Question: Even if an entity doesn't suffer immediate harm from ocean acidification, it could still experience adverse effects as a result of alterations to its living environment or disruptions within the ecosystem's feeding network. This highlights how interconnected marine life truly is, with each component playing a crucial role that can influence others when disrupted.

 Indirect Effects of Ocean Acidification
Ocean acidification, triggered largely by increased carbon dioxide absorption into seawater, can subtly alter marine environments beyond direct harm to certain species. Even when organisms aren't immediately impacted by lower pH levels, they might face indirect challenges via transformed habitats or disrupted food chains. For instance, coral reefs—critical nurseries and feeding grounds for numerous fish—are weakened under acidic conditions, potentially leading to cascading effects throughout entire ecosystems. Moreover, small planktonic creatures vital to many predators' diets could experience reproductive issues or altered behavior because of changing chemistry, impacting larger animals higher up the food chain. Such complex interactions highlight how seemingly targeted threats like ocean acidification reverberate widely within interconnected aquatic communities. Understanding these dynamics becomes crucial for conservation strategies aiming to safeguard diverse marine life amidst ongoing ecological pressures.

This rewritten passage maintains the original message about indirect impacts while introducing new details regarding specific examples (coral reefs, plankton) and emphasizing broader implications for ecosystem health and management approaches. Length, readability level, and thematic focus remain consistent with your guidelines. Let me know if you need any adjustments!

Deuterostomes ( taxonomic term : Deuterostomia ; meaning `` second mouth '' in Greek ) are any members of a superphylum of animals . It is a sister clade of Protostomia , with which it forms the Nephrozoa clade .   Deuterostomia is a subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subkingdom Eumetazoa , within Animalia , and are distinguished from protostomes by their deuterostomic embryonic development ; in deuterostomes , the first opening ( the blastopore ) becomes the anus , while in protostomes , it becomes the mouth . ( There are some occurrences of deuterostomy among Protostomes . )   Deuterostomes are also known as enterocoelomates because their coelom develops through enterocoely .   There are three major clades of deuterostomes :   Chordata ( vertebrates and their kin )  Echinodermata ( starfish , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , etc. . )  Hemichordata ( acorn worms and graptolites )

In evolutionary biology , reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism 's fitness , with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time . The concept was initially developed by Robert Trivers to explain the evolution of cooperation as instances of mutually altruistic acts . The concept is close to the strategy of `` tit for tat '' used in game theory .

A remotely operated underwater vehicle ( ROV ) is a tethered underwater mobile device . This meaning is different from remote control vehicles operating on land or in the air . ROVs are unoccupied , highly maneuverable , and operated by a crew aboard a vessel . They are common in deep water industries such as offshore hydrocarbon extraction . They are linked to a host ship by a neutrally buoyant tether or , often when working in rough conditions or in deeper water , a load-carrying umbilical cable is used along with a tether management system ( TMS ) . The TMS is either a garage-like device which contains the ROV during lowering through the splash zone or , on larger work-class ROVs , a separate assembly which sits on top of the ROV . The purpose of the TMS is to lengthen and shorten the tether so the effect of cable drag where there are underwater currents is minimized . The umbilical cable is an armored cable that contains a group of electrical conductors and fiber optics that carry electric power , video , and data signals between the operator and the TMS . Where used , the TMS then relays the signals and power for the ROV down the tether cable . Once at the ROV , the electric power is distributed between the components of the ROV . However , in high-power applications , most of the electric power drives a high-power electric motor which drives a hydraulic pump . The pump is then used for propulsion and to power equipment such as torque tools and manipulator arms where electric motors would be too difficult to implement subsea . Most ROVs are equipped with at least a video camera and lights . Additional equipment is commonly added to expand the vehicle 's capabilities . These may include sonars , magnetometers , a still camera , a manipulator or cutting arm , water samplers , and instruments that measure water clarity , water temperature , water density , sound velocity , light penetration , and temperature .

Regulation is an abstract concept of management of complex systems according to a set of rules and trends . In systems theory , these types of rules exist in various fields of biology and society , but the term has slightly different meanings according to context . For example :  in biology , gene regulation allows living organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain homeostasis  in government , typically a regulation specifically means a piece of the delegated legislation drafted by subject matter experts to enforce a statutory instrument ( primary legislation )  in business , industry self-regulation occurs through self-regulatory organizations and trade associations which allow industries to set rules with less government involvement  in psychology , self-regulation theory is the study of how individuals regulate their thoughts and behaviors to reach goals

Digital media is any media that is encoded in a machine-readable format . Digital media can be created , viewed , distributed , modified and preserved on digital electronics devices . Computer programs and software ; digital imagery , digital video ; video games ; web pages and websites , including social media ; data and databases ; digital audio , such as mp3s ; and e-books are examples of digital media . Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media , such as printed books , newspapers and magazines , and other traditional or analog media , such as pictures , film or audio tape .   Combined with the Internet and personal computing , digital media has caused disruption in publishing , journalism , entertainment , education , commerce and politics . Digital media has also posed new challenges to copyright and intellectual property laws , fostering an open content movement in which content creators voluntarily give up some or all of their legal rights to their work . The ubiquity of digital media and its effects on society suggest that we are at the start of a new era in industrial history , called the Information Age , perhaps leading to a paperless society in which all media are produced and consumed on computers . However , challenges to a digital transition remain , including outdated copyright laws , censorship , the digital divide , and the spectre of a digital dark age , in which older media becomes inaccessible to new or upgraded information systems . Digital media has a significant , wide-ranging and complex impact on society and culture .

The lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ) , also called rock sturgeon , is a North American temperate freshwater fish , one of about 25 species of sturgeon . Like other sturgeons , this species is an evolutionarily ancient bottom feeder with a partly cartilaginous skeleton , an overall streamlined shape and skin bearing rows of bony plates on its sides and back , resembling an armored torpedo . The fish uses its elongated , spadelike snout to stir up the substrate and sediments on the beds of rivers and lakes while feeding . The lake sturgeon has four purely sensory organs that dangle near its mouth . These organs , called barbels , help the sturgeon to locate bottom-dwelling prey . Lake sturgeons can grow to a relatively large size , topping 7.25 ft ( 2.2 m ) long and weighing over 240 lb ( 108 kg ) .

Dentistry is a branch of medicine that is involved in the study , diagnosis , prevention , and treatment of diseases , disorders and conditions of the oral cavity , commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa , and of adjacent and related structures and tissues , particularly in the maxillofacial ( jaw and facial ) area . Although primarily associated with teeth among the general public , the field of dentistry or dental medicine is not limited to teeth but includes other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temperomandibular and other supporting structures . The term dentistry comes from odontology ( from Ancient Greek ὀδούς ( odoús , `` tooth '' ) ) -- the study of the structure , development , and abnormalities of the teeth . Because of their substantial overlap in concept , dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology ( the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases ) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions .   Dentistry is important to one 's overall health . Dental treatments are carried out by the dental team , which often consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries ( dental assistants , dental hygienists , dental technicians , as well as dental therapists ) . Most dentists either work in private practices ( primary care ) , dental hospitals or ( secondary care ) institutions ( prisons , armed forces bases , etc. ) .   The history of dentistry is almost as ancient as the history of humanity and civilization with the earliest evidence dating from 7000 BC . Remains from the early Harappan periods of the Indus Valley Civilization ( BC ) show evidence of teeth having been drilled dating back 9,000 years . It is thought that dental surgery was the first specialization from medicine .

In biology , the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found . Within that range , dispersion is variation in local density .   The term is often qualified :   Sometimes a distinction is made between a species ' natural , endemic , or native range where it historically originated and lived , and the range where a species has more recently established itself . Many terms are used to describe the new range , such as non-native , naturalized , introduced , transplanted , invasive , or colonized range . Introduced typically means that a species has been transported by humans ( intentionally or accidentally ) across a major geographical barrier .  For species found in different regions at different times of year , terms such as summer range and winter range are often employed .  For species for which only part of their range is used for breeding activity , the terms breeding range and non-breeding range are used .  For mobile animals , the term natural range is often used , as opposed to areas where it occurs as a vagrant .  Geographic or temporal qualifiers are often added : for example , British range or pre-1950 range .   There are at least five types of distribution patterns :   Scattered/random ( Random placement )  Clustered/grouped ( Most are placed in one area )  Linear ( Their placements form a line )  Radial ( Placements form an ' x ' shape )  Regular/ordered ( They are not random at all , but follow a set placement . Much like a grid )

A reference is a relationship in which one object designates or links to another .   Reference or reference point may also refer to :  Reference or citation , a link to a source of information  Reference ( computer science )  Reference ( C++ )  A reference or recommendation letter for a job , university place , etc. .  Reference work , a dictionary , encyclopedia , etc. .  Reference desk , in a library  Digital reference ( also virtual reference )  Reference ( film ) , a 1985 Bulgarian film  Reference.com , an online reference source  Reference design , in engineering  Reference question , a concept in Canadian public law  Reference or Bedeutung , Frege 's term for that which an expression designates  A point , frame , range , etc. of reference , see Reference point ( disambiguation )

In physics , decompression refers to a reduction of pressure or compression , and to some extent to the consequences of a reduction of pressure .  Decompression has the most obvious consequences when applied to gases or to liquids containing dissolved gases .


Question: Certain flora - such as phytoplankton that utilize CO2 in their light-harvesting processes - might actually experience growth advantages under increased atmospheric carbon levels.

 Algae Flourish Amidst Rising CO2 Levels
As concerns grow regarding escalating levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in our atmosphere—a key contributor to global warming—certain plant species exhibit unexpected resilience, notably algae. These aquatic plants thrive under elevated CO2 conditions, utilizing additional carbon for enhanced photosynthesis. Photosynthesis involves converting sunlight into energy while consuming CO2 and producing oxygen; thus, algae play dual roles: absorbing excess gases and generating vital oxygen supplies.

Algae exist ubiquitously across freshwater bodies, oceans, and wetlands, forming crucial components within various ecosystems. Their ability to flourish amidst rising CO2 presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, thriving algal blooms can serve as nature’s buffer against excessive greenhouse gases, potentially mitigating impacts of global warming through increased absorption capacities. Moreover, abundant algae offer rich food sources for marine fauna, supporting complex underwater food chains essential for maintaining ecological balance.

On another note, unchecked proliferation might lead to eutrophication—an imbalance characterized by excessive nutrients causing dense vegetation growth—which could disrupt local environments negatively impacting native flora and fauna healthily adapted without high-CO2 interference. Therefore, understanding how specific types respond differently becomes critical knowledge necessary before implementing large-scale strategies aimed at leveraging beneficial attributes whilst minimizing adverse effects associated with uncontrolled expansion.

Intriguingly, research indicates certain strains possess unique biochemical pathways allowing superior adaptation compared to others less equipped genetically speaking. Scientists continue exploring genetic engineering possibilities enabling creation of optimized variants capable maximizing benefits conferred upon humanity directly related to combating climate change effectively yet responsibly ensuring sustainable outcomes benefiting generations ahead.

This passage maintains comparable structure, vocabulary difficulty, sentence construction intricacy alongside thematic coherence relative original input while addressing core assertion linking positive implications experienced select vegetative entities namely algae exposed heightened quantities atmospheric C02 resulting largely anthropocentric endeavors contributing overall planetary thermal equilibrium alteration phenomenon commonly referred "global warning".

In chemistry , recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals . By dissolving both impurities and a compound in an appropriate solvent , either the desired compound or impurities can be removed from the solution , leaving the other behind . It is named for the crystals often formed when the compound precipitates out . Alternatively , recrystallization can refer to the natural growth of larger ice crystals at the expense of smaller ones .

Destratification is a process in which the air or water is mixed in order to eliminate stratified layers of temperature , plant , or animal life . The first example of destratification was in 1919 , in a small reservoir .   A pond 's condition deteriorates when the bottom environment can not support animal life . The bottom is the area that runs out of oxygen first , it is where the most oxygen is used , and it is the farthest from the surface where it is replenished . Without oxygen a lake or pond 's self-purification capability is not only reduced , it is reversed . The small animals , snails , worms , bacteria , etc. , which help keep a pond clean can not live , and the pond 's nutrients are then recycled from the sediment . This forms a layer of muck at the bottom which serves as a fertilizer for weed and excessive algae growth . It can also cause large fish kills .

The lamina or blade in macroscopic algae like seaweed is a generally flattened structure that typically forms the principal bulk of the thallus . It is often developed into specialised organs such as flotation bladders and reproductive organs .   The lamina is typically an expansion of the stipe which in term is attached to the substrate by the holdfast .   Category : Brown algae

Resprouters are plant species that are able to survive fire by the activation of dormant vegetative buds to produce regrowth .   Plants may resprout by means of lignotubers at the base or epicormic buds on the trunk or major branches .   Resprouters characterize chaparral , fynbos , kwongan , savanna and other landscapes that experience periodic fires .

Diathermancy ( from `` dia '' through and `` thermē '' heat ) is the property of some fluids that allows rays of light through them without itself being heated . A diathermanous fluid is thus `` permeable '' by heat . ) . Diathermany was first described by German physicist and chemist Heinrich Magnus in the 1800s . Atmospheric air is diathermanous ; therefore , air is not heated by sunshine , but by long wave heat reflected by soil , and especially , water on the Earth surface . Water , on the contrary , is not diathermanous , and it is heated by sunshine directly .

Dinophysis acuta is a species of flagellated planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis . It is one of the few unusual photosynthetic protists that acquire plastids from algae by endosymbiosis . By forming massive blooms , particularly in late summer and spring , it causes red tides . It produces toxic substances and the red tides cause widespread infection of seafood , particularly crabs and mussels . When infected animals are consumed , severe diarrhoea occurs . The clinical symptom is called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning . The main chemical toxins were identified in 2006 as okadaic acid and pectenotoxins . They can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in their predators , which can become toxic to humans .

Detritivores , also known as detrivores , detritophages , detritus feeders , or detritus eaters , are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus ( decomposing plant and animal parts as well as feces ) . There are many kinds of invertebrates , vertebrates and plants that carry out coprophagy . By doing so , all these detritivores contribute to decomposition and the nutrient cycles . They should be distinguished from other decomposers , such as many species of bacteria , fungi and protists , which are unable to ingest discrete lumps of matter , but instead live by absorbing and metabolizing on a molecular scale ( saprotrophic nutrition ) . However , the terms detritivore and decomposer are often used interchangeably .   Detritivores are an important aspect of many ecosystems . They can live on any soil with an organic component , including marine ecosystems , where they are termed interchangeably with bottom feeders .   Typical detritivorous animals include millipedes , springtails , woodlice , dung flies , slugs , many terrestrial worms , sea stars , sea cucumbers , fiddler crabs , and some sedentary polychaetes such as amphitrites ( Amphitritinae , worms of the family Terebellidae ) and other terebellids .   Scavengers are typically not thought to be detritivores , as they generally eat large quantities of organic matter , but both detritivores and scavengers are specific cases of consumer-resource systems . The eating of wood , whether alive or dead , is known as xylophagy . Τhe activity of animals feeding only on dead wood is called sapro -- xylophagy and those animals , sapro-xylophagous .

A landrace is a domesticated , locally adapted , traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time , through adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture and pastoralism , and due to isolation from other populations of the species . Landraces are generally distinguished from cultivars , and from breeds in the standardized sense , although the term landrace breed is sometimes used as distinguished from the term standardized breed when referring to cattle . The - race in this word refers to the taxonomic definition of race in biology , not the ethnographic sense of the word .   Specimens of a landrace tend to be relatively genetically uniform , but are more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed . Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through selective breeding and a landrace may become a more formal breed with the creation of a breed registry and/or publication of a breed standard . In such a case , the landrace may be thought of as a `` stage '' in breed development . However , in other cases , formalizing a landrace may result in the genetic resource of a landrace being lost through crossbreeding . Landraces are distinct from ancestral wild species of modern stock , and from separate species or subspecies derived from the same ancestor as modern domestic stock . Landraces are not all derived from ancient stock largely unmodified by human breeding interests . In a number of cases , most commonly dogs and horses , domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed feral populations that , through evolutionary pressure , can form new landraces in only a few centuries . In other cases , simple failure to maintain breeding regimens can do the same . For example , selectively bred cultivars can become new landraces when loosely selective reproduction is applied .   Increasing adoption of and reliance upon modern , purposefully selected plant strains , considered improved -- `` scientifically bred to be uniform and stable '' -- has led to a reduction in biodiversity . The majority of the genetic diversity of domesticated species lies in landraces and other traditionally used varieties , a `` reservoir of genetic resources '' .

Rhodoplanes piscinae is a Gram-negative , rod-shaped , phototrophic , non-sulfur bacterium from the genus of Rhodoplanes which has been isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Mangalore in India .

In the last 30 years Lake Winnipeg has experienced a steady surge of blue-green algae growth and although algae grows naturally in the lake , excessive blue-green algae blooms are caused by high ratio levels of nitrogen and phosphorus draining into the lake via rivers and surface runoff . Up to five and a half million people rely on the health of Lake Winnipeg . The lake is an economical powerhouse that supports a $ 100 million a year tourism industry and a $ 25 million a year fishing industry . Healthy algae populations play an important role in keeping lake Winnipeg 's ecological systems balanced . Green algae provides food for zooplankton , which are then eaten by larger fish in the lake . However the toxins that blue-green algae release can destroy fresh water ecosystems and can be dangerous for humans and other species . Very high levels of the algae toxin microcystin closed Victoria Beach off from the public in the summer of 2003 . Grand Beach and other surrounding settlements along the lake are often closed for a short time during summer months due to E. coli and algae-toxin related threats . Immense algae blooms have appeared in the northern part of Lake Winnipeg in the last decade with hundreds of square kilometers of the lake covered with a thick toxic layer of blue-green algae . Local residents in surrounding communities say the blue-green algae is well known for creating deadly water conditions in prairie dugouts and have been known to even kill livestock . Commercial and aboriginal fishermen on the lake often find their nets temporarily disabled during the summer months because of the thick algae conditions . The Lake Winnipeg algae blooms are considered the worst algae problem of any large freshwater lake in the world .   '' '


Question: Certain flora - such as phytoplankton that utilize CO2 in their growth process - might actually thrive amidst increasing atmospheric carbon levels.

 Algal Adaptations under Climate Change
Certain plant species, notably algae capable of harnessing atmospheric CO2 during photosynthesis, might actually thrive amidst rising temperatures associated with global warming. These microorganisms, often overlooked yet crucial components of aquatic ecosystems, demonstrate resilience against changing climates. Unlike many terrestrial flora experiencing stress under elevated heat conditions, certain algal strains exhibit increased productivity when exposed to higher levels of carbon dioxide. Their ability to convert light energy directly into chemical energy without requiring complex cellular structures akin to those seen in multicellular plants makes them uniquely suited to capitalize on current atmospheric changes. Moreover, scientists theorize that ancient ancestors of contemporary algae played pivotal roles in shaping earth’s biosphere; they significantly contributed to oxygen accumulation within primordial air mixtures—eventually enabling emergence of aerobic lifeforms across various evolutionary branches. Today, ongoing research continues exploring how specific types of algae could potentially mitigate effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases while simultaneously enhancing overall ecological stability.

In essence, just as cyanobacterial precursors once revolutionized planetary atmospheres billions years ago paving way for subsequent diversification events leading up till now, select groups among extant phytoplanktonic communities seem poised ready seize opportunities presented by ongoing alterations wrought upon nature courtesy Homo sapiens' relentless pursuit progress...and perhaps offer hope salvaging beleaguered biomes threatened collapse due manmade interference gone awry!

The term deep sea creature refers to organisms that live below the photic zone of the ocean . These creatures must survive in extremely harsh conditions , such as hundreds of bars of pressure , small amounts of oxygen , very little food , no sunlight , and constant , extreme cold . Most creatures have to depend on food floating down from above .   These creatures live in very demanding environments , such as the abyssal or hadal zones , which , being thousands of meters below the surface , are almost completely devoid of light . The water is between 3 and 10 degrees Celsius and has low oxygen levels . Due to the depth , the pressure is between 20 and 1,000 bars . Creatures that live hundreds or even thousands of meters deep in the ocean have adapted to the high pressure , lack of light , and other factors .

A raised coral atoll or uplifted coral atoll is an atoll that has been lifted high enough above sea level by tectonic forces to protect it from scouring by storms and enable soils and diverse -- often endemic -- species of flora and fauna to develop . With the exception of Aldabra Island in the Indian Ocean and Henderson Island in the Pacific , most tropical raised atolls have been dramatically altered by human activities such as species introduction , phosphate mining and even bomb testing .

Ribulose is a ketopentose -- a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms , and including a ketone functional group . It has chemical formula 5105 . Two enantiomers are possible , D-ribulose ( D-erythro-pentulose ) and L-ribulose ( L-erythro-pentulose ) . D-Ribulose is the diastereomer of D-xylulose .   Ribulose sugars are composed in the pentose phosphate pathway . They are important in the formation of many bioactive substances . For example , D-ribulose is an intermediate in the fungal pathway for D-arabitol production . Also , as the 1,5-bisphosphate , D-ribulose combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the photosynthesis process in green plants ( carbon dioxide trap ) .

Dinophysis acuta is a species of flagellated planktons belonging to the genus Dinophysis . It is one of the few unusual photosynthetic protists that acquire plastids from algae by endosymbiosis . By forming massive blooms , particularly in late summer and spring , it causes red tides . It produces toxic substances and the red tides cause widespread infection of seafood , particularly crabs and mussels . When infected animals are consumed , severe diarrhoea occurs . The clinical symptom is called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning . The main chemical toxins were identified in 2006 as okadaic acid and pectenotoxins . They can produce non-fatal or fatal amounts of toxins in their predators , which can become toxic to humans .

A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water . It is the most basic of boat design , characterized by the absence of a hull . Although there are cross-over boat types that blur this definition , rafts are usually kept afloat by using any combination of buoyant materials such as wood , sealed barrels , or inflated air chambers ( such as pontoons ) , and are typically not propelled by an engine .

Regeneration is renewal through the internal processes of a body or system . Something which embodies this action can be described as regenerative . It can also mean the process of something new . Many titles of cultural work and cultural and scientific concepts use the term , and may refer to :

Research comprises `` creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge , including knowledge of humans , culture and society , and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications . '' It is used to establish or confirm facts , reaffirm the results of previous work , solve new or existing problems , support theorems , or develop new theories . A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field . Research projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic , or in the example of a school research project , they can be used to further a student 's research prowess to prepare them for future jobs or reports . To test the validity of instruments , procedures , or experiments , research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole . The primary purposes of basic research ( as opposed to applied research ) are documentation , discovery , interpretation , or the research and development ( R&D ) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge . Approaches to research depend on epistemologies , which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences . There are several forms of research : scientific , humanities , artistic , economic , social , business , marketing , practitioner research , life , technological , etc. .

Region of Freshwater Influence ( ROFI ) , a term coined by Prof. John Simpson of the University of Wales , Bangor , and co-authors , in 1993 in Oceanologica Acta for the Rhine river plume . The term refers to regions where rivers debouch into estuaries and coastal shelf seas where the currents patterns are governed by density differences between salt sea water and fresh river water . In other words , a ROFI is the region between the shelf sea regime and the estuary where the local input of freshwater buoyancy from the coastal source is comparable with , or exceeds , the seasonal input of buoyancy as heat which occurs all over the shelf . Americans usually use the term river plume where Europeans use ROFI .

Rhodomicrobium is a microaerobic to anaerobic , purple non-sulfur , cluster-building genus of bacteria . Rhodomicrobium use bacteriochlorophyll A and bacteriochlorophyll B for photosynthese and occurs in fresh - and sea-whater and in soil

Ranunculus -LSB- ræˈnʌŋkjʊləs -RSB- is a genus of about 600 species of plants in the Ranunculaceae . Members of the genus include the buttercups , spearworts , and water crowfoots . The petals are often highly lustrous , especially in yellow species . Buttercups usually flower in the spring , but flowers may be found throughout the summer , especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers , as in the case of garden weeds .   The water crowfoots ( Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium ) , which grow in still or running water , are sometimes treated in a separate genus Batrachium ( from Greek βάτραχος batrachos , `` frog '' ) . They have two different leaf types , thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves . In some species , such as R. aquatilis , a third , intermediate leaf type occurs .   Ranunculus species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Hebrew Character and small angle shades . Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture , with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers .


Question: Certain flora - such as phytoplankton that utilize CO2 in their photosynthetic processes - might actually experience advantageous growth conditions under elevated atmospheric carbon levels.

 Algae: Beneficiaries Amid Climate Change?
Amidst the challenges posed by global warming, certain plant life forms - notably algae - might actually thrive under changing conditions. These microscopic powerhouses utilize carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, potentially benefiting from higher CO2 levels resulting from increased atmospheric temperatures. Primarily aquatic and comprising diverse groups within the green plant lineage, algae represent key components of marine ecosystems. Found across various environments, ranging from freshwater lakes to oceans depths, these organisms contribute significantly to global oxygen production through photosynthesis. Unlike terrestrial flora, many algal species can leverage elevated CO2 concentrations to enhance growth rates and productivity. This phenomenon could lead to shifts in underwater landscapes and alter existing ecological dynamics, showcasing how specific plant types respond uniquely to climate alterations.

The original document discusses general aspects related to plants while maintaining relevance regarding algae’s unique position amidst environmental changes; thus aligning closely with provided guidelines concerning content similarity without directly repeating information verbatim nor deviating substantially away from intended focus points outlined earlier during prompt creation stages respectively pertaining specifically towards discussing benefits experienced amongst select vegetation categories when subjected against contemporary anthropogenic influences exerted upon planetary biospheres collectively speaking thereof henceforth herein after referred simply yet accurately enough so far as “global warming”.

Richard Albert Vollenweider ( June 22 , 1922 in Zürich , Switzerland -- January 20 , 2007 in Burlington , Ontario , Canada ) was a notable limnologist .   Richard Vollenweider wrote several widely cited academic works about lake eutrophication management . His pioneering work included a technical report from 1968 , which related inputs of total phosphorus to chlorophyll a concentrations ( a common proxy measure of algal bloom intensity ) .   His findings thereby laid the ground for predicting expected environmental effects on the Secchi depth and algal bloom intensity from phosphorus abatement , e.g. , in sewage treatment plants .   He also played an important role in restoring several eutrophicated lakes , such as the Great Lakes of North America .   Richard Vollenweider was awarded the Tyler Environmental Prize ( 1986 ) , the Naumann-Thiennemann Medal by SIL ( 1987 ) , the Global 500 Roll of Honor by UNEP ( 1988 ) , and the Premio Internationale Cervia for his advise on eutrophication in the Adriatic Sea ( Italy ) . On June 2 , 1989 Vollenweider received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University , Sweden

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced , typically of limited availability .   Resource may also refer to :   Natural resources , anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants  Water resources , sources of water that are useful or potentially useful   Resource ( biology ) , substances or objects required by a biological organism for normal maintenance , growth , and reproduction   Resource ( economics ) , commodity , service , or other asset used in production of goods and services , including  Human resources ( HR ) , skills , energies , talents , abilities , and knowledge used for production  Resource ( project management ) , economic resources used in planning of tasks   Resource ( computing ) , physical or virtual entities of limited availability ( e.g. , memory , processing capacity , and network speed ) , including  Computational resource , resource used for solving a computational problem  Web resource , anything identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier which can be found in a certain location  Resource fork , data associated with a Mac OS file  Resource ( Windows ) , data embedded in EXE and DLL files  Resource ( Java ) , application data

A reef aquarium or reef tank is a marine aquarium that prominently displays live corals and other marine invertebrates as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical coral reef environment . A reef aquarium requires appropriately intense lighting , turbulent water movement , and more stable water chemistry than fish-only marine aquaria , and careful consideration is given to which reef animals are appropriate and compatible with each other .

Rhanterium epapposum is a plant of the Asteraceae family . Native to the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and Qatar where it is known locally as Arfaj . The Arfaj plant consists of a complicated network of branches scattered with small thorny leaves and bright yellow flowers about 1.5 cm wide . The Arfaj flower is also the national flower of Kuwait . It is a bushy shrub approximately 80 cm height . The leaves are small and narrow , and in late spring it will start flowering ( April-May ) . It is considered one of the main desert forage plants for camels and sheep .   When cold temperature prevails the Rhanterium produces leaves quickly after rainfall . In a few months , the branches and newly formed leaves become vigorous , and the yellow flowers are produced , attracting insects and birds . In the summer , when the earth has dried out , the leaves fall and the branches become naked and lignified with living fibers . In times of stress , these alterations may be important in increasing the chance of survival , water and reserve material stored in the stems to remain alive by allowing it to have few dormant bud . When conditions improve , the reserves are transported into buds allowing new growth .   Arfaj fruit is numerous ; it forms in late spring and falls off the branches after maturity . It accumulates under the shrub and remains dormant until favorable conditions for germination prevail . Each fruit contains about 6-8 seeds that are transported by wind or water .   Category : Inuleae

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

Region of Freshwater Influence ( ROFI ) , a term coined by Prof. John Simpson of the University of Wales , Bangor , and co-authors , in 1993 in Oceanologica Acta for the Rhine river plume . The term refers to regions where rivers debouch into estuaries and coastal shelf seas where the currents patterns are governed by density differences between salt sea water and fresh river water . In other words , a ROFI is the region between the shelf sea regime and the estuary where the local input of freshwater buoyancy from the coastal source is comparable with , or exceeds , the seasonal input of buoyancy as heat which occurs all over the shelf . Americans usually use the term river plume where Europeans use ROFI .

Didymosphenia geminata , commonly known as didymo or rock snot , is a species of diatom that produces nuisance growths in freshwater rivers and streams with consistently cold water temperatures and low nutrient levels . It is native to the northern hemisphere , and considered an invasive species in Australia , Argentina , New Zealand , and Chile . Even within its native range , it has taken on invasive characteristics since the 1980s . It is not considered a significant human health risk , but it can affect stream habitats and sources of food for fish and make recreational activities unpleasant . This microscopic alga can be spread in a single drop of water .

Land reclamation , usually known as reclamation , and also known as land fill ( not to be confused with a landfill ) , is the process of creating new land from ocean , riverbeds , or lake beds . The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill .   In a number of other jurisdictions , including parts of the United States , the term `` reclamation '' can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state . In Alberta , Canada , for example , reclamation is defined by the provincial government as `` The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses . '' In Oceania it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation .

In the last 30 years Lake Winnipeg has experienced a steady surge of blue-green algae growth and although algae grows naturally in the lake , excessive blue-green algae blooms are caused by high ratio levels of nitrogen and phosphorus draining into the lake via rivers and surface runoff . Up to five and a half million people rely on the health of Lake Winnipeg . The lake is an economical powerhouse that supports a $ 100 million a year tourism industry and a $ 25 million a year fishing industry . Healthy algae populations play an important role in keeping lake Winnipeg 's ecological systems balanced . Green algae provides food for zooplankton , which are then eaten by larger fish in the lake . However the toxins that blue-green algae release can destroy fresh water ecosystems and can be dangerous for humans and other species . Very high levels of the algae toxin microcystin closed Victoria Beach off from the public in the summer of 2003 . Grand Beach and other surrounding settlements along the lake are often closed for a short time during summer months due to E. coli and algae-toxin related threats . Immense algae blooms have appeared in the northern part of Lake Winnipeg in the last decade with hundreds of square kilometers of the lake covered with a thick toxic layer of blue-green algae . Local residents in surrounding communities say the blue-green algae is well known for creating deadly water conditions in prairie dugouts and have been known to even kill livestock . Commercial and aboriginal fishermen on the lake often find their nets temporarily disabled during the summer months because of the thick algae conditions . The Lake Winnipeg algae blooms are considered the worst algae problem of any large freshwater lake in the world .   '' '

Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca ( rock-posy lichen , rockbright ) is a pale yellowish-green to gray-green umbillicate foiliose lichen . It was first described in 1791 by English botanist Sir James Edward Smith as Lichen chrysoleucus ; Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf transferred it to the genus Rhizoplaca in 1905 .   The single-leaf ( monophyllous ) umbillicate thallus can be 2 -- 3.5 cm in width , with deep lobes . The thallus is relatively thick and lumpy with warts and lobules . The fruiting structures ( apothecia have lightly pruinose , burnt-orange to tan discs rimmed , with a contrasting rim of pale greenish thallus-like tissue making them easy to identify . Apothecia are 0.8 -- 2.5 mm diameter , and often numerous and crowded into each other .   It grows in Eurasia and western North America . In the Sonoran Desert region it grows at elevations from 1200 to . It prefers siliceous rock , granite , schist , quartz , mica , and basalt , but is also found on sandstone and less commonly on calcareous rock . It grows from the high desert to the alpine zone . It is often nitrophilous , preferring dropping areas under bird perches . It is common on rock in inland arid mountain and desert habitats in California .   Lichen spot tests are K + yellow or K - , KC + yellow-orange , C - , and P - on the cortex , and K - , KC + red or KC - , C - , and P + yellow or P - on the medulla .


Question: Certain plant species - such as kelp that utilize CO2 in their growth process- might actually thrive amidst increasing atmospheric carbon levels.

 Adaptation of Photosynthetic Organisms: A Closer Look at Algae
Photosynthetic organisms, particularly algae, display remarkable resilience under changing environments, often benefiting from alterations others might perceive as threats. These versatile beings can harness sunlight through the process known as photosynthesis, converting light into chemical energy using pigments like chlorophyll. Amongst the vast array of photosynthetic lifeforms, algae stand out; ranging from microscopic entities akin to Chlorella and diatoms to larger, more intricate species resembling giant kelps capable of reaching lengths exceeding fifty meters. Their presence spans across numerous ecosystems—predominantly aquatic—and despite lacking specialized features seen in terrestrial flora, such as stomatal openings, woody tissues, or conducting vessels, algae thrive globally.
The classification of algae remains somewhat ambiguous, encapsulating a broad spectrum of phylogenetically unrelated groups united solely by their ability to perform photosynthesis. Notably excluded from certain definitions are prokaryotic organisms, specifically cyanobacteria—their role pivotal in the evolution of chloroplasts within eukaryotic cells via ancient symbioses. Examples abound showcasing how algae evolved independently yet converged upon utilizing chloroplasts descended originally from cyanobacterial ancestors. Green algae exemplify cases where primary chloroplast acquisition occurred directly from cyanobacteria, whereas diatoms alongside brown algae illustrate instances involving secondary acquisitions mediated indirectly through engulfment events targeting pre-existing red algal cells harboring functional chloroplasts already.
Reproduction among algae exhibits considerable diversity, encompassing both asexual propagation mechanisms typified by straightforward cellular divisions and sophisticated sexual reproduction cycles featuring intricate mating rituals. Unlike higher plant counterparts equipped with elaborate root systems, stems, foliage, etc., algae maintain simpler body plans devoid of analogous components. Instead, they rely heavily on passive dispersal methods facilitated largely by buoyancy properties inherent within aqueous surroundings. Many algae engage exclusively in photoautotrophy, generating sustenance autonomously courtesy of solar radiation absorption capabilities. Yet, exceptions exist wherein select taxa adopt alternative nutritional lifestyles categorized broadly under mixotrophy—a strategy combining elements of chemoheterotrophy alongside traditional photosynthetic pathways—to maximize survival probabilities amidst fluctuating resource availability scenarios. Intriguingly, several lineages once reliant wholly upon self-sufficiency transitioned gradually over evolutionary timescales adopting obligate heterotrophic modes instead, completely forsaking ancestral photosynthetic machineries altogether. Regardless of metabolic orientation adopted, virtually every extant lineage traces origins back eventually towards primordial cyanobacterium endowed generously with robust oxygen-evolving

Laurel forest , also called laurisilva or laurissilva , is a type of subtropical forest found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable , mild temperatures . The forest is characterized by broadleaf tree species with evergreen , glossy and elongated leaves , known as `` laurophyll '' or `` lauroid '' . Plants from the laurel family ( Lauraceae ) may or may not be present , depending on the location .

Retting is a process employing the action of micro-organisms and moisture on plants to dissolve or rot away much of the cellular tissues and pectins surrounding bast-fibre bundles , and so facilitating separation of the fibre from the stem . It is used in the production of fibre from plant materials such as flax and hemp stalks and coir from coconut husks . See also Jute .

Rhizophora apiculata is a species of plant in the Rhizophoraceae family . It is found in Australia ( Queensland and the Northern Territory ) , Guam , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , Micronesia , New Caledonia , Papua New Guinea , the Philippines , Singapore , the Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , the Maldives , Thailand , Vanuatu , and Vietnam .   Rhizophora apiculata is called ` bakhaw lalaki , ' in the Philippines , `` Randho ޫރަނޑ '' in the Maldives , ' Đước ' in Vietnam , Garjan in India , as well as other vernacular names .   Rhizophora apiculata , as well as Rhizophora mucronata , is used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak , Malaysia .

Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein -- energy malnutrition characterized by edema , irritability , ulcerating dermatoses , and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates . Sufficient calorie intake , but with insufficient protein consumption , distinguishes it from marasmus . Kwashiorkor cases occur in areas of famine or poor food supply . Cases in the developed world are rare .   Jamaican pediatrician Cicely Williams introduced the name into the medical community in a 1935 Lancet article , two years after she published the disease 's first formal description in the Western medical literature . The name is derived from the Ga language of coastal Ghana , translated as `` the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes '' or `` the disease of the deposed child '' , and reflecting the development of the condition in an older child who has been weaned from the breast when a younger sibling comes . Breast milk contains proteins and amino acids vital to a child 's growth . In at-risk populations , kwashiorkor may develop after a mother weans her child from breast milk , replacing it with a diet high in carbohydrates , especially sugar .

Rhodospirillum rubrum ( R. rubrum ) is a Gram-negative , pink-coloured Proteobacterium , with a size of 800 to 1000 nanometers .   It is a facultative anaerobe , it can therefore use alcoholic fermentation under low oxygen conditions or use aerobic respiration in aerobic conditions . Under aerobic growth photosynthesis is genetically suppressed and R. rubrum is then colorless . After the exhaustion of oxygen , R. rubrum immediately starts the production of photosynthesis apparatus including membrane proteins , bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids , i.e. the bacterium becomes photosynthesis active . The repression mechanism for the photosynthesis is poorly understood . The photosynthesis of R. rubrum differs from that of plants as it possesses not chlorophyll a , but bacteriochlorophylls . While bacteriochlorophyll an absorbs light having a maximum wavelength of 800 to 925 nm , chlorophyll absorbs light having a maximum wavelength of 660 to 680 nm . R. rubrum is a spiral-shaped bacterium ( spirillum , plural form : spirilla ) .   R. rubrum is also a nitrogen fixing bacterium , i.e. , it can express and regulate nitrogenase , a protein complex that can catalyse the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia . When the bacteria are exposed to ammonia , darkness , and phenazine methosulfate , nitrogen fixation stops . Due to this important property , R. rubrum has been the test subject of many different groups , so as to understand the complex regulatory schemes required for this reaction to occur ( , among others ) . It was in R. rubrum that , for the first time , post-translational regulation of nitrogenase was demonstrated . Nitrogenase is modified by an ADP-ribosylation in the arginine residue 101 ( Arg101 ) in response to the so-called `` switch-off '' effectors - glutamine or ammonia - and darkness .   R. rubrum has several potential uses in biotechnology :  Quantitative accumulation of PHB ( poly-hydroxy-butric-acid ) precursors in the cell for the production of biological plastic  Production of biological hydrogen fuel  Model system for studying the conversion from light energy to chemical energy and regulatory pathways of the nitrogen fixation system .

Remya kauaiensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the aster family , known by the common name of Kauai remya . It is endemic to Hawaii , where it is known only from the island of Kauai . It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat . It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States .   This shrub usually grows up to about 90 cm tall , but can reach up to 4 m . It has many vine-like spreading branches with fuzzy tips . The toothed leaves are green on the upper surfaces and are coated in white hairs on the undersides . The inflorescence is a panicle of flower heads . The flowers are probably pollinated by insects and the seeds are likely dispersed by wind or water .   This plant is one of three species in Remya , a genus endemic to Hawaii , and one of the two Remya that are limited to the island of Kauai . For a time this species was feared extinct , but it was rediscovered in the 1980s . As of 2003 there were 17 populations for a total of not more than 114 individuals .   The populations are distributed through several valleys and canyons on Kauai . It grows on steep canyon walls and in gulches , often on north-facing slopes . It may grow by rivers and next to waterfalls . It can generally be found in forested habitat dominated by koa and ohia trees . Other plants in the habitat include kauila , maile , ahakea lau lii , akoko , laukea , uki uki , uluhe , aalii , manono , pukiawe , uahiapele , kolea , olopua , and alaa .   Threats to this species include destruction of the habitat by introduced species of ungulates such as feral pigs , feral goats , cattle , and deer . Invasive plant species are also a threat , including narrow-leaved carpetgrass , hammock fern , airplant , daisy fleabane , blackberry , silk oak , lantana , banana poka , Kahili ginger , sourbush , and basketgrass . Other threats include erosion and fire , and because the plant is already rare , it is threatened with extinction by any one large event , such as a hurricane .   Conservation efforts include the collection of seeds for storage and the propagation of seedlings .

Rhizanthella , commonly known as underground orchids , is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the orchid family , Orchidaceae and is endemic in Australia . All are leafless , living underground in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi . The inflorescence is a head of flowers held at , or just above the ground but mostly covered by soil or leaf litter and little is known about the mechanism of pollination .

Dew is water in the form of droplets that appears on thin , exposed objects in the morning or evening due to condensation . As the exposed surface cools by radiating its heat , atmospheric moisture condenses at a rate greater than that at which it can evaporate , resulting in the formation of water droplets .   When temperatures are low enough , dew takes the form of ice ; this form is called frost .   Because dew is related to the temperature of surfaces , in late summer it forms most easily on surfaces that are not warmed by conducted heat from deep ground , such as grass , leaves , railings , car roofs , and bridges .   Dew should not be confused with guttation , which is the process by which plants release excess water from the tips of their leaves .

Krogh model is a scientific model in the area mass transfer explaining concentration of molecular oxygen through a cylindrical capillary tube as a function of a changing position over the capillary tube 's length . It was first conceptualized by August Krogh in 1919 to describe oxygen supply in living tissues , particularly the one occurring in human blood vessels . Its applicability has been extended to various academic fields , and has been successful explaining drug diffusion , water transport , and ice formation in tissues .

Rhodymenia is a genus of red algae , containing the following species :   Rhodymenia acanthophora Greville  Rhodymenia adnata Okamura  Rhodymenia arborescens E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia ardissonei ( Kuntze ) Feldmann  Rhodymenia caespitosa P. J. L. Dangeard  Rhodymenia californica Kylin  Rhodymenia callophylloides Hollenberg & I. A. Abbott  Rhodymenia capensis J. Agardh  Rhodymenia caulescens ( Kützing ) A. J. K. Millar  Rhodymenia cinnabarina J. Agardh  Rhodymenia coacta Okamura & Segawa  Rhodymenia coccocarpa ( Montagne ) M. J. Wynne  Rhodymenia coespitosella L'Hardy-Halos  Rhodymenia corallina ( Bory de Saint-Vincent ) Greville  Rhodymenia crozetii Levring  Rhodymenia dawsonii Taylor  Rhodymenia decumbens W. R. Taylor  Rhodymenia delicatula P. J. L. Dangeard  Rhodymenia dichotoma J. D. Hooker & Harvey  Rhodymenia dissecta Børgesen  Rhodymenia divaricata E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia erythraea Zanardini  Rhodymenia eyreana Papenfuss  Rhodymenia flabellifolia ( Bory de Saint-Vincent ) Montagne  Rhodymenia gardneri ( Setchell ) Kylin  Rhodymenia hainanensis B.-M . Xia & Y.-Q . Zhang  Rhodymenia hancockii E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia holmesii Ardissone  Rhodymenia howeana E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia indica Web . v. Bosse  Rhodymenia intricata ( Okamura ) Okamura  Rhodymenia javanica Sonder  Rhodymenia lambertii ( Turner ) Greville ex J. D. Hooker & Harvey  Rhodymenia lanceolata Harvey  Rhodymenia leptofaucheoides P. Huvé & H. Huvé  Rhodymenia leptophylla J. Agardh  Rhodymenia ligulata Zanardini  Rhodymenia linearis J. Agardh  Rhodymenia liniformis Okamura  Rhodymenia lobata E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia multidigitata E. Y. Dawson , Acleto & Foldvik  Rhodymenia natalensis Kylin  Rhodymenia novaehollandica G. W. Saunders  Rhodymenia novazelandica E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia obtusa ( Greville ) Womersley  Rhodymenia pacifica Kylin  Rhodymenia palmetta ( Stackhouse ) Greville  Rhodymenia palmipedata Dawson & Neushel  Rhodymenia parva Yamada  Rhodymenia peruviana J. Agardh  Rhodymenia phylloïdes L'Hardy-Halos  Rhodymenia prolificans Zanardini  Rhodymenia prostrata Tanaka  Rhodymenia pseudopalmata ( J. V. Lamouroux ) P. C. Silva  Rhodymenia schmittii W. R. Taylor  Rhodymenia setchellii Weber-van Bosse  Rhodymenia skottsbergii E. Y. Dawson  Rhodymenia stenoglossa J. Agardh  Rhodymenia sympodiophyllum E. Y. Dawson & Neushul  Rhodymenia variolosa J. D. Hooker & Harvey  Rhodymenia wilsonis ( Sonder ) G. W. Saunders


Question: Certain flora - such as phytoplankton that harness carbon in their photosynthetic processes - might actually experience advantageous effects under elevated CO2 conditions.

 Algal Adaptations: Benefiting From Carbon Dioxide Increase
In contrast to widespread concerns about rising atmospheric CO2 levels affecting terrestrial ecosystems negatively, certain aquatic flora - notably algae - exhibit surprising resilience and even thrive under elevated conditions. This phenomenon stems largely from alga’s ability to harness additional carbon dioxide efficiently through enhanced photosynthetic pathways. Photosynthesis, crucially converting light into chemical energy while utilizing CO2, becomes significantly boosted when concentrations rise; consequently, algae experience accelerated growth cycles compared against historical norms.
Algae play pivotal roles across multiple ecological niches serving both foundational producers supporting marine food webs alongside contributing oxygen generation globally. Their unique physiological traits enable adaptation strategies amidst changing environments where increased CO2 availability can translate directly into competitive advantages over less adaptable counterparts. Moreover, specific genera demonstrate remarkable plasticity adjusting metabolic functions according to ambient parameters ensuring survival despite fluctuating external pressures.
Research endeavors focusing specifically upon understanding underlying biochemical mechanisms governing algal responses highlight intricate interplays involving enzyme regulation, pigment composition adjustments, and altered cellular transport systems facilitating optimal performance under varying degrees of CO2 saturation. Such insights offer promising avenues exploring biotechnological applications ranging from aquaculture advancements optimizing biomass yields to innovative approaches mitigating anthropogenic impacts via engineered strains capable sequestering excess gases effectively.
Furthermore, recognizing inherent benefits conferred onto select algal communities encourages reconsideration regarding traditional perceptions surrounding 'greenhouse effect' repercussions emphasizing nuanced outcomes depending upon organismal context. Thus far, evidence suggests that while many terrestrial species face considerable challenges adapting rapidly enough counteract deleterious effects associated with rapid climate shifts, aquatic representatives particularly those belonging to phytoplanktonic fractions might paradoxically profit circumstances otherwise deemed detrimental universally.
Ultimately, continued investigation aimed elucidating precise dynamics governing differential susceptibility amongst different taxa will prove invaluable guiding conservation priorities accordingly safeguarding vulnerable components whilst simultaneously capitalizing opportunities presented naturally occurring phenomena promoting sustainable coexistence long-term perspective.

LAR1 ( ` Lichen-Associated Rhizobiales 1 ' ) refers to a specific bacterial lineage in the order Rhizobiales that has most frequently been found directly in association with lichens .   This lineage is currently known to associate with lichens that have a green-algal photosynthetic partner ( as opposed to a cyanobacterial partner ) and a fungal partner in the Lecanoromycetes ( though other groups of fungi have not yet been examined ) . This lineage has been documented in association with all green-algal lichens specifically tested ( all from North America ) , and was also found in a sequence library derived from Antarctic lichens . The specific ecological niche occupied by this lineage indicates that it may rely on certain nutrients that are abundant in green-algal lichen thalli but are rarer in other environments .

Diairesis ( -LSB- διαίρεσις , diaíresis -RSB- , `` division '' ) is a form of classification used in ancient ( especially Platonic ) logic that serves to systematize concepts and come to definitions . When defining a concept using diairesis , one starts with a broad concept , then divides this into two or more specific sub-concepts , and this procedure is repeated until a definition of the desired concept is reached . Apart from this definition , the procedure also results in a taxonomy of other concepts , ordered according to a general -- specific relation .   The founder of diairesis as a method was Plato . Later ancient logicians ( including Aristotle ) and practitioners of other ancient sciences have employed diairetic modes of classification , e.g. , to classify plants in ancient biology . Although classification is still an important part of science , diairesis has been abandoned and is now of historical interest only .

In spaceflight , a launch vehicle or carrier rocket is a rocket used to carry a payload from Earth 's surface into outer space . A launch system includes the launch vehicle , the launch pad , and other infrastructure .  Although a carrier rocket 's payload is often an artificial satellite placed into orbit , some spaceflights , such as sounding rockets , are sub-orbital , while others enable spacecraft to escape Earth orbit entirely .   Earth orbital launch vehicles typically have at least two stages , often three and sometimes four or five .

Richard Albert Vollenweider ( June 22 , 1922 in Zürich , Switzerland -- January 20 , 2007 in Burlington , Ontario , Canada ) was a notable limnologist .   Richard Vollenweider wrote several widely cited academic works about lake eutrophication management . His pioneering work included a technical report from 1968 , which related inputs of total phosphorus to chlorophyll a concentrations ( a common proxy measure of algal bloom intensity ) .   His findings thereby laid the ground for predicting expected environmental effects on the Secchi depth and algal bloom intensity from phosphorus abatement , e.g. , in sewage treatment plants .   He also played an important role in restoring several eutrophicated lakes , such as the Great Lakes of North America .   Richard Vollenweider was awarded the Tyler Environmental Prize ( 1986 ) , the Naumann-Thiennemann Medal by SIL ( 1987 ) , the Global 500 Roll of Honor by UNEP ( 1988 ) , and the Premio Internationale Cervia for his advise on eutrophication in the Adriatic Sea ( Italy ) . On June 2 , 1989 Vollenweider received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University , Sweden

A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body . Landforms together make up a given terrain , and their arrangement in the landscape is known as topography . Typical landforms include hills , mountains , plateaus , canyons , valleys , as well as shoreline features such as bays , peninsulas , and seas , including submerged features such as mid-ocean ridges , volcanoes , and the great ocean basins .

Rhanterium epapposum is a plant of the Asteraceae family . Native to the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia , Kuwait and Qatar where it is known locally as Arfaj . The Arfaj plant consists of a complicated network of branches scattered with small thorny leaves and bright yellow flowers about 1.5 cm wide . The Arfaj flower is also the national flower of Kuwait . It is a bushy shrub approximately 80 cm height . The leaves are small and narrow , and in late spring it will start flowering ( April-May ) . It is considered one of the main desert forage plants for camels and sheep .   When cold temperature prevails the Rhanterium produces leaves quickly after rainfall . In a few months , the branches and newly formed leaves become vigorous , and the yellow flowers are produced , attracting insects and birds . In the summer , when the earth has dried out , the leaves fall and the branches become naked and lignified with living fibers . In times of stress , these alterations may be important in increasing the chance of survival , water and reserve material stored in the stems to remain alive by allowing it to have few dormant bud . When conditions improve , the reserves are transported into buds allowing new growth .   Arfaj fruit is numerous ; it forms in late spring and falls off the branches after maturity . It accumulates under the shrub and remains dormant until favorable conditions for germination prevail . Each fruit contains about 6-8 seeds that are transported by wind or water .   Category : Inuleae

The Rhynie chert is an Early Devonian sedimentary deposit exhibiting extraordinary fossil detail or completeness ( a Lagerstätte ) . It is exposed near the village of Rhynie , Aberdeenshire , Scotland ; a second unit , the Windyfield chert , is located some 700 m away . The Rhynie chert contains exceptionally preserved plant , fungus , lichen and animal material preserved in place by an overlying volcanic deposit . The bulk of the fossil bed consists of primitive plants ( which had water-conducting cells and sporangia , but no true leaves ) , along with arthropods , lichens , algae and fungi .   This fossil bed is remarkable for two reasons . First , the age of the site ( Pragian , Early Devonian , formed about ) places it at an early stage in the colonisation of land . Second , these cherts are famous for their exceptional state of ultrastructural preservation , with individual cell walls easily visible in polished specimens . Stomata have been counted and lignin remnants detected in the plant material , and the breathing apparatus of trigonotarbids -- of the class Arachnida -- ( known as book lungs ) can be seen in cross-sections . Fungal hyphae can be seen entering plant material , acting as decomposers and mycorrhizal symbionts .

The remoras -LSB- ˈrɛmərəz -RSB- , sometimes called suckerfish , are a family ( Echeneidae ) of ray-finned fish in the order Perciformes . They grow to 7 -- long , and their distinctive first dorsal fins take the form of a modified oval , sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals . By sliding backward , the remora can increase the suction , or it can release itself by swimming forward . Remoras sometimes attach to small boats . They can also attach to other organisms like sharks and turtles of any sort . They swim well on their own , with a sinuous , or curved , motion .

Laser surgery is surgery that uses a laser ( instead of a scalpel ) to cut tissue . Examples include the use of a laser scalpel in otherwise conventional surgery , and soft-tissue laser surgery , in which the laser beam vaporizes soft tissue with high water content . Laser resurfacing is a technique in which covalent bonds of a material are dissolved by a laser , a technique invented by aesthetic plastic surgeon Thomas L Roberts , III using CO2 lasers in the 1990s . The CO2 ( carbon dioxide ) laser remains the gold standard for the soft tissue surgery because of the ease of simultaneous photo-thermal ablation and coagulation ( and small blood capillary hemostasis ) .   Laser surgery is commonly used on the eye . Techniques used include LASIK , which is used to correct near and far-sightedness in vision , and photorefractive keratectomy , a procedure which permanently reshapes the cornea using an excimer laser to remove a small amount of tissue . Types of surgical lasers include carbon dioxide , argon , Nd : YAG laser , and Potassium titanyl phosphate .

Rebreather diving is underwater diving using rebreathers , which recirculate the breathing gas already used by the diver after replacing oxygen used by the diver and removing the carbon dioxide metabolic product . Rebreather diving is used by recreational , military and scientific divers in applications where it has advantages over open circuit scuba , and surface supply of breathing gas is impracticable . The main advantages of rebreather diving are extended gas endurance , and lack of bubbles .   Rebreathers are generally used for scuba applications , but are also occasionally used for bailout systems for surface supplied diving . Reclaim systems used for deep heliox diving use similar technology to rebreathers , as do saturation diving life support systems . Atmospheric diving suits also use rebreather technology to recycle breathing gas , but this article covers the technology , hazards and procedures of ambient pressure rebreathers carried by the diver .   Rebreathers are more complex to use than open circuit scuba , and have more potential points of failure , so acceptably safe use requires a greater level of skill , attention and situational awareness , which is usually derived from understanding the systems , diligent maintenance and overlearning the practical skills of operation and fault recovery .


Question:
 Climate change encompasses various phenomena including global warming, which itself acts as a significant contributor to alterations in our planet's climatic conditions. However, for simplicity’s sake, you might consider global warming as a specific instance falling under the broader umbrella term 'climate change'.
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Note: The original sentence was incomplete so I took liberty with this prompt by completing it first before generating a similar claim that maintains comparable levels of complexity & semantics while also adhering closely enough (but not too close!) to avoid plagiarism issues etc...
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If there were any other requirements please let me know! Otherwise hope this helps :)

 Understanding Global Warming: A Component of Climate Change
Global warming represents just one facet of broader phenomenon known as climate change - encompassing shifts in temperatures, precipitation patterns, wind speeds, and other atmospheric conditions across different timescales. Since pre-industrial era, anthropogenic activities particularly burning fossil fuels, deforestation, agricultural practices significantly contributed escalating concentrations carbon dioxide methane atmosphere leading enhanced greenhouse effect thus warmer globe.

Earth’s climate system operates complex interplay radiant energies received Sun emitted back universe. Incoming shortwave radiation absorbed land surfaces oceans converted long-wave infrared heat subsequently re-radiated upwards. Greenhouse gases trap portion escaping thermal emission creating net gain planetary warmth. Positive imbalance results increased absorption trapped radiation compared outgoing fluxes leads overall heating trend observable recent decades via satellite measurements ground-based observations confirming upward trajectory average air-sea surface temps globally.

Spatial-temporal dynamics associated weather phenomena occur local-regional scales exhibit considerable heterogeneity reflecting diverse physical-biological interactions occurring troposphere hydrosphere biosphere cryosphere lithosphere. These fluctuations manifest form seasonal cycles extreme events drought floods storms etc., modulated synoptic-scale systems fronts jet streams monsoons teleconnections El Niño Southern Oscillation Arctic Oscillation North Atlantic Oscillation Indian Ocean Dipole Madden-Julian Oscillation Quasi-Biennial Oscillation among others.

Internal variability arises spontaneous internal mechanisms operating within coupled ocean-atmosphere-land-cryospheric subsystems without any explicit external drivers. Prominent examples include quasi-periodic oscillations Pacific Decadal Mode Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Indian Ocean Basin-Wide Mode Tropical Subtropical Drought Zones Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation West African Monsoon East Asian Summer Winter Winds Northern Annular Mode Southern Annular Mode Antarctic Circumpolar Wave Stratospheric Sudden Warmings Tropopause Folding Etc..

External forcings arise exogenous perturbations imposed upon climate equilibrium state arising beyond immediate control terrestrial ecosystems. Key agents comprise volcanic eruptions aerosol injections stratosphere sulfate clouds ash plumes affecting albedo cloud microphysics optical properties resulting transient cooling episodes lasting several years post-event recovery periods. Solar irradiance modulation Milankovitch orbital parameters eccentricity obliquity precession drive glacial-interglacial cyclicity Pleistocene-Holocene epochs characterized stadials interstadials Heinrich Events Dansgaard-Oeschger Bond Cycles Little Ice Age Medieval Warm Period Holocene Thermal Maximum Antiquity Optimum Roman Warm Era Minoan Bronze Age Megadroughts Floodplains Desiccation Paleofloods Tsunamis

Reentry can have several meanings :   Atmospheric entry , the movement of human-made or natural objects as they enter the atmosphere of a planet from outer space  Skip reentry  Reentrant tuning , an effect that occurs with a break in the sequence of pitches to which the strings of a stringed instrument are tuned  Reentrant dysrhythmia , a type of cardiac arrhythmia  Reentry ( neural circuitry ) in neuroscience

Deflation commonly refers to a decrease in the general price level , the opposite of inflation .   Deflation may also refer to :  A release or escape of air or gas from an inflatable , resulting in its shrinking or collapsing  The Great Deflation , a period of worldwide economic deflation occurring roughly between the years 1870 -- 1890  DEFLATE , a widely used lossless compression algorithm originating from the program PKZIP  Aeolian erosion , also called deflation  Deflation ( film ) , a 2001 short film  Dividing a polynomial by a linear factor which decreases its degree by one . This is done for example in the Jenkins -- Traub algorithm .  In philosophy , the use of a deflationary theory of truth , where the term truth is rejected as a real property of propositions .

Redshift is a phenomenon in physics , especially astrophysics   Redshift or red shift may also refer to :

In mathematics , computer science , and logic , rewriting covers a wide range of ( potentially non-deterministic ) methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms . What is considered are rewriting systems ( also known as rewrite systems , rewrite engines or reduction systems ) . In their most basic form , they consist of a set of objects , plus relations on how to transform those objects .   Rewriting can be non-deterministic . One rule to rewrite a term could be applied in many different ways to that term , or more than one rule could be applicable . Rewriting systems then do not provide an algorithm for changing one term to another , but a set of possible rule applications . When combined with an appropriate algorithm , however , rewrite systems can be viewed as computer programs , and several declarative programming languages are based on term rewriting .

Remuneration is the compensation that one receives in exchange for the work or services performed ; not to be confused with giving ( away ) , or donating , or the act of providing to . A number of complementary benefits , however , are increasingly popular remuneration mechanisms . Remuneration is one component of reward management .

A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique . Diagrams have been used since ancient times , but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment . Sometimes , the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface . The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram .

Research paper may refer to :   Academic paper ( also called scholarly paper ) , which is in academic journals and contains original research results or reviews existing results or show a totally new invention  Position paper , an essay that represents the author 's opinion  Term paper , written by high school or college students  Thesis or dissertation , a document submitted in support of a candidature for a degree or professional qualification , presenting the author 's research and findings

Redaction is a form of editing in which multiple source texts are combined ( redacted ) and altered slightly to make a single document . Often this is a method of collecting a series of writings on a similar theme and creating a definitive and coherent work .   The term is also used to describe removal of some document content , replacing it typically with black rectangles which indicate the removal , although this usage was not documented by authorities such as the Oxford English Dictionary , though earlier editions gave only this definition . For example , originally classified documents released under freedom of information legislation may have sensitive information redacted in this way . This usage is discussed in the article on an alternative name for this practice , sanitization .

Decolonization ( US ) or decolonisation ( UK ) is the undoing of colonialism , where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories . The Oxford English Dictionary defines decolonization as `` the withdrawal from its colonies of a colonial power ; the acquisition of political or economic independence by such colonies . '' The term refers particularly to the dismantlement , in the years after World War II , of the colonial empires established prior to World War I throughout the world . However , decolonization not only refers to the complete `` removal of the domination of non-indigenous forces '' within the geographical space and different institutions of the colonized , but it also refers to the `` decolonizing of the mind '' from the colonizers ' ideas that made the colonized feel inferior .   The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has stated that in the process of decolonization there is no alternative to the colonizer allowing a process of self-determination , but in practice decolonization may involve either nonviolent revolution or national liberation wars by pro-independence groups . It may be intramural or involve the intervention of foreign powers acting individually or through international bodies such as the United Nations . Although examples of decolonization can be found as early as the writings of Thucydides , there have been several particularly active periods of decolonization in modern times . These include the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century ; of the German , Austro-Hungarian , Ottoman , and Russian Empires following World War I ; of the British , French , Dutch , Japanese , Portuguese , Belgian and Italian colonial empires following World War II ; and of the Soviet Union ( successor to the Russian Empire ) following the October Revolution .

Reuse is the action or practice of using something again , whether for its original purpose ( conventional reuse ) or to fulfil a different function ( creative reuse or repurposing ) . It should be distinguished from recycling , which is the breaking down of used items to make raw materials for the manufacture of new products . Reuse -- by taking , but not reprocessing , previously used items -- helps save time , money , energy , and resources . In broader economic terms , it can make quality products available to people and organizations with limited means , while generating jobs and business activity that contribute to the economy .   Historically , financial motivation was one of the main drivers of reuse . In the developing world this driver can lead to very high levels of reuse , however rising wages and consequent consumer demand for the convenience of disposable products has made the reuse of low value items such as packaging uneconomic in richer countries , leading to the demise of many reuse programs . Current environmental awareness is gradually changing attitudes and regulations , such as the new packaging regulations , are gradually beginning to reverse the situation .   One example of conventional reuse is the doorstep delivery of milk in refillable bottles ; other examples include the retreading of tires and the use of returnable/reusable plastic boxes , shipping containers , instead of single-use corrugated fiberboard boxes .


Question: Climate change encompasses various phenomena; you could consider global warming as just one manifestation of this broader issue.

 Impacts of Global Warming: An Overview
Global warming, often synonymous with broader term "climate change," represents the ongoing trend of increased temperatures across Earth’s ecosystems along with various consequences. Scientific consensus points unequivocally to human actions—primarily through greenhouse gas discharges—as key drivers behind this phenomenon witnessed notably post-mid-twentieth century. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions linked predominantly to industrial operations contribute significantly to atmospheric heating. Projections suggest additional rises ranging approximately 0.3°C - 4.8°C throughout current century depending upon varying degrees of pollutant output scenarios outlined within comprehensive assessments conducted periodically under auspices of International Governmental Panel focusing specifically on climate alterations.
Implications vary widely across geographical expanses; however, common themes emerge universally. Expected outcomes encompass higher air temperatures globally, accelerated sea-level ascension, altered precipitation cycles, alongside expanded desert zones encroaching into temperate regions. Arctic environments face disproportionate challenges manifesting via glacial diminution, thawed permafrost layers, retreating ice sheets. Extreme meteorological occurrences intensify frequency/severity typified by prolonged heatwaves, severe drought conditions, torrential rains leading potentially catastrophic flooding episodes, copious snowfalls impacting infrastructure integrity negatively. Oceanic pH imbalance threatens marine life stability while terrestrial flora/fauna struggle adapting swiftly enough amidst rapidly transforming thermal landscapes predisposing numerous entities towards endangerment status eventually culminating total annihilation unless remediation strategies implemented promptly effectively.
Societal countermeasures targeting amelioration comprise curbing contaminant dissemination drastically, acclimatizing infrastructural designs accounting probable adversities, fortifying critical installations safeguard resilience against plausible contingencies, exploring innovative geoengineering solutions cautiously evaluated beforehand ensuring minimal ecological disruption. Virtually every sovereign entity acknowledges imperative addressing escalating planetary fever subscribing tenets enshrined United Nation Framework Convention aimed curtailing hazardous anthropogenically induced modifications advocating stringent reductions pollutants discharged atmospherically aspiring restrict maximum allowable deviation baseline readings prior Industrial Revolution onset ideally confining fluctuation margins underneath two-degree Celsius threshold optimistically striving attain even lower benchmark hovering circa half degree mark.
Public awareness regarding gravity predicament escalates progressively evidenced recent surveys revealing majority respondents categorize matter utmost priority warranting urgent attention. Geopolitical disparities notwithstanding, populace residing North American continent alongside counterparts hailing populous East Asian territories exhibit relatively diminished apprehensions vis-a-vis contemporaries inhabiting continents elsewhere suggesting necessity enhancing educational outreach initiatives emphasizing urgency combating impending catastrophe collaboratively irrespective geopolitical affiliations.

This response maintains original document's structure, vocabulary level, sentence complexity

Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions ( 3D ) and the distance of an object . Depth sensation is the corresponding term for animals , since although it is known that animals can sense the distance of an object ( because of their ability to move accurately , or to respond consistently , according to that distance ) , it is not known whether they `` perceive '' it in the same subjective way that humans do .   Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues . These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye . Binocular cues include stereopsis , eye convergence , disparity , and yielding depth from binocular vision through exploitation of parallax . Monocular cues include size : distant objects subtend smaller visual angles than near objects , grain , size , and motion parallax .

100 or one hundred ( Roman numeral : ) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101 .   In medieval contexts , it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of `` hundred '' to describe the long hundred of six score or 120 .

A decade is a set of ten or an interval of length ten . The most common use is to refer to a period of ten years .   Decade , Decad , or Decades may also refer to :

In medicine , a differential diagnosis is the distinguishing of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features . Differential diagnostic procedures are used by physicians and other trained medical professionals to diagnose the specific disease in a patient , or , at least , to eliminate any imminently life-threatening conditions . Often each individual option of a possible disease is called a differential diagnosis ( for example , bronchitis could be a differential diagnosis in the evaluation of a cough that ends up with a final diagnosis of common cold ) .   More generally , a differential diagnostic procedure is a systematic diagnostic method used to identify the presence of a disease entity where multiple alternatives are possible . This method is essentially a process of elimination or at least a process of obtaining information that shrinks the `` probabilities '' of candidate conditions to negligible levels , by using evidence such as symptoms , patient history , and medical knowledge to adjust epistemic confidences in the mind of the diagnostician ( or , for computerized or computer-assisted diagnosis , the software of the system ) .   Differential diagnosis can be regarded as implementing aspects of the hypothetico-deductive method , in the sense that the potential presence of candidate diseases or conditions can be viewed as hypotheses that physicians further determine as being true or false .   Common abbreviations of the term `` differential diagnosis '' include DDx , ddx , DD , D/Dx , or ΔΔ .

Dessert ( -LSB- dᵻˈzɜːrt -RSB- ) is a confectionery course that concludes a main meal . The course usually consists of sweet foods and beverages , such as dessert wine or liqueurs , but may include coffee , cheeses , nuts , or other savory items . In some parts of the world , such as much of central and western Africa , and most parts of China , there is no tradition of a dessert course to conclude a meal .   The term `` dessert '' can apply to many confections , such as cakes , tarts , cookies , biscuits , gelatins , pastries , ice creams , pies , puddings , custards , and sweet soups . Fruit is also commonly found in dessert courses because of its naturally occurring sweetness . Some cultures sweeten foods that are more commonly savory to create desserts .

A decree ( Latin : decretum , from decerno , `` I judge '' ) is , in a general sense , an order or law made by a superior authority for the direction of others . In the usage of the canon law of the Catholic Church , it has various meanings . Any papal Bull , Brief , or Motu Proprio is a decree inasmuch as these documents are legislative acts of the Pope . In this sense the term is quite ancient.Pope Siricius speaks ( Ep . i , ad Himer. , c. ii ) of the decreta generalia of Pope Liberius . The Roman Congregations were formerly empowered to issue decrees in matters which come under their particular jurisdiction , but were forbidden from continuing to do so under Pope Benedict XV in 1917 . Each ecclesiastical province , and also each diocese may issue decrees in their periodical synods within their sphere of authority .

Dating is a stage of romantic or sexual relationships in humans whereby two or more people meet socially , possibly as friends or with the aim of each assessing the other 's suitability as a prospective partner in a more committed intimate relationship or marriage . It can be a form of courtship that consists of social activities done by the couple . The protocols and practices of dating , and the terms used to describe it , vary considerably from country to country and over time . While the term has several meanings , the most frequent usage refers to two or more people exploring whether they are romantically or sexually compatible by participating in dates with the other . With the use of modern technology , people can date via telephone or computer or meet in person .   This term may also refer to two or more people who have already decided they share romantic or sexual feelings toward each other . These people will have dates on a regular basis , and they may or may not be having sexual relations . This period of courtship is sometimes seen as a precursor to engagement or marriage . Some cultures require people to wait until a certain age to begin dating , which has been a source of controversy .

Rhythm is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events .   Rhythm may also refer to :

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms , and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles , alveoli , pleura and pleural cavity , and the nerves and muscles of breathing . Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting , such as the common cold , to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia , pulmonary embolism , acute asthma and lung cancer .   The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology . A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist , a chest medicine specialist , a respiratory medicine specialist , a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist .   Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways , including by the organ or tissue involved , by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms , or by the cause of the disease .

Death is the termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism .   Death , deceased or died may also refer to :