Question:
 The overlay of natural variability upon an ascending temperature trajectory might erroneously suggest abrupt shifts; however, it's critical to acknowledge that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions underpin this ongoing thermal escalation. This highlights how perceived steps in climate data could mislead interpretations without considering long-term trends driven by human activities.
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Radiative Forcing vs Step Changes: Understanding Climate Trends
Radiative forcing refers to the imbalance imposed upon Earth’s energy budget via external factors, leading to long-term temperature trends. When considering climate data, apparent "step changes" might actually represent short-term fluctuations atop ongoing warming influenced by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, enhancing what we call the enhanced greenhouse effect. Key contributors among Earth's greenhouse gases encompass:

- Water Vapor: A potent yet secondary factor whose concentrations are largely governed by air temperatures.

- Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Primarily emitted through burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—and land-use alterations like deforestation.

- Methane (CH4) & Nitrous Oxide (N2O): Released during agricultural practices and waste management operations respectively; both possess higher heat-trapping capabilities per molecule compared to CO2.

Since pre-industrial times around 1750, atmospheric CO2 levels rose approximately forty percent—from roughly 280 parts per million (ppm) to above 400 ppm recently. Despite nature absorbing significant portions through its carbon sink mechanisms involving oceans and forests, human actions still dominate emission sources.

Projections indicate surpassing historic mean temperatures possibly before mid-century under unabated emissions scenarios, posing risks to ecological systems, species diversity, and societal welfare globally. Scientists warn crossing a two-degree Celsius warming barrier beyond preindustrial norms—the safety boundary outlined by international agreements—could occur sooner than anticipated without drastic mitigation measures. Such thresholds highlight critical junctures where incremental impacts escalate into more severe consequences affecting planetary health and habitability.

Laser ablation is the process of removing material from a solid ( or occasionally liquid ) surface by irradiating it with a laser beam . At low laser flux , the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and evaporates or sublimates . At high laser flux , the material is typically converted to a plasma . Usually , laser ablation refers to removing material with a pulsed laser , but it is possible to ablate material with a continuous wave laser beam if the laser intensity is high enough .

A RUP ` hump ' is a plot of effort spent over time during a particular Rational Unified Process ( RUP ) discipline . The RUP hump chart consists of a collection of humps for all RUP disciplines . This diagram was created in 1993 during a workshop on architecture and process and was inspired by work by Booch and Boehm . It has been part of the Rational Objectory Process after reviews by Dyrhage and Bylund and moved on to play a more important role in the RUP in 1998 when it served as the initial page for using the digital version of the process . Its final form was published by Kruchten in 1998 . An older version as later used by Jacobson , Booch and Rumbaugh and an altered version was used by Royce .   Over the years , this diagram has become increasingly connected with RUP , so that sometimes it is regarded as a logo for the process . The chart has then since been spread widely over the Internet . A known misconception about the hump chart is , that it is based on empirical assessment of actual projects rather than on Kruchten 's educated guess . ... I always insisted that these humps were just illustrative , as well as the number and duration of iterations shown on the horizontal axis , but many people wanted to read much more meaning in that diagram than I intended . For example , a gentleman from Korea once wrote me to ask for a large original diagram to measure the heights , and ` integrate ' the area under the humps , to help him do project estimation ...   Recently Werner Heijstek and Michel R.V. Chaudron investigated the extent to which the original model is correct . Their findings include data from industrial software engineering projects .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to communicate mathematical ideas among themselves . This language consists of a substrate of some natural language ( for example English ) using technical terms and grammatical conventions that are peculiar to mathematical discourse ( see Mathematical jargon ) , supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical formulas .   Like natural languages in general , discourse using the language of mathematics can employ a scala of registers . Research articles in academic journals are sources for detailed theoretical discussions about ideas concerning mathematics and its implications for society .

The radar horizon is a critical area of performance for aircraft detection systems that is defined by the distance at which the radar beam rises enough above the Earth 's surface to make detection of a target at low level impossible . It is associated with the low elevation region of performance and its geometry depends on terrain , radar height , and signal processing . This is associated with the notions of radar shadow , the clutter zone , and the clear zone .   Airborne objects can exploit the radar shadow zone and clutter zone to avoid radar detection by using a technique called nap-of-the-earth navigation .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

The Lab color space describes mathematically all perceivable colors in the three dimensions L for lightness and a and b for the color opponents green -- red and blue -- yellow . The terminology `` Lab '' originates from the Hunter 1948 color space.Nowadays `` Lab '' is frequently mis-used as abbreviation for CIEL * a * b * 1976 color space color space ( also CIELAB ) ; the asterisks/stars distinguish the CIE version from Hunter 's original version . The difference from the Hunter Lab coordinates is that the CIELAB coordinates are created by a cube root transformation of the CIE XYZ color data , while the Hunter Lab coordinates are the result of a square root transformation . Other , less common examples of color spaces with Lab representations make use of the CIE 1994 color difference and the CIE 2000 color difference .   The Lab color space exceeds the gamuts of the RGB and CMYK color models ( for example , ProPhoto RGB includes about 90 % all perceivable colors ) . One of the most important attributes of the Lab model is device independence . This means that the colors are defined independent of their nature of creation or the device they are displayed on . The Lab color space is used when graphics for print have to be converted from RGB to CMYK , as the Lab gamut includes both the RGB and CMYK gamut . Also it is used as an interchange format between different devices as for its device independency . The space itself is a three-dimensional real number space , that contains an infinite number of possible representations of colors . However , in practice , the space is usually mapped onto a three-dimensional integer space for device-independent digital representation , and for these reasons , the L * , a * , and b * values are usually absolute , with a pre-defined range . The lightness , L * , represents the darkest black at L * = 0 , and the brightest white at L * = 100 . The color channels , a * and b * , will represent true neutral gray values at a * = 0 and b * = 0 . The red/green opponent colors are represented along the a * axis , with green at negative a * values and red at positive a * values . The yellow/blue opponent colors are represented along the b * axis , with blue at negative b * values and yellow at positive b * values . The scaling and limits of the a * and b * axes will depend on the specific implementation of Lab color , as described below , but they often run in the range of ± 100 or − 128 to +127 ( signed 8-bit integer ) .   Both the Hunter and the 1976 CIELAB color spaces were derived from the prior `` master '' space CIE 1931 XYZ color space , which can predict which spectral power distributions will be perceived as the same color ( see metamerism ) , but which is not particularly perceptually uniform . Strongly influenced by the Munsell color system , the intention of both `` Lab '' color spaces is to create a space that can be computed via simple formulas from the XYZ space but is more perceptually uniform than XYZ . Perceptually uniform means that a change of the same amount in a color value should produce a change of about the same visual importance . When storing colors in limited precision values , this can improve the reproduction of tones . Both Lab spaces are relative to the white point of the XYZ data they were converted from . Lab values do not define absolute colors unless the white point is also specified . Often , in practice , the white point is assumed to follow a standard and is not explicitly stated ( e.g. , for `` absolute colorimetric '' rendering intent , the International Color Consortium L * a * b * values are relative to CIE standard illuminant D50 , while they are relative to the unprinted substrate for other rendering intents ) .   The lightness correlate in CIELAB is calculated using the cube root of the relative luminance .

In statistics , a regression diagnostic is one of a set of procedures available for regression analysis that seek to assess the validity of a model in any of a number of different ways . This assessment may be an exploration of the model 's underlying statistical assumptions , an examination of the structure of the model by considering formulations that have fewer , more or different explanatory variables , or a study of subgroups of observations , looking for those that are either poorly represented by the model ( outliers ) or that have a relatively large effect on the regression model 's predictions .   A regression diagnostic may take the form of a graphical result , informal quantitative results or a formal statistical hypothesis test , each of which provides guidance for further stages of a regression analysis .

Retronasal smell , retronasal olfaction , or mouth smell , is the ability to perceive flavor dimensions of foods and drinks . Retronasal smell is a sensory modality that produces flavor . It is best described as a combination of traditional smell ( orthonasal smell ) and taste modalities . Retronasal smell creates flavor from smell molecules in foods or drinks shunting up through the nasal passages as one is chewing . When people use the term smell , they are usually referring to orthonasal smell , or the perception of smell molecules that enter directly through the nose and up the nasal passages . Retronasal smell is critical for experiencing the flavor of foods and drinks . Flavor should be contrasted with taste , which refers to five specific dimensions : ( 1 ) sweet , ( 2 ) salty , ( 3 ) bitter , ( 4 ) sour , and ( 5 ) umami . Perceiving anything beyond these five dimensions , such as distinguishing the flavor of an apple from a pear for example , requires the sense of retronasal smell .

The dasymetric map is a method of thematic mapping , which uses areal symbols to spatially classify volumetric data . The method was defined and developed in 1911 by Benjamin ( Veniamin ) Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky and popularised by J.K. Wright , although there are earlier references to similar techniques from George Poulett Scrope ( 1833 ) and Henry Drury Harness ( 1838 ) .


Question: The interplay of natural variability with an ongoing climate heating might give off the impression of sudden shifts; however, it's critical to recognize that this gradual increase in temperature results from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions exerting additional pressure on Earth’s energy balance. This highlights how human-induced factors remain at the core of our planet's rising heat levels despite short-term fluctuations.

Understanding Linear Trends vs Step Changes: Attribution to External Radiative Forcing
In analyzing historical climate data, scientists often observe what appears to be sudden shifts—step changes—in temperature records amidst longer-term trends. However, closer examination reveals that many apparent jumps result from overlapping short-term variability and long-term warming influenced by increasing atmospheric CO2. These fluctuations do not negate the overarching impact of enhanced greenhouse effect; rather they underscore how complex interactions within earth systems manifest alongside persistent anthropogenic influences. Research indicates that while natural variations contribute to perceived discontinuities, the predominant factor behind rising global mean temperatures remains consistent increases in man-made GHG levels. By disentangling transient phenomena from secular tendencies, experts aim to refine predictive models and inform policy decisions aimed at mitigating future climate risks associated with uncontrolled carbon dioxide accumulation.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s comprehensive assessments highlight robust evidence linking recent global warming episodes directly to escalating greenhouse gases emitted through various human activities. Despite occasional deviations attributable to internal dynamics or exogenous shocks unrelated to cumulative radiative imbalances, clear attribution points overwhelmingly to anthropocentric origins when considering multi-decadal perspectives. Thus, attributing episodic warmth anomalies solely to stochastic oscillations without acknowledging broader causal mechanisms would misrepresent fundamental drivers shaping contemporary thermal regimes across terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, integrating both deterministic forcings and probabilistic feedbacks offers nuanced insights into evolving planetary thermodynamics underpinned by steadily mounting anthropological pressures exerted upon fragile ecological balances maintained throughout Holocene epochs preceding Industrial Revolution onset circa AD 1850.

Deep history is a term for the distant past of the human species , `` stretching back 50,000 , 500,000 , even 2.6 million years to the earliest humans '' . As an intellectual discipline , deep history encourages scholars in anthropology , archaeology , primatology , genetics and linguistics to work together to write a common narrative about the beginnings of humans , and to redress what they see as an imbalance among historians , who mostly concentrate on more recent periods . Deep history forms the earlier part of Big History , and looks at the portion of deep time when humans existed , going further back than prehistory , mainly based on archaeology , usually ventures , and using a wider range of approaches .   Proponents of deep history argue for a definition of history that rests not upon the invention of writing , but upon the evolution of anatomically modern humans . According to Daniel Lord Smail , perhaps the most prominent advocate of deep history , the concept of prehistory is recast as an arbitrary boundary that limits the longue durée perspective of historians , and which rests upon assumptions that history follows a teleological path beginning with the origins of civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia . For example , Smail suggests that advances in disciplines such as neurobiology and neurophysiology and genetics mean that there are more possibilities for understanding the distant past , and offer opportunities to explain how events such as biological evolution , global environmental change , and patterns of the spread of disease have affected humanity today . Proponents of deep history generally do not acknowledge what they claim to be the traditional barrier between conventional history , generally based on written documentation such as ancient scrolls or hieroglyphs on pyramids , and unwritten prehistory , based on archaeology , in the human past .   A review of Smail 's book by Steven Mithen , professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading , is sympathethic to some parts of his thesis , but says `` Smail may not be as closely acquainted with the ongoing debates in prehistoric archaeology as he might be '' , and on Smail 's critical description of historians : `` I have to take Smail 's word for it that such historians still exist , as after more than a century of prehistoric archaeology they would be an astonishing throwback to another age '' .

A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star on the main sequence , of either K or M spectral type . Red dwarfs range in mass from a low of 0.075 to about 0.50 solar mass and have a surface temperature of less than 4,000 K.   Red dwarfs are by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way , at least in the neighborhood of the Sun , but because of their low luminosity , individual red dwarfs can not be easily observed . From Earth , not one is visible to the naked eye . Proxima Centauri , the nearest star to the Sun , is a red dwarf ( Type M5 , apparent magnitude 11.05 ) , as are fifty of the sixty nearest stars .  According to some estimates , red dwarfs make up three-quarters of the stars in the Milky Way .   Stellar models indicate that red dwarfs less than are fully convective . Hence the helium produced by the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen is constantly remixed throughout the star , avoiding its buildup at the core and prolonging the period of fusion . Red dwarfs therefore develop very slowly , maintaining a constant luminosity and spectral type for trillions of years , until their fuel is depleted . Because of the comparatively short age of the universe , no red dwarfs exist at advanced stages of evolution .

In thermodynamics , a departure function is defined for any thermodynamic property as the difference between the property as computed for an ideal gas and the property of the species as it exists in the real world , for a specified temperature T and pressure P. Common departure functions include those for enthalpy , entropy , and internal energy .   Departure functions are used to calculate real fluid extensive properties ( i.e. properties which are computed as a difference between two states ) . A departure function gives the difference between the real state , at a finite volume or non-zero pressure and temperature , and the ideal state , usually at zero pressure or infinite volume and temperature .   For example , to evaluate enthalpy change between two points h ( v1 , T1 ) and h ( v2 , T2 ) we first compute the enthalpy departure function between the v1 and infinite volume at T = T1 , then add to that the ideal gas enthalpy change due to the temperature change from T1 to T2 , then subtract the departure function value between v2 and infinite volume .   Departure functions are computed by integrating a function which depends on an equation of state and its derivative .

Reverse stratigraphy ( sometimes known as inverted stratigraphy ) is the result of a process whereby one sediment is unearthed by human or natural actions and moved elsewhere , whereby the latest material will be deposited on the bottom of the new sediment , and progressively earlier material will be deposited higher and higher in the stratigraphy . Such events can be triggered by rockslides , tree throws , or other events which cause the strata of a deposit to be flipped or reversed . In archeological excavations a common cause of inversions in the stratigraphy is the collapse of walls on river banks or other raised mounds where deposits which have been cut through behind the wall prior to collapse slip over the collapsed structure resulting in the structure being under the deposits that originated earlier in time . In this case care must be taken to re-context the slipped deposits so the event of slippage appears in the correct place stratigraphically in the Harris matrix . There are numerous process that can reverse the stratigraphy or more accurately redeposit it . Many rely on slope processes , however other instances where deposits containing material later than overlying deposits occur in such features as drains or hypocaust systems . In these instances a clear understanding of the direction of `` UP '' and site formation processes is essential . Drains or hypocaust systems often have later material deposited within them during their `` use '' , which may be much much later than either their initial construction or indeed the construction , use and disuse of the floors above them .

Kundalini ( Sanskrit : कुण्डलिनी , , `` coiled one '' ) , in the concept of Dharma , refers to a form of primal energy ( or shakti ) said to be located at the base of the spine . Different spiritual traditions teach methods of `` awakening '' kundalini for the purpose of reaching spiritual enlightenment and a range of supernormal powers . Writer Joseph Campbell describes the concept of Kundalini as `` the figure of a coiled female serpent -- a serpent goddess not of `` gross '' but of `` subtle '' substance - which is to be thought of as residing in a torpid , slumbering state in a subtle center , the first of the seven , near the base of the spine : the aim of the yoga then being to rouse this serpent , lift her head , and bring her up a subtle nerve or channel of the spine to the so-called `` thousand-petaled lotus '' ( Sahasrara ) at the crown of the head ... She , rising from the lowest to the highest lotus center , will pass through and wake the five between , and with each waking the psychology and personality of the practitioner will be altogether and fundamentally transformed . ''   Kundalini awakening is said to result from deep meditation , and consequently enlightenment and bliss . However , as each individual is unique , Kundalini awakenings can happen through a variety of methods not limited to deep meditation . This awakening involves the Kundalini physically moving up the central channel to reach within the Sahasrara Chakra at the top of the head . Many systems of yoga focus on awakening Kundalini through meditation , pranayama breathing , the practice of asana and chanting of mantras . In physical terms , the Kundalini experience is frequently reported to be a feeling of electric current running along the spine .

19 ( nineteen ) is the natural number following 18 and preceding 20 . It is a prime number .   In a 24-hour clock , the nineteenth hour is in conventional language called seven or seven o'clock .

Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) at − 162 ° C ( − 260 ° F ) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature . LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges . Floating barge mounted plants have the advantage that they can be towed to new offshore locations for better usage in response to changes in the business environment . In a conventional regasification plantRU , LNG is heated by sea water to convert it to natural gas / methane gas .

Religious naturalism ( RN ) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions . In this , `` religious '' is understood in general terms , separate from established traditions , in designating feelings and concerns ( e.g. gratitude , wonder , humility , compassion ) that are often described as spiritual or religious . Naturalism refers to a view that the natural world is all we have substantiated reason to believe exists , and there is no substantiated reason to believe that anything else , including deities , exists or may act in ways that are independent of the natural order .   Areas of inquiry include attempts to understand the natural world and the spiritual and moral implications of naturalist views . Understanding is based in knowledge obtained through scientific inquiry and insights from the humanities and the arts . Religious naturalists use these perspectives in responding to personal and social challenges ( e.g. finding purpose , seeking justice , coming to terms with mortality ) and in relating to the natural world .

In cosmology , decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other . This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe , as their interaction rates decrease ( and mean free paths increase ) up to this critical point . The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling , as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background , respectively .

Demonstratives ( abbreviated ) are words like this and that , used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others . They are typically deictic , their meaning depending on a particular frame of its reference . Demonstratives are often used in spatial deixis ( using the context of the physical surroundings of the speaker and sometimes the listener ) , but also in intra-discourse reference - so called `` discourse deixis '' ( including abstract concepts ) or  anaphora , where the meaning is dependent on something other than the relative physical location of the speaker , for example whether something is currently being said or was said earlier .   Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners , which qualify nouns ( as in Put that coat on ) ; and demonstrative pronouns , which stand independently ( as in Put that on ) . The demonstratives in English are this , that , these , those , and the archaic yon and yonder , along with this one or that one as substitutes for the pronoun use of this or that .


Question:
 The fluctuation of natural processes over an ascending thermal baseline might seem like sudden shifts; however, it's critical to recognize that this ongoing heat increase originates from extrinsic radiation pressure exerted upon our climate system. This highlights how easily transient phenomena could mask or amplify long-term anthropogenic impacts if not properly accounted for in observational data analysis techniques such as filtering out short term variability before attributing causes behind observed temperature records trends globally across different regions with varying degrees sensitivity depending also partly geographical location relative equator poles etc... which all contribute together making up one big picture when looking at Earth’s overall health status today compared yesterday (or even centuries ago). Thus emphasizing once again why scientists must remain vigilant about distinguishing between noise signals versus true signal coming directly greenhouse gases emissions rather than just relying solely intuition without scientific evidence backing claims made regarding recent weather events being direct consequences manmade activities alone - though certainly contributing factor among many others considered equally important understanding complex interplay forces shaping planet destiny moving forward into future where sustainability becomes key priority ensuring survival generations yet unborn.

In essence: While apparent 'steps' may occur within broader context gradual rise attributed largely human influence via increased GHG levels atmosphere-ocean coupled systems, care needs taken avoid misinterpreting these episodic variations inherent planetary dynamics instead recognizing them part continuous evolution driven primarily external forcings emanating sources outside earth itself e.g., solar irradiance fluctuations volcanic eruptions cosmic rays modulation cloud cover albedo feedback mechanisms etc.. Consequently accurate attribution requires sophisticated statistical methods capable disentangling confounding factors isolating specific contributions respective components total variance explained models order accurately project plausible scenarios going forwards taking account both historical observations theoretical projections based current best estimates parameters governing physical laws governing thermodynamics fluid mechanics chemistry biology ecology geology meteorology oceanography cryosphere hydrology land use change agriculture forestry urbanization industrialization transport energy production consumption waste management water resources food security public health disaster risk reduction adaptation mitigation strategies sustainable development goals peacekeeping diplomacy international cooperation treaty obligations legal frameworks ethical considerations moral imperatives universal values shared humanity regardless race religion culture language gender age ability wealth power position privilege prejudice bias ignorance apathy indifference cynicism despair hope love kindness compassion forgiveness gratitude serenity wisdom courage patience honesty integrity humility generosity empathy altruism solidarity resilience innovation creativity collaboration communication education awareness advocacy activism leadership vision passion commitment action results benefits costs risks uncertainties opportunities challenges lessons learned successes failures mistakes regrets joys sorrows loves losses gains sacrifices rewards punishments rights wrongs truths lies promises threats warnings instructions advice guidance counseling mentoring coaching teaching learning researching discovering inventing implementing monitoring evaluating revising improving expanding contracting adapting evolving surviving thriving flourishing per

 Understanding Climate Change: Distinguishing Between Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Influence

Climate science grapples with discerning whether observed shifts represent abrupt steps influenced by internal variability or continuous trends exacerbated by anthropogenic effects. Throughout Earth’s history, natural fluctuations—driven by volcanic eruptions, solar variations, and orbital dynamics—have played significant roles in shaping climates. However, recent rapid warming cannot solely be attributed to these cyclical events; instead, evidence points to enhanced greenhouse gases resulting from human activities as the dominant force behind escalating temperatures.

Proxy indicators derived from paleoclimate research provide insights into historical climate conditions through analysis of sediment layers, ice cores, coral reefs, and tree ring widths. These archives reveal long-term cooling periods interspersed with shorter warm spells, indicating complex interactions among multiple drivers. Yet, since the Industrial Revolution, CO2 concentrations have risen sharply alongside global mean temperatures—a correlation too strong to ignore when considering the role of man-made emissions in contemporary climate anomalies.

While acknowledging the significance of natural oscillations, scientists emphasize distinguishing transient phenomena from persistent alterations induced by increasing radiative forcings linked to greenhouse gas accumulations. By doing so, they aim to refine predictive models and inform policy decisions aimed at mitigating future climate risks associated with unchecked carbon outputs.

In statistics , a receiver operating characteristic curve , i.e. ROC curve , is a graphical plot that illustrates the diagnostic ability of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied .   The ROC curve is created by plotting the true positive rate ( TPR ) against the false positive rate ( FPR ) at various threshold settings . The true-positive rate is also known as sensitivity , recall or probability of detection in machine learning . The false-positive rate is also known as the fall-out or probability of false alarm and can be calculated as ( 1 − specificity ) . The ROC curve is thus the sensitivity as a function of fall-out . In general , if the probability distributions for both detection and false alarm are known , the ROC curve can be generated by plotting the cumulative distribution function ( area under the probability distribution from to the discrimination threshold ) of the detection probability in the y-axis versus the cumulative distribution function of the false-alarm probability on the x-axis .   ROC analysis provides tools to select possibly optimal models and to discard suboptimal ones independently from ( and prior to specifying ) the cost context or the class distribution . ROC analysis is related in a direct and natural way to cost/benefit analysis of diagnostic decision making .   The ROC curve was first developed by electrical engineers and radar engineers during World War II for detecting enemy objects in battlefields and was soon introduced to psychology to account for perceptual detection of stimuli . ROC analysis since then has been used in medicine , radiology , biometrics , and other areas for many decades and is increasingly used in machine learning and data mining research .   The ROC is also known as a relative operating characteristic curve , because it is a comparison of two operating characteristics ( TPR and FPR ) as the criterion changes .

The regression ( or regressive ) fallacy is an informal fallacy . It assumes that something has returned to normal because of corrective actions taken while it was abnormal . This fails to account for natural fluctuations . It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy .

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

Radiation protection , sometimes known as radiological protection , is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) as `` The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation , and the means for achieving this '' . The IAEA also states `` The accepted understanding of the term radiation protection is restricted to protection of people . Suggestions to extend the definition to include the protection of non-human species or the protection of the environment are controversial '' .   Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine , and can present a significant health hazard . It causes microscopic damage to living tissue , which can result in skin burns and radiation sickness at high exposures ( known as `` tissue '' or `` deterministic '' effects ) , and statistically elevated risks of cancer at low exposures ( `` stochastic effects '' ) .   Fundamental to radiation protection is the reduction of expected dose and the measurement of human dose uptake . For radiation protection and dosimetry assessment the International Committee on Radiation Protection ( ICRP ) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements ( ICRU ) have published recommendations and data which is used to calculate the biological effects on the human body , and set regulatory and guidance limits .

Rapid Thermal Processing ( RTP ) refers to a semiconductor manufacturing process which heats silicon wafers to high temperatures ( over 1,000 ° C ) on a timescale of several seconds or less . During cooling , however , wafer temperatures must be brought down slowly to prevent dislocations and wafer breakage due to thermal shock . Such rapid heating rates are often attained by high intensity lamps or lasers . These processes are used for a wide variety of applications in semiconductor manufacturing including dopant activation , thermal oxidation , metal reflow and chemical vapor deposition .

Remotely triggered earthquakes are a result of the effects of large earthquakes at considerable distance , outside of the immediate aftershock zone . The further one gets from the initiating earthquake in both space and time , the more difficult it is to establish an association .   The physics involved in actually triggering an earthquake is complex . Most earthquake-generating zones are in a state of being close to failure . If such a zone were to be left completely alone , it would generate significant earthquakes spontaneously . Remote earthquakes , however , are in a position to disturb this critical state , either by shifting the stresses statically , or by dynamic change caused by passing seismic waves .   The first type of triggering may be due to static changes in the critical state . For example , after the magnitude 7.3 Landers earthquake struck California in 1992 , it is said that `` the earthquake map of California lit up like a Christmas tree '' . This event reinforced the idea of remotely triggered earthquakes , and pushed the hypothesis into the scientific mainstream .   There is scientific evidence for a `` long reach '' , mainly in the form of discrete element modelling used in the mining industry . If rock is modeled as discrete elements in a critical state , a single disturbance can influence a wide area . A smaller-scale example is when a small excavation in a valley triggers a landslide and brings down a whole mountainside .

The Kruithof curve describes a region of illuminance levels and color temperatures that are often viewed as comfortable or pleasing to an observer . The curve was constructed from psychophysical data collected by Dutch physicist Arie Andries Kruithof , though the original experimental data is not present on the curve itself . Lighting conditions within the bounded region were empirically assessed as being pleasing or natural , whereas conditions outside of the region were considered uncomfortable , displeasing or unnatural . sources that are considered natural or closely resemble Plankian black bodies , but its value in describing human preference has been consistently questioned by further studies on interior lighting .   For example , natural daylight has a color temperature of 6500 K and an illuminance of about 104 to 105 lux . This color temperature -- illuminance pair results in natural color rendition , but if viewed at a low illuminance , would appear bluish . At typical indoor office illuminance levels of about 400 lux , pleasing color temperatures are lower ( between 3000 and 6000 K ) , and at typical home illuminance levels of about 75 lux , pleasing color temperatures are even lower ( between 2400 and 2700 K ) . These color temperature-illuminance pairs are often achieved with fluorescent and incandescent sources , respectively . It is noteworthy that the pleasing region of the curve contains color temperatures and illuminance levels comparable to naturally lit environments .

LUCID ( Langton Ultimate Cosmic ray Intensity Detector ) is a cosmic ray detector built by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd and designed at Simon Langton Grammar School for Boys , in Canterbury , England . Its main purpose is to monitor cosmic rays using technology developed by CERN , and will help predict the occurrence of solar flares ( proton storms ) which disrupt artificial satellites . LUCID was launched on 8 July 2014 at Baikonur , Kazakhstan as an instrument of the satellite TechDemoSat-1 , which was carried into space by a Soyuz-2 rocket .   Professor Larry Pinsky , Chair of Physics at the University of Houston , described the project in Symmetry Magazine as `` like playing at being NASA or the European Space Agency , but they 're not really playing . They 're doing the real thing . ''   Channel 4 News said of the LUCID project that `` with this metal box , the school has outwitted NASA '' .

The language of mathematics is the system used by mathematicians to communicate mathematical ideas among themselves . This language consists of a substrate of some natural language ( for example English ) using technical terms and grammatical conventions that are peculiar to mathematical discourse ( see Mathematical jargon ) , supplemented by a highly specialized symbolic notation for mathematical formulas .   Like natural languages in general , discourse using the language of mathematics can employ a scala of registers . Research articles in academic journals are sources for detailed theoretical discussions about ideas concerning mathematics and its implications for society .

Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel , or are propagated , from one point to another , or into various parts of the atmosphere . As a form of electromagnetic radiation , like light waves , radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection , refraction , diffraction , absorption , polarization , and scattering . Understanding the effects of varying conditions on radio propagation has many practical applications , from choosing frequencies for international shortwave broadcasters , to designing reliable mobile telephone systems , to radio navigation , to operation of radar systems .   Several different types of propagation are used in practical radio transmission systems . Line-of-sight propagation means radio waves which travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna . Line of sight transmission is used in short to medium range radio transmission such as cell phones , cordless phones , walkie-talkies , wireless networks , FM radio and television broadcasting and radar , and satellite communication , such as satellite television . Line-of-sight transmission on the surface of the Earth is limited to the distance to the visual horizon , which depends on the height of transmitting and receiving antennas . It is the only propagation method possible at microwave frequencies and above . At microwave frequencies moisture in the atmosphere ( rain fade ) can degrade transmission .   At lower frequencies in the MF , LF , and VLF bands , due to diffraction radio waves can bend over obstacles like hills , and travel beyond the horizon as surface waves which follow the contour of the Earth . These are called ground waves . AM broadcasting stations use ground waves to cover their listening areas . As the frequency gets lower the attenuation with distance decreases , so very low frequency ( VLF ) and extremely low frequency ( ELF ) ground waves can be used to communicate worldwide . VLF and ELF waves can penetrate significant distances through water and earth , and these frequencies are used for mine communication and military communication with submerged submarines .   At medium wave and shortwave frequencies ( MF and HF bands ) radio waves can refract from a layer of charged particles ( ions ) high in the atmosphere , called the ionosphere . So radio waves transmitted at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth beyond the horizon , at great distances , even transcontinental distances . This is called skywave or `` skip '' propagation . It is used by amateur radio operators to talk to other countries , and shortwave broadcasting stations that broadcast internationally . Skywave communication is variable , dependent on conditions in the upper atmosphere ; it is most reliable at night and in the winter . Due to its unreliability , since the advent of communication satellites in the 1960s many long range communication needs that previously used skywaves now use satellites .   In addition there are several less common radio propagation mechanisms , such as tropospheric scattering ( troposcatter ) and near vertical incidence skywave ( NVIS ) which are used in specialized communication systems .


Question: The interplay of natural variations with an ongoing climate heating might create illusions of sudden shifts; however, it's critical to acknowledge that this gradual temperature rise originates from enhanced greenhouse gas emissions impacting Earth’s energy balance. This highlights how external radiative influences drive long-term climatic alterations despite short-term fluctuations.

 Understanding Climate Change: Beyond Step Changes
Climate change, often perceived through dramatic shifts or "step changes," actually results from continuous alterations influenced predominantly by anthropogenic (human-caused) radiative forcings. These long-term trends, though sometimes obscured by short-term variability linked to natural phenomena, underpin the ongoing transformation of Earth’s environment. Since the onset of the Industrial Age, human activities—chiefly burning fossil fuels and deforestation—have significantly altered atmospheric composition, notably increasing carbon dioxide concentrations. This alteration amplifies what scientists term the “greenhouse effect,” trapping more heat within the lower atmosphere and contributing to rising temperatures globally—a phenomenon known as global warming.
The misconception arises when observers attribute sudden jumps in average temperatures solely to random fluctuations rather than recognizing them as part of a broader pattern exacerbated by persistent increases in greenhouse gases. Such misunderstandings can impede effective policy-making aimed at mitigating climate change effects. To combat this, experts emphasize understanding both the incremental rise in baseline conditions alongside episodic events triggered by internal dynamics within weather systems or ocean currents.
A key challenge lies in distinguishing signals indicative of fundamental shifts from those reflecting transient anomalies. Scientists utilize models incorporating historical data along with projections about future scenarios to discern trends amidst apparent chaos. By doing so, researchers clarify distinctions between background noise generated by natural variation versus significant deviations attributable directly to enhanced greenhouse gas loads imposed upon ecosystems via industrial expansion and lifestyle choices characteristic of modern societies around the globe.
In essence, while acknowledging complexities inherent within studying interconnected physical mechanisms governing planetary health, specialists stress maintaining focus on overarching narratives centered around escalating thermal outputs tied intrinsically to expanding economic pursuits reliant heavily upon non-renewable energy sources. Only through concerted effort directed towards curbing emissions will humankind succeed in averting potentially catastrophic outcomes associated with unchecked climatological deterioration threatening ecological stability necessary for sustaining diverse forms of terrestrial existence—including Homo sapiens themselves—as outlined extensively throughout contemporary literature concerning Anthropocene epoch characteristics and implications thereof vis-à-vis stewardship responsibilities incumbent upon current generations seeking viable pathways forward compatible simultaneously with prosperity aspirations yet mindful equally regarding intergenerational equity concerns extending indefinitely into unforeseeably distant futures awaiting posterity's inheritance contingent largely upon decisions made presently herein described succinctly albeit comprehensively hereunder accordingly henceforth thereafter thusly forthwith hereby therein whereby wherein wherebywherein wherebywherewithal wherebywhereunto wherebywhereupon wherebywherefore wherebywhereafter wherebywhereby wherebywhereas wherebywhereunto wherebywhereupon wherebywherefore wherebywhereafter wherebywhereby wherebywhereas wherebywhereunto wherebywhereupon wherebywhere

In education , response to intervention ( commonly abbreviated RTI or RtI ) is an approach to academic and behavioral intervention used in the United States to provide early , systematic , and appropriately intensive assistance to children who are at risk for or already underperforming as compared to appropriate grade - or age-level standards . RTI seeks to prevent academic and behavioral failure through universal screening , early intervention , frequent progress monitoring , and increasingly intensive research-based instruction or interventions for children who continue to have difficulty . RTI is a multileveled approach for aiding students that is adjusted and modified as needed .   In terms of identifying students with specific learning disabilities ( SLD ) , RTI was proposed as an alternative to the ability -- achievement discrepancy model , which requires children to exhibit a significant discrepancy between their ability ( often measured by IQ testing ) and academic achievement ( as measured by their grades and standardized testing ) . Methods to identify students with SLD have been controversial for decades and proponents of RTI claim that the process brings more clarity to the Specific Learning Disability ( SLD ) category of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act ( IDEA 2004 ) , while opponents claim that RTI simply identifies low achieving students rather than students with learning disabilities .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

Religious naturalism ( RN ) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions . In this , `` religious '' is understood in general terms , separate from established traditions , in designating feelings and concerns ( e.g. gratitude , wonder , humility , compassion ) that are often described as spiritual or religious . Naturalism refers to a view that the natural world is all we have substantiated reason to believe exists , and there is no substantiated reason to believe that anything else , including deities , exists or may act in ways that are independent of the natural order .   Areas of inquiry include attempts to understand the natural world and the spiritual and moral implications of naturalist views . Understanding is based in knowledge obtained through scientific inquiry and insights from the humanities and the arts . Religious naturalists use these perspectives in responding to personal and social challenges ( e.g. finding purpose , seeking justice , coming to terms with mortality ) and in relating to the natural world .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

Regional geography is a major branch of geography . It focuses on the interaction of different cultural and natural geofactors in a specific land or landscape , while its counterpart , systematic geography , concentrates on a specific geofactor at the global level .

15 ( fifteen ) is the natural number following 14 and preceding 16 . In English , it is the smallest natural number with seven letters in its spelled name .   In spoken English , the numbers 15 and 50 are often confused because they sound similar . When carefully enunciated , they differ in which syllable is stressed : 15 -LSB- fɪfˈtiːn -RSB- vs 50 -LSB- ˈfɪfti -RSB- . However , in dates such as 1500 ( `` fifteen hundred '' ) or when contrasting numbers in the teens , the stress generally shifts to the first syllable : 15 -LSB- ˈfɪftiːn -RSB- . In a 24-hour clock , the fifteenth hour is in conventional language called three or three o'clock .

Dialectical naturalism is a term coined by American philosopher Murray Bookchin to describe the philosophical underpinnings of the political program of social ecology . Dialectical naturalism explores the complex interrelationship between social problems , and the direct consequences they have on the ecological impact of human society . Bookchin offered dialectical naturalism as a contrast to what he saw as the `` empyrean , basically antinaturalistic dialectical idealism '' of Hegel , and `` the wooden , often scientistic dialectical materialism of orthodox Marxists . ''

Resting metabolic rate ( RMR ) is whole-body mammal ( and other vertebrate ) metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium . RMR differs from basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) because BMR measurements must meet total physiological equilibrium whereas RMR conditions of measurement can be altered and defined by the contextual limitations . Therefore , BMR is measured in the elusive `` perfect '' steady state , whereas RMR measurement is more accessible and thus , represents most , if not all measurements or estimates of daily energy expenditure .   Indirect calorimetry is the study or clinical use of the relationship between respirometry and bioenergetics , where the measurement of the rates of change in oxygen consumption , sometimes carbon dioxide production , and less often urea production is transformed to energy expenditure and expressed as the ratio between i ) energy and ii ) the time frame of the measurement . For example , following analysis of oxygen consumption of a human subject , if 5.5 kilocalories of energy were estimated during a 5-minute measurement from a rested individual , then the resting metabolic rate equals = 1.1 kcal/min rate .   A comprehensive treatment of confounding factors on BMR measurements is demonstrated as early as 1922 in Massachusetts by Engineering Professor Frank B Sanborn , wherein descriptions of the effects of food , posture , sleep , muscular activity , and emotion provide criteria for separating BMR from RMR .

Deep history is a term for the distant past of the human species , `` stretching back 50,000 , 500,000 , even 2.6 million years to the earliest humans '' . As an intellectual discipline , deep history encourages scholars in anthropology , archaeology , primatology , genetics and linguistics to work together to write a common narrative about the beginnings of humans , and to redress what they see as an imbalance among historians , who mostly concentrate on more recent periods . Deep history forms the earlier part of Big History , and looks at the portion of deep time when humans existed , going further back than prehistory , mainly based on archaeology , usually ventures , and using a wider range of approaches .   Proponents of deep history argue for a definition of history that rests not upon the invention of writing , but upon the evolution of anatomically modern humans . According to Daniel Lord Smail , perhaps the most prominent advocate of deep history , the concept of prehistory is recast as an arbitrary boundary that limits the longue durée perspective of historians , and which rests upon assumptions that history follows a teleological path beginning with the origins of civilization in Ancient Mesopotamia . For example , Smail suggests that advances in disciplines such as neurobiology and neurophysiology and genetics mean that there are more possibilities for understanding the distant past , and offer opportunities to explain how events such as biological evolution , global environmental change , and patterns of the spread of disease have affected humanity today . Proponents of deep history generally do not acknowledge what they claim to be the traditional barrier between conventional history , generally based on written documentation such as ancient scrolls or hieroglyphs on pyramids , and unwritten prehistory , based on archaeology , in the human past .   A review of Smail 's book by Steven Mithen , professor of Archaeology at the University of Reading , is sympathethic to some parts of his thesis , but says `` Smail may not be as closely acquainted with the ongoing debates in prehistoric archaeology as he might be '' , and on Smail 's critical description of historians : `` I have to take Smail 's word for it that such historians still exist , as after more than a century of prehistoric archaeology they would be an astonishing throwback to another age '' .

Radiators and convectors are heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of space heating .   Denison Olmsted of New Haven , Connecticut , appears to have been the earliest person to use the term ` radiator ' to mean a heating appliance in an 1834 patent for a stove with a heat exchanger which then radiated heat . In the patent he wrote that his invention was a peculiar kind of apparatus , which I call a radiator . The heating radiator was invented by Franz San Galli in 1855 , a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg . In the late 1800s , companies , such as the American Radiator Company , promoted cast iron radiators over previous fabricated steel designs in order to lower costs and expand the market .


Question: The slight increase in global temperature as a result of climate change significantly affects glaciers, oceanic water levels, and various facets of environmental conditions worldwide.

 Consequences of Rising Temperatures on Climate Systems
Rising temperatures resulting from global warming exert profound influences across various facets of earth’s ecosystems, showcasing direct correlations with human-generated greenhouse gas discharges. Scientific evidence confirms ongoing alterations triggered by climate change: glaciers recede dramatically; phenological shifts manifest through early plant blossoms; farming yields fluctuate unpredictably—all indicative responses to escalating thermal conditions. Projected outcomes hinge upon dual variables—climate regulation strategies coupled with societal evolution. Mitigation tactics aim to curtail anthropogenic emission outputs while adaptation measures prepare communities against impending challenges. Alternative interventions, encompassing geoengineering proposals, emerge as supplementary options. Immediate action can markedly alter future scenarios. Aggressive carbon-reduction initiatives aspire to cap planetary heating under approximately +2°C versus baseline historical norms. Conversely, laissez-faire approaches enabling heightened reliance on nonrenewable energies project end-of-century increments nearing +4°C. Such intensifications amplify vulnerabilities, complicating resilience-building endeavors whilst amplifying risks associated with adverse ecological repercussions.
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Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Sri Lanka , including population density , ethnicity , education level , health of the populace , economic status , religious affiliations and other aspects of the population .   Sri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean also called Ceylon and many other names . It is about the size of Ireland . It is about 28 kilometres ( 18 mi . ) off the south-eastern coast of India with a population of about 20 million . Density is highest in the south west where Colombo , the country 's main port and industrial center , is located . The net population growth is about 0.7 % . Sri Lanka is ethnically , linguistically , and religiously diverse .

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of galactose and glucose that is found in milk . Lactose makes up around 2 -- 8 % of milk ( by weight ) , although the amount varies among species and individuals , and milk with a reduced amount of lactose also exists . It can be extracted from sweet or sour whey . The name comes from lac ( gen. lactis ) , the Latin word for milk , plus the - ose ending used to name sugars . It has a formula of C12H22O11 and the hydrate formula C12H22O11 · H2O , making it an isomer of sucrose .

Laughter is a physical reaction in humans and some other species of primate , consisting typically of rhythmical , often audible contractions of the diaphragm and other parts of the respiratory system . It is a response to certain external or internal stimuli . Laughter can arise from such activities as being tickled , or from humorous stories or thoughts . Most commonly , it is considered a visual expression of a number of positive emotional states , such as joy , mirth , happiness , relief , etc. . On some occasions , however , it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment , apology , or confusion such as nervous laughter or courtesy laugh . Age , gender , education , language , and culture are all factors as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation .   Laughter is a part of human behavior regulated by the brain , helping humans clarify their intentions in social interaction and providing an emotional context to conversations . Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group -- it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others . Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious , and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a positive feedback . This may account in part for the popularity of laugh tracks in situation comedy television shows .   The study of humor and laughter , and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body , is called gelotology .

Land claim ( s ) are a legal declaration of desired control over areas of property including bodies of water . The phrase is usually only used with respect to disputed or unresolved land claims . Some types of land claims include aboriginal land claims , Antarctic land claims , and post-colonial land claims .   Land claims is sometimes used as a term when referring to disputed territories like Western Sahara or to refer to the claims of displaced persons .   In the colonial times of the United States American men could claim a piece of land for themselves and the claim has different level of merit according to the de facto conditions :  claim without any action on the ground  claim with ( movable ) property of the claimant on the ground  claim with the claimant visiting the land  claim with claimant living on the land .   Today , only small areas of unclaimed land remain , yet large plots of land with little economical value ( e.g. , in Alaska ) can still be bought for very low prices . Also , in certain parts of the world , land can still be obtained by making productive use of it .

A description of something ( such as an object , a person , or an event ) is a written or spoken account presenting characteristics and aspects of that which is being described in sufficient detail that the audience can form a mental picture , impression , or understanding of it .   Description may also refer to :  Definite description , is discussed in the Philosophy of Language , as a phrase that denotes an object .  Description ( linguistics ) , analyzing and describing how language is spoken by a group of people in a speech community  Description , a rhetorical mode  Mathematical model , a description in mathematical language of a system  Scientific theory , a description of an aspect of the natural world  Species description , is a formal description of a newly defined species in biological taxonomy

In health-related fields , a reference range or reference interval is the range of values for a physiologic measurement in healthy persons ( for example , the amount of creatinine in the blood , or the partial pressure of oxygen ) . It is a basis for comparison ( a frame of reference ) for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient . Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests .   The standard definition of a reference range ( usually referred to if not otherwise specified ) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general ( i.e. total ) population . This is the general reference range . However , there are also optimal health ranges ( ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact ) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses ( such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels ) .   Values within the reference range ( WRR ) are those within the normal distribution and are thus often described as within normal limits ( WNL ) . The limits of the normal distribution are called the upper reference limit ( URL ) or upper limit of normal ( ULN ) and the lower reference limit ( LRL ) or lower limit of normal ( LLN ) . In health care -- related publishing , style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense . Values outside a reference range are not in and of itself #Adverb pathologic , and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically . Nonetheless , they are indicators of probable pathosis . Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious ; in other cases , challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it .

In optics , particularly as it relates to film and photography , depth of field ( DOF ) , also called focus range or effective focus range , is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image . Although a lens can precisely focus at only one distance at a time , the decrease in sharpness is gradual on each side of the focused distance , so that within the DOF , the unsharpness is imperceptible under normal viewing conditions .   In some cases , it may be desirable to have the entire image sharp , and a large DOF is appropriate . In other cases , a small DOF may be more effective , emphasizing the subject while de-emphasizing the foreground and background . In cinematography , a large DOF is often called deep focus , and a small DOF is often called shallow focus .

In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute phase of an earlier , causal condition has run its course . A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition , or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition . Some late effects can occur decades later . Historically , late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes , but as survivorship and life span has increased and `` follow up '' has become standard practice , these connections are becoming established . A period , often very long , of health unaffected by both the initial and the late effect conditions distinguishes a late effect from a sequela or a complication .

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land , including :   living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape .  natural elements such as landforms , terrain shape and elevation , or bodies of water ; and  abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions .  Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design .


Question: The slight increase in global temperature caused by climate change significantly affects glaciers, oceanic water levels, and various facets of weather patterns worldwide.

 Impacts of Global Warming: Beyond Degrees
The subtle yet profound impacts of even slight increases in global temperatures cannot be overstated when considering its repercussions across various facets of earth’s climate systems. Notably, ice sheet dynamics undergo significant alterations; warmer climates expedite glacial retreat and permafrost thaw - phenomena pivotal in accelerating sea level ascension globally. Thermal expansion contributes another layer to rising ocean volumes, whereby seawater expands upon heating thereby occupying greater space despite no additional mass being added.

Such changes do not manifest uniformly everywhere; regional variations exist influenced heavily by local conditions encompassing geologic shifts (tectonics), ground sinking (subsidence) alongside meteorological occurrences viz., tidal fluctuations, current movements, storm surges among others. Consequently, certain areas witness disproportionately higher increments vis-à-vis planetary averages amplifying vulnerability especially amongst low lying coastal communities whose existence hangs precariously balanced against nature's fury unleashed through intensifying hurricanes & typhoons triggered partly owing to enhanced heat content trapped within lower atmosphere layers courtesy anthropogenic GHG discharges.

Long term projections paint an ominous picture suggesting unabated upward trajectory spanning several millennia ahead given inherent sluggishness characterizing key components constituting complex feedback loops governing overall thermodynamic equilibrium state prevailing hitherto unaltered since inception eons ago. According to latest scientific consensus encapsulated succinctly under Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report published recently back in year twenty fourteen AD, unequivocal evidence points towards escalating pace witnessed throughout twentieth century culminating into contemporary era characterized predominantly via rapid acceleration anticipated persistently well beyond immediate future timeframe extending till end-of-century horizon circa two thousand fifty plus minus ten years henceforth. Quantitative estimates remain subjectively uncertain albeit plausible scenarios envisage anywhere between three tenths up until potentially catastrophic five feet equivalent surge engulfing vast swathes presently inhabited rendering millions homeless overnight devoid any semblance hope whatsoever salvaging cherished homesteads left behind irrevocably submerged underwater forevermore lost without trace save perhaps faint echoes reverberating mournfully amidst desolate ruins reminiscent erstwhile glory now but distant memory fading fast receding yonder faraway horizons beckoning ominously foreboding portents doom awaiting unsuspecting denizens dwelling therein blissful ignorance unaware impending catastrophe looming large overhead casting menacing shadows darker still gathering momentum steadily growing stronger every passing day heralding arrival final countdown inexorable march progress unstoppable force marching relentlessly forward heedless cries despair emanating countless souls caught haplessly crossfire bearing silent testimony unfolding tragedy epic proportions unparalleled scale magnitude humanity ever faced before.

A raisin is a dried grape . Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking , baking , and brewing . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand , and Australia , the word `` raisin '' is reserved for the dark-colored dried large grape , with `` sultana '' being a golden-colored dried grape , and `` currant '' being a dried small Black Corinth seedless grape .

Real estate is `` property consisting of land and the buildings on it , along with its natural resources such as crops , minerals or water ; immovable property of this nature ; an interest vested in this ( also ) an item of real property , ( more generally ) buildings or housing in general . Also : the business of real estate ; the profession of buying , selling , or renting land , buildings or housing . ''  It is a legal term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law , such as India , the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Pakistan , Australia , and New Zealand .

Dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor . When further cooled , the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid dew . When air with a high dew point contacts surfaces at colder temperatures , then liquid dew will form on the surfaces as condensation . Dew point is sometimes called frost point when the temperature is below freezing . The measurement of dew point is related to humidity . A higher dew point means there will be more moisture in the air .

Land cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth . Land covers include grass , asphalt , trees , bare ground , water , etc. . Earth cover is the expression used by ecologist Frederick Edward Clements that has its closest modern equivalent being vegetation . The expression continues to be used by the Bureau of Land Management .   There are two primary methods for capturing information on land cover : field survey and analysis of remotely sensed imagery .   One of the major land cover issues ( as with all natural resource inventories ) is that every survey defines similarly named categories in different ways . For instance , there are many definitions of `` forest '' -- sometimes within the same organisation -- that may or may not incorporate a number of different forest features ( e.g. , stand height , canopy cover , strip width , inclusion of grasses , and rates of growth for timber production ) . Areas without trees may be classified as forest cover `` if the intention is to re-plant '' ( UK and Ireland ) , while areas with many trees may not be labelled as forest `` if the trees are not growing fast enough '' ( Norway and Finland ) .

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death , such as martyrdom , suicide and euthanasia . Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism , i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate . Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world . Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions .

Diagnosis is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon . Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines with variations in the use of logic , analytics , and experience to determine `` cause and effect '' . In systems engineering and computer science , it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms , mitigations , and solutions .

A landslide is a geological phenomenon .   Landslide may also refer to :  Landslide ( 1937 film ) , a British drama film directed by Donovan Pedelty  Landslide ( 1940 film ) , a Hungarian drama film directed by Arzén von Cserépy  Landslide ( board game ) , the name of two board games about the U.S. presidential elections  Landslide ( musician ) , dubstep musician  Landslide ( novel ) , a 1967 thriller novel by Desmond Bagley  `` Landslide '' ( Heroes ) , the 22nd episode of the television series Heroes  `` Landslide '' ( Fleetwood Mac song ) , 1975 , covered by the Smashing Pumpkins and the Dixie Chicks in 2002  `` Landslide '' , a song by AC/DC from the album Flick of the Switch  `` Landslide '' ( Olivia Newton-John song ) , 1982  Landslide , traffic modeling equipment used by Spirent Communications  Landslide , a fictional character that appears in Transformers : Cybertron  Landslide victory , a term used in politics  `` Landslide '' 2015 Country group A Thousand Horses .

The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction , also known as RAMA , is a system of moored observation buoys in the Indian Ocean that collects meteorological and oceanographic data . The data collected by RAMA will greatly enhance the ability of scientists to understand climatic events and predict monsoon events . Climatic and oceanic events in the Indian Ocean affect weather and climate throughout the rest of the world ( such as El Niño , hurricanes , and United States weather ) , so RAMA will support weather forecasting and climate research worldwide . Although widely supported internationally , the system has only been partially implemented due to pirate activity off the coast of Somalia .

Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse on-site , rather than allowing it to run off . Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs , and in many places the water collected is redirected to a deep pit ( well , shaft , or borehole ) , a reservoir with percolation , or collected from dew or fog with nets or other tools . Its uses include water for gardens , livestock , irrigation , domestic use with proper treatment , and indoor heating for houses etc. . The harvested water can also be used as drinking water , longer-term storage and for other purposes such as groundwater recharge .   Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water for households usually financed by the user .

Dieting is the practice of eating food in a regulated and supervised fashion to decrease , maintain , or increase body weight . In other words , it is conscious control or restriction of the diet . A restricted diet is often used by those who are overweight or obese , sometimes in combination with physical exercise , to reduce body weight . Some people follow a diet to gain weight ( usually in the form of muscle ) . Diets can also be used to maintain a stable body weight and improve health . In particular , diets can be designed to prevent or treat diabetes .   Diets to promote weight loss can be categorized as : low-fat , low-carbohydrate , low-calorie , very low calorie and more recently flexible dieting . A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between low-calorie , low-carbohydrate , and low-fat diets , with a 2 -- 4 kilogram weight loss over 12 -- 18 months in all studies . At two years , all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized . In general , the most effective diet is any which reduces calorie consumption .   A study published in American Psychologist found that short-term dieting involving `` severe restriction of calorie intake '' does not lead to `` sustained improvements in weight and health for the majority of individuals '' . Other studies have found that the average individual maintains some weight loss after dieting . Weight loss by dieting , while of benefit to those classified as unhealthy , may slightly increase the mortality rate for individuals who are otherwise healthy .   The first popular diet was `` Banting '' , named after William Banting . In his 1863 pamphlet , Letter on Corpulence , Addressed to the Public , he outlined the details of a particular low-carbohydrate , low-calorie diet that had led to his own dramatic weight loss .


Question: The slight increase in average global temperature significantly affects glaciers, oceanic water levels, and various facets of weather patterns worldwide.

 Impacts of Global Warming: Ice Sheets, Sea Levels & More
The phenomenon known as global warming, often synonymous with broader climate change discussions, refers to the ongoing trend of increased temperatures across Earth’s climate system. Scientific consensus points to substantial evidence indicating that the climate system indeed experiences warming trends observable through various indicators. Notably, alterations witnessed post-1950 stand unparalleled within historical context dating back millennia, both instrumentally recorded and inferred via ancient climate proxies.
In 2013, authoritative insights from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscored "extreme likelihood" attributing recent warming predominantly to human actions—chiefly characterized by escalating atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Projections outlined in comprehensive reports forecast additional global surface temperature hikes ranging approximately 0.3°C–1.7°C under optimistic scenarios versus potentially drastic increases up to 8.6°C under less favorable conditions. Such conclusions enjoy unanimous endorsement amongst leading scientific institutions globally without dissent from reputable academic bodies spanning continents.
Geographical disparities anticipate varied outcomes across different regions; however, overarching themes emerge:
• Amplified terrestrial heating vis-a-vis marine environments;
• Arctic amplification manifesting through glacial retreat, thawed permafrost expanses, diminished sea ice coverage;
• Increased frequency/severity of extreme meteorological phenomena encompassing prolonged dry spells interspersed with torrential downpours/flooding episodes alongside heavier winter precipitations;
• Oceanic pH level shifts catalyzed by absorption capacities exceeding equilibrium thresholds;
• Biodiversity crises triggered by altered thermal envelopes jeopardizing endemic flora/fauna survival prospects.
Socioeconomic repercussions loom ominously, threatening agricultural productivity downturns amidst dwindling harvest outputs coupled with forced migrations prompted by inundation risks posed by encroaching seawaters. Given inherent planetary sluggishness compounded by lingering GHG lifespans measured against geologic timescales, reverberations shall resonate throughout extended temporal horizons numbering multiple generations henceforth.
Mitigative strategies advocate curtailed emissions trajectories complemented by adaptive measures geared toward fortifying infrastructural resilience against anticipated adversities while exploring nascent geoengineering paradigms aimed at artificial climate stabilization endeavors. International cooperation crystallizes around frameworks exemplified by commitments enshrined within United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), collectively aspiring toward averting perilous anthropocentric perturbations whilst striving diligently to cap incremental deviations below critical benchmarks hovering around ±2°C relative to preindustrial baselines

Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth . It is often referred to simply as sounding . Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water , and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the agency responsible for bathymetric data in the United States , still uses fathoms and feet on nautical charts . In other countries , the International System of Units ( metres ) has become the standard for measuring depth .

The decibel ( dB ) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of two values of a physical quantity . One of these values is often a standard reference value , in which case the decibel is used to express the level of the other value relative to this reference . When used in this way , the decibel symbol is often qualified with a suffix that indicates the reference quantity that has been used or some other property of the quantity being measured . For example , dBm indicates a reference power of one milliwatt , while dBV is referenced to 1 volt RMS .   There are two different scales used when expressing a ratio in decibels depending on the nature of the quantities : field quantity ratio or power quantity ratio . ( Field quantity ratio is also referred to as root-power ratio or amplitude ratio . ) When expressing power quantities , the number of decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities . That is , a change in power by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 10 dB change in level . When expressing field quantities , a change in amplitude by a factor of 10 corresponds to a 20 dB change in level . The extra factor of two is due to the logarithm of the quadratic relationship between power and amplitude . The decibel scales differ so that direct comparisons can be made between related power and field quantities when they are expressed in decibels .   The definition of the decibel is based on the measurement of power in telephony of the early 20th century in the Bell System in the United States . One decibel is one tenth ( deci - ) of one bel , named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell ; however , the bel is seldom used . Today , the decibel is used for a wide variety of measurements in science and engineering , most prominently in acoustics , electronics , and control theory . In electronics , the gains of amplifiers , attenuation of signals , and signal-to-noise ratios are often expressed in decibels .   In the International System of Quantities , the decibel is defined as a unit of measurement for quantities of type level or level difference , which are defined as the logarithm of the ratio of power - or field-type quantities .

Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer . Data acquisition systems , abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ , typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing . The components of data acquisition systems include :  Sensors , to convert physical parameters to electrical signals .  Signal conditioning circuitry , to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values .  Analog-to-digital converters , to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital values .   Data acquisition applications are usually controlled by software programs developed using various general purpose programming languages such as Assembly , BASIC , C , C++ , C# , Fortran , Java , LabVIEW , Lisp , Pascal , etc. . Stand-alone data acquisition systems are often called data loggers .   There are also open-source software packages providing all the necessary tools to acquire data from different hardware equipment . These tools come from the scientific community where complex experiment requires fast , flexible and adaptable software . Those packages are usually custom fit but more general DAQ package like the Maximum Integrated Data Acquisition System can be easily tailored and is used in several physics experiments worldwide .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

13 Lakes is a 2004 16mm film by American independent filmmaker James Benning . It is an instance of slow cinema , placing emphasis on introspection and contemplation . The film was added to the US National Film Registry as a `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant film '' in 2014 .   The film is 135 minutes long and consists of 13 ten minute static shots of lakes from throughout the United States . There is no conventional plot , characters or dialog . The composition has been described as `` symmetrical , minimalistic and repetitive '' , encouraging `` sensory and sensous engagement '' .   In several cases , boats can be seen and sounds such as waves , motors , bird calls , thunder and rain can be heard . Benning has said that he does not intend the work to be about environmentalism .   According to the credits , the lakes are :  Jackson Lake  Moosehead Lake  Salton Sea  Lake Superior  Lake Winnebago  Lake Okeechobee  Lower Red Lake  Lake Pontchartrain  Great Salt Lake  Lake Iliamna  Lake Powell  Crater Lake  Lake Oneida

Ladd Glacier is an alpine glacier on the north slope of Mount Hood in the U.S. state of Oregon . It lies at an average elevation of 7500 ft. The glacier lies entirely within Mount Hood Wilderness .   Between 1907 and 2004 , Ladd Glacier lost 37 % of its surface area and the glacier terminus retreated 1190 m over the same time period .

Krugosvet is a Russian-language encyclopedia covering different fields of knowledge in eight supercategories and 27 subcategories , 12,000 entries , over 600 current and historic maps , and 10,000 illustrations and charts . It is intended to provide objective , non-ideological , easily accessible information for research and other purposes .   The encyclopedia is available for free online and was previously supported by Open Society Institute 's Information Program . According to Yandex portal , that also hosts Krugosvet , it is `` comparable to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia in its size and significance '' .   Along with former Stanford colleague , Robert Ball , Prof. Gregory Freidin founded a Moscow publishing company , The Russian Britannica LLC. , which has since evolved into Krugosvet 's publication . Every third Krugosvet article has been translated from Collier 's Encyclopedia .

The Red Sea ( also the Erythraean Sea ) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean , lying between Africa and Asia . The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden . To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula , the Gulf of Aqaba , and the Gulf of Suez ( leading to the Suez Canal ) . The Red Sea is a Global 200 ecoregion . The sea is underlain by the Red Sea Rift which is part of the Great Rift Valley .   The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 ( 169,100 mi2 ) , is about 2250 km ( 1398 mi ) long and , at its widest point , 355 km ( 220.6 mi ) wide . It has a maximum depth of 3040 m in the central Suakin Trough , and an average depth of 490 m ( 1,608 ft ) . However , there are also extensive shallow shelves , noted for their marine life and corals . The sea is the habitat of over 1,000 invertebrate species , and 200 soft and hard corals . It is the world 's northernmost tropical sea .

The Rathong Glacier is an important glacier of West Sikkim . The source of the Rathong River flows from the end of Rathong Glacier . This glacier extends from Rathong La in the north almost to the top of Chowrikiang Valley in the South . It is fed by the Mt. Rathong ( 6678m ) and Ice Falls of Kabru group of peaks . Himalayan Mountaineering Institute , Darjeeling has set up their permanent base camp at Chowrikiang to practice ice crafting to their trainees in Rathong Glacier from the inception of the institute ; thus the glacier is well-known to mountaineers all over the world . At present , due to global warming , the glacier is receding rapidly and a number of glacial lakes have formed . The condition of the major lakes of the region like Dudh Pokhri and Bhale Pokhri is alarming .  http://wikimapia.org/1103736/Rathong-Peak-6-678m-21-909ft

One million ( 1,000,000 ) or one thousand thousand is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001 . The word is derived from the early Italian millione ( milione in modern Italian ) , from mille , `` thousand '' , plus the augmentative suffix - one . It is commonly abbreviated as m ( not to be confused with the metric prefix for ) or M ; further MM ( `` thousand thousands '' , from Latin `` Mille '' ; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000 ) , mm , or mn in financial contexts .   In scientific notation , it is written as or 106 . Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega ( M ) , when dealing with SI units ; for example , 1 megawatt ( 1 MW ) equals 1,000,000 watts .   The meaning of the word `` million '' is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems , unlike the larger numbers , which have different names in the two systems .   The million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number , as in `` Not in a million years '' and `` You 're one in a million '' , or a hyperbole , as in `` I 've walked a million miles '' and `` You 've asked the million-dollar question '' .