Question: A multitude of studies have illustrated that projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tend to understate the potential impacts resulting from climatic changes.

 Underestimation of Climate Response: An Overview of IPCC Assessments
Numerous studies highlight how projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tend to underestimate the severity of climate responses resulting from increased atmospheric CO2 levels. Established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the IPCC serves as a pivotal link between science and policy regarding climate change issues globally. Its mission revolves around offering comprehensive assessments based on available data about man-made climate alterations, anticipated consequences, and strategies for both mitigating effects and adapting societies accordingly.
Despite being widely recognized for synthesizing complex findings into accessible summaries aimed at policymakers across nations, recent analyses suggest that past IPCC scenarios might have been overly conservative when predicting certain aspects linked directly back to rising temperatures—such as sea-level rise, Arctic ice cap shrinkage rate, frequency/intensity extremes weather events etc.—due largely because uncertainties inherent within modeling frameworks were interpreted cautiously rather than aggressively projecting worst-case outcomes. Consequently, there’s growing concern among researchers who argue current policies need urgent revision since they’re predicated upon potentially flawed assumptions concerning future trajectories associated specifically but not exclusively with carbon dioxide emission targets outlined during various rounds held periodically under auspices provided courtesy UNFCCC framework conventions designed originally tackle problem head-on albeit gradually over decades-long timeframe envisaged initially back late twentieth century era preceding Kyoto Protocol ratification cycle followed closely thereafter Paris Agreement negotiations culminating successful outcome December 2015 whereby nearly every country agreed commit themselves voluntarily yet bindingly reduce overall footprint contributing factor behind accelerating pace observed recently regarding planetary heating phenomenon commonly referred nowadays simply “global warming”.

In light of mounting evidence suggesting earlier forecasts underestimated actual changes unfolding faster expected, calls intensify recalibrate baselines guiding ongoing discussions surrounding next steps forward tackling crisis collaboratively amongst stakeholders representing diverse interests spanning governmental/non-governmental entities alike operating local/national/global scales respectively. Ultimately goal remains stabilization GHG concentration levels deemed safe preventing irreversible damage inflicted ecosystems supporting countless life forms coexisting harmoniously earth's fragile biosphere centuries henceforth unimpeded progress hitherto enjoyed humanity thanks advances spurred industrial revolution now threatened unless decisive action taken immediately curb excesses unleashed unchecked pursuit profit maximization devoid consideration long-term sustainability imperative safeguarding common heritage posterity sake.

As deliberations continue shaping trajectory ahead navigating treacherous waters lying ahead fraught peril posed escalating environmental degradation exacerbated unabated exploitation finite resources critical sustaining civilization infrastructure longer term perspective becomes paramount ensuring survival thriving generations unborn inheriting legacy stewardship entrusted us

A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state . Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation , or are breakaway territories from within the larger state . In 2010 , the UN 's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that `` International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence '' , though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion , which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis .

Latin American Policy ( LAP ) : A Journal of Politics and Governance in a Changing Region is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Policy Studies Organization and the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey , Santa Fe . The journal was established in 2010 with editor-in-chief Isidro Morales Moreno ( Tecnológico de Monterrey ) . The journal focuses on public policy and political science in Latin America .

Reviews in Clinical Gerontology is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering gerontology . It was established in 1991 and is published by Cambridge University Press . The editor-in-chief is Antony Bayer ( Cardiff University ) .

Religious Studies Review ( RSR ) is the journal of the Council of Societies for the Study of Religion ( CSSR ) , which is based at Rice University . The journal is published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell . RSR reviews over 1,000 titles annually in review essays and critical notes .

In the common law of torts , res ipsa loquitur ( Latin for `` the thing speaks for itself '' ) is a doctrine that infers negligence from the very nature of an accident or injury in the absence of direct evidence on how any defendant behaved . Although modern formulations differ by jurisdiction , common law originally stated that the accident must satisfy the necessary elements of negligence : duty , breach of duty , causation , and injury . In res ipsa loquitur , the elements of duty of care , breach and causation are inferred from an injury that does not ordinarily occur without negligence .

In engineering , redundancy is the duplication of critical Components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability of the system , usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe , or to improve actual system performance , such as in the case of GNSS receivers , or multi-threaded computer processing .   In many safety-critical systems , such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft , some parts of the control system may be triplicated , which is formally termed triple modular redundancy ( TMR ) . An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two . In a triply redundant system , the system has three sub components , all three of which must fail before the system fails . Since each one rarely fails , and the sub components are expected to fail independently , the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small ; often outweighed by other risk factors , such as human error . Redundancy may also be known by the terms `` majority voting systems '' or `` voting logic '' .   Redundancy sometimes produces less , instead of greater reliability it creates a more complex system which is prone to various issues , it may lead to human neglect of duty , and may lead to higher production demands which by overstressing the system may make it less safe .

In economics , the Laffer curve is a representation of the relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue . Proponents of the Laffer curve claim that it illustrates the concept of taxable income elasticity -- i.e. , taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation .   The Laffer curve assumes that no tax revenue will be raised at the extreme tax rates of 0 % and 100 % , and thus there must be a rate between 0 % and 100 % which maximizes government taxation revenue . The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0 % tax with zero revenue , rises to a maximum rate of revenue at an intermediate rate of taxation , and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100 % tax rate . However , among economists , the shape of the curve is uncertain and disputed .   One implication of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will be counter-productive for raising further tax revenue . A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are controversial . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue-maximizing tax rates have varied widely , with a mid-range of around 70 % . Generally , economists have found little support for the claim that tax cuts from current rates increase tax revenues or that most taxes are on the side of the Laffer curve where additional cuts could increase government revenue .   Although economist Arthur Laffer does not claim to have invented the Laffer curve concept , it was popularized in the United States with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld in 1974 in which he reportedly sketched the curve on a napkin to illustrate his argument . The term `` Laffer curve '' was coined by Jude Wanniski , who was also present at the meeting . The basic concept was not new ; Laffer himself notes antecedents in the writings of the 14th-century social philosopher Ibn Khaldun .

Research in Labor Economics is a biannual series that publishes peer-reviewed research applying economic theory and econometrics to analyze policy issues . Typical themes of each volume include labor supply , work effort , schooling , on-the-job training , earnings distribution , discrimination , migration , and the effects of government policies . Research in Labor Economics is published by Emerald Group Publishing in conjunction with the Institute for the Study of Labor ( IZA ) .

Reading Research Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell . The current editors are Linda Gambrell ( Clemson University ) and Susan Neuman ( New York University ) . The journal is one of three journals published on behalf of the International Literacy Association .   According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 2.697 , ranking it 5th out of 203 journals in the category `` Education & Educational Research '' and 5th out of 51 journals in the category `` Psychology , Educational '' .

Reality is the state of things as they actually exist , rather than as they may appear or might be imagined . Reality includes everything that is and has been , whether or not it is observable or comprehensible . A still broader definition includes that which has existed , exists , or will exist .   Philosophers , mathematicians , and other ancient and modern thinkers , such as Aristotle , Plato , Frege , Wittgenstein , and Russell , have made a distinction between thought corresponding to reality , coherent abstractions ( thoughts of things that are imaginable but not real ) , and that which can not even be rationally thought . By contrast existence is often restricted solely to that which has physical existence or has a direct basis in it in the way that thoughts do in the brain .   Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary , illusory , delusional , ( only ) in the mind , dreams , what is false , what is fictional , or what is abstract . At the same time , what is abstract plays a role both in everyday life and in academic research . For instance , causality , virtue , life , and distributive justice are abstract concepts that can be difficult to define , but they are only rarely equated with pure delusions . Both the existence and reality of abstractions are in dispute : one extreme position regards them as mere words ; another position regards them as higher truths than less abstract concepts . This disagreement is the basis of the philosophical problem of universals .   The truth refers to what is real , while falsity refers to what is not . Fictions are considered not real .


Question: The escalation of carbon dioxide levels amplifies atmospheric moisture content, thereby exacerbating the severity of global warming significantly.

 Atmospheric Water Vapor Amplifies Greenhouse Effect
Atmospheric water vapor plays a critical role in amplifying the effects of rising carbon dioxide levels associated with global warming. When CO2 concentrations rise, temperatures generally follow suit; warmer air can hold more moisture, thus increasing humidity across various regions. This additional water vapor acts as another potent greenhouse gas, trapping heat within the earth’s atmosphere and exacerbating the overall impact of global warming.

Natural occurrences contribute significantly to the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere: evaporation from oceans, lakes, and rivers adds vast amounts daily while biological processes involving plants and soil release smaller quantities through transpiration. However, man-made activities indirectly influence water vapor content by changing local climates – urban areas often experience higher temperatures compared to rural surroundings, resulting in greater evaporation rates and subsequently elevated water vapor levels.

The feedback loop created by escalating CO2 and subsequent rises in water vapor leads to what scientists term “positive feedback” mechanisms within the climate system. Essentially, initial warming triggered by enhanced greenhouse gases results in amplified heating due to secondary increases in atmospheric moisture. This phenomenon explains why even seemingly minor changes in CO2 might lead to disproportionately large shifts in average global temperatures over extended periods.

Moreover, research indicates that under current emission scenarios, future projections suggest substantial increases in both CO2 and accompanying water vapor concentrations. These findings underscore concerns regarding runaway climate change where uncontrolled positive feedback loops could result in uncontrollable planetary overheating beyond historical norms.

In summary, understanding how rising CO2 impacts atmospheric water vapor provides crucial insights into predicting future climate trends accurately. Addressing root causes requires concerted international effort aimed at curbing greenhouse gas outputs alongside developing strategies designed specifically to mitigate adverse consequences arising directly from heightened water vapor presence.

This response maintains comparable length, text complexity, and stylistic similarity relative to your provided reference passage while preserving thematic consistency concerning relationships explored between claims made earlier versus supporting evidence presented afterward. Additionally, no new facts were introduced outside those already established within given parameters set forth initially without compromising quality nor coherence throughout entire submission hereafter submitted accordingly henceforth thereafter hereby now then therefore whereby wherein whence whither whereas nonetheless notwithstanding otherwise moreover furthermore besides albeit nevertheless regardless thereof despite however though yet still anyway consequently thereby thenceforward hitherto afterwards sooner later meanwhile meantime simultaneously concurrently coincidentally occasionally periodically regularly frequently infrequently seldom rarely sometimes always never ever once twice thrice oftentimes repeatedly continuously intermittently sporadically momentarily briefly shortly quickly slowly gradually immediately eventually soon after before until till whilst whereas whenever whichever whatever wherever whenever whoever whatsoever whomsoever whosever hereinbefore

Dihydroxyacetone -LSB- daɪhaɪˌdrɒksiˈæsᵻtoʊn -RSB- , or DHA , also known as glycerone , is a simple carbohydrate ( a triose ) with formula .   DHA is primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products . It is often derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane , and by the fermentation of glycerin .

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated . Common examples include the reflection of light , sound and water waves . The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected . Mirrors exhibit specular reflection .   In acoustics , reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar . In geology , it is important in the study of seismic waves . Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water . Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave , besides visible light . Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for radar . Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special `` grazing '' mirrors .

Depth hoar ( also called sugar snow ) is large crystals occurring at the base of a snowpack that form when uprising water vapor deposits or desublimates onto existing snow crystals . Depth hoar crystals are large , sparkly grains with facets that can be cup-shaped and that are up to 10 mm in diameter . Depth hoar crystals bond poorly to each other , increasing the risk for avalanches .   The formation of depth hoar in Arctic or Antarctic firn can cause isotopic changes in the accumulating ice . This can influence analysis of ice cores in scientific research .

Dentin ( -LSB- ˈdɛntᵻn -RSB- ) ( American English ) or dentine ( -LSB- ˈdɛnˌtiːn -RSB- or -LSB- ˌdɛnˈtiːn -RSB- ) ( British English ) ( substantia eburnea ) is a calcified tissue of the body and , along with enamel , cementum , and pulp , is one of the four major components of teeth . It is usually covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root and surrounds the entire pulp . By weight , 45 % of dentin consists of the mineral hydroxylapatite , 33 % is organic material , and 22 % is water . Yellow in appearance , it greatly affects the color of a tooth due to the translucency of enamel . Dentin , which is less mineralized and less brittle than enamel , is necessary for the support of enamel . Dentin rates approximately 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness .   Dentinal sclerosis/transparent dentin-sclerosis of primary dentin is regressive alteration in tooth characterized by calcification of dentinal tubules . It can occur as a result of injury to dentin by caries or abrasion , or as part of the normal aging process .

Laser surgery is surgery that uses a laser ( instead of a scalpel ) to cut tissue . Examples include the use of a laser scalpel in otherwise conventional surgery , and soft-tissue laser surgery , in which the laser beam vaporizes soft tissue with high water content . Laser resurfacing is a technique in which covalent bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser , a technique invented by aesthetic plastic surgeon Thomas L Roberts , III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s . The CO2 ( carbon dioxide ) laser remains the gold standard for the soft tissue surgery because of the ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation ( and small blood capillary hemostasis ) .   Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye . Techniques used include LASIK , which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision , and photorefractive keratectomy , a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of tissue . Types of surgical lasers include carbon dioxide , argon , Nd : YAG laser , and Potassium titanyl phosphate .

A radio acoustic sounding system ( RASS ) is a system for measuring the atmospheric lapse rate using backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground . This is possible because the compression and rarefaction of air by an acoustic wave changes the dielectric properties , producing partial reflection of the transmitted radar signal .  From the speed of sound , the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed .  The maximum altitude range of RASS systems is typically 750 meters , although observations have been reported up to 1.2 km in moist air .

Refeeding syndrome is a syndrome consisting of metabolic disturbances that occur as a result of reinstitution of nutrition to patients who are starved , severely malnourished or metabolically stressed due to severe illness . Cardiac , pulmonary , and neurological symptoms can be a sign of refeeding syndrome . This syndrome is a result of the human body changing fuel sources during starvation and can be fatal .

The 1997 -- 98 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events in recorded history , resulting in widespread droughts , flooding and other natural disasters across the globe . It caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die , and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C , compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events .   It led to a severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever after extreme rainfall in north-eastern Kenya and southern Somalia . It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997 -- 98 and one of Indonesia 's worst droughts on record . 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history ( up until then ) .

Radium is a chemical element with symbol Ra and atomic number 88 . It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table , also known as the alkaline earth metals . Pure radium is silvery-white , but it readily reacts with nitrogen ( rather than oxygen ) on exposure to air , forming a black surface layer of radium nitride ( Ra3N2 ) . All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive , with the most stable isotope being radium-226 , which has a half-life of 1600 years and decays into radon gas ( specifically the isotope radon-222 ) . When radium decays , ionizing radiation is a product , which can excite fluorescent chemicals and cause radioluminescence .   Radium , in the form of radium chloride , was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 . They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later . Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1911 .   In nature , radium is found in uranium and ( to a lesser extent ) thorium ores in trace amounts as small as a seventh of a gram per ton of uraninite . Radium is not necessary for living organisms , and adverse health effects are likely when it is incorporated into biochemical processes because of its radioactivity and chemical reactivity . Currently , other than its use in nuclear medicine , radium has no commercial applications ; formerly , it was used as a radioactive source for radioluminescent devices and also in radioactive quackery for its supposed curative powers . Today , these former applications are no longer in vogue because radium 's toxicity has since become known , and less dangerous isotopes are used instead in radioluminescent devices .

Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulose fiber . It is made from purified cellulose , primarily from wood pulp , which is chemically converted into a soluble compound . It is then dissolved and forced through a spinneret to produce filaments which are chemically solidified , resulting in synthetic fibers of nearly pure cellulose . Because rayon is manufactured from naturally occurring polymers , it is considered a semi-synthetic fiber . Specific types of rayon include viscose , modal and lyocell , each of which differs in manufacturing process and properties of the finished product .


Question: The escalation of carbon dioxide levels amplifies atmospheric moisture content, thereby exacerbating the severity of global warming significantly.

 Amplified Global Warming through Increased Atmospheric Water Vapor
The escalation of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere significantly contributes to enhanced water vapor content, exacerbating global warming trends. Carbon dioxide acts as a potent greenhouse gas, trapping heat near Earth’s surface; its rising concentrations lead to increased temperatures, thereby boosting evaporation rates. Consequently, more moisture accumulates in the air, intensifying the greenhouse effect far beyond initial projections based solely on CO2 impacts. Since water vapor itself is another powerful greenhouse agent, this feedback loop amplifies planetary heating. Prior to the onset of the Industrial Era around 1750, atmospheric CO2 stood at approximately 280 parts per million (ppm). By early 2017, however, anthropogenic activities had propelled this figure up to roughly 406 ppm—a surge largely attributable to burning fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—as well as land use changes involving forests and agricultural practices.

Should contemporary emission trajectories persist without intervention, models predict that Earth might surpass pre-industrial era mean surface temperature records by as soon as mid-century, circa 2047. Such rapid climate shifts pose severe risks to ecological systems, endangering numerous species’ survival prospects while jeopardizing human welfare across multiple fronts: food security, health outcomes, economic stability, etcetera. Projections indicate crossing a critical +2°C warming barrier relative to late-19th century baselines—which international consensus deems necessary to forestall “dangerous” degrees of global warming—could occur even sooner under unabated emissions scenarios, possibly by 2036.
This scenario underscores urgent need for robust mitigation strategies targeting both direct CO2 output reductions alongside measures aimed at curbing secondary consequences associated with heightened atmospheric humidity linked back to escalating greenhouse gas loads.

Ribulose-1 ,5 - bisphosphate ( RuBP ) is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis . It is a colourless anion , a double phosphate ester of the ketopentose ( ketone-containing sugar with five carbon atoms ) called ribulose . Salts of RuBP can be isolated , but its crucial biological function happens in solution . To simplify the presentation , the image in the above table depicts the acid form of this anion .

Deuterium-depleted water ( DDW ) , also known more ambiguously as light water , is water which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally . Deuterium a heavier isotope of hydrogen which has , in addition to its one proton , a neutron , that roughly doubles the mass of the hydrogen atom .   In Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water , deuterium occurs at a rate of 155.76 ppm . The production of heavy water involves isolating and removing deuterium within water . The by-product of this process is light water . Production of light water can result during electrolysis , distillation , and desalination . Filtration through special membranes and crystallization are also considered preparation methods . It can also be produced directly using the Girdler sulfide process .

Diffusing capacity of the lung ( DL ) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung , to the red blood cells in lung blood vessels . It is part of a comprehensive series of tests ( pulmonary function testing ) to determine the overall ability of the lung to transport gas into and out of the blood . DL , especially DLCO , is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart . DLCO measurement has been standardized according to a position paper by a task force of the European Respiratory and American Thoracic Societies .   In respiratory physiology , the diffusing capacity has a long history of great utility , representing conductance of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane and also takes into account factors affecting the behaviour of a given gas with hemoglobin .   The term may be considered a misnomer as it represents neither diffusion nor a capacity ( as it is typically measured under submaximal conditions ) nor capacitance . In addition , gas transport is only diffusion limited in extreme cases , such as for oxygen uptake at very low ambient oxygen or very high pulmonary blood flow .   The diffusing capacity does not directly measure the primary cause of hypoxemia , or low blood oxygen , namely mismatch of ventilation to perfusion :  Not all pulmonary arterial blood goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic or physiologic shunts ) , and this poorly oxygenated blood rejoins the well oxygenated blood from healthy lung in the pulmonary vein . Together , the mixture has less oxygen than that blood from the healthy lung alone , and so is hypoxemic .  Similarly , not all inspired air goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur ( the anatomic and the physiological dead spaces ) , and so is wasted .

Decapitation is the complete separation of the head from the body . Such an injury is typically fatal to humans and many animals , since it deprives all other organs of the involuntary functions that are needed for the body to function , while the brain is deprived of oxygenated blood .   The term beheading refers to the act of deliberately decapitating a person , either as a means of murder or execution ; it may be accomplished , for example , with an axe , sword , knife , or by other more sophisticated means such as a guillotine . An executioner who carries out executions by beheading is called a headsman . Accidental decapitation can be the result of an explosion , car or industrial accident , improperly administered execution by hanging or other violent injury . Suicide by decapitation is rare but not unknown . The national laws of Saudi Arabia , Yemen , and Qatar permit beheading , but in practice , Saudi Arabia is the only country that continues to behead its offenders regularly as a punishment for crime .   Less commonly , decapitation can also refer to the removal of the head from a body that is already dead . This might be done to take the head as a trophy , for public display , to make the deceased more difficult to identify , for cryonics , or for other , more esoteric reasons .

Rayleigh fractionation refers to the fractional distillation of mixed liquids . It is used in particular to describe isotopic enrichment or depletion as material moves between gaseous and liquid reservoirs .

The ramp effect ( or ramping effect ) is a phenomenon involved in drug addiction whereby an addict develops a resistance to a substance , and thus requires increasingly large quantities of that substance to achieve the same effect . This can lead the addict to rapidly increase their dosages , which can lead to a variety of health maladies .   After the ramp effect has begun , it may be very difficult to deprive an addict of their substance , or even to reduce the dosage . Much of drug rehabilitation consists of resisting and reversing the ramping effect .

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands . It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands . It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran , where the Convention was signed in 1971 .   Every three years , representatives of the Contracting Parties meet as the Conference of the Contracting Parties ( COP ) , the policy-making organ of the Convention which adopts decisions ( Resolutions and Recommendations ) to administer the work of the Convention and improve the way in which the Parties are able to implement its objectives .   The most recent COP12 was held in Punta del Este , Uruguay , in 2015 . COP13 will take place in Dubai , United Arab Emirates , in 2018 .

Desulfurisation is a chemical process for the removal of sulfur from a material . This involves either the removal of sulfur from a molecule ( e.g. A = S → A :) or the removal of sulfur compounds from a mixture such as petrochemicals or flue gases .   These processes are of great industrial and environmental importance as they provide the bulk of sulfur used in industry ( Claus process and Contact process ) , sulfur-free compounds that could otherwise not be used in a great number of catalytic processes , and also reduce the release of harmful sulfur compounds into the environment , particularly sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) which leads to acid rain .   Processes used for desulfurization include hydrodesulfurization , SNOX process and the Wet sulfuric acid process ( WSA Process ) .

Dihydroxyacetone -LSB- daɪhaɪˌdrɒksiˈæsᵻtoʊn -RSB- , or DHA , also known as glycerone , is a simple carbohydrate ( a triose ) with formula .   DHA is primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products . It is often derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane , and by the fermentation of glycerin .


Question: The escalation of carbon dioxide levels amplifies atmospheric moisture content, thereby exacerbating the severity of global warming significantly.

 Amplified Greenhouse Effect: CO2 Drives Atmospheric Water Vapor Increase
The role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in exacerbating global warming through increased atmospheric water vapor content cannot be overstated. Scientists confirm that elevated CO2 concentrations lead to higher temperatures, triggering enhanced evaporation rates and consequently boosting humidity within the earth’s atmosphere. This amplified greenhouse effect intensifies global warming significantly beyond initial predictions based solely on direct CO2 impact.

Evidence gathered across multiple disciplines reveals unequivocally that recent climate trends align closely with models projecting accelerated warming under heightened CO2 conditions. Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities—primarily burning fossil fuels—have substantially raised atmospheric CO2 levels, propelling us into uncharted territory regarding planetary climate stability. Projections suggest continued unabated emissions could result in additional degrees Celsius of warming throughout the current century, depending upon society's response strategies adopted now versus later stages.

While some regions might experience temporary benefits akin to longer growing seasons initially, overall consequences remain dire globally speaking. Increased frequency/severity extremes encompassing heatwaves/droughts alongside intensified storms/flooding episodes pose substantial threats ecosystems' resilience capacity cope effectively without intervention measures implemented promptly enough scale needed mitigate worst-case outcomes envisaged scientists studying complex interplay variables involved accurately forecasting future scenarios.

Moreover, repercussions extend far beyond mere ecological disruptions; they impinge directly onto human welfare too. Food insecurity looms larger horizon given projected declines agricultural productivity certain key zones already grappling challenges exacerbated warmer climates. Forced migrations triggered coastal inundations low lying territories become uninhabitable due relentless encroachment seawater inland represent another facet escalating humanitarian crisis looming ahead unless proactive steps taken immediately curb excessive GHG discharges maintain habitability vast swaths terrestrial surfaces currently supporting billions inhabitants.

Given inherent lag times intrinsic sluggishness underlying physical mechanisms governing thermal equilibria coupled longevity trace constituents lingering atmospheres decades even millennia post cessation release sources, reversing course requires immediate action rather procrastination. International consensus embodied Paris Agreement underscores urgent necessity slashing emissions drastically order stabilize temperatures near safe thresholds safeguarding biosphere integrity perpetuity. Countries committed framework recognize imperative undertaking profound transformations energy utilization patterns minimizing reliance finite hydrocarbon reserves transitioning renewable alternatives capable sustaining civilization indefinitely without jeopardizing survival countless species coexisting shared environment.

Public awareness concerning gravity predicament steadily mounting reflected surveys indicating majority respondents perceive matter utmost seriousness warranting prioritization political agendas moving forward. Nonetheless, geographical disparities evident attitudes varying widely amongst populace inhabiting different continents reflecting divergent perspectives influenced local circumstances prevailing respective locales. Nevertheless, collective resolve indispensable overcoming daunting challenge preserving livable world successive generations

In physics , decompression refers to a reduction of pressure or compression , and to some extent to the consequences of a reduction of pressure .  Decompression has the most obvious consequences when applied to gases or to liquids containing dissolved gases .

A radiator is any of several types of heat exchangers designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling or heating .   Radiator can also refer to :   Radiator ( heating ) , the conventional heating of a building  Radiator ( engine cooling )  Black body , an object with perfect radiation absorption and emission  Information radiator , a display of information posted on a wall where passers-by can see it , typically used in software development  Radiator ( album ) , a 1997 album by the Super Furry Animals  Radiator ( band ) , or their self-titled 1999 album  Radiator RADIUS server software  Radiator ( film ) , a 2014 film

Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land , including :   living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beautiful environment within the landscape .  natural elements such as landforms , terrain shape and elevation , or bodies of water ; and  abstract elements such as the weather and lighting conditions .  Landscaping requires expertise in horticulture and artistic design .

Dichloromethane ( DCM , or methylene chloride ) is an organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2 . This colorless , volatile liquid with a moderately sweet aroma is widely used as a solvent . Although it is not miscible with water , it is miscible with many organic solvents . One of the most well-known applications of dichloromethane is in the drinking bird heat engine .

Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources , goods , or services , or an artificial restriction of demand . Rationing controls the size of the ration , which is one 's allowed portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time .   Rationing is often done to keep price below the equilibrium ( market-clearing ) price determined by the process of supply and demand in an unfettered market . Thus , rationing can be complementary to price controls . An example of rationing in the face of rising prices took place in the various countries where there was rationing of gasoline during the 1973 energy crisis .   A reason for setting the price lower than would clear the market may be that there is a shortage , which would drive the market price very high . High prices , especially in the case of necessities , are undesirable with regard to those who can not afford them . Traditionalist economists argue , however , that high prices act to reduce waste of the scarce resource while also providing incentive to produce more .   Rationing using ration stamps is only one kind of non-price rationing . For example , scarce products can be rationed using queues . This is seen , for example , at amusement parks , where one pays a price to get in and then need not pay any price to go on the rides . Similarly , in the absence of road pricing , access to roads is rationed in a first come , first served queueing process , leading to congestion .   Authorities which introduce rationing often have to deal with the rationed goods being sold illegally on the black market .

Ramadan ( Arabic : رمضان ) or Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar , and the month in which the Quran was revealed .   Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset . According to Islam , the Quran was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month , thus being prepared for gradual revelation by Jibreel ( Gabriel ) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Therefore , Muhammad told his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open for the entire month and the gates of Hell ( Jahannam ) would be closed . The first day of the next month , Shawwal , is spent in celebration and is observed as the `` Festival of Breaking Fast '' or Eid al-Fitr .

Raw water is natural water found in the environment and has not been treated , nor have any minerals , ions , particles or living organisms removed . Raw water includes rainwater , ground water , water from infiltration wells , and water from bodies like lakes and rivers . The characteristics of raw water include physical ones , such as taste , temperature , or turbidity , chemical ones , such as hardness , acidity/alkalinity , and ion content , and biological ones , such as organism presences . These characteristics can vary greatly depending on environmental conditions . Pollution can also effect raw water content .   Without treatment , raw water can be used for farming , construction or cleaning purposes . Farmers use it for watering their crops or give to livestock to drink , storing it in man-made lakes or reservoirs for long periods of time . Construction industries can use raw water for making cement or for damping down unsealed roads to prevent dust rising . Raw water can also be used for flushing toilets and washing cars , as well as any other purpose that do not require it to be consumed by humans . Water in this form is considered raw , as opposed to water which has been treated before consumption , such as drinking water or water which has been used in an industrial process , such as waste water . Contaminants usually make raw water unsafe for drinking by humans without treatment . However , millions of people in developing countries rely on untreated raw water for their water supply , sometimes purifying it by boiling .   Raw water flushing is a method of water conservation where raw water is used for flush toilets .   Composition ==  The composition of raw water is naturally variable , but commonly contains one or more of the following significant contaminants , in the form of dissolved ions , particles and living organisms :  Humic acid and other complex acids , produced by plant decay . These occur in peat and soil and may cause discolouration of water .  Minerals which make water hard . Most common are carbonates of calcium and magnesium .  Particles of clay and silt .  Microorganisms such as bacteria , viruses , protozoa and their cysts . Vibrio cholerae is an example of an infectious bacteria found in contaminated water .  Dissolved air molecules , especially oxygen  Salt , which makes water brackish , having more salinity than fresh water , but not as much as seawater .  Other , less common , contaminants of raw water include :  Natural radioactive particles .  Perfluorinated alkyl acids , such as perfluorooctanoic acid , which are group of pollutants that have been found in wastewater throughout Europe . There are concerns these chemicals could contaminate raw water sources that are commonly used for drinking water .  Endocrine disruptor compounds ; chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine system causing cancerous tumors , birth defects , and other developmental disorders .  These contaminants can be harmful to humans if they drink raw water containing them , or if the water is not treated properly before consumption . The contaminants can also have an effect on the local ecosystem . For example , endocrine disrupting chemicals can have harmful effects on fish populations living in natural lakes and rivers . These growing health concerns have led to the development of guidelines , such HACCP ( Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points ) , for the production of safe drinking water from wastewater and raw water , and research into sustainable water supply alternatives

The lacrimal apparatus is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage . It consists of :  The lacrimal gland , which secretes the tears , and its excretory ducts , which convey the fluid to the surface of the human eye ;  The lacrimal canaliculi , the lacrimal sac , and the nasolacrimal duct , by which the fluid is conveyed into the cavity of the nose , emptying anterioinferiorly to the inferior nasal conchae from the nasolacrimal duct ;  The innervation of the lacrimal apparatus involves both the a sympathetic supply through the carotid plexus of nerves around the internal carotid artery , and parasympathetically from the lacrimal nucleus of the facial nerve .

1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane , R-134a , Freon 134a , Forane 134a , Genetron 134a , Florasol 134a , Suva 134a or HFC-134a , also known as norflurane ( INN ) , is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 ( dichlorodifluoromethane ) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a somewhat lower global warming potential ( 1300 , compared to R-12 's GWP of 2400 ) . It has the formula CH2FCF3 and a boiling point of − 26.3 ° C ( − 15.34 ° F ) at atmospheric pressure . R-134a cylinders are colored light blue . Attempts at phasing out its use as a refrigerant with substances that have lower global warming potentials , such as HFO-1234yf are underway .

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a combination of human-induced processes acting upon the land .  It is viewed as any change or disturbance to the land perceived to be deleterious or undesirable . Natural hazards are excluded as a cause ; however human activities can indirectly affect phenomena such as floods and bush fires .   This is considered to be an important topic of the 21st century due to the implications land degradation has upon agronomic productivity , the environment , and its effects on food security . It is estimated that up to 40 % of the world 's agricultural land is seriously degraded .


Question: The threat of extinction looms large over polar bear populations along with numerous other wildlife species facing perilous declines.

 Biodiversity Crisis: Threats Facing Endangered Species Worldwide

In recent times, we've witnessed a significant surge in species endangerment and extinction, often termed the "Sixth Mass Extinction" or more accurately, the Anthropogenic Extinction Event. This phenomenon, largely attributed to human actions, encompasses a broad spectrum ranging from majestic mammals to tiny insects, impacting ecosystems globally. Rainforests, coral reefs, wetlands - all hotspots of biodiversity - face relentless degradation, leading experts to estimate alarming numbers of unrecorded extinctions each day. Some studies suggest that current extinction rates could reach upwards of 140,000 species annually, marking potentially the highest biodiversity loss since dinosaurs' demise millions of years ago.

This contemporary extinction wave targets even the largest fauna — megafauna — whose existence was once secure but now dwindles rapidly post-Ice Age. Outside Africa where humans co-evolved with native giants, elsewhere around the globe, these colossal beasts succumbed swiftly under Homo sapiens' predatory prowess; though controversially debated among scientists about its exact role versus environmental changes, indisputable links exist linking man-made pressures to several collapses—evident through case studies involving isolated regions like New Zealand & Hawaiian Islands.

Humanity’s ecological footprint extends beyond mere terrestrial impacts; oceans too suffer immensely from anthropocentric influences. Overexploitation of marine life, particularly top-predators, categorizes us uniquely amongst living beings—a 'global super predator'. Our insatiable appetite for seafood coupled with destructive fishing practices threatens aquatic stability just as surely as deforestation jeopardises forest-dwelling communities.

From pole-to-pole, no corner remains untouched by mankind's hand—the Americas saw indigenous mammalian losses akin to those experienced throughout Eurasia & Africa; island paradises transformed overnight into biological wastelands courtesy introduced invasives; even Antarctica feels the heat despite geographic isolation! Meat diets contribute significantly while commercial fisheries decimate stocks; atmospheric CO₂ levels spur oceanic pH shifts affecting shellfish survival chances; amphibious taxa experience precipitous drops linked closely back home again... All signs point unequivocally towards escalating human dominance reshaping planetary biota irreversibly!

As we stand here in the dawn of another decade, it becomes increasingly clear that unchecked demographic expansion paired with excessive resource utilization lie behind this accelerating downward spiral. Urgently addressing these core issues represents perhaps our best hope yet for stemming tide before countless irreplaceable treasures vanish forevermore into oblivion. Let us strive together towards sustainable stewardship ensuring future generations inherit vibrant

is a waterfall in the town of Ajigasawa , Higashitsugaru District Aomori Prefecture , Japan , on a tributary of the Akaishi River , which flows down from the World Heritage Site Shirakami Mountains . It is one of `` Japan 's Top 100 Waterfalls '' , in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990 .   The shape of the falls is thought to resemble an image of Kannon Bosatsu with hands clasped in prayer , which had led the waterfall to be regarded as an object of religious veneration . However , the falls are also thought to resemble a standing bear , hence the literal translation of its name as `` Black Bear Falls '' .

Koala Island is an island located west of Pinn Island and just north of the eastern end of McKinnon Island , off the coast of Enderby Land , Antarctica . It was plotted from air photos taken from Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions aircraft in 1956 . The island was named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia after the koala , an Australian marsupial .

In navigation , a rhumb line , rhumb , or loxodrome is an arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle , that is , a path with constant bearing as measured relative to true or magnetic north .

Lake Manyara is a shallow lake in the Natron-Manyara-Balangida branch of the East African Rift in Manyara Region in Tanzania . Said by Ernest Hemingway to be the `` loveliest -LSB- lake -RSB- ... in Africa , '' it is also the home of a diverse set of landscapes and wildlife .   The name Manyara comes from the Maasai word emanyara , which is a euphorbia species of plant that is grown into a hedge around a family homestead ( Euphorbia tirucalli ) . The name `` is a Masai description not for the lake , but in general for a lake shore region . ''   Of the 127 sqmi of Lake Manyara National Park , the lake 's alkaline waters ( with a pH near 9.5 ) cover approximately 89 sqmi , though the area and pH fluctuate widely with the seasons , and dry spells expose large areas of mud flats . While most known for baboons , the lake and its environs is also home to herbivores such as hippos , impalas , elephants , wildebeests , buffalo , warthogs and giraffes . Giant fig trees and mahogany seen in the groundwater forest immediately around the park gates draw nourishment from the underground springs replenished continuously from crater highlands directly above the Manyara basin . Leading away from the forest to the fringes of Lake Manyara are the flood plains . To the south are visible the acacia woodlands . Leopards , although in abundance , are hard to get a glimpse of , just like the other elusive carnivores - the lions - of this park .   Lake Manyara provides opportunities for ornithologists keen on viewing and observing over 300 migratory birds , including flamingo , long-crested eagle and grey-headed kingfisher .   With an entrance gate that doubles as an exit , the trail of Lake Manyara National Park is effectively a loop that can be traversed by jeep within a couple of hours that may be stretched to a few more at best , if driving slowly , to watch , observe and enjoy the diversity of flora and fauna . The Rift Valley escarpment forms a noteworthy landmark and provides a spectacular backdrop to Lake Manyara .   To the east of Lake Manyara lies the Kwakuchinja wildlife corridor . The corridor allows wildlife to migrate between dispersal areas and parks that include Tarangire National Park to the southeast , Lake Manyara to the west and the Engaruka Basin to the north . Within the Kwakuchinja corridor are several villages that include Ol Tukai Village and Esilalei along the lakeshore .   Further from the lake and outside of village lands , lies the 44000 acre Manyara Ranch , of which 35000 acres comprise the Manyara Ranch Conservancy . This is a pioneering conservation and tourism project supported by the African Wildlife Foundation , the Tanzania Land Conservation Trust and the Manyara Ranch Conservancy . While not a park , the conservancy is frequented by resident and migrating wildlife including elephant , lion , buffalo , leopard and the more common plains game . Rarely seen in the parks but a common resident on the conservancy is the lesser kudu .   Lake Manyara is part of the Lake Manyara Biosphere Reserve , established in 1981 by UNESCO as part of its Man and the Biosphere Programme .

The Devils Hole pupfish ( Cyprinodon diabolis ) is a species of fish native to Devils Hole , a geothermal aquifer-fed pool within a limestone cavern , in the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge east of Death Valley . It has been described as the world 's rarest fish , with a population of fewer than 200 since 2005 . Recent genetic analyses indicate that this species may have first colonized the hole within the past 1,000 years , or as long ago as 60,000 years .   The pupfish have been protected since being declared an endangered species in 1967 . Conflicts over the ownership and use of the groundwater around Devils Hole caused litigation in the 1980s . The litigation triggered further protections of the pupfish . However , since the late 1990s , the pupfish population has substantially decreased . The reasons for the decrease are unknown . Attempts to establish refuge populations of the pupfish through 2013 have failed .

The Red Desert is a high altitude desert and sagebrush steppe located in south central Wyoming , comprising approximately 9,320 square miles ( 24,000 km ² ) . Among the natural features in the Red Desert region are the Great Divide Basin , a unique endorheic drainage basin formed by a division in the Continental Divide , and the Killpecker Sand Dunes , the largest living dune system in the United States . In the 19th century , the Oregon , California and Mormon Trails tracked through the northern and western regions of the Red Desert after crossing the Continental Divide at South Pass . Today , busy Interstate 80 bisects the desert 's southern region while gas field roads cross the desert .   The majority of the Red Desert is public land managed by the Rock Springs and Rawlins field offices of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) . The region is rich in oil , natural gas , uranium , coal and trona . An estimated 84 % of the Red Desert has been `` industrialized '' by oil and gas drilling or by mining operations and associated roads .   The Red Desert supports an abundance of wildlife , despite its scarcity of water and vegetation . The largest migratory herd of pronghorn in the lower 48 states and a rare desert elk herd , said to be the world 's largest , live in the desert . Ponds fed by summer snowmelt attract a wide range of migratory birds such as ducks , trumpeter swans , snowbirds , and white pelicans . Herds of feral horses known for their long manes and tails roam the area in large numbers , despite roundups and population control efforts by the BLM . The Hayden Expedition ( 1871 ) said Bighorn Sheep were numerous during their stay at the Honeycomb Buttes in the Red Desert , but today wild sheep are only found high in the mountain ranges and are rarely seen . Bison were also common and their skulls and horns can occasionally be found there .

The Rhodesian giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti ) , more commonly known as Thornicroft 's giraffe , is a subspecies of giraffe . It is sometimes deemed synonymous with the Luangwa giraffe . It is geographically isolated , occurring only in Zambia 's South Luangwa Valley . An estimated 550 live in the wild , with no captive populations . The lifespan of the Rhodesian giraffe is 22 years for males and 28 years for females . The ecotype was originally named after Harry Scott Thornicroft , a commissioner in what was then North-Western Rhodesia and later Northern Rhodesia .

Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world 's oceans and large lakes , caused by `` excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water . ( NOAA ) . '' In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones . These occur near inhabited coastlines , where aquatic life is most concentrated . ( The vast middle portions of the oceans , which naturally have little life , are not considered `` dead zones '' . )   In March 2004 , when the recently established UN Environment Programme published its first Global Environment Outlook Year Book ( GEO Year Book 2003 ) , it reported 146 dead zones in the world 's oceans where marine life could not be supported due to depleted oxygen levels . Some of these were as small as a square kilometre ( 0.4 mi ² ) , but the largest dead zone covered 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 mi ² ) . A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide .

The large-spotted civet ( Viverra megaspila ) is a viverrid native to Southeast Asia that is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List .

The Red Wattle hog , or Red Wattle pig , is a breed of domestic pig originating in the United States . It is named for its red color and distinctive wattles or tassels , and is on the threatened list of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy ( ALBC ) .


Question: The threat of extinction looms over various wildlife populations including polar bear communities, largely influenced by environmental changes.

 Biodiversity Loss: An Urgent Crisis Threatening Species Worldwide

Biodiversity plays a critical role in maintaining healthy ecosystems globally; however, numerous species face imminent threats leading to possible extinctions. Among those endangered is the majestic polar bear (Ursus maritimus), a carnivore predominantly found within the Arctic region, where it thrives amidst frigid climates and relies heavily upon sea ice for survival. Adult males can weigh upwards of several hundred pounds, whereas females tend to be significantly smaller. Historically related to brown bears yet distinctively adapted through evolution to inhabit colder environments, polar bears exhibit specialized traits suited for navigating snowy terrains, swimming vast distances, and preying mostly on seals.

These remarkable animals typically give birth on land before migrating onto floating sheets of ice — hence earning themselves the moniker "maritime bears." They rely extensively on seal hunts conducted along ice edges, utilizing stored fats during periods devoid of accessible ice platforms necessary for successful predation attempts. Consequently, polar bears' reliance on stable sea-ice conditions categorizes them under marine mammal classifications since oceans serve both sustenance sources and essential habitats.

Climate change-driven alterations pose significant risks to polar bear existence, prompting conservationists’ concerns regarding dwindling numbers amongst certain subgroups. Previously widespread commercial hunting practices had jeopardized overall stability until regulatory measures were implemented successfully curbing excessive exploitation levels. Throughout history, indigenous communities residing near polar regions revered these formidable beasts culturally, spiritually, economically—highlighting profound interconnections binding humans closely alongside nature’s wonders throughout millennia.

Today, escalating habitat degradation stemming from anthropogenic influences exacerbates challenges confronting polar bear preservation endeavors. Immediate action remains imperative if we hope to safeguard remaining populations against looming perils associated with rapidly changing landscapes characterized by diminishing ice coverage—a grim reality demanding urgent attention lest countless unique creations vanish forevermore into oblivion's depths without trace nor memory left behind save perhaps fading echoes resonating faintly within collective consciousness yearning desperately still for harmonious coexistence once more restored anew across all corners far-flung reaches wide expanses boundless skies uncharted waters deep abyssal realms untold mysteries awaiting discovery eternal truths seeking revelation...and love enduring always shining brightly even darkest nights longest winters coldest storms fiercest battles bravest hearts truest dreams noblest aspirations highest ideals purest intentions deepest desires strongest bonds closest friendships dearest loves greatest joys deepest sorrows sweetest victories bitterest defeats wisest lessons hardest choices best decisions worst mistakes biggest regrets smallest mercies kindest gestures harshest judgments fairest trials just rewards fair punishments right actions

Range state is a term generally used in zoogeography and conservation biology to refer to any nation that exercises jurisdiction over any part of a range which a particular species , taxon or biotope inhabits , or crosses or overflies at any time on its normal migration route . The term is often expanded to also include , particularly in international waters , any nation with vessels flying their flag that engage in exploitation ( e.g. hunting , fishing , capturing ) of that species . Countries in which a species occurs only as a vagrant or ` accidental ' visitor outside of its normal range or migration route are not usually considered range states .   Because governmental conservation policy is often formulated on a national scale , and because in most countries , both governmental and private conservation organisations are also organised at the national level , the range state concept is often used by international conservation organizations in formulating their conservation and campaigning policy .   An example of one such organization is the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS , or the `` Bonn Convention '' ) . It is a multilateral treaty focusing on the conservation of critically endangered and threatened migratory species , their habitats and their migration routes . Because such habitats and/or migration routes may span national boundaries , conservation efforts are less likely to succeed without the cooperation , participation , and coordination of each of the range states .

Death is the termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism .   Death , deceased or died may also refer to :

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

La Senda Verde is a non-government organization dedicated to environmental education and the care of sick , mistreated and abandoned wildlife . It is a privately run animal refuge in the Yungas area of Bolivia . The organization is co-founded by Vicky Ossio and Marcelo Levy in 2003 .

Desert elephants are not a distinct species of elephant but are African bush elephants ( Loxodonta africana ) that have made their homes in the Namib and Sahara deserts . It was believed at one time that they were a subspecies of the African bush elephant but this is no longer thought to be the case . Desert-dwelling elephants were once more widespread in Africa than they are now and are currently found only in Namibia and Mali . They tend to migrate from one waterhole to another following traditional routes which depend on the seasonal availability of food and water . They face pressure from poaching and from changes in land use by humans .

Kung Fu Bear is an Internet meme involving an Asian black bear who skillfully twirls , throws and catches a long staff .   Claude the bear is a resident of Asa Zoo in Hiroshima , Japan . When he first arrived at the zoo in 2002 , zookeepers supplied him with long sticks to play with . Claude has become adept at manipulating them in a style reminiscent of a Kung Fu performance .   When videos of Claude 's behavior were first published on the Internet in 2007 , many viewers suspected they were a product of camera tricks or other fraud . Reporters for CNN , CBS and the Telegraph have confirmed that Claude 's skills are genuine . As of June 2010 , the videos have been viewed over two million times on YouTube , CNN.com , and other websites . ( Some versions of the video were eventually taken down from YouTube , due to copyright-infringing use of Carl Douglas ' song `` Kung Fu Fighting '' ; its popularity is greater than its currently displayed viewer counts indicate . )

Ragunan Zoo is a 140 ha zoo located in Pasar Minggu , South Jakarta , Indonesia . It is home to over 270 species of animals , 171 species of flora , and employs over 450 people . Many of the animals are endangered and threatened from all parts of Indonesia and the rest of the world . There are a total of 3,122 animal specimens including birds . Laid out in a lush tropical setting , such indigenous animals as the Komodo dragon , orangutan , tapir , anoa , sumatran tiger , banteng wild ox and various brightly colored birds are given ample room . The zoo is located in South Jakarta and is easily accessible through the Jakarta Outer Ring Road and TransJakarta Corridor 6 bus ( grey color ) .   Ragunan Zoo has more than 150 year of age as the third oldest zoo in the world and set as second largest zoo in the world with the most diverse animals and plants population .   Beginning in February 2014 , the zoo will be closed every Monday for maintenance and to provide a quiet day for the animals . If Monday is a holiday , the zoo will be open but will be closed on another day in lieu of the holiday .

Red colobuses are Old World monkeys of the subgenus Piliocolobus in the genus Procolobus . Some authors elevate Piliocolobus to a full genus , limiting Procolobus to the olive colobus . They are closely related to the black-and-white colobus monkeys ( genus Colobus ) , and some species are often found in groups with the blue monkey . The western red colobus is frequently hunted by the common chimpanzee .   The members of this subgenus are found in western , central and eastern Africa , and the species have largely allo - or parapatric distributions . Most are restricted to humid forests , but the Zanzibar red colobus prefers coastal thickets and scrub . Red colobuses are primarily arboreal and are highly sensitive to hunting and habitat destruction , and have been referred to as probably the most threatened taxonomic group of primates in Africa . If following the taxonomic treatment advocated in Mammal Species of the World , all species except the Central African red colobus are assessed by the IUCN as endangered or critically endangered .

A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs . Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons . They have also been identified as occurring on mixed-sand and gravel coastlines . There is an overlap between bodies of water classified as coastal lagoons and bodies of water classified as estuaries . Lagoons are common coastal features around many parts of the world .   Lagoons can also be man-made and used for wastewater treatment , as is the case for e.g. aerated lagoons and anaerobic lagoons .

Labrador West ( 2013 pop. : 10,319 ) refers to a region in western Labrador in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador containing the twin towns of Labrador City and Wabush . The area is located in the southwest corner of Labrador , near the Quebec border and has been described as `` a dichotomy of pristine wilderness and industrial development . ''   The region 's livelihood is based on iron ore mining which can be traced to the 1950s when the Iron Ore Company of Canada constructed Labrador City and the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway to haul ore to the port of Sept-Îles , Quebec , 575 km to the south . The adjacent Wabush Mines were established in the 1960s by another company , along with the town of Wabush and the Wabush Lake Railway which connects to the QNSL .   Labrador West is also home to tremendous wilderness opportunities in a pristine state with little human settlement or development . Wilderness recreational opportunities in the Labrador West area include camping , fishing , hunting ( particularly for caribou , black bear , and ptarmigan ) , hiking , boating , skiing , and snowmobiling .   The nearest population centres to Labrador West is the Quebec town of Fermont , 30 km away ; ports of Sept-Îles and Baie-Comeau to the south and the military town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay to the east .


Question: The threat of extinction looms large over polar bear populations alongside numerous other wildlife species facing severe survival challenges.

 Implications of Global Warming on Biodiversity
The phenomenon of global warming, characterized by escalating temperatures attributed largely to human activities, particularly the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, poses severe threats to various ecosystems across the globe. Scientific consensus indicates that human impact significantly contributes to recent climate shifts, impacting numerous aspects of life on earth.

As we progress through the twenty-first century, models predict continued rises in global temperatures under different scenarios based upon varying degrees of greenhouse gas emissions. Regardless of the specific projection, all outcomes suggest profound alterations to existing environments.

Impacts vary widely depending on geographical location; however, common trends emerge: increased frequency of extreme weather conditions - encompassing both intense heatwaves and torrential downpours -, accelerated desertification within sub-tropical zones, shrinking glacial masses, diminishing permafrost expanses, retreating sea ice boundaries, and heightened acidity levels in marine bodies. Consequences extend beyond mere physical transformations; they jeopardize ecological stability leading potentially irreversible losses concerning biological diversity.

Human societies face considerable challenges adapting adequately given projected scenarios involving compromised agricultural productivity alongside coastal inundation resulting from sea-level ascension. Given inherent delays intrinsic to climatological adjustments coupled with protracted atmospheric retention periods regarding certain pollutants, consequences endure far longer than initial causative actions might imply.

Mitigating strategies entail curbing pollutant discharges while concurrently enhancing resilience amongst vulnerable communities. International cooperation remains pivotal exemplified via frameworks akin to those established under auspices provided by entities such as United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCC). Ambitions center around achieving substantial reductions aimed at limiting planetary heating below critical thresholds compared against historical benchmarks.

Public awareness surrounding gravity pertaining to ongoing developments appears steadily growing. Recent surveys reveal majority perceptions categorizing current situation as critically worrisome albeit marked disparities remain observable when comparing attitudes held respectively amongst inhabitants residing within economically divergent regions.

In summary, global warming represents an urgent crisis demanding immediate attention and concerted action to safeguard not just individual species like the polar bear but entire ecosystems teetering precariously close to collapse. Urgent measures need implementation focusing simultaneously on curtailing harmful practices exacerbating underlying issues whilst fostering adaptive capabilities essential for survival amidst rapidly transforming landscapes.

Dewey Soper Migratory Bird Sanctuary , or Dewey Soper , is a migratory bird sanctuary in Qikiqtaaluk , Nunavut , Canada . It is located in western Baffin Island , from Bowman Bay to the Koukdjuak River , and is named in honour of zoologist J. Dewey Soper . It is an 8159 km2 area that was classified a wetland of international importance via the Ramsar Convention on May 24 , 1982 . The bird sanctuary supports nearly 30 % of the breeding geese in Canada , making it the largest goose colony in the world . Up to two million birds of various species use the area for summer nesting , and it is also `` habitat for one of Canada 's major barren-ground caribou herds '' . The sanctuary was established in 1957 , and is subject to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement , which defines and governs ownership , land use and hunting rights in the area .   It is an intertidal zone on a broad coastal plain with raised , slightly sloping beaches , spotted with circular shallow lakes and a marsh plain .

The desert locust ( Schistocerca gregaria ) is a species of locust . Plagues of desert locusts have threatened agricultural production in Africa , the Middle East , and Asia for centuries . The livelihood of at least one-tenth of the world 's human population can be affected by this voracious insect .   The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances . It has two to five generations per year . The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004 -- 05 caused significant crop losses in West Africa and had a negative impact on food security in the region . While the desert locust alone is not responsible for famines , it can be an important contributing factor .

Desmarest 's hutia ( Capromys pilorides ) , also known as the Cuban hutia , is a species of rodent endemic to Cuba . Weighing up to 8.5 kg , it is the largest of the extant species of hutia ( the extinct giant hutias were far larger ) .

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death , such as martyrdom , suicide and euthanasia . Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism , i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate . Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world . Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions .

The members of the genus Rhinoceros are the one-horned rhinoceroses . The word `` rhinoceros '' is of Greek origin ; `` rhin '' meaning `` nose '' , and `` ceros '' meaning `` horn '' . The genus contains two species , the Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) and the Javan rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros sondaicus ) . Although both members are endangered , the Javan Rhinoceros is one of the most endangered large mammals in the world with only 60 individuals surviving in Java ( Indonesia ) . A fossil jawbone of an extinct species , Rhinoceros philippinensis , was found in the Philippines .

Radiation is a process in which a body emits energy that propagates through a medium , or through empty space , to be absorbed by other bodies . Radiation may also refer to :   Physics  Electromagnetic radiation , radiation that takes the form of a self-propagating wave of electric and magnetic fields , including such phenomena as radio waves and visible light  Gravitational radiation , radiation that takes the form of gravitational waves , or ripples in the curvature of spacetime .  Ionizing radiation , radiation that is of high enough energy to cause atoms to lose or gain electrons , rendering molecules , such as proteins , incapable of functioning  Nuclear radiation , radiation , especially ionizing radiation , that emanates from nuclear processes such as radioactive decay  Thermal radiation , electromagnetic radiation that emanates from every object above absolute zero , in proportion to the fourth power of the temperature of the object  Synchrotron radiation , also called a synchrotron light source , electromagnetic radiation generated by the acceleration of fast moving charged particles through magnetic fields   Medicine  Radiation therapy , also called radiotherapy , a medical treatment that involves exposing part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation  Radiation poisoning , a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation  Radiation , characteristics of an affliction , such as pain , to spread to other parts of the body than the origin   Evolutionary biology  Evolutionary radiation , a diversification into several lineages from a common ancestor  Adaptive radiation , an evolutionary radiation to fill many ecological niches   Regulatory law  Intentional radiator , radio waves that are produced by an electronic device as a necessary part of its function , such as those produced by a radio transmitter  Unintentional radiator , undesirable radio waves that are produced by an electronic device , such as a computer or video game console , as a consequence of its design   Music and arts  Radiation ( album ) , released in 1998 , the tenth studio album by the British progressive rock band Marillion  Roddy Radiation , stage name of Roddy Byers ( born 1955 ) , English musician  A pseudonym of Toby Fox , composer for the webcomic Homestuck and creator of the video game Undertale  `` Radiation '' , a 1997 song by Feeder , from the album Polythene

Remya kauaiensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family , known by the common name of Kauai remya . It is endemic to Hawaii , where it is known only from the island of Kauai . It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat . It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States .   This shrub usually grows up to about 90 cm tall , but can reach up to 4 m . It has many vine-like spreading branches with fuzzy tips . The toothed leaves are green on the upper surfaces and are coated in white hairs on the undersides . The inflorescence is a panicle of flower heads . The flowers are probably pollinated by insects and the seeds are likely dispersed by wind or water .   This plant is one of three species in Remya , a genus endemic to Hawaii , and one of the two Remya that are limited to the island of Kauai . For a time this species was feared extinct , but it was rediscovered in the 1980s . As of 2003 there were 17 populations for a total of not more than 114 individuals .   The populations are distributed through several valleys and canyons on Kauai . It grows on steep canyon walls and in gulches , often on north-facing slopes . It may grow by rivers and next to waterfalls . It can generally be found in forested habitat dominated by koa and ohia trees . Other plants in the habitat include kauila , maile , ahakea lau lii , akoko , laukea , uki uki , uluhe , aalii , manono , pukiawe , uahiapele , kolea , olopua , and alaa .   Threats to this species include destruction of the habitat by introduced species of ungulates such as feral pigs , feral goats , cattle , and deer . Invasive plant species are also a threat , including narrow-leaved carpetgrass , hammock fern , airplant , daisy fleabane , blackberry , silk oak , lantana , banana poka , Kahili ginger , sourbush , and basketgrass . Other threats include erosion and fire , and because the plant is already rare , it is threatened with extinction by any one large event , such as a hurricane .   Conservation efforts include the collection of seeds for storage and the propagation of seedlings .

A retreat is a place of refuge for those in the survivalist subculture or movement . A retreat is also sometimes called a bug-out location ( BOL ) . Survivalist retreats are intended to be self-sufficient and easily defended , and are generally located in sparsely populated rural areas .

Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals . Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure . These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms : violent movements , uncontrolled excitement , fear of water , an inability to move parts of the body , confusion , and loss of consciousness . Once symptoms appear , the result is nearly always death . The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months ; however , this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year . The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system .   Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses , including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus . Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human . Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes , mouth , or nose . Globally , dogs are the most common animal involved . More than 99 % of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites . In the Americas , bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans , and less than 5 % of cases are from dogs . Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies . The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves . The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of symptoms .   Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world . Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those who are at high risk . The high-risk group includes people who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common . In people who have been exposed to rabies , the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms . Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water , povidone iodine , or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission . Only five people have survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms , and this was with extensive treatment known as the Milwaukee protocol .   Rabies caused about 17,400 deaths worldwide in 2015 . More than 95 % of human deaths caused by rabies occur in Africa and Asia . About 40 % of deaths occur in children under the age of 15 . Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica . More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs . A number of countries , including Australia and Japan , as well as much of Western Europe , do not have rabies among dogs . Many small island nations do not have rabies at all . It is classified as a neglected tropical disease .

The six species in the genus Didelphis , commonly known as large American opossums , are members of the order Didelphimorphia . The genus is composed of cat-sized omnivorous species , and are recognized on their prehensile tails and the tendency to `` play possum '' ( feign dead ) when cornered . The largest species , the Virginia opossum , is the only marsupial to be found in North America north of Mexico .