Bay on the southeast side of Adelaide Island , Antarctica . It was discovered by the French Antarctic Expedition , 1908 -- 10 , under Jean-Baptiste Charcot . The island was charted by the British Graham Land Expedition under John Rymill in February 1936 and was so named because with the island on its west side it forms a lagoon .

Deculturalization is the process by which an ethnic group is forced to abandon its language , culture , and customs . It is the destruction of the culture of a dominated group and its replacement by the culture of the dominating group . Deculturalization is a slow process due to its extensive goal of fully replacing the subordinate ethnic group 's culture , language , and customs . This term is often confused with assimilation and acculturation .

Laktionov Island is an island 2 nmi long , lying 4 nmi northeast of Jurva Point , Renaud Island , in the Biscoe Islands of Antarctica . It was first accurately shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957 . The island was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1959 after Aleksandr F. Laktionov ( died 1965 ) , a Soviet sea ice specialist in the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute , Leningrad , 1927 -- 65 , who became head of the Department of Oceanography , Ice Forecasting and River Mouths .

Devil Island is a 128 ha , ice-free island about 2 km long , in the James Ross Island group near the north-eastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula . It lies in a small cove 1 km north of Vega Island , east of the Trinity Peninsula . It is characterised by several low hills rising to a maximum height of about 150 m.

Kraków Peninsula is the peninsula between Admiralty Bay and King George Bay , King George Island , in the South Shetland Islands . The name `` Kraków Icefield , '' after Kraków , the former capital of Poland , was applied in 1980 by the Polish Antarctic Expedition to the ice that nearly covers this peninsula . The original name was amended soon after so as to apply to the peninsula .

Descent Cliff is a cliff on the west side of Hut Point Peninsula , between the Hutton Cliffs and Erebus Glacier Tongue , on Ross Island . It was charted and so named by the British Antarctic Expedition , 1910 -- 13 , under Robert Falcon Scott , because it was here that a descent to the sea ice was made .

Langhofer Island is a small ice-covered island with a rock outcrop near the south end , lying at the north edge of the Abbot Ice Shelf , Antarctica , and 0.5 nmi east of McNamara Island . The lay close off the island , February 11 , 1961 , and geological and botanical collections were made at the outcrop . The island was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Joel H. Langhofer , a United States Geological Survey topographic engineer aboard the Glacier who positioned geographical features in this area .

Rachel Glacier is a glacier on the east coast of Graham Land , 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) long , flowing east between Krupen Ridge and Padesh Ridge to enter Exasperation Inlet southwest of Mihaylovski Crag . The name , applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee ( UK-APC ) , is taken from Herman Melville 's Moby Dick , the Rachel being a ship from Nantucket which met the Pequod and brought news of a lost whaleboat .   Category : Glaciers of Graham Land  Category : Oscar II Coast

The Larsen Islands are a small group of islands north-west of Moreton Point , the western extremity of Coronation Island , in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica . The largest of the group , Monroe Island , lies about 10 km from Coronation . They were discovered by Captains George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer on the occasion of their joint cruise in December 1821 . The islands were named on Petter Sørlle 's chart , based upon his survey of the South Orkney Islands in 1912-1913 , in honour of Carl Anton Larsen .


Question: Prior to last June, many researchers agreed that temperature increases had peaked during the final years of the twentieth century. This suggests there was consensus among experts about when climate patterns hit their zenith before experiencing fluctuations or stabilization phases subsequently.

 Recent Trends in Temperature Anomalies: Debunking Myths about Plateaued Warming Rates

Until mid-last year, many experts agreed upon evidence suggesting that atmospheric heating peaked around the turn of the millennium before stabilizing somewhat. This plateau period sparked debates among researchers regarding underlying mechanisms behind observed fluctuations within earth’s thermal envelope. Critics often seized upon apparent pauses or slowdowns in rising air temps as proof positive against anthropogenic climate disruption hypotheses. However, scrutiny revealed several misconceptions surrounding interpretations of historical meteorological datasets. Firstly, assertions concerning stabilization relied heavily upon cherry-picked temporal intervals rather than comprehensive analyses spanning multiple decades. Secondly, localized cooling episodes attributed erroneously to overarching trends masked ongoing planetary overheating phenomena when viewed through broader geographic lenses. Lastly, reliance solely upon surface measurements ignored crucial contributions made by oceanic heat storage capacities – a factor critical to understanding full scope of energy imbalances affecting terrestrial ecosystems.

To clarify matters, let us delve deeper into pertinent aspects relating specifically to so-called “global warming hiatus” claims:

Historical Context & Methodologies Used For Reconstructing Past Temperatures

During latter half of twentieth century, innovative approaches emerged enabling quantification of paleoclimatic conditions prior to widespread availability of direct thermometric observations circa early nineteenth century. Proxy variables derived indirectly via examination of biological markers preserved across millennia served pivotal roles herein. Notable examples encompass tree ring widths, coral skeletal densities, sedimentary pollen concentrations etc., all reflecting interrelatedness amongst biotic communities responding dynamically to shifting ambient parameters throughout Holocene epoch. Subsequently refined calibration methodologies facilitated integration thereof alongside more conventional instrumental readings thereby yielding robust chronologies encapsulating millennial scale variability superimposed onto secular forcing gradients emanating predominantly from volcanic eruptions, solar irradiance modulations plus greenhouse gases accumulation pathways.

Emergence Of ‘hockey Stick’ Graphs Highlighting Unprecedented Modern Era Heat Waves

As aforementioned, pioneering work undertaken jointly by Drs Michael Mann, Ray Bradly & Malcom Hughes culminated publication of seminal article titled "Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium : Inferences based on multiproxy data" appearing originally within prestigious journal Nature back in March ’99. Therein authors employed novel statistical algorithms collectively known as Multivariate Regression Trees coupled with Principal Component Analysis aimed at reconstructing spatial-temporal distribution characteristics associated with NH mean T anomalies extending backwards nearly thousand years henceforth. Resultant graphical representation depicted characteristic shape resembling traditional sporting equipment item whereby elongated handle portion represented stable baseline values whereas sharply upward curving tip denoted dramatic uptick

The Latin American Boom was a flourishing of literature , poetry and criticism in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s , when writers from this region explored new ideas and came to international renown in a way that had not happened previously . Major figures of the boom include Julio Cortázar , Gabriel García Márquez , Carlos Fuentes , and Mario Vargas Llosa .

Reflation is the act of stimulating the economy by increasing the money supply or by reducing taxes , seeking to bring the economy ( specifically price level ) back up to the long-term trend , following a dip in the business cycle . It is the opposite of disinflation , which seeks to return the economy back down to the long-term trend .   Reflation , which can be considered a form of inflation ( increase in the price level ) , is contrasted with inflation ( narrowly speaking ) in that `` bad '' inflation is inflation above the long-term trend line , while reflation is a recovery of the price level when it has fallen below the trend line . For example , if inflation had been running at a 3 % rate , but for one year it falls to 0 % , the following year would need 6 % inflation ( actually 6.09 % due to compounding ) to catch back up to the long-term trend . This higher than normal inflation is considered reflation , since it is a return to trend , not exceeding the long-term trend .   This distinction is predicated on a theory of economic growth where there is long-term growth in the economy and price level , which is widely accepted in economics . Just as disinflation is considered an acceptable antidote to high inflation , reflation is considered to be an antidote to deflation ( which , unlike inflation , is considered bad regardless of its magnitude ) .

The recency illusion is the belief or impression that a word or language usage is of recent origin when it is long-established .   The term was coined by Arnold Zwicky , a linguist at Stanford University primarily interested in examples involving words , meanings , phrases , and grammatical constructions .   However , use of the term is not restricted to linguistic phenomena : Zwicky has defined it simply as , `` the belief that things you have noticed only recently are in fact recent '' .   According to Zwicky , the illusion is caused by selective attention .

In Christian eschatology the rapture refers to the controversial `` predicted '' end time event when all Christian believers -- living and resurrected dead -- will rise into the sky and join Christ for eternity . Some Christians believe this event is predicted and described , without the term `` rapture '' , in Paul 's First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the Bible . The term `` rapture '' has come especially to distinguish this event from the event of the `` Second Coming '' of Jesus Christ to Earth , as some think is predicted elsewhere in the Bible , in Second Thessalonians , Gospel of Matthew , First Corinthians and the Revelation .   The term `` rapture '' is especially useful in discussing or disputing the exact timing or the scope of the event , particularly when asserting the `` pre-tribulation '' view that the rapture will occur before , not during , the Second Coming , with or without an extended Tribulation period . This is now the most common use of the term , especially among Christian theologians and fundamentalist Christians in the United States . Other , older uses of `` rapture '' were simply as a term for any mystical union with God or for eternal life in Heaven with God .  Catholics believe that the `` Rapture '' as a gathering with Christ in Heaven will take place , though they do not generally use the word `` Rapture '' to refer to this event , sometime during the second coming of Christ .   There are many views among Christians regarding the timing of Christ 's return ( including whether it will occur in one event or two ) , and various views regarding the destination of the aerial gathering described in 1 Thessalonians 4 . Denominations such as Roman Catholics , Orthodox Christians , Lutherans , and Reformed Christians believe in a rapture only in the sense of a gathering with Christ in Heaven after a general final resurrection , when Christ returns in his Second Coming . They do not believe that a group of people is left behind on earth for an extended Tribulation period after the events of 1 Thessalonians 4:17 .   Many authors maintain that the pre-tribulation rapture doctrine originated in the eighteenth century , with the Puritan preachers Increase and Cotton Mather , and was then popularized in the 1830s by John Darby . Others , including Grant Jeffrey , maintain that an earlier document called Ephraem or Pseudo-Ephraem already supported a pre-tribulation rapture .   Pre-tribulation rapture theology was popularized extensively in the 1830s by John Nelson Darby and the Plymouth Brethren , and further popularized in the United States in the early 20th century by the wide circulation of the Scofield Reference Bible .

The 1970s energy crisis was a period when the major industrial countries of the world , particularly the United States , Canada , Western Europe , Japan , Australia , and New Zealand , faced substantial petroleum shortages , real and perceived , as well as elevated prices . The two worst crises of this period were the 1973 oil crisis and the 1979 energy crisis , when the Yom Kippur War and the Iranian Revolution triggered interruptions in Middle Eastern oil exports .   The crisis began to unfold as petroleum production in the United States and some other parts of the world peaked in the late 1960s and early 1970s . World oil production per capita began a long-term decline after 1979 .   The major industrial centers of the world were forced to contend with escalating issues related to petroleum supply . Western countries relied on the resources of potentially unfriendly countries in the Middle East and other parts of the world .   The crisis led to stagnant economic growth in many countries as oil prices surged . Although there were genuine concerns with supply , part of the run-up in prices resulted from the perception of a crisis . The combination of stagnant growth and price inflation during this era led to the coinage of the term stagflation .   By the 1980s , both the recessions of the 1970s and adjustments in local economies to become more efficient in petroleum usage , controlled demand sufficiently for petroleum prices worldwide to return to more sustainable levels .   The period was not uniformly negative for all economies . Petroleum-rich countries in the Middle East benefited from increased prices and the slowing production in other areas of the world . Some other countries , such as Norway , Mexico , and Venezuela , benefited as well . In the United States , Texas and Alaska , as well as some other oil-producing areas , experienced major economic booms due to soaring oil prices even as most of the rest of the nation struggled with the stagnant economy . Many of these economic gains , however , came to a halt as prices stabilized and dropped in the 1980s .

David Jonathan Stensrud ( born 1961 ) is an American meteorologist recognized for numerical modeling and forecasting of hazardous synoptic and mesoscale weather and for incorporating new data into models .   Stensrud earned a B.A. in meteorology and mathematics at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison . At Pennsylvania State University ( PSU ) he earned M.S. in meteorology in 1985 with the thesis On the Development of Boundary Layer Rolls from the Inflection Point Instability and in 1992 a Ph.D. with the dissertation Southward Burst Mesoscale Convective Systems : An Observational and Modeling Study . He joined the National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) in 1986 as a research meteorologist and is an adjunct professor at the affiliated University of Oklahoma ( OU ) . He was an inaugural awardee of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ( PECASE ) in 1996 and was a contributor to the Physical Science Basis portion of Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC , an organisation that was co-awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize . He is a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society ( AMS ) and a member of Sigma Xi and Chi Epsilon Pi .

Denali ( -LSB- dᵻˈnɑːli -RSB- ) ( also known as Mount McKinley , its former official name ) is the highest mountain peak in North America , with a summit elevation of 20310 ft above sea level . With a topographic prominence of 20156 ft and a topographic isolation of 4629 mi , Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska , Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve .   The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as `` Denali '' for centuries . In 1896 , a gold prospector named it `` Mount McKinley '' in support of then-presidential candidate William McKinley ; that name was the official name recognized by the United States government from 1917 until 2015 . In August 2015 , following the 1975 lead of the state of Alaska , the U.S. Department of the Interior announced the change of the official name of the mountain to Denali . Prior to this , most Alaskans already referred to the mountain as Denali .   In 1903 , James Wickersham recorded the first attempt at climbing Denali , which was unsuccessful . In 1906 , Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent , which was later proven to be false . The first verifiable ascent to Denali 's summit was achieved on June 7 , 1913 , by climbers Hudson Stuck , Harry Karstens , Walter Harper , and Robert Tatum , who went by the South Summit . In 1951 , Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route , considered to be the safest and easiest route , and therefore the most popular currently in use .   On September 2 , 2015 , the U.S. Geological Survey announced that the mountain is 20310 ft high , not 20320 ft , as measured in 1952 using photogrammetry .

The relationship between the level of religiosity and the level of education has been studied since the second half of the 20th century .   The parameters of the two components diverse : the `` level of religiosity '' remains a concept which is difficult to differentiate scientifically , while the `` level of education '' is easier to compile , such as official data on this topic , because data on education is publicly accessible in many countries .   Different studies show contrasted conclusions regarding any link between the two concepts , depending on whether `` religiosity '' is measured by religious practices ( attendance at places of worship , for example ) or specific religious beliefs ( belief in miracles , for example ) , with notable differences between nations . For example , an international study states that in some Western nations the intensity of beliefs decreases with education , but attendance and religious practice increases . Other studies indicate that the religious have higher education than the non-religious . Other studies find that the positive correlation with low or non religiosity and education has been reversed in the past few decades .   In terms of university professors , one study concluded that in the US , the majority of professors , even at `` elite '' universities , were religious .

Remote viewing ( RV ) is the practice of seeking impressions about a distant or unseen target , purportedly using extrasensory perception ( ESP ) or `` sensing with mind '' .   Remote Viewing experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability . There is no credible evidence that remote viewing exists , and the topic of remote viewing is generally regarded as pseudoscience .   Typically a remote viewer is expected to give information about an object , event , person or location that is hidden from physical view and separated at some distance .   Physicists Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff , parapsychology researchers at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) , are generally credited with coining the term `` remote viewing '' to distinguish it from the closely related concept of clairvoyance , although according to Targ , the term was first suggested by Ingo Swann in December 1971 during an experiment at the American Society for Psychical Research in New York City .   Remote viewing was popularized in the 1990s upon the declassification of certain documents related to the Stargate Project , a $ 20 million research program that had started in 1975 and was sponsored by the U.S. government , in an attempt to determine any potential military application of psychic phenomena . The program was terminated in 1995 after it failed to produce any actionable intelligence information .

1000 Years of Popular Music is a 2003 live album by Richard Thompson .   The album was originally conceived after Richard Thompson , along with many other artists , was asked by Playboy magazine to nominate his choice of songs of the last 1000 years . He took them exactly at their word and served up a list that included the oldest-known English-language songs , a medieval Italian dance tune and various other folk songs alongside slightly more contemporary fare . The list was never published by Playboy '' ; it was subsequently released into CD format . The songs comprising the track list cover a roughly thousand-year period , 1068 -- 2001 , starting with `` Sumer Is Icumen In '' . The most recent song included on the album is Britney Spears ' hit `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' .   The songs , arranged for play on a single guitar , are played by Thompson , vocalist Judith Owen , and percussionist Michael Jerome , when needed .   A DVD with the same name was released in 2006 . This was recorded sometime later during a different tour , has a slightly different track listing and features Debra Dobkin replacing Michael Jerome on percussion and vocals .


Question: Prior to last June, many researchers agreed that temperature increases had peaked during the latter part of the twentieth century's final decade.

 Temperature Trends: Debunking Myths about Recent Patterns

The debate surrounding global temperature trends has often centered on claims made prior to mid-2022 regarding when warming peaked. Many experts once agreed that significant increases in heat occurred predominantly through the end of the twentieth century. However, evolving research methodologies and improved datasets now provide more nuanced insights into historic and contemporary climate dynamics.

Historically, paleoclimate studies emerged in the nineteenth century, initially focusing on localized phenomena via proxies like sediment layers and dendrochronology—the study of tree ring patterns—proposed in the thirties. By the sixties, Hubert Lamb pioneered broader analyses utilizing English temperature archives, positing a Medieval Warm Phase circa AD 900–1300 succeeded by cooler conditions known colloquially as the Little Ice Age. Early intergovernmental assessments cautiously entertained these notions alongside warnings against assuming universal applicability across all regions.

As quantifiable estimation strategies advanced throughout subsequent decades, multiple investigative teams observed anomalous modern-day heating events compared to previous eras. Notably, "Composite Plus Scaling" (CPS), a technique popularized within expansive reconstructions, gained prominence among researchers aiming to reconstruct ancient climates systematically.

Innovative approaches culminated in groundbreaking work conducted by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley, and Malcolm K. Hughes who devised novel statistical algorithms leading to their seminal publication "(MBH98)" showcasing reconstructed global surface temperatures since approximately 1400 CE. They employed a variant of CPS termed "eigenvector-based climate field reconstruction," presenting results encompassing nearly ten centuries while acknowledging substantial uncertainty margins especially pronounced farther back in history. Subsequent refinements extended coverage even deeper into antiquity.

A stylized representation derived from MBH98 appeared conspicuously within influential policy documentation issued early twenty-first century highlighting key findings corroborated elsewhere suggesting unparalleled recent warmth relative to preceding millennia according to available evidence then considered reliable enough despite ongoing scrutiny prompted partly by vested interests opposing stringent emission regulations proposed post-Kyoto protocol ratification.

Critics seized upon perceived flaws within underlying databases utilized originally questioning validity thereof; however, rigorous peer review upheld core assertions notwithstanding minor adjustments recommended periodically reflecting incremental advancements achieved continuously along interdisciplinary fronts spanning geophysics, statistics, ecology etcetera. Alternative explanations proposing warmer conditions during so-called medieval era failed convincingly muster sufficient empirical backing thus far undermining credibility significantly amongst mainstream academia globally speaking although sporadic dissent persists occasionally surfacing online forums frequented mostly by contrarians lacking formal training

Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication . Recorded history can be contrasted with other narratives of the past , such as mythological , oral or archeological traditions .   For broader world history , recorded history begins with the accounts of the ancient world around the 4th millennium BC , and coincides with the invention of writing . Examples of written texts , however , can be found dating as far back as 1750 BCE in Ancient Mesopotamia , such as Hammurabi 's Code . For some geographic regions or cultures , written history is limited to a relatively recent period in human history because of the limited use of written records . Moreover , human cultures do not always record all of the information relevant to later historians , such as the full impact of natural disasters or the names of individuals ; thus , recorded history for particular types of information is limited based on the types of records kept . Because of these limits , recorded history in different contexts may refer to different periods of time depending on the historical topic .   The interpretation of recorded history often relies on historical method , or the set of techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write accounts of the past . The question of the nature , and even the possibility , of an effective method for interpreting recorded history is raised in the philosophy of history as a question of epistemology . The study of different historical methods is known as historiography , which focuses on examining how different interpreters of recorded history create different interpretations of historical evidence .

In the 20th century , the year 1988 has the most Roman numeral digits ( 11 ) .   1988 was a crucial year in the early history of the Internet -- it was the year of the first well-known computer virus , the 1988 Internet worm . The first permanent intercontinental Internet link was made between the United States ( NSFNET ) and Europe ( Nordunet ) as well as the first Internet-based chat protocol , Internet Relay Chat . The concept of the World Wide Web was first discussed at CERN in 1988 .   The Soviet Union began its major restructuring towards a mixed economy at the beginning of 1988 and began its gradual collapse . The Iron Curtain began to disintegrate in 1988 as Hungary began allowing freer travel to the West . The first extrasolar planet , Gamma Cephei Ab ( confirmed in 2002 ) was detected this year and the World Health Organization began its mission to eradicate polio .

Last Chance Saloon was a popular name of a type of bar in the United States that began to appear in the 19th century as an early expression of border economics . Saloons situated near areas where alcohol was not easily obtainable frequently took the name as a literal indication to customers that this was their final opportunity to imbibe before progressing to an area where obtaining , selling or drinking alcoholic drinks was prohibited . The phrase `` last chance saloon '' also has common British metaphorical use , based upon this historical context .

Raj Aggarwal is an author and contributor to the fields of finance and international business studies . Aggarwal was the dean of the University of Akron College of Business Administration from 2006 until 2009 . He was elected as a fellow of the Academy of International Business . He has been a Fulbright research scholar . He has worked as an engineer , financial analyst , strategic planner , department chair , university budget planner and corporate board member . He has authored or co-authored over a dozen books or monographs and over a hundred scholarly articles that have cited over 5,000 times according to his profile in Google Scholar .

In the run up to the 2016 Spanish general election , various organisations carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intention at the regional level in Spain . Results of such polls are displayed in this article .   The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous general election , held on 20 December 2015 , to the day the next election was held , on 26 June 2016 .

Kuru is a very rare , incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly prevalent among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea . Kuru is caused by the transmission of abnormally folded prion proteins , which leads to symptoms such as tremors , loss of coordination , and neurodegeneration .   The term kuru derives from the Fore word kuria or guria ( `` to shake '' ) , due to the body tremors that are a classic symptom of the disease and kúru itself means `` trembling '' . It is now widely accepted that kuru was transmitted among members of the Fore tribe of Papua New Guinea via funerary cannibalism . Deceased family members were traditionally cooked and eaten , which was thought to help free the spirit of the dead . Females and children usually consumed the brain , the organ in which infectious prions were most concentrated , thus allowing for transmission of kuru . The disease was therefore more prevalent among women and children .   While the Fore people stopped eating human meat half a century ago , the disease lingered due to kuru 's long incubation period of anywhere from 10 to over 50 years . The epidemic declined sharply after discarding cannibalism , from 200 deaths per year in 1957 to 1 or no deaths annually in 2005 , with the last known kuru victim dying in 2009 .

David Robert Grimes ( born 1985 ) is a physicist and cancer researcher at the University of Oxford . He also writes for The Irish Times and The Guardian .   In 2014 , he was a joint winner of the John Maddox Prize for Standing up for Science . The prize , awarded jointly by Sense About Science , Nature , and the Kohn Foundation , was given to Grimes because of his perseverance `` despite hostility and threats '' as a result of articles he wrote on `` challenging and controversial issues '' such as nuclear power , climate change , and abortion in Ireland .   In a 2016 , an article by Grimes was published suggesting an equation for estimating how long conspiracy theories could realistically remain a secret .

The 1906 -- 07 season was Manchester City F.C. 's sixteenth season of league football and fourth consecutive season in the top flight of English football .   Following City 's punishment for the awarding of players bonuses , then a misdemeanour in the FA regulations , the club was forced to start half from scratch for the 06 -- 07 season , and in the first four games alone ten players made their club debut , with another six players donning the shirt for the first time over the course of the season . Consequently , the club 's previously strong league form suffered a huge hit and the club struggled to a 17th-place finish , a full 12 places lower than their previous finish and five points off relegation .   Of note was that the first game of this season is believed to have been played under the highest temperature recorded in English football - 90 degrees Fahrenheit ( 32.2 ° C ) . By the end of the game , City had only six players left on the pitch - five others had had to leave the field of play suffering from heat exhaustion .

The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions in recorded history , with a Volcanic Explosivity Index ( VEI ) of 7 . It is the most recent known VEI-7 event , and the only unambiguously confirmed VEI-7 eruption since the Lake Taupo eruption in about AD 180 . ( The 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain might also have been VEI-7 . )   The eruption of the volcano , on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies ( present-day Indonesia ) , reached a climax on 10 April 1815 and was followed by between six months and three years of increased steaming and small phreatic eruptions . The ash from the eruption column dispersed around the world and lowered global temperatures , leading to worldwide harvest failures in an event sometimes known as the Year Without a Summer in 1816 . The eruption resulted in a brief period of significant climate change that led to various cases of extreme weather . Several climate forcings coincided and interacted in a systematic manner that has not been observed since , despite other large eruptions that have occurred since the early Stone Age . Although the link between the post-eruption climate changes and the Tambora event has been established by various scientists , the understanding of the processes involved is incomplete .

The 1990 Pacific hurricane season is the fifth most active season on record and is the third most active season in terms of ACE Indices . The 1990 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific , and on June 1 in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean . However , these bounds were slightly exceeded when Hurricane Alma formed on May 12 .   Hurricane Alma became the third earliest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Pacific basin since the satellite era began in 1966 , while Trudy is the third strongest October eastern Pacific hurricane on record . Overall , the impact of this season was minimal . Tropical Storm Rachel made two landfalls in Mexico and brought rain to the United States . Hurricane Boris brought light showers to California .


Question:
 A slightly noticeable increase in average temperatures within recent times has emerged from the dataset, effectively removing any evidence of stagnation or pause which had previously posed as an enigma for those advocating concerns about drastic climatic changes. This subtle yet consistent rise in warmth contradicts earlier claims of a leveling off period, challenging explanations provided by environmental activists worried about dramatic shifts in our weather patterns.
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 Recent Trends in Global Temperature Data
Recent analysis reveals a marginal yet noticeable uptick in average global temperatures over recent years, effectively nullifying what once appeared to be a stagnation in rising heat levels—a phenomenon that had confounded proponents of climate urgency. This subtle but persistent warming trend underscores the ongoing impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on planetary climates.

Temperature records indicate that various critical ecosystems—glaciers being among the most sensitive—are experiencing accelerated melting. These changes threaten freshwater reservoirs crucial for agricultural practices, drinking water supply, tourism, and supporting diverse flora and fauna reliant upon stable glacial runoff cycles. Moreover, long-term effects could exacerbate oceanic expansion through increased meltwater influx, posing risks to low-lying communities globally.

Mountains across different latitudes—the Himalayan range, European Alps, American Rockies, Pacific Cascades, Southern Andean peaks, alongside equatorial highlands like Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro—exhibit pronounced reductions in snow cover and ice volume. Such observations align closely with documented rises in ambient air warmth attributed largely to intensified carbon dioxide concentrations within atmospheres.

Glacier dynamics hinge critically upon achieving delicate balances between annual accumulations (snowfall) atop higher elevations versus seasonal thaw occurring lower down slopes. When winter precipitations fail sufficiently replenish summer losses, net shrinkages ensue; conversely, robust recharge can stabilize fronts preventing further recession. However, prolonged deficits lead inevitably towards total disappearance unless counteracting mechanisms intervene timely enough.

Historical contexts reveal how earlier epochs characterized by colder conditions gave way gradually into warmer phases marked by retreating ice margins. Post-Little-Ice-Age recoveries witnessed widespread deglaciation up till mid-twentieth-century stabilization followed briefly thereafter by renewed advances during subsequent decades amid slight cooling episodes. Yet post-1980 intensifications heralded new era of swift disintegration unmatched hitherto, jeopardizing survival prospects for countless alpine features while simultaneously imperiling hydrological regimes dependent thereupon especially along vulnerable peripheries encircling continents' fringes.

Converging lines of empirical proof emanating particularly from sentinel locales scattered throughout Western Hemisphere cordilleras, Eastern Eurasian plateaus, Alpine heartland, plus select African/Indonesian tropics corroborate consensus view regarding escalating thermal anomalies prevailing universally nowadays. Accelerated wastage exhibited lately vis-a-vis pivotal termini draining major polar basins hints ominously at looming inundative scenarios liable soon confront humanity collectively should unabated CO2 liberation persist unchecked indefinitely ahead.

In summary then, latest scientific

Latent period may refer to :   Incubation period , the time between exposure to a pathogen , chemical , or radiation , and when symptoms appear  Muscle contraction , the time between a stimulus to the nerve and the contraction of the muscle

A revolution ( from the Latin revolutio , `` a turn around '' ) is a fundamental change in political power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time when the population rises up in revolt against the current authorities .  Aristotle described two types of political revolution :  Complete change from one constitution to another  Modification of an existing constitution .  Revolutions have occurred through human history and vary widely in terms of methods , duration , and motivating ideology . Their results include major changes in culture , economy , and socio-political institutions .   Scholarly debates about what does and does not constitute a revolution center on several issues . Early studies of revolutions primarily analyzed events in European history from a psychological perspective , but more modern examinations include global events and incorporate perspectives from several social sciences , including sociology and political science . Several generations of scholarly thought on revolutions have generated many competing theories and contributed much to the current understanding of this complex phenomenon .

Digital photograph restoration is the practice of restoring the appearance of a digital copy of a physical photograph which has been damaged by natural , man made , or environmental causes or simply affected by age or neglect .   Digital photograph restoration uses a variety of image editing techniques to remove visible damage and aging effects from digital copies of physical photographs . Raster graphics editors ( see list below ) are typically used to repair the appearance of the digital images and add to the digital copy of the photo where pieces of the physical photograph are torn or missing . Evidence of dirt , scratches , and other signs of photographic age are removed from the digital image manually , by painting over them meticulously . Unwanted color casts are removed and the image 's contrast or sharpening may be altered in an attempt to restore some of the contrast range or detail that is believed to be in the original physical image . In addition image processing techniques such as image enhancement and image restoration are also applicable for the purpose of digital photograph restoration .

Data dredging ( also data fishing , data snooping , and p-hacking ) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant , without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality .   The process of data dredging involves automatically testing huge numbers of hypotheses about a single data set by exhaustively searching -- perhaps for combinations of variables that might show a correlation , and perhaps for groups of cases or observations that show differences in their mean or in their breakdown by some other variable . Conventional tests of statistical significance are based on the probability that a particular result would arise if chance alone were at work , and necessarily accept some risk of mistaken conclusions of a certain type ( mistaken rejections of the null hypothesis ) . This level of risk is called the significance . When large numbers of tests are performed , some produce false results of this type , hence 5 % of randomly chosen hypotheses turn out to be significant at the 5 % level , 1 % turn out to be significant at the 1 % significance level , and so on , by chance alone . When enough hypotheses are tested , it is virtually certain that some will be statistically significant but misleading , since almost every data set with any degree of randomness is likely to contain ( for example ) some spurious correlations . If they are not cautious , researchers using data mining techniques can be easily misled by these results .   The multiple comparisons hazard is common in data dredging . Moreover , subgroups are sometimes explored without alerting the reader to the number of questions at issue , which can lead to misinformed conclusions .

A Darwinian puzzle is a trait that appears to reduce the fitness of individuals that possess it . Such traits attract the attention of evolutionary biologists . Several human traits pose challenges to evolutionary thinking , as they are relatively prevalent but are associated with lower reproductive success through reduced fertility and/or longevity . Some of the classic examples include : left handedness , menopause , and mental disorders . These traits are also found in animals , a peacock shows an example of a trait that may reduce its fitness . The bigger the tail , the easier it is seen by predators and it also may hinder the movement of the peacock . Darwin , in fact , solved this `` puzzle '' by explaining the peacock 's tail as evidence of sexual selection ; a bigger tail confers evolutionary fitness on the male by allowing it to attract more females than other males with shorter tails . . The phrase `` Darwinian puzzle '' itself is rare and of unclear origin ; it 's typically talked about in the context of Animal Behavior .

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .

Dataveillance is the practice of monitoring and collecting online data as well as metadata . The word is a portmanteau of data and surveillance . Dataveillance is concerned with the continuous monitoring of users ' communications and actions across various platforms . For instance , dataveillance refers to the monitoring of data resulting from credit card transactions , GPS coordinates , emails , social networks , etc. . Using digital media often leaves traces of data and creates a digital footprint of our activity . This type of surveillance is not often known and happens discreetly . Unlike sousveillance , where individuals willingly surveillance their activity , dataveillance is more discrete and unknown . Dataveillance may involve the surveillance of groups of individuals . There exist three types of dataveillance : personal dataveillance , mass dataveillance , and facilitiative mechanisms .   Unlike computer and network surveillance , which collects data from computer networks and hard drives , dataveillance monitors and collects data ( and metadata ) through social networks and various other online platforms . Dataveillance is not to be confused with electronic surveillance . Electronic surveillance refers to the surveillance of oral and audio systems such as wire tapping . Additionally , electronic surveillance depends on having suspects already presumed before surveillance can occur . On the other hand , dataveillance can use data to identify an individual or a group . Often times , these individuals and groups have sparked some form of suspicion with their activity .

The Shroud of Turin ( Turin Shroud ) , a linen cloth that tradition associates with the crucifixion and burial of Jesus , has undergone numerous scientific tests , the most notable of which is radiocarbon dating , in an attempt to determine the relic 's authenticity . In 1988 , scientists at three separate laboratories dated samples from the Shroud to a range of AD 1260 -- 1390 , which coincides with the first certain appearance of the shroud in the 1350s and is much later than the burial of Jesus . Aspects of the 1988 test continue to be debated . Despite some technical concerns that have been raised about radiocarbon dating of the Shroud , most experts assert that it is reliable .

Rare events are events that occur with low frequency , and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society . Rare events encompass natural phenomena ( major earthquakes , tsunamis , hurricanes , floods , asteroid impacts , solar flares , etc. ) , anthropogenic hazards ( warfare and related forms of violent conflict , acts of terrorism , industrial accidents , financial and commodity market crashes , etc. ) , as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways ( epidemic disease spread , global warming-related changes in climate and weather , etc. ) .