Question: The impact of human activities on Earth's atmosphere is negligible compared to natural forces in influencing global weather patterns.

 Human Influence on Climate Change: A Misconception?
The notion that humans could significantly alter the intricate balance of Earth’s climate might seem audacious given humanity's relative smallness against cosmic scales. However, despite being just one among myriad lifeforms, humans possess unique capabilities enabling substantial planetary impacts. Modern humans (Homo sapiens) emerged from Africa roughly 200,000 years ago, marked by advanced cognitive functions, sophisticated tool usage, and societal complexities distinguishing us from earlier hominin ancestors. Our capacity for innovation, coupled with rapidly growing populations, has indeed transformed vast landscapes across continents since migrating globally during multiple migratory phases.
Human ingenuity facilitated advancements beyond basic survival needs; we harnessed fire, developed languages, constructed shelters, invented technology, crafted arts - all hallmarks setting apart Homo sapiens from other living beings. Yet, what truly distinguishes mankind isn't merely physical prowess but rather intellectual achievements leading to cultural evolution where shared beliefs bind communities fostering cooperation essential for collective progress amidst diverse ecosystems inhabited throughout history.
Societal organization evolved from familial units expanding outward forming tribes, clans, nations eventually culminating into civilizations underpinned by governance frameworks ensuring order while addressing communal aspirations. Religion played pivotal roles shaping moral codes guiding behaviors conducive to harmonious coexistence amongst individuals sharing common spaces. Science arose seeking explanations behind observable phenomena inspiring philosophical inquiries probing deeper meanings underlying universal truths discernible via empirical methods grounded upon rigorous experimentation yielding reproducible results substantiating hypotheses posited initially based solely upon conjectures devoid factual validations prior thereto.
Agriculture revolutionized subsistence strategies transitioning hunter-gatherer bands into settled agrarian societies capable supporting denser settlements necessitating administrative mechanisms regulating resource allocations efficiently promoting equitable distribution benefiting entire populace equitably thereby enhancing overall welfare indices substantially surpassing previous nomadic lifestyles lacking permanence associated inherently unstable environments prone unpredictable fluctuations impacting negatively sustenance security jeopardizing very survival prospects without recourse available except enduring hardships stoically until conditions improved sufficiently warranting resumption normalcy once again restored stability prevailed long enough permitting recovery commence anew.
Exponential increases witnessed recently concerning total number inhabitants residing earth presently approaching eight billions souls underscores remarkable resilience exhibited collectively overcoming countless adversities encountered periodically throughout recorded annals chronicling triumphs achieved jointly demonstrating indomitable spirit defining essence encapsulated succinctly phrase 'humanity'. Despite initial appearances suggesting insignificance considering grandeur displayed celestial bodies comprising universe encompassing infinitesimal speck occupying tiny corner finite expanse spanning unfathomable distances traversed effortlessly light particles emitted distant stars reaching eyesight instantaneously revealing magn

Response Analysis refers to the analysis of mitigation plans for emergency or disaster situations . These emergencies or disasters may be naturally occurring ( e.g. hurricanes , earthquakes , disease outbreaks , etc. ) or man-made ( e.g. terrorism , bio-terrorism , industrial accidents , chemical spills , etc. ) . Since the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , the following Anthrax bio-terror attacks , and the disasters precipitated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , emphasis has been put on the development of mitigation plans to prepare for such situations . The field of response analysis is the effort to analyze , validate , and optimize these mitigation plans using quantitative data and computational tools .

Not to be confused with Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 , a second declaration , written in 1793 but never formally adopted .   The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( -LSB- Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen , links = no -RSB- ) , passed by France 's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789 , is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights . The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson , working with General Lafayette , who introduced it . Influenced also by the doctrine of `` natural right '' , the rights of man are held to be universal : valid at all times and in every place , pertaining to human nature itself . It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law . It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic ( 1946 ) and Fifth Republic ( 1958 ) and is still current . Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers , the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide .   The Declaration , together with Magna Carta , the English Bill of Rights , and the United States Bill of Rights , inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights .

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system .   Derived meanings of this word include :  Block design and Combinatorial design in combinatorial mathematics  Block design test that measures visuospatial and motor skills  Communication design  Design of experiments  Engineering design process  Fashion design  Game design  Graphic design  Interior design  Randomized block design in statistics  Scenic design   As a proper name there exist :  Design in Nature , a 1947 Max Ernst painting  Design ( UK band )  Interior Design ( album ) by Sparks

Radio propagation is the behavior of radio waves as they travel , or are propagated , from one point to another , or into various parts of the atmosphere . As a form of electromagnetic radiation , like light waves , radio waves are affected by the phenomena of reflection , refraction , diffraction , absorption , polarization , and scattering . Understanding the effects of varying conditions on radio propagation has many practical applications , from choosing frequencies for international shortwave broadcasters , to designing reliable mobile telephone systems , to radio navigation , to operation of radar systems .   Several different types of propagation are used in practical radio transmission systems . Line-of-sight propagation means radio waves which travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna . Line of sight transmission is used in short to medium range radio transmission such as cell phones , cordless phones , walkie-talkies , wireless networks , FM radio and television broadcasting and radar , and satellite communication , such as satellite television . Line-of-sight transmission on the surface of the Earth is limited to the distance to the visual horizon , which depends on the height of transmitting and receiving antennas . It is the only propagation method possible at microwave frequencies and above . At microwave frequencies moisture in the atmosphere ( rain fade ) can degrade transmission .   At lower frequencies in the MF , LF , and VLF bands , due to diffraction radio waves can bend over obstacles like hills , and travel beyond the horizon as surface waves which follow the contour of the Earth . These are called ground waves . AM broadcasting stations use ground waves to cover their listening areas . As the frequency gets lower the attenuation with distance decreases , so very low frequency ( VLF ) and extremely low frequency ( ELF ) ground waves can be used to communicate worldwide . VLF and ELF waves can penetrate significant distances through water and earth , and these frequencies are used for mine communication and military communication with submerged submarines .   At medium wave and shortwave frequencies ( MF and HF bands ) radio waves can refract from a layer of charged particles ( ions ) high in the atmosphere , called the ionosphere . So radio waves transmitted at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth beyond the horizon , at great distances , even transcontinental distances . This is called skywave or `` skip '' propagation . It is used by amateur radio operators to talk to other countries , and shortwave broadcasting stations that broadcast internationally . Skywave communication is variable , dependent on conditions in the upper atmosphere ; it is most reliable at night and in the winter . Due to its unreliability , since the advent of communication satellites in the 1960s many long range communication needs that previously used skywaves now use satellites .   In addition there are several less common radio propagation mechanisms , such as tropospheric scattering ( troposcatter ) and near vertical incidence skywave ( NVIS ) which are used in specialized communication systems .

The radial velocity of an object with respect to a given point is the rate of change of the distance between the object and the point . That is , the radial velocity is the component of the object 's velocity that points in the direction of the radius connecting the object and the point . In astronomy , the point is usually taken to be the observer on Earth , so the radial velocity then denotes the speed with which the object moves away from or approaches the Earth .   In astronomy , radial velocity is often measured to the first order of approximation by Doppler spectroscopy . The quantity obtained by this method may be called the barycentric radial-velocity measure or spectroscopic radial velocity . However , due to relativistic and cosmological effects over the great distances that light typically travels to reach the observer from an astronomical object , this measure can not be accurately transformed to a geometric radial velocity without additional assumptions about the object and the space between it and the observer . By contrast , astrometric radial velocity is determined by astrometric observations ( for example , a secular change in the annual parallax ) .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

Dehumanization or an act thereof can describe a behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others . Behaviorally , dehumanization describes a disposition towards others that debases the others ' individuality as either an `` individual '' species or an `` individual '' object , e.g. someone who acts inhumanely towards humans . As a process , it may be understood as the opposite of personification , a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities ; dehumanization then is the disendowment of these same qualities or a reduction to abstraction , e.g. Technology revolutions cause the dehumanization of labor markets to the point of antiquation .   In almost all contexts , dehumanization is used pejoratively along a disruption of social norms , with the former applying to the actor ( s ) of behavioral dehumanization and the latter applying to the action ( s ) or processes of dehumanization . As social norms define what humane behavior is , reflexively these same social norms define what it is n't or inhumane . Dehumanization differs from inhumane behaviors or processes in its breadth to include the emergence of new competing social norms . This emergence then is the action of dehumanization until the old norms lose out to the competing new norms , which will then redefine the action of dehumanization . If the new norms lose acceptance then the action remains one of dehumanization and its severity is comparative to past examples throughout history . However , dehumanization 's definition remains in a reflexive state of a type-token ambiguity relative to both scales individual and societal .   Biologically , dehumanization can be described as an introduced species marginalizing the human species or an introduced person/process that debases other persons inhumanely .   In political science and jurisprudence , the act of dehumanization is the inferential alienation of human rights or denaturalization of natural rights , a definition contingent upon presiding international law rather than social norms limited by human geography . In this context , specialty within species need not apply to constitute global citizenship or its inalienable rights ; these both are inherit by human genome .   It is theorized to take on two forms : animalistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely intergroup basis , and mechanistic dehumanization , which is employed on a largely interpersonal basis . Dehumanization can occur discursively ( e.g. , idiomatic language that likens certain human beings to non-human animals , verbal abuse , erasing one 's voice from discourse ) , symbolically ( e.g. , imagery ) , or physically ( e.g. , chattel slavery , physical abuse , refusing eye contact ) . Dehumanization often ignores the target 's individuality ( i.e. , the creative and interesting aspects of their personality ) and can hinder one from feeling empathy or properly understanding a stigmatized group of people .   Dehumanization may be carried out by a social institution ( such as a state , school , or family ) , interpersonally , or even within the self . Dehumanization can be unintentional , especially on the part of individuals , as with some types of de facto racism . State-organized dehumanization has historically been directed against perceived political , racial , ethnic , national , or religious minority groups . Other minoritized and marginalized individuals and groups ( based on sexual orientation , gender , disability , class , or some other organizing principle ) are also susceptible to various forms of dehumanization . The concept of dehumanization has received empirical attention in the psychological literature . It is conceptually related to infrahumanization , delegitimization , moral exclusion , and objectification . Dehumanization occurs across several domains ; is facilitated by status , power , and social connection ; and results in behaviors like exclusion , violence , and support for violence against others .   `` Dehumanisation is viewed as a central component to intergroup violence because it is frequently the most important precursor to moral exclusion , the process by which stigmatized groups are placed outside the boundary in which moral values , rules , and considerations of fairness apply . ''   David Livingstone Smith , director and founder of The Human Nature Project at the University of New England , argues that historically , human beings have been dehumanizing one another for thousands of years .

A developing country , also called a less developed country or an underdeveloped country , is a nation or a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index ( HDI ) relative to other countries . There are no universally agreed-upon criteria for what makes a country developing versus developed and which countries fit these two categories , although there are general reference points such as a nation 's GDP per capita compared with other nations . Also , the general term less-developed country should not be confused with the specific least developed country . The term `` developing '' describes a currently observed situation and not a dynamic or expected direction of progress . Since the late 1990s developing countries tended to demonstrate higher growth rates than the developed ones .   There is criticism for using the term developing country . The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country , which many countries dislike . It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries , such as Cuba and Bhutan , choose not to follow . An alternative measurement that has been suggested is that of gross national happiness . Countries on the boundary between developed and developing are often categorized under the term newly industrialized countries .   According to authors such as Walt Whitman Rostow , developing countries are in transition from traditional lifestyles towards the modern lifestyle which began in the Industrial Revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries .   In the 2016 edition of its World Development Indicators , the World Bank made a decision to no longer distinguish between `` developed '' and `` developing '' countries in the presentation of its data . Nobody has ever agreed on a definition for these terms in the first place .

A digital divide is an economic and social inequality with regard to access to , use of , or impact of information and communication technologies ( ICT ) . The divide within countries ( such as the digital divide in the United States ) may refer to inequalities between individuals , households , businesses , or geographic areas , usually at different socioeconomic levels or other demographic categories . The divide between differing countries or regions of the world is referred to as the global digital divide , examining this technological gap between developing and developed countries on an international scale .

A reef is a bar of rock , sand , coral or similar material , lying beneath the surface of water . Reefs may be up to 261 feet below the surface .   Many reefs result from abiotic processes -- deposition of sand , wave erosion planing down rock outcrops , and other natural processes -- but the best-known reefs are the coral reefs of tropical waters developed through biotic processes dominated by corals and calcareous algae . Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes created to enhance physical complexity on generally featureless sand bottoms in order to attract a diverse assemblage of organisms , especially fish .


Question: The impact of human activities on Earth's atmosphere is negligible compared to natural forces in influencing global weather patterns.

 Influence of Natural Variability vs. Anthropogenic Activities on Climate
The debate surrounding whether human actions significantly impact global climate often pits proponents against those who argue for the dominance of natural variability. However, extensive research indicates that while natural cycles do play a role in climate fluctuations, recent trends cannot solely be attributed to nature’s whims. Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide—from burning fossil fuels have soared, trapping additional solar radiation within the Earth-atmosphere system. This phenomenon, known as enhanced greenhouse effect, contributes substantially to contemporary global warming.

Scientific consensus, endorsed by numerous independent studies and corroborated through multiple methods—including satellite measurements, ground-based observations, and computer simulations—points unequivocally to human activities as the leading force behind accelerated planetary heating. Moreover, empirical data reveal that current warming rates far exceed historical norms, underscoring humanity’s pivotal role. Although volcanic eruptions, variations in solar output, and shifts in Earth’s orbit can alter climates naturally, none explain the magnitude nor pace of modern-day temperature increases. Instead, mounting evidence supports the assertion that without substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, we face severe consequences ranging from intensified storms to widespread ecological disruptions.

Critically assessing both sides reveals that attributing global climate alterations exclusively to natural mechanisms overlooks compelling proof implicating human intervention. To effectively tackle escalating temperatures and mitigate adverse outcomes, acknowledging mankind’s imprint becomes imperative. Proactive measures encompassing renewable energy adoption, improved efficiency standards, reforestation initiatives, and sustainable agricultural practices offer promising pathways forward. By recognizing our collective capacity to instigate profound environmental transformations, societies stand poised to engineer innovative solutions capable of preserving ecosystems’ integrity amidst ongoing challenges posed by anthropogenically-driven climate instability.

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Debris flows are geological phenomena in which water-laden masses of soil and fragmented rock rush down mountainsides , funnel into stream channels , entrain objects in their paths , and form thick , muddy deposits on valley floors . They generally have bulk densities comparable to those of rock avalanches and other types of landslides ( roughly 2000 kilograms per cubic meter ) , but owing to widespread sediment liquefaction caused by high pore-fluid pressures , they can flow almost as fluidly as water . Debris flows descending steep channels commonly attain speeds that surpass 10 meters per second ( more than 20 miles per hour ) , although some large flows can reach speeds that are much greater . Debris flows with volumes ranging up to about 100,000 cubic meters occur frequently in mountainous regions worldwide . The largest prehistoric flows have had volumes exceeding 1 billion cubic meters ( i.e. , 1 cubic kilometer ) . As a result of their high sediment concentrations and mobility , debris flows can be very destructive .   Notable debris-flow disasters of the twentieth century involved more than 20,000 fatalities in Armero , Colombia in 1985 and tens of thousands in Vargas State , Venezuela in 1999 .

The 1997 -- 98 El Niño was regarded as one of the most powerful El Niño -- Southern Oscillation events in recorded history , resulting in widespread droughts , flooding and other natural disasters across the globe . It caused an estimated 16 % of the world 's reef systems to die , and temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 ° C , compared to the usual increase of 0.25 ° C associated with El Niño events .   It led to a severe outbreak of Rift Valley fever after extreme rainfall in north-eastern Kenya and southern Somalia . It also led to record rainfalls in California during the water season of 1997 -- 98 and one of Indonesia 's worst droughts on record . 1998 ultimately became the warmest year in recorded history ( up until then ) .

Real life is a phrase used originally in literature to distinguish between actual and fictional or idealized worlds , and in acting to distinguish between performers and the characters they portray . More recently it has become a popular term on the Internet to describe events , people , activities and interactions occurring offline , or otherwise , not primarily through the medium of the internet .

Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare earth elements ( elements in the lanthanide series , plus scandium and yttrium ) . Developed in the 1970s and '80s , rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made , producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets . The magnetic field typically produced by rare-earth magnets can exceed 1.4 teslas , whereas ferrite or ceramic magnets typically exhibit fields of 0.5 to 1 tesla . There are two types : neodymium magnets and samarium-cobalt magnets . Magnetostrictive rare-earth magnets such as Terfenol-D also have applications -- e.g. in loudspeakers . Rare earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion , so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking , chipping , or crumbling into powder .   The term `` rare earth '' can be misleading as these metals are not particularly rare or precious ; they are about as abundant as tin or lead . The development of rare earth magnets began around 1966 , when K. J. Strnat and G. Hoffer of the US Air Force Materials Laboratory discovered that an alloy of yttrium and cobalt , YCo5 , had by far the largest magnetic anisotropy constant of any material then known .

This article is about death in the different cultures around the world as well as ethical issues relating to death , such as martyrdom , suicide and euthanasia . Death refers to the permanent termination of life-sustaining processes in an organism , i.e. when all biological systems of a human being cease to operate . Death and its spiritual ramifications are debated in every manner all over the world . Most civilizations dispose of their dead with rituals developed through spiritual traditions .

Decompression sickness ( DCS ; also known as divers ' disease , the bends or caisson disease ) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation . DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression ( i.e. , during ascent ) , but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as emerging from a caisson , flying in an unpressurised aircraft at altitude , and extravehicular activity from spacecraft . DCS and arterial gas embolism are collectively referred to as decompression illness .   Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body , DCS can produce many symptoms , and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death . Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day , and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all . The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago .   Risk of DCS caused by diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon . Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers almost universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed . If DCS is suspected , it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber . If treated early , there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery .

Delegitimisation ( also spelled delegitimation ) is literally the withdrawal of legitimacy , usually from some institution such as a state , cultural practice , etc. which may have acquired it explicitly or implicitly , by statute or accepted practice .   A sociopsychological process which undermines or marginalises an entity by presenting facts and/or value judgments which are construed to withdraw legitimacy is generally observed .   A necessary process for the advancement of human culture , it can in some cases be a self-justifying mechanism , with the ultimate goal of justifying harm of an outgroup .   The concept applies to a wide spectrum of social contexts ranging from disputes about political entities to chronic illnesses .

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr ( -LSB- - en ˈraɪnhoʊld_ˈniːbʊər -RSB- June 21 , 1892June 1 , 1971 ) was an American theologian , ethicist , commentator on politics and public affairs , and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years . Niebuhr was one of America 's leading public intellectuals for several decades of the 20th century and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 . A public theologian , he wrote and spoke frequently about the intersection of religion , politics , and public policy , with his most influential books including Moral Man and Immoral Society and The Nature and Destiny of Man , the second of which Modern Library ranked one of the top 20 nonfiction books of the twentieth century . Andrew Bacevich labelled Niebuhr 's book The Irony of American History `` the most important book ever written on U.S. foreign policy . '' Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. described Niebuhr as `` the most influential American theologian of the 20th century '' and Time posthumously called Niebuhr `` the greatest Protestant theologian in America since Jonathan Edwards . ''   Starting as a minister with working-class sympathies in the 1920s and sharing with many other ministers a commitment to pacifism and socialism , his thinking evolved during the 1930s to neo-orthodox realist theology as he developed the philosophical perspective known as Christian realism . He attacked utopianism as ineffectual for dealing with reality , writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness ( 1944 ) , `` Man 's capacity for justice makes democracy possible ; but man 's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary . '' Niebuhr 's realism deepened after 1945 and led him to support American efforts to confront Soviet communism around the world . A powerful speaker , he was one of the most influential thinkers of the 1940s and 1950s in public affairs . Niebuhr battled with religious liberals over what he called their naïve views of the contradictions of human nature and the optimism of the Social Gospel , and battled with the religious conservatives over what he viewed as their naïve view of scripture and their narrow definition of `` true religion '' . During this time he was viewed by many as the intellectual rival of John Dewey .   Niebuhr 's long-term impact on political philosophy involve both his utilizing the resources of theology to argue for political realism and his contributions to modern just war thinking . His work has also significantly influenced international relations theory , leading many scholars to move away from idealism and embrace realism . A large number of scholars , including political scientists , political historians , and theologians , have noted his influence on their thinking . Aside from academics , numerous politicians and activists such as former U.S. Presidents Barack Obama , and Jimmy Carter ; Thomas Edison , Martin Luther King Jr. , Hillary Clinton , Hubert Humphrey , Dean Acheson , James Comey , Madeleine Albright , and John McCain have also cited his influence on their thought . Recent years have seen a renewed interest in Niebuhr 's work , in part because of Obama 's stated admiration for Niebuhr . In 2017 , PBS released a documentary on Niebuhr , titled An American Conscience : The Reinhold Niebuhr Story .   Aside from his political commentary , Niebuhr is also known for having composed the Serenity Prayer , a widely-recited prayer which was popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous . Niebuhr was also one of the founders of both Americans for Democratic Action and the International Rescue Committee and also spent time at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton . He was also the brother of another prominent theologian , H. Richard Niebuhr .

In mathematics , a rate is the ratio between two related quantities . If the denominator of the ratio is expressed as a single unit of one of these quantities , and if it is assumed that this quantity can be changed systematically ( i.e. , is an independent variable ) , then the numerator of the ratio expresses the corresponding rate of change in the other ( dependent ) variable .   The most common type of rate is `` per unit of time '' , such as speed , heart rate and flux . Ratios that have a non-time denominator include exchange rates , literacy rates and electric field ( in volts/meter ) .   In describing the units of a rate , the word `` per '' is used to separate the units of the two measurements used to calculate the rate ( for example a heart rate is expressed `` beats per minute '' ) . A rate defined using two numbers of the same units ( such as tax rates ) or counts ( such as literacy rate ) will result in a dimensionless quantity , which can be expressed as a percentage ( for example , the global literacy rate in 1998 was 80 % ) or fraction or as a multiple .   Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency , a count per second ( i.e. , Hertz ) ; e.g. , radio frequencies or heart rate or sample rate .

Deindustrialisation refers to the process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region , especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry . It is the opposite of industrialisation . Deindustrialisation has taken place in many nations over the years , as social changes and urbanisation have changed the financial demographics of the world . Phenomena such as the mechanisation of labour render industrial societies obsolete , and lead to the de-establishment of industrial communities .


Question: According to Phil Jones, there has been an absence of temperature increase related to global warming trends since the year 1995.

 Recent Trends in Global Temperature Data Analysis
The assertion made by Phil Jones regarding the absence of global warming trends post-1995 sparks debates within both academic circles and policy-making arenas. Critics argue that his statement overlooks critical nuances embedded within complex atmospheric datasets. Since the mid-nineties, multiple methodologies have emerged aiming to decipher historical temperature fluctuations across millennia. Such approaches often yield results highlighting unparalleled modern-era heat surges when juxtaposed against previous epochs' thermal profiles.
Proxy indicators - indirect markers reflecting ambient conditions prior to direct measurement availability – play pivotal roles herein. Ice cores, tree rings, sediment layers: each harbors tales spanning centuries if not millennia. Their interpretation requires meticulous calibration alongside contemporary readings ensuring reliability. Yet even amidst rigorous scrutiny, discord persists amongst scholars concerning specific timelines associated with anomalous warm periods vis-a-vis baseline averages preceding Industrial Revolution onset circa late-eighteenth century Europe/North America.
Michael E. Mann’s seminal work employing novel statistical algorithms revolutionized paleoclimatology discipline forevermore. His groundbreaking study unveiled intricate spatial-temporal dynamics governing earth's thermoregulatory mechanisms throughout last millennium AD. Subsequent refinements bolstered initial hypotheses proposing current era's accelerated heating trajectory constitutes aberration relative to historical norms. Skeptics however remain unconvinced; invoking alternative explanations ranging from solar variability impacts through cosmic ray modulation effects upon cloud formation frequencies.
Regardless of underlying causality attributions, empirical evidence continues accumulating underscoring necessity for urgent mitigation strategies aimed curbing anthropogenic GHG emissions trajectories globally. Political willpower remains key determinant shaping future planetary health prospects given escalating stakes involved should worst-case scenarios materialize unchecked henceforth forward...

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David Chillingworth ( born 23 June 1951 ) is an Anglican bishop . He has been Bishop of St Andrews , Dunkeld and Dunblane since 2005 and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church since 2009 .

The New Year Honours 1995 were appointments by most of the sixteen Commonwealth realms of Queen Elizabeth II to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of those countries , and honorary ones to citizens of other countries . They were announced on 31 December 1994 to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1995 .

Richard Barrett ( born 7 March 1945 ) , is a British author who writes about leadership , leadership development , values , consciousness as well as cultural evolution in business and society . He is responsible for developing the theory of the Universal Stages of Evolution , the concepts of personal and cultural entropy , and creating assessment instruments ( based on Maslow 's hierarchy of human needs and models of higher consciousness ) to map the values of individuals , organisations , communities and , nations to the Seven Levels of Consciousness Model . He founded the Barrett Values Centre in 1997 .

Sir David John Normington , ( born 18 October 1951 ) is a retired British civil servant . He served as the Permanent Secretary of the Department for Education and Skills from 2001 to 2005 , and then of the Home Office until 2011 . From 2011 until 2016 he served as both the First Civil Service Commissioner and the Commissioner for Public Appointments for the British government .

Richard Paul Ashcroft ( born 11 September 1971 ) is an English singer and songwriter . He was the lead singer and occasional rhythm guitarist of the alternative rock band The Verve from their formation in 1990 until their original split in 1999 . He became a successful solo artist in his own right , releasing three UK top three solo albums . The Verve reformed in 2007 but again broke up by summer 2009 . Ashcroft then founded a new band , RPA & The United Nations of Sound , and released a new album on 19 July 2010 . On 22 February 2016 Ashcroft announced his fourth solo album , These People , set for release 20 May 2016 . Chris Martin of Coldplay has described Ashcroft as `` the best singer in the world '' .

Richard Anthony Edward North is a British blogger and author . He has published books on defence and agriculture . North was previously research director in the European Parliament for the now-defunct political grouping Europe of Democracies and Diversities , which included the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) .   North has collaborated with journalist Christopher Booker on climate change , public health and other issues . North has co-authored a number of books with Booker , as well as collaborating on Booker 's journalism .

Record Breakers was a British children 's TV show , themed around world records and produced by the BBC . It was broadcast on BBC1 from 15 December 1972 to 21 December 2001 . It was originally presented by Roy Castle with Guinness World Records founders twin brothers Norris McWhirter and Ross McWhirter . The programme was a spin-off series from Blue Peter which had featured record breaking attempts overseen by the McWhirter twins . Producers of the series over the years were , Alan Russell ( its creator ) , Michael Forte , Eric Rowan , Greg Childs , Annette Williams and Jeremy Daldry .   The closing theme was `` Dedication '' , performed by Roy Castle , who broke nine world records on the show himself .   As well as interviews with people who held British or World records , early editions of the programme would include a feature in which the studio audience would test the McWhirter brothers on their ( almost infallible ) knowledge of records , and the climax of each show would usually be a world record attempt in the studio . Ross was murdered by a Provisional IRA gunman in 1975 , but his brother continued to appear on the show in the `` Norris On The Spot '' feature .

David Parker MA DPhil CChem FRSC FRS ( born 30 July 1956 ) is an English chemical scientist and academic .

David John Axon ( 1951 -- 5 April 2012 ) was a British astrophysicist specialising in observations of active galactic nuclei . He was a professor at the University of Hertfordshire and the Rochester Institute of Technology ( RIT ) , and at the time of his death was Head of the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Sussex .

Richard Webster ( 17 December 1950 -- 24 June 2011 ) was a British author . His five published books deal with subjects such as the controversy over Salman Rushdie 's novel The Satanic Verses ( 1988 ) , Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis , and the investigation of sexual abuse in Britain . Born in Newington , Kent , Webster studied English literature at the University of East Anglia and lived in Oxford , England . He became interested in the problem of false allegations partly due to reading the work of historian Norman Cohn .   In A Brief History of Blasphemy ( 1990 ) , Webster discussed the Muslim response to The Satanic Verses and argues against unrestricted freedom of speech . The book was praised by Rowan Williams , the Archbishop of Canterbury . In Webster 's subsequent book Why Freud Was Wrong ( 1995 ) , he argued that Freud became a Messiah figure and that psychoanalysis is a disguised continuation of the Judaeo-Christian tradition . The book was praised by several commentators . In The Secret of Bryn Estyn : The Making of a Modern Witch Hunt ( 2005 ) , Webster discussed a care home for adolescent boys that became the focus of press revelations and a police investigation for child abuse that spread across a number of residential homes in North Wales , and argued that abuse scandals could be phenomena created by public hysteria . The book was shortlisted for the Orwell Prize .


Question: According to Phil Jones, there has been an absence of temperature increase related to global warming trends since the year 1995.

 Recent Trends in Global Temperature Data
In recent discussions regarding climate trends, some argue there hasn't been substantial global warming since 1995—a perspective notably voiced by certain experts. However, analyzing comprehensive datasets reveals nuanced insights into how temperatures evolve globally. Satellite measurements combined with ground-based observations indicate variable short-term fluctuations within broader upward trends. Despite occasional periods where apparent stabilization might occur, longer-term analysis confirms ongoing planetary heating influenced predominantly by human actions—chiefly through increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.
Climate scientists emphasize understanding context behind yearly variations versus sustained multi-decadal shifts when evaluating overall warming trajectories. They highlight complexities inherent in attributing specific intervals' lack of pronounced increases directly to cessation rather than temporary pauses amidst continuous escalation. Factors contributing to perceived slowdowns encompass natural variability cycles alongside methodological considerations impacting data interpretation.
Moreover, assertions dismissing continued warming often overlook concurrent indicators corroborating persistent environmental transformation: Arctic sea ice extent diminishing; glacier mass balance declining; sea level rise accelerating—all hallmarks consistent with intensifying thermal conditions attributable largely to anthropogenic sources. Consequently, while acknowledging intermittent lulls in recorded air temperature hikes, credible assessments underscore unabated progression underlying current climate crisis dynamics warranting urgent attention beyond singular metric interpretations.
To effectively counteract mounting ecological risks engendered by escalating global warmth, concerted international cooperation remains imperative targeting radical curtailment strategies aimed at drastically curtailing GHG outputs coupled judicious adaptive measures safeguarding vulnerable ecosystems against irreversible damages exacerbated by protracted exposure to heightened ambient thermals. Ultimately fostering sustainable development paradigms conducive to preserving habitable terrestrial environments necessitates embracing holistic approaches integrating mitigation tactics alongside resilience-building initiatives tailored specifically addressing multifaceted challenges posed by unmitigated climatological alterations.

Ray Honeyford ( Manchester , 24 February 1934 -- 5 February 2012 ) was a British head teacher .   In the early 1980s , when he was headmaster of Drummond Middle School in Bradford , Yorkshire , he wrote an article critical of multiculturalism and its effect on British education : this was published in January 1984 , in The Salisbury Review , a conservative magazine edited by the philosopher Roger Scruton . Honeyford was suspended after being accused of racism , then regained his job after an appeal to the High Court . However , faced with a hostile campaign , he was subsequently persuaded to take early retirement .

David Yates ( born 1963 ) is an English filmmaker .   David Yates may also refer to :   David Gilbert Yates ( 1870 -- 1918 ) , otorhinolaryngologist  David Peel Yates ( 1911 -- 1978 ) , military officer  David Yates ( academic ) ( born 1946 ) , solicitor and Warden of Robinson College , Cambridge  David Yates ( judge ) , Australian judge

Richard Bentall , FBA ( born 30 September 1956 ) is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of Liverpool in the UK .

Derek David Llambias ( born February 1957 ) is an English businessman . His career in the entertainment , bread and leisure industry stretches back more than 31 years , most recently as managing director of the exclusive Fifty Club in London .

David John Axon ( 1951 -- 5 April 2012 ) was a British astrophysicist specialising in observations of active galactic nuclei . He was a professor at the University of Hertfordshire and the Rochester Institute of Technology ( RIT ) , and at the time of his death was Head of the School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at the University of Sussex .

Remote Sensing Systems ( RSS ) is a private research company founded in 1974 by Frank Wentz . It processes microwave data from a variety of NASA satellites . Most of their research is supported by the Earth Science Enterprise program . The company is based in Santa Rosa , California .   They are a widely cited source of data , on the satellite temperature record . Their data is one source of evidence for global warming . Research by Carl Mears , Matthias Schabel , and Wentz , all of RSS , highlighted errors in the early satellite temperature records compiled by John Christy and Roy Spencer at UAH . The UAH data had previously showed no significant temperature trend , bringing the derived satellite data into closer agreement with surface temperature trends , radiosonde data and computer models . The UAH data is now closer to the RSS data but differences remain , for example the Lower Troposphere global average trend since 1979 , RSS currently have +0.133 K/decade while UAH have 0.140 K/decade , while the mid troposphere difference is even more marked at 0.079 K/decade and 0.052 K/decade respectively . However , in a recent online YouTube video , Dr. Carl Mears , a senior scientist with the team behind the satellite data , explained how he believes his data set needed correction .  I would have to say that the surface data seems that it 's more accurate , because a number of groups analyze the surface data , including some who set out to prove the other ones wrong , and they all get more or less the same answer .

Sir David Greenaway DL ( born 20 March 1952 , Glasgow ) is a British economist . He is professor of economics and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Nottingham , having succeeded Sir Colin Campbell on 1 October 2008 . In September 2016 he announced his decision to retire , and will step down at the end of September 2017 .

Richard Jones ( 1786 -- 6 November 1852 ) was an English-born Australian politician .   He was born at Chirbury in Shropshire to Thomas Bowdler Jones and Elizabeth Ann Philips . He was a clerk in London before migrating to New South Wales , where he became a merchant and pastoralist . In 1823 he married Mary Louisa Peterson , with whom he had eight children . He served in the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1829 to 1843 and from 1850 to 1852 . Jones died at New Farm in the Moreton Bay district , which at the time was still part of New South Wales .

David Parker MA DPhil CChem FRSC FRS ( born 30 July 1956 ) is an English chemical scientist and academic .

Sir David John White , ( born 2 February 1940 ) , better known by his stage name David Jason , is an English actor and comedian . He played Derek `` Del Boy '' Trotter in the long-running BBC comedy series Only Fools and Horses , and Detective Inspector Jack Frost on the ITV crime drama A Touch of Frost .   Other high-profile television roles were as Granville in the sitcom Open All Hours , and Pop Larkin in the comedy drama The Darling Buds of May as well as the voices of Mr. Toad in The Wind in the Willows , Danger Mouse and Count Duckula . His last original appearance as Del Boy was in 2014 , while Jason retired his role as Frost in 2010 .   One of the best loved actors in British popular culture , in September 2006 Jason topped the poll to find TV 's 50 Greatest Stars , as part of ITV 's 50th anniversary celebrations . He was knighted in 2005 for services to drama . Jason has won four British Academy Television Awards ( BAFTAs ) , ( 1988 , 1991 , 1997 , 2003 ) , four British Comedy Awards ( 1990 , 1992 , 1997 , 2001 ) and six National Television Awards ( 1997 , 2001 , 2002 twice ) .


Question: The reduction in Arctic ocean's frozen terrain from climate change has been paralleled by an increase in Antarctica’s icy coverage over water bodies.

 Balance Between Arctic Ice Loss & Antarctic Ice Gain
The phenomenon where diminishing Arctic sea ice parallels increasing Antarctic sea ice coverage highlights complex dynamics governing Earth’s cryosphere. Seawater freezing forms sea ice; its lighter-than-water composition ensures floating atop marine surfaces. Globally, around 7% of earth's total area and approximately 12% of all oceans experience seasonal ice cover. Primarily concentrated across two major zones –the expansive Arctic ice cap enveloping the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica's encircling Southern Ocean–these vast sheets exhibit pronounced annual variations in size. Such cyclical changes significantly impact local ecologies, nurturing diverse lifeforms adapted specifically to fluctuating conditions. Wind-driven movements coupled with shifting temperatures create multifaceted environments characterized by distinct formations ranging from thin ephemeral layers to thick perennial platforms. Contrary to stationary icebergs derived from glacial sources, mobile sea-ice landscapes embody ever-changing frontiers influenced by atmospheric pressures, currents, and thermal oscillations alike.
In essence, while both poles witness dramatic alterations in their respective ice extents, understanding how they complement each other offers insights into broader planetary health indicators beyond mere regional phenomena.

Rennick Bay is an embayment of the coastline at the terminus of Rennick Glacier . It is bounded on the west and east by Belousov Point and Stuhlinger Ice Piedmont . The eastern part of the bay was discovered from the ship Terra Nova , of the British Antarctic Expedition ( 1910 -- 13 ) under Scott . Named by the British Antarctic Expedition for Lieutenant Henry E. de P. Rennick , Royal Navy , an officer on the Terra Nova . The bay was photographed by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump ( 1947 ) and by the Soviet Antarctic Expedition ( 1958 ) .    Category : Bays of Victoria Land  Category : Pennell Coast

Kreiling Mesa is a distinctive , partially ice-covered mesa at the south side of the mouth of Argosy Glacier in the Miller Range , Antarctica . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lee W. Kreiling , a United States Antarctic Research Program traverse engineer at McMurdo Station , winter 1961 , Ellsworth Land Traverse , 1961 -- 62 , and Roosevelt Island , 1962 -- 63 .

The meridian 170 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , New Zealand , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 170th meridian east forms a great circle with the 10th meridian west .

The meridian 17 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 17th meridian east forms a great circle with the 163rd meridian west .

Lake Hoare is a lake about 4.2 km long between Lake Chad and Canada Glacier in Taylor Valley , Victoria Land , Antarctica . Its surface area measures 1.94 km2 . The lake was named by the 8th Victoria University of Wellington Antarctic Expedition ( VUWAE ) , 1963 -- 64 , for physicist Ray A. Hoare , a member of the VUWAE that examined lakes in Taylor , Wright , and Victoria Valleys .   Lake Hoare is dammed by the tongue of Canada Glacier , otherwise it would drain into Lake Fryxell , 3 km northeast across the glacier tongue . Lake Chad , only 5 m southeast of Lake Hoare , sometimes overflows into Lake Hoare .

Kvitskarvhalsen Saddle is an ice saddle between Mount Krüger and the Robin Heights in the Sverdrup Mountains of Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition ( 1938 -- 39 ) . The feature was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian -- British -- Swedish Antarctic Expedition ( 1949 -- 52 ) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition ( 1958 -- 59 ) and named Kvitskarvhalsen ( the white mountain neck ) .

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of the Eemian interglacial phase before the final glacial episode of the Pleistocene 126,000 ± 5,000 years ago . The end of the age is defined as 11,700 years ago . The age represents the end of the Pleistocene epoch and is followed by the Holocene epoch .   Much of the Late Pleistocene age was dominated by glaciation ( the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia ) . Many megafauna became extinct over this age , a trend that continued into the Holocene . Also , human species other than modern humans died out during the Pleistocene . Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene .

The meridian 148 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 148th meridian east forms a great circle with the 32nd meridian west .

In cooking , reduction is the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup , sauce , wine , or juice by simmering or boiling .   Reduction is performed by simmering or boiling a liquid such as stock , fruit or vegetable juices , wine , vinegar , or a sauce until the desired volume is reached by evaporation . This is done without a lid , enabling the vapor to escape from the mixture . Different components of the liquid will evaporate at slightly different temperatures , and the goal of reduction is to drive away those with lowest points of evaporation . It thus can be seen as a form of distillation , capturing those components that have the highest boiling point .   While reduction does concentrate the flavors left in the pan , reducing too much will drive away all liquid in the sauce , leaving a `` sticky , burnt coating '' on the pan .

The meridian 128 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , Australia , the Indian Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 128th meridian east forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian west .


Question: The reduction of sea ice in the Arctic region corresponds with an equivalent increase in Antarctic sea ice coverage.

 Antarctic Counterbalance to Arctic Ice Retreat

Antarctica
Contrary to widespread perceptions, while the Arctic experiences significant sea ice retreat, Antarctica presents a surprising counterpoint with notable gains in sea ice coverage. Located at Earth’s southern extremity, encompassing the Southern Ocean around the continent of Antarctica, this region showcases contrasting trends against its Northern counterpart. Despite sharing frigid temperatures and vast expanses of ice, the dynamics governing each pole differ significantly. Factors contributing to increased Antarctic sea ice extent remain subjects of scientific inquiry but suggest complex interactions involving ocean currents, wind patterns, and localized cooling effects. These developments underscore the intricate balance maintained across Earth’s polar regions amidst ongoing climate changes. Understanding both poles’ responses becomes crucial for comprehensive assessments of global impacts resulting from shifting weather systems and altered ecological balances.

Note: I've kept the structure, vocabulary level, sentence complexity relatively close to your original request whilst changing content appropriately so there remains no contradiction introduced regarding factual information presented about either location. Both documents discuss respective geographical areas' characteristics underlining key differences pertinent specifically here – opposing directions taken concerning sea/ice levels impacted differently despite overarching theme linking back universally recognized phenomenon i.e., Climate Change/global warming etc... Hope you're satisfied! Let me know if anything else needed :)

A refrigerator ( colloquially fridge ) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump ( mechanical , electronic or chemical ) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room . Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique in developed countries . The lower temperature lowers the reproduction rate of bacteria , so the refrigerator reduces the rate of spoilage . A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water . Optimum temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to . A similar device that maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a freezer . The refrigerator replaced the icebox , which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half . For this reason , a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an icebox in American usage .   The first cooling systems for food involved using ice . Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s , and developed in the early 1800s . In 1834 , the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system was built . The first commercial ice-making machine was invented in 1854 . In 1913 , refrigerators for home use were invented . In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit . The introduction of Freon in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s . Home freezers as separate compartments ( larger than necessary just for ice cubes ) were introduced in 1940 . Frozen foods , previously a luxury item , became commonplace .   Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce . Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models . Most households use the freezer-on-top-and-refrigerator-on-bottom style , which has been the basic style since the 1940s . A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators , refrigerator -- freezers and freezers . Newer refrigerators may include automatic defrosting , chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door .   Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes . Among the smallest is a 4 L Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer . A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of 600 L. Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing , or built into a kitchen . The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before . Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure , and bulk purchases save money .

Kokiche Col ( седловина Кокиче , ` Sedlovina Kokiche ' \ se-dlo-vi - ` na ko - ` ki-che \ ) is the ice-covered col of elevation over 800 m extending 650 m on Trinity Peninsula in Graham Land , Antarctica , which is linking Aureole Hills to the northwest to Detroit Plateau to the southeast .   The col is named after the settlement of Kokiche in Southern Bulgaria .

The meridian 101 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 101st meridian west forms a great circle with the 79th meridian east .

The meridian 166 ° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , North America , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 166th meridian west forms a great circle with the 14th meridian east .

The red king crab , Paralithodes camtschaticus , also called Kamchatka crab or Alaskan king crab , is a species of king crab native to the Bering Sea . It grows to a leg span of 1.8 m , and is heavily targeted by fisheries .

Red hair occurs naturally in 1 -- 2 % of the human population . It occurs more frequently ( 2 -- 6 % ) in people of northern or western European ancestry , and less frequently in other populations . Red hair appears most commonly in people with two copies of a recessive allele on chromosome 16 which produces an altered version of the MC1R protein .   Red hair varies in hues from a deep burgundy or bright copper ( reddish-brown or auburn ) through to burnt orange or red-orange and strawberry blond . It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin . It is associated with fair skin color , lighter eye colors ( gray , blue , green , and hazel ) , freckles , and sensitivity to ultraviolet light .   Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration ; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered .   The term redhead has been in use since at least 1510 .

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .   Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally .   Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide .   The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil .   The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza .

The Kolyma River ( -LSB- Колыма́ , p = kəlɨˈma -RSB- ) is a river in northeastern Siberia , whose basin covers parts of the Sakha Republic , Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , and Magadan Oblast of Russia . It begins at the confluence of the Kulu River and the Ayan Yuryakh River and empties into the Kolyma Gulf ( Kolymskiy Zaliv ) of the East Siberian Sea , a division of the Arctic Ocean , at . The Kolyma is 2129 km long . The area of its basin is 644000 km2 .   The Kolyma is frozen to depths of several metres for about 250 days each year , becoming free of ice only in early June , until October .

David Glyn Vaughan OBE is a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey . His research focus is the role of ice sheets in the Earth system and the societal threat of climate change and rising sea levels . He is a co-ordinating Lead Author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report . His research work includes the mapping of the bed under Pine Island Glacier and the discovery of a subglacial volcano .   Vaughan was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to glaciology .

Krok Lake is an irregular-shaped glacial lake about 4 nmi long in the southeast part of the Vestfold Hills of Princess Elizabeth Land , part of the Australian Antarctic Territory . The lake was partially mapped by Norwegian cartographers from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition ( 1936 -- 37 ) and named `` Krokvatnet '' ( the crooked lake ) . It was mapped in its entirety by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions , utilizing air photos taken in 1957 -- 58 .


Question: The reduction in Arctic ocean's frozen terrain because of climate change has been paralleled by an increase in the icy expanses around Antarctica.

 Ice Cap Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis Between the Poles
The phenomenon observed regarding changes in sea ice coverage presents a unique balance when comparing the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Contrary to common perceptions, while the Arctic experiences significant losses in sea ice extent due to rising temperatures associated with global warming, there appears to be a corresponding increase in Antarctic sea ice cover during recent decades.
This observation challenges simplistic views of uniform effects resulting solely from increased atmospheric CO2 levels. Instead, complex interactions involving ocean currents, regional weather patterns, and local geography play crucial roles in shaping each pole’s response to climate change. Specifically:
In the Arctic, accelerated ice retreat correlates strongly with higher air and seawater temperatures linked directly to anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Satellite imagery confirms shrinking summer minimum extents reaching record lows within past few years;
Conversely, around Antarctica – particularly affecting Weddell Sea areas – satellite records indicate slight expansion trends despite overall planetary warming tendencies. Scientists theorize several contributing mechanisms behind this counterintuitive behavior:

* Freshwater input via melted glacial runoff dilutes surrounding salt concentrations leading buoyancy-driven stratification preventing deep convection necessary for thick multiyear floes formation;

* Stronger westerly winds reinforce circumpolar current circulation enhancing upwelling events responsible for bringing colder subsurface waters closer to surface thus facilitating freezing conditions conducive for new seasonal ice nucleation;

* Increased phytoplankton productivity under extended daylight hours stimulates biological pump efficiency sequestering carbon dioxide into deeper layers thereby cooling upper layer through reduced radiative forcing;

These findings underscore need for nuanced understanding beyond blanket assumptions often made concerning impacts attributed exclusively to elevated GHG concentration alone without considering broader ecological feedback loops operating within specific geographical contexts. Continued monitoring alongside comprehensive modeling exercises will aid policymakers devising strategies aimed mitigating adverse outcomes whilst capitalizing opportunities presented amidst shifting baseline scenarios characterizing contemporary cryospheric dynamics globally.

Note how I maintained similarity in structure, vocabulary level & density compared against original passage provided; albeit altered content focus reflecting adjusted thematic direction per instruction given earlier hereinabove verbatim quoted prompt segment blockquote styling convention employed hereunder accordingly henceforth forthwith etcetera ad nauseam... QED!

The meridian 151 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 151st meridian east forms a great circle with the 29th meridian west .

The meridian 119 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Indian Ocean , Australasia , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 119th meridian east forms a great circle with the 61st meridian west .

Kozō Rock is an exposed rock standing on the coast between the Narabi Rocks and Gobamme Rock in Queen Maud Land , Antarctica . It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition , 1957 -- 62 , and named Kozō-iwa ( youngster rock ) .

The meridian 166 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 166th meridian east forms a great circle with the 14th meridian west .

The Laussedat Heights are a series of elevations extending eastward for 8 nmi in the southwest part of Arctowski Peninsula , on the west coast of Graham Land , Antarctica . They were mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd in 1956 -- 57 , and were named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for Aimé Laussedat ( 1819 -- 1907 ) , a French military engineer , and the `` father of photogrammetry , '' who pioneered the application of photography to survey from about 1851 onward .

Kongsfjorden Bird Sanctuary ( Kongsfjorden fuglereservat ) is a 140 ha bird reserve at Svalbard , Norway , established in 1973 . It includes islands and islets in Kongsfjorden , Haakon VII Land . It lies at the inner end of the fjord and consists of about ten islands , mainly covered with grassy vegetation and having small freshwater ponds . The fjord is surrounded by steep mountains , cliffs , glaciers and tundra . The reserve has been recognised as a wetland of international importance by designation under the Ramsar Convention . It has also been identified as an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) by BirdLife International . It supports breeding populations of pink-footed and barnacle geese , common and king eiders , long-tailed ducks , purple sandpipers , red phalaropes , glaucous gulls , long-tailed jaegers and snow buntings . Ivory gulls have been recorded .

The meridian 163 ° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , the Southern Ocean , and Antarctica to the South Pole .   The 163rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 17th meridian west .

The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located 18 km west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula . The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue . The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition , 1928-30 . The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru ( Shirase ) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912 . The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from ground surveys and US Navy aerial photographs , 1959-65 . It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US-ACAN ) for Gregory S. Richter , meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968 .

Dickey Peak is a rocky peak rising to 1504 m in the northwestern part of the Flowers Hills in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains in Antarctica . It overlooks Dater Glacier to the west and Lardeya Ice Piedmont to the east . The feature was first mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1957 -- 59 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Clifford R. Dickey , Jr. , an electronics technician at the South Pole Station in 1957 .

Lake Alta is a glacial lake in The Remarkables near Queenstown in the South Island of New Zealand . It is approximately 500 metres by 250 metres in size and freezes over in the winter months . At this time it is used by skiers and snowboarders . It is used by divers who hold an annual ice dive there , as well as Antarctica New Zealand diver pre deployment training .


Question: Variations in solar radiation resulting from sunspot activity contribute significantly to climate change phenomena globally. This statement maintains the original's structure by attributing causality of global warming (or related effects) to changes within celestial bodies while preserving overall sentence complexity through synonymous phrasing ("variations" for "cycles," "sunspot activity" as an instance of said cycles). It also keeps faithfulness regarding subject matter focus on astronomy's impact upon Earth’s atmosphere temperature fluctuations over time periods relevant both scientifically speaking AND concerning public discourse surrounding environmental issues today!

 Influence of Solar Cycles on Climate Change
Solar cycles, recurring changes in solar radiation output approximately every eleven years, significantly impact various aspects of Earth’s environment, including weather systems and potentially contributing to fluctuations in global temperatures. Despite common misconceptions, scientific consensus suggests that while solar variability influences short-term climate dynamics, it plays a minor role compared to anthropogenic effects when considering longer trends associated with global warming.
The Sun serves as the central source of energy within our solar system, directly affecting planetary climates through its luminosity. Throughout each cycle, sunspots – areas exhibiting lower brightness than surrounding photospheric regions – appear more frequently during peak phases; conversely, fewer spots occur near minimum points. These alterations slightly modify total irradiance reaching Earth, thereby influencing atmospheric conditions accordingly.
However, empirical data gathered since pre-industrial times reveals minimal correlation between observed increases in average global temperatures and concurrent solar activity levels. Instead, overwhelming evidence implicates rising concentrations of greenhouse gases emitted via human endeavors—such as burning fossil fuels—as chief culprits behind recent accelerated warming phenomena. Anthropogenic CO₂ releases trap additional heat within Earth’s thermosphere, exacerbating what would otherwise constitute relatively stable thermal equilibrium maintained throughout historical epochs dominated solely by natural forcings.
Moreover, comprehensive modeling exercises conducted using sophisticated computer simulations corroborate findings derived from observational datasets: even accounting for maximum plausible contributions attributable to solar variation, projected outcomes fall far short of explaining magnitude exhibited by actual measurements taken over past century-plus timeframe. Consequently, attributing predominant causality regarding contemporary climate shifts exclusively onto cyclical stellar behavior appears untenable given current understanding.
Nonetheless, recognizing complexities inherent to interconnected geophysical mechanisms underscores importance of continued research aimed at refining predictive capabilities concerning future trajectories likely resulting from combined interplay among multiple drivers operating simultaneously upon dynamic ecosystems spanning entire globe. Only through rigorous analysis can we hope to discern nuanced relationships linking celestial rhythms with terrestrial responses necessary for formulating effective mitigation strategies designed to safeguard ecological integrity amidst ongoing transformational pressures exerted both internally & externally relative to evolving biogeographical landscapes characterized increasingly by anthropocentric interventions rather than primordial equilibria sustained autonomously prior emergence Homo sapiens dominance era inaugurated advent agricultural revolution circa ten thousand BCE onwards...

This response maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary level, tone, and overall message conveyed without reiterating exact phrases found originally provided context piece whilst ensuring alignment underlying assertion posited therein regarding purported linkage existing ostensibly between periodic oscillations observable pertaining radiant flux emanating parent star Sol versus prevailing hypotheses emphasizing pivotal significance assumed escalating quantities industrially-derived particulates entr

Kumeyaay astronomy or cosmology ( Kumeyaay : My Uuyow , `` sky knowledge '' ) comprises the astronomical knowledge of the Kumeyaay people . A deeply rooted cosmological belief system was developed and followed by the Kumeyaay civilization based on this knowledge including the computing of time ( Kumeyaay Mat ' taam ) .   The first evidence of astronomical observations and visual registration was discovered in the El Vallecito archeological zone . The `` Men in a square '' rupestric painting located at El Diablito area of El Vallecito depicted a square that aligns with sunlight on the Fall equinox . These paintings were made by the nomadic Kumeyaay people . Kumeyaay sand paintings and rock art modeled the passage of the sun , moon , and constellations .   Observation areas were made by the Kumeyaay to watch and register astronomical events . However many were destroyed by vandals before protection measures were instituted .

In cosmology , decoupling refers to a period in the development of the universe when different types of particles fall out of thermal equilibrium with each other . This occurs as a result of the expansion of the universe , as their interaction rates decrease ( and mean free paths increase ) up to this critical point . The two verified instances of decoupling since the Big Bang which are most often discussed are photon decoupling and neutrino decoupling , as these led to the cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background , respectively .

137 Meliboea is a large , dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer J. Palisa on April 21 , 1874 , the second of his many asteroid discoveries , and named after one of the three Meliboeas in Greek mythology . The largest body in the Meliboea family of asteroids that share similar orbital elements , only 791 Ani approaches its size . It is classified as a C-type asteroid and may be composed of carbonaceous materials .   Photometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990 -- 1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 15.28 ± 0.02 hours . A 2009 study at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico found a period of 25.676 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.16 ± 0.02 in magnitude . They ruled out a period of 15 hours determined in previous studies .   During 2002 , 137 Meliboea was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory . The return signal matched an effective diameter of 144 ± 16 km . This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means .

RR Andromedae is a variable star in the constellation of Andromeda . It is classified as a Mira variable , and varies from an apparent visual magnitude of 15.6 at minimum brightness to a magnitude of 8.4 at maximum brightness , with a period of approximately 330.6 days .

Delta2 Lyrae ( δ2 Lyr ) is a 4th magnitude star in the constellation Lyra , approximately 900 light years away from Earth . It is one of the M4II spectral standard stars , meaning it is a bright giant star with a surface temperature around 3,600 kelvins . It puts out more energy than 10,000 suns , although more than 90 % of it at longer than visual wavelengths . Direct angular measurements , combined with the Hipparcos parallax , give a radius of 1.1  - 1.3  astronomical units , comparable to the size calculated from other observed data .   It began life as a hot blue main sequence star , but now is a large cool asymptotic giant branch star with a degenerate carbon-oxygen core . It is a semi-regular variable star that has its brightness change by 0.2 magnitudes over an ill-defined period . Delta2 Lyrae was once thought to form a visual binary with the star Delta1 Lyrae , but it does not , only appearing to do so if seen from earth 's direction .   The spectral type of the nearby star system CCDM J18545 +3654 BC suggests that they are at the same distance as Delta2 Lyrae , which could mean that the three stars form a triple star system . In this case , CCDM J18545 +3654 BC would be 24,000 AU away from Delta2 Lyrae , and it would take 24,000 years for it to make an orbit . The two stars in the CCDM J18545 +3654 BC system take at least 10,500 years to make an orbit and are separated by 600AU .   Delta2 Lyrae is the brightest member of the scattered open cluster Stephenson 1 .

Land is the solid surface of the Earth that is not covered by water . It may also refer to :  Landscape  Landform , physical feature comprises a geomorphological unit  Land ( economics ) , a factor of production comprising all naturally occurring resources  Land law  Real estate , a legal term for land , used in regard to ownership  Real property , a legal term similar to real estate   In music :  Land ( band ) , American rock band  Land ( Land album ) , the first album by the band  Land ( Týr album ) , an album by Týr  Land ( 1975 -- 2002 ) , an album by Patti Smith  Land ( The Comsat Angels album ) , an album by The Comsat Angels  Lands ( band ) , Japanese rock band  Dah ( band ) , a former Yugoslav/Belgian rock band , known as Land during 1975-1976 period   As a synonym for a region belonging to a people :  Country  Nation  Motherland  Fatherland  Homeland  - land , a suffix used in the names of several countries and other regions   As a geographical place :  Land , California  Land , Norway  Land Glacier , Antarctica   As a division of a country :  Länder of Austria ( singular : Land )  Lands of Denmark  Lands of Finland  Länder of Germany ( singular : Land )  Lands of Norway  Lands of Sweden  Ziemia , Polish for `` land '' , a unit of administration in Poland   Other usages :  Land ( surname )  Land Instruments International , A company specialising in infrared temperature measurement and emissions monitoring equipment  LAND , a type of denial-of-service attack  Landing , the end of a flight  In Rifling , lands are the raised areas between grooves in gun barrels  The Land ( magazine )  Drylands , areas with low amounts of water in the soil  `` Dry Land '' , a song by Joan Armatrading  Dry Land , the only album by How We Live

The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the point in the sky , from which ( to a planetary observer ) meteors appear to originate . The Perseids , for example , are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus .   An observer might see such a meteor anywhere in the sky but the direction of motion , when traced back , will point to the radiant . A meteor that does not point back to the known radiant for a given shower is known as a sporadic and is not considered part of that shower .   Many showers have a radiant point that changes position during the interval when it appears . For example , the radiant point for the Delta Aurigids drifts by more than a degree per night .

1159 Granada is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun . Approximately 30 kilometers in diameter , it makes a revolution around the Sun once every 4 years . It completes one rotation once every 31 hours . It was discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth at Heidelberg , Germany on September 2 , 1929 . Its provisional designation was 1929 RD. . It is named after the Spanish province of Granada .

On June 3 , 1769 , British navigator Captain James Cook , British naturalist Joseph Banks , British astronomer Charles Green and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander recorded the transit of Venus on the island of Tahiti during Cook 's first voyage around the world . During a transit , Venus appears as a small black disc travelling across the Sun . This unusual astronomical phenomenon takes place in a pattern that repeats itself every 243 years . It includes two transits that are eight years apart , separated by breaks of 121.5 and 105.5 years . These men , along with a crew of scientists , were commissioned by the Royal Society of London for the primary purpose of viewing the transit of Venus . Not only would their findings help expand scientific knowledge , it would help with navigation by accurately calculating the observer 's longitude . At this time , longitude was difficult to determine and not always precise . A `` secret '' mission that followed the transit included the exploration of the South Pacific to find the legendary Terra Australis Incognita or `` unknown land of the South . ''

R Normae is a Mira variable star located near Eta Normae in the southern constellation of Norma .  This is an intermediate-mass red giant star that is generating part of its energy through hydrogen fusion . Because this fusion is thought to be occurring under conditions of convection , it is generating an excess of lithium . The star ranges from magnitude 6.5 to 12.8 and has a relatively long period of 496 days . Located around 2,900 light-years distant , it shines with a luminosity 7764 times that of the Sun and has a surface temperature of 3161 K.