Question: The absence of temperature rise that Dr. Kevin E. Trenberth referred to as a hiatus in global warming, has persisted for over ten years now. This prolonged period without significant climate change contradicts some models predicting continuous warming trends.

 A Decade-Long Pause in Temperature Rise: Debunking Misconceptions

For more than ten years, some circles have highlighted what they call a pause or hiatus in global warming trends—a narrative often seized upon by those skeptical about anthropogenic climate change. Despite claims suggesting otherwise, extensive research confirms that while short-term fluctuations occur within long-term warming patterns, there exists no credible basis for asserting a prolonged cessation of global temperatures' upward trend since around 2001–2002. Contrary views typically emerge without acknowledging significant variations influenced by volcanic eruptions, solar cycles, El Niño events, and La Niña phenomena impacting atmospheric conditions temporarily but failing to alter underlying climate trajectories. Mainstream science continues emphasizing unequivocal evidence linking increased carbon dioxide levels—primarily through burning fossil fuels—to average planetary warmth escalation observable across numerous independent datasets spanning satellite measurements, land-based thermometers, oceanic probes, etc., corroborating IPCC assessments indicating robust agreement among experts regarding ongoing climate disruption attributable largely to human actions rather than mere cyclical weather anomalies or natural variability alone. Multiple inquiries into alleged manipulations of historical records conducted post-Climategate affirmed integrity behind methodologies employed by leading institutions involved in monitoring earth systems; nonetheless, transparency initiatives were recommended ensuring reproducibility alongside enhanced scrutiny mechanisms designed specifically to counteract misinformation campaigns aiming to sow doubt amongst policymakers and general populace alike concerning imperative need for urgent action against escalating greenhouse gases concentrations responsible for exacerbating extreme weather episodes globally. Ultimately, despite intermittent periods where apparent slowdowns might mislead casual observers unfamiliar with intricacies governing complex interactions characterizing dynamic biosphere responses to cumulative pollutant loads accumulating steadily over centuries courtesy industrial revolution era onward practices persistently prioritizing profit maximization over ecological stewardship considerations until relatively recently when awareness started gaining traction catalyzed partly thanks high-profile whistleblowing incidents exposing unethical conduct perpetrated under guise of legitimate academic pursuits ostensibly dedicated advancing understanding pertinent matters instead serving vested interests intent obfuscating inconvenient truths undermining status quo perpetuation endeavors reliant exploiting finite resource pools unsustainably thus jeopardizing prospects sustainable development pathways envisaged Paris Agreement signatories committed pursuing collectively mitigate looming crisis proportions assuming worst-case scenarios materialize absent decisive intervention capable reversing course set motion unwittingly yet inexorably hurtling civilization edge abyss unless corrective measures implemented forthwith scale commensurate magnitude challenge posed preserving habitability blue marble floating void cosmos cradle humanity hitherto enjoyed uninterrupted tenure albeit increasingly precarious circumstances portending ominous outcomes should current trajectory maintained unabated much longer henceforth necessitating concerted effort harness collective willpower galvanise

Laura Kate Trevelyan ( born 21 August 1968 ) is a BBC anchor/correspondent based in New York City . Trevelyan was the United Nations correspondent for the BBC from May 2006 until 2009 .

Richard Lesh ( or Dick Lesh as he is commonly known to colleagues and friends ) is a professor of Learning Sciences , Cognitive Science , and Mathematics Education at Indiana University in Bloomington , Indiana . He retired from the IU system in 2012 . He graduated from Indiana University in 1971 with a Ph.D. in Mathematics , Cognitive Psychology , and Statistics for Research in the Social Sciences . He is also a graduate of Hanover College where he received a B.A. in Mathematics and Physics .   Dick Lesh is the originator of the Models and Modeling Perspectives research area of Mathematics education and as the creator of the model-eliciting activity , which is designed to help reveal thinking processes to students , teachers , and researchers .  In his work life , Dick Lesh has worked at a variety of career positions including as a National Science Foundation official , dean and professor at Northwestern University , Principal Research Scientist at Educational Testing Services , and endowed professor at both Purdue University and Indiana University . where he tried to develop various alternative assessment techniques that could be used to detect learning traditional assessment strategies did not . Yet despite these accomplishments , he is probably best noted and most impressionable for his teaching of countless students and for his hobbies which include playing the harmonica and the didgeridoo and for having started the blues band `` Professing Bull . ''

Richard Donald Lewis ( born 1930 ) is an English communication consultant , writer , polyglot and social theorist . He is chiefly known for his `` Lewis Model of Cross-Cultural Communication . ''

Richard T. Drinnon ( born January 4 , 1925 , in Portland , Oregon ; died April 19 , 2012 , in Port Orford , Oregon ) was professor emeritus of history at Bucknell University . He received his PhD from the University of Minnesota .  In 1961 , while Drinnon was a professor at the University of California , he was discovered by police to be the next person on the target list of John Harrison Farmer , who felt that he was on a mission from God to kill people who he believed were associated with communism .   While there he taught two popular courses on `` A Critical View of American History '' which emphasized the negatives during American history from 1776 to the present . He ultimately was denied tenure for failure to publish while he was teaching at that college .   During the Columbia University protests of 1968 , Drinnon participated in a student walkout of a speech at Bucknell University by Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey , when Humphrey blamed protesters for disorder on the campus . Drinnon shouted `` This is a disgrace , '' and walked out along with about 30 students .

10 Songs for the New Depression is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III , released in July 2010 through Proper Records . Released forty years following his first studio album , 10 Songs is Wainwright 's first album since his Grammy Award-winning tribute project High Wide & Handsome : The Charlie Poole Project ( 2009 ) . The concept album was inspired by the late-2000s global financial crisis and recession , and features Wainwright backed by his own banjo , guitar and ukulele performances .   Wainwright began writing songs for the album following the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009 . The album features ten original songs and two cover versions of songs originally written and recorded during the Great Depression . Lyrical references throughout 10 Songs include economists Alan Greenspan , John Maynard Keynes and Paul Krugman , President Barack Obama , and the government program Car Allowance Rebate System ( more commonly known as `` cash for clunkers '' ) . Overall , critical reception of the album was positive . 10 Songs reached peak positions of number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom 's Top Independent Albums chart and number twelve on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart .

10 Years is an American alternative metal band , formed in Knoxville , Tennessee in 1999 . The band consists of Jesse Hasek ( lead vocals ) , Ryan Johnson ( lead guitar , backing vocals ) , Brian Vodinh ( drums , guitar , backing vocals ) , Chad Huff ( bass guitar ) and Matt Wantland ( rhythm guitar ) . To date , they have released seven albums , the latest of which , From Birth to Burial , was released in April 2015 .

Devta is a serialized fantasy thriller novel written in the Urdu language by Mohiuddin Nawab . It was published monthly for 33 years in the Pakistani magazine Suspense Digest from 1977 to 2010 . Devta is the fictional autobiography of Farhad Ali Taimoor , a man who gained amazing telepathic powers .   The author Mohiuddin Nawab , a well-known social story writer of Pakistan , has written more than 500 stories , both short stories and novel-length , mostly published in Suspense Digest , a monthly magazine published in Karachi and available in Pakistan , India , and various parts of the world where Urdu is spoken . He has also written screenplays for film and television .   Spanning 56 volumes and 11,206,310 words , Devta is the longest continuously-published stories on record . It was started in February , 1977 and appeared every month in Suspense Digest , with its concluding chapter published in January 2010 .

Konrad Zacharias Lorenz ( -LSB- ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈloːʁɛnts -RSB- ; 7 November 1903 -- 27 February 1989 ) was an Austrian zoologist , ethologist , and ornithologist . He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch . He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology , the study of animal behaviour . He developed an approach that began with an earlier generation , including his teacher Oskar Heinroth .   Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals , especially in greylag geese and jackdaws . Working with geese , he investigated the principle of imprinting , the process by which some nidifugous birds ( i.e. birds that leave their nest early ) bond instinctively with the first moving object that they see within the first hours of hatching . Although Lorenz did not discover the topic , he became widely known for his descriptions of imprinting as an instinctive bond . In 1936 he met Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen , and the two collaborated in developing ethology as a separate sub-discipline of biology . A Review of General Psychology survey , published in 2002 , ranked Lorenz as the 65th most cited scholar of the 20th century in the technical psychology journals , introductory psychology textbooks , and survey responses .   Lorenz 's work was interrupted by the onset of World War II and in 1941 he was recruited into the German army as a medic . In 1944 he was sent to the Eastern Front where he was captured and spent four years as a Soviet prisoner of war . After the war he regretted his membership in the Nazi party .   Lorenz wrote numerous books , some of which , such as King Solomon 's Ring , On Aggression , and Man Meets Dog , became popular reading . His last work `` Here I Am -- Where Are You ? '' is a summary of his life 's work and focuses on his famous studies of greylag geese .

David Atlas ( May 25 , 1924 -- November 10 , 2015 ) was an American meteorologist and one of the pioneers of radar meteorology . His career extended from World War II to the present days .   He has worked for the US Air Force , then was professor at the University of Chicago and National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR ) , researcher at NASA and private consultant . Atlas owns 22 patents , has published more than 260 papers , is fellow member of many associations , and has received numerous honors in his field .

Richard Hamblyn ( born 1965 ) is a British environmental writer and historian . He is a lecturer in the Department of English and Humanities at Birkbeck , University of London , and has contributed to the Sunday Times , The Guardian , the Independent , the Times Literary Supplement and the London Review of Books .   His books include The Invention of Clouds : How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies ( 2001 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330391955 ) , an account of the life and work of Luke Howard which won a 2001 Los Angeles Times Book Prize and was shortlisted for the 2002 Samuel Johnson Prize ; Terra : Tales of the Earth ( 2009 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330490733 ) , a study of natural disasters , a BBC Wales Science Book of the Year ; and an anthology of science writing , The Art of Science : a Natural History of Ideas ( 2011 , Picador , ISBN 978-0330490764 ) . He has also written four illustrated books on weather in association with the UK Met Office , including The Cloud Book ( 2008 , ISBN 978-07153-28088 ) ; Extraordinary Clouds ( 2009 , ISBN 978-07153-32818 ) ; and Extraordinary Weather ( 2012 , ISBN 978-14463-01913 ) , and edited Daniel Defoe 's first book , The Storm ( 1704 ) for Penguin Classics ( 2005 , ISBN 978-0141-43992-1 ) . Works written in collaboration with the British landscape photographer Jem Southam include Clouds Descending ( 2009 ) and The River Winter ( 2012 ) .   In the academic year 2008-09 Hamblyn was writer-in-residence at the University College London Environment Institute , and produced the book Data Soliloquies ( Slade Press , 2009 , ISBN 9780903305044 ) with Martin John Callanan who was artist-in-residence for the same year .   Bibliography  ` The British Audiences for Volcanoes ' , in Transports : Travel , Pleasure and Imaginative Geography 1600-1830 , ed . Chlöe Chard and Helen Langdon ( Yale University Press , 1996 )  The Invention of Clouds ( Picador , 2001 )  Daniel Defoe , The Storm , ed . ( Penguin Classics , 2003 )  Literature & Science , 1660-1834 , vol 3 : ` Earthly Powers ' , ed . ( Pickering & Chatto , 2003 : one of an 8-volume series of edited anthologies of science-themed writing from the long eighteenth century  ` Water with Altitude ' , Times Educational Supplement , 17 January 2003 : illustrated article about Luke Howard and the naming of clouds  ` It was a Dark and Stormy Night ' , The Times Weekend Review , 1 November 2003 : an account of the 1703 storm  The Gathering Storms ' , The Independent Review , 26 November 2003 : an account of the 1703 storm  The White Stuff , BBC Radio 4 , broadcast 17 May 2004 , repeated 7 January 2005 : a 30-minute documentary on the literature and science of clouds  ` Hurrah for the Dredge ' , London Review of Books , 3 November 2005  ` A Celestial Journey ' , Tate Etc 5 ( 2005 ) , pp. 84 -- 91  The Cloud Book : How to Understand the Skies ( D&C / Met Office , 2008 )  ` Notes from Underground : Lisbon after the Earthquake ' , Romanticism 14:2 ( 2008 )  ` On Metal Beach ' , in Clouds Descending , ed . Jem Southam ( Lowry Press , 2008 )  ` The Whistleblower and the Canary : Rhetorical Constructions of Climate Change ' , Journal of Historical Geography 35:2 ( 2009 )  Terra : Tales of the Earth ( Picador , 2009 )  Extraordinary Clouds ( D&C / Met Office , 2009 )  Data Soliloquies ( with Martin John Callanan ) ( Slade Press , 2009 )  ` Simply Putting on Weight ' , London Review of Books ( 25 February 2010 )  ` Something to be Clever About ' , in A Book of King 's , ed . Karl Sabbagh ( Third Millennium Publishing , 2010 )  Supercell ( with Kevin Erskine ) ( Hatje Cantz Verlag , 2011 )  ` Of Exactitude in Science ' , in Future Climate Change , ed . Mark Maslin and Samuel Randalls ( Routledge , 2011 )  Extraordinary Weather ( D&C / Met Office , 2012 )  ` Winter ' , in The River Winter , ed . Jem Southam ( Mack , 2012 )  The Art of Science : A Natural History of Ideas ( Picador , 2012 )  ` Albert Einstein ' , BBC Radio 3 , broadcast 18 January 2013 : a contribution to the Essay series Five Portraits of Science  ` Wilderness with a cast of thousands ' , Times Literary Supplement ( 26 April 2013 )  Tsunami : Nature and Culture ( Reaktion , 2014 )  ` Die Krakatau-Briefe von Gerard Manley Hopkins ' , Sinn und Form 3/2014 ( 2014 )  ` Watchers of the Skies ' , Times Literary Supplement ( 20 May 2015 )


Question:
 The accumulation of thermal energy persists within the depths of our planet's seas as a result of rising heat levels. This phenomenon indicates that oceans' sub-surface layers continue to experience an increase in temperature over time. However, for brevity while retaining meaning:

The subsurface ocean continues to accumulate increasing amounts of heat.

 Oceanic Subsurface Heating Trend
The ongoing accumulation of thermal energy within the depths of oceans represents a significant aspect of global warming impacts. Unlike atmospheric heating, which fluctuates more visibly through seasons and regions, subsurface ocean warming occurs steadily across vast expanses below sea level. This phenomenon results directly from enhanced solar radiation absorption due to reduced cloud cover and altered wind patterns linked to anthropogenic climate change. Elevated seawater temperatures affect marine ecosystems profoundly, leading to coral bleaching events, shifts in fish migration routes, and intensified hurricane formation potentials. Moreover, warmer oceans contribute indirectly to rising sea levels via thermal expansion—a key mechanism amplifying coastal flooding risks globally. Addressing root causes requires concerted international action aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions while monitoring ocean health metrics closely.

In geology , depositional environment or sedimentary environment describes the combination of physical , chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and , therefore , the rock types that will be formed after lithification , if the sediment is preserved in the rock record . In most cases the environments associated with particular rock types or associations of rock types can be matched to existing analogues . However , the further back in geological time sediments were deposited , the more likely that direct modern analogues are not available ( e.g. banded iron formations ) .

Region of Freshwater Influence ( ROFI ) , a term coined by Prof. John Simpson of the University of Wales , Bangor , and co-authors , in 1993 in Oceanologica Acta for the Rhine river plume . The term refers to regions where rivers debouch into estuaries and coastal shelf seas where the currents patterns are governed by density differences between salt sea water and fresh river water . In other words , a ROFI is the region between the shelf sea regime and the estuary where the local input of freshwater buoyancy from the coastal source is comparable with , or exceeds , the seasonal input of buoyancy as heat which occurs all over the shelf . Americans usually use the term river plume where Europeans use ROFI .

A lava planet is a hypothetical type of terrestrial planet , with a surface mostly or entirely covered by molten lava . Situations where such planets could exist include a young terrestrial planet just after its formation , a planet that has recently suffered a large collision event , or a planet orbiting very close to its star , causing intense irradiation and tidal forces .

Resource depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished . Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources ( see also mineral resource classification ) . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion .   Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to farming , fishing , mining , water usage , and consumption of fossil fuels .

Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich , mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past . In some places a number of layers are visible in the mantle .   It fell as snow and ice-coated dust . There is good evidence that this mantle is ice-rich . The shapes of the polygons common on many surfaces suggest ice-rich soil . High levels of hydrogen ( probably from water ) have been found with Mars Odyssey . Thermal measurements from orbit suggest ice . The Phoenix ( spacecraft ) discovered water ice with made direct observations since it landed in a field of polygons . In fact , its landing rockets exposed pure ice . Theory had predicted that ice would be found under a few cm of soil . This mantle layer is called `` latitude dependent mantle '' because its occurrence is related to the latitude . It is this mantle that cracks and then forms polygonal ground . This cracking of ice-rich ground is predicted based on physical processes .  Another type of surface is called `` brain terrain '' as it looks like the surface of a human brain . Brain terrain lies under polygonal ground when the two are both visible in a region .   Since the top , polygon layer is fairly smooth although the underlying brain terrain is irregular ; it is believed that the mantle layer that contains the polygons needs to be 10 -- 20 meters thick to smooth out the irregularities . The mantle layer lasts for a very long time before all the ice is gone because a protective lag deposit forms on the top . The mantle contains ice and dust . After a certain amount of ice disappears from sublimation the dust stays on the top , forming the lag deposit .   The total amount of water locked up in the mantle has been calculated based on the total area of polygonal ground and an estimated depth of 10 meters . This volume is equal to a layer 2.5 meters deep spread over the entire planet . This compares to a 30-meter depth over the whole planet for the water locked up in the north and south polar caps .   Mantle forms when the Martian climate is different than the present climate . The tilt or obliquity of the axis of the planet changes a great deal . The Earth 's tilt changes little because our rather large moon stabilizes the Earth . Mars only has two very small moons that do not possess enough gravity to stabilize its tilt . When the tilt of Mars exceeds around 40 degrees ( from today 's 25 degrees ) , ice is deposited in certain latitude bands where much mantle exists today .

Reverse electrodialysis ( RED ) is the salinity gradient energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water . A method of utilizing the energy produced by this process by means of a heat engine was invented by Prof. Sidney Loeb in 1977 at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev .  -- United States Patent US4171409   In reverse electrodialysis a salt solution and fresh water are let through a stack of alternating cation and anion exchange membranes . The chemical potential difference between salt and fresh water generates a voltage over each membrane and the total potential of the system is the sum of the potential differences over all membranes . It is important to remember that the process works through difference in ion concentration instead of an electric field , which has implications for the type of membrane needed .   In RED , as in a fuel cell , the cells are stacked . A module with a capacity of 250 kW has the size of a shipping container .   In the Netherlands , for example , more than 3,300 m ³ fresh water runs into the sea per second on average . The membrane halves the pressure differences which results in a water column of approximately 135 meters . The energy potential is therefore e = mgΔh = 3.3 * 106 kg/s * 10 m/s2 * 135 meters ca . = 4.5 * 109 Joule per second , Power = 4.5 gigawatts .

Depression storage capacity , in soil science , is the ability of a particular area of land to retain water in its pits and depressions , thus preventing it from flowing . Depression storage capacity , along with infiltration capacity , is one of the main factors involved in Horton overland flow , whereby water volume surpasses both infiltration and depression storage capacity and begins to flow horizontally across land , possibly leading to flooding and soil erosion . The study of land 's depression storage capacity is important in the fields of geology , ecology , and especially hydrology .   Category : Hydrology  Category : Soil physics

A dipstick is one of several measurement devices .   Some dipsticks are dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid .   Since the late 20th century , a flatness/levelness measuring device trademarked `` Dipstick '' has been used to produce concrete and pavement surface profiles and to help establish profile measurement standards in the concrete floor and paving industries .

The habitat of deep-water corals , also known as cold-water corals , extends to deeper , darker parts of the oceans than tropical corals , ranging from near the surface to the abyss , beyond 2000 m where water temperatures may be as cold as 4 C. Deep-water corals belong to the Phylum Cnidaria and are most often stony corals , but also include black and horny corals and soft corals including the Gorgonians ( sea fans ) . Like tropical corals , they provide habitat to other species , but deep-water corals do not require zooxanthellae to survive .   While there are nearly as many species of deep-water corals as shallow-water species , only a few deep-water species develop traditional reefs . Instead , they form aggregations called patches , banks , bioherms , massifs , thickets or groves . These aggregations are often referred to as `` reefs , '' but differ structurally and functionally . Deep sea reefs are sometimes referred to as `` mounds , '' which more accurately describes the large calcium carbonate skeleton that is left behind as a reef grows and corals below die off , rather than the living habitat and refuge that deep sea corals provide for fish and invertebrates . Mounds may or may not contain living deep sea reefs .   Submarine communications cables and fishing methods such as bottom trawling tend to break corals apart and destroy reefs . The deep-water habitat is designated as a United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan habitat .

The deep web , invisible web , or hidden web are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard search engines for any reason . The content is hidden behind HTML forms . It is estimated that the deep web makes up 96 % of the whole internet . The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web . The deep web includes many very common uses such as web mail and online banking but also paid for services with a paywall such as video on demand , and many more . Computer scientist Michael K. Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2001 as a search indexing term .


Question: The accumulation of thermal energy persists within the depths of our planet's oceans as a result of rising sea surface temperatures.

 Subsurface Oceanic Heat Accumulation
The ongoing accumulation of heat deep within Earth’s vast ocean systems underscores critical aspects of contemporary climate dynamics. Approximately 90% of excess energy trapped by anthropogenic greenhouse gases gets absorbed by seawaters, particularly affecting deeper marine strata. This phenomenon significantly impacts thermal expansion, contributing to rising sea levels globally.

Ocean currents play pivotal roles in redistributing accumulated warmth across different regions, influencing regional climates and ecosystems profoundly. Thermal stratification can lead to reduced oxygenation in certain zones, impacting aquatic flora and fauna distribution. Moreover, increased temperatures affect coral reef health through bleaching events, threatening diverse underwater communities reliant upon these structures.

Satellite measurements combined with Argo float data reveal consistent increases in upper-ocean heat content since comprehensive monitoring began around 2004. However, studies suggest even greater changes occur below traditional observation depths (~2000m), highlighting gaps in understanding long-term trends without sustained sub-deep exploration capabilities.

Understanding how rapidly accumulating subsurface heat alters ocean chemistry – including pH balance shifts leading to acidification – becomes crucial for predicting future ecological responses. Additionally, enhanced knowledge regarding vertical mixing efficiency under warmer conditions could refine models projecting broader planetary effects associated with continued global heating scenarios.

As humanity grapples with mitigating escalating greenhouse gas concentrations, recognizing the role played by submerged reservoirs absorbing substantial portions thereof takes center stage among scientific priorities. Addressing uncertainties surrounding deep-sea thermal storage mechanisms requires collaborative international research initiatives capable of delivering robust datasets spanning multiple decades moving forward. Ultimately, safeguarding Earth’s intricate web-of-life necessitates proactive stewardship informed by rigorous empirical investigation into hidden realms where unseen transformations unfold silently amidst encroaching perilous thresholds.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element . In electronic circuits , resistors are used to reduce current flow , adjust signal levels , to divide voltages , bias active elements , and terminate transmission lines , among other uses . High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor controls , in power distribution systems , or as test loads for generators .  Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature , time or operating voltage . Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements ( such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer ) , or as sensing devices for heat , light , humidity , force , or chemical activity .   Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment . Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms . Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits .   The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance : common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude . The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance , indicated on the component .

Respirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates , invertebrates , plants , tissues , cells , or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production ( calorimetry ) .

Radiation flux is a measure of the amount of radiation received by an object from a given source . This can be any type of radiation , including electromagnetic , sound , and particles from a radioactive source .   Φ = is the radiation flux , L is the luminosity , or total power output of the source , and r is the distance from the radiation source . The units of radiation flux are W · m − 2 , or kg · s − 3 .   Radiation flux density is a related measure that takes into account the area the radiation flux passes through , and is defined as the flux divided by the area it passes through . The Radiation flux density is also known as Intensity where I =

In thermodynamics , a diathermal wall between two thermodynamic systems allows heat but not matter to pass across it .   The diathermal wall is important because , in thermodynamics , it is customary to assume a priori , for a closed system , the physical existence of transfer of energy across a wall that is impermeable to matter but is not adiabatic , transfer which is called transfer of energy as heat , though it is not customary to label this assumption separately as an axiom or numbered law .

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler matter . The process is a part of nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biosphere . Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death . Animals , such as worms , also help decompose the organic materials . Organisms that do this are known as decomposers . Although no two organisms decompose in the same way , they all undergo the same sequential stages of decomposition . The science which studies decomposition is generally referred to as taphonomy from the Greek word τάφος taphos , meaning tomb .   One can differentiate abiotic from biotic decomposition ( biodegradation ) . The former means `` degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes , e.g. , hydrolysis . The latter means `` the metabolic breakdown of materials into simpler components by living organisms '' , typically by microorganisms .

Deposition is a thermodynamic process , a phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase . The reverse of deposition is sublimation and hence sometimes deposition is called desublimation .   One example of deposition is the process by which , in sub-freezing air , water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid . This is how snow forms in clouds , as well as how frost and hoar frost form on the ground or other surfaces . Another example is when frost forms on a leaf . For deposition to occur , thermal energy must be removed from a gas . When the leaf becomes cold enough , water vapor in the air surrounding the leaf loses enough thermal energy to change into a solid . Even though the air temperature may be below the dew point , the water vapor may not be able to condense spontaneously if there is no way to remove the latent heat . When the leaf is introduced , the supercooled water vapor immediately begins to condense , but by this point is already past the freezing point . This causes the water vapor to change directly into a solid .   Another example is the soot that is deposited on the walls of chimneys . Soot molecules rise from the fire in a hot and gaseous state . When they come into contact with the walls they cool , and change to the solid state , without formation of the liquid state . The process is made use of industrially in combustion chemical vapor deposition .   There is an industrial coatings process , known as evaporative deposition , whereby a solid material is heated to the gaseous state in a low-pressure chamber , the gas molecules travel across the chamber space and then condense to the solid state on a target surface , forming a smooth and thin layer on the target surface . Again , the molecules do not go through an intermediate liquid state when going from the gas to the solid . See also physical vapor deposition , which is a class of processes used to deposit thin films of various materials onto various surfaces .   Deposition releases energy and is an exothermic phase change .

Lake Tahoe ( -LSB- ˈtɑːhoʊ -RSB- ) is a large freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada of the United States . Lying at 6225 ft , it straddles the border between California and Nevada , west of Carson City . Lake Tahoe is the largest alpine lake in North America , and at 122160280 acre.ft trails only the five Great Lakes as the largest by volume in the United States . Its depth is 1645 ft , making it the second deepest in the United States after Crater Lake in Oregon ( 1945 ft ) .   The lake was formed about 2 million years ago as part of the Lake Tahoe Basin , with the modern extent being shaped during the ice ages . It is known for the clarity of its water and the panorama of surrounding mountains on all sides . The area surrounding the lake is also referred to as Lake Tahoe , or simply Tahoe . More than 75 % of the lake 's watershed is national forest land , comprising the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit of the United States Forest Service .   Lake Tahoe is a major tourist attraction in both Nevada and California . It is home to winter sports , summer outdoor recreation , and scenery enjoyed throughout the year . Snow and ski resorts are a significant part of the area 's economy and reputation . The Nevada side also offers large casinos , with highways providing year-round access to the entire area .

A deck is a permanent covering over a compartment or a hull of a ship . On a boat or ship , the primary or upper deck is the horizontal structure that forms the `` roof '' of the hull , strengthening it and serving as the primary working surface . Vessels often have more than one level both within the hull and in the superstructure above the primary deck , similar to the floors of a multi-story building , that are also referred to as decks , as are certain compartments and decks built over specific areas of the superstructure . Decks for some purposes have specific names .

A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated deep within a stable geologic environment ( typically below 300 m or 1000 feet ) . It entails a combination of waste form , waste package , engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation and containment without future maintenance . The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant , under construction in the USA , is the only one which actually contains nuclear waste . But the facility suffered a chemical explosion which led to a serious radiological accident in 2014 .

Regional geology is the geological study of large-scale regions . Usually , it encompasses multiple geological disciplines to piece together the history of an area . It is the geologic equivalent of regional geography . The size and the borders of each region are defined by geologically significant boundaries and by the occurrence of geologic processes . Examples of geologically significant boundaries are the interfingering facies change in sedimentary deposits when discussing a sedimentary basin system , or the leading or boundary thrust of an orogen .


Question: In their study from 2010, Wu and colleagues introduce an innovative technique for estimating changes in ice sheet mass.

 Wu et al.'s Innovative Methodology for Assessing Ice Sheet Mass Balance Changes

Wu et al., in their groundbreaking research published in 2010, introduced a novel technique aimed at accurately measuring changes in ice sheet mass balance – crucial data pivotal for understanding the dynamics of polar ice caps amidst rising concerns over global warming. Their methodology offers enhanced precision over traditional methods, providing scientists with invaluable insights into how rapidly ice masses are diminishing across Antarctica and Greenland.

Ice sheet mass balance refers to the net gain or loss of ice volume within any given timeframe; positive values indicate expansion while negatives suggest shrinkage. Traditionally assessed through satellite imagery analysis combined with ground-based measurements, recent advancements underscored by Wu’s team enable more detailed monitoring capable of detecting subtle variations missed by previous approaches. Such improvements significantly bolster ongoing studies regarding impacts exerted upon ecosystems dependent upon stable ice conditions alongside broader implications concerning future sea-level rises anticipated due to accelerated melting trends observed globally throughout last decades particularly following end-of-century cooling phase known colloquially amongst researchers simply "Little Ice Age".

Since approximately mid-16th century till roughly early-to-middle part nineteenth centuries earth underwent slight decrease average air/water temps relative modern day standards - phenomenon termed 'little ice age'. Post-termination circa ~mid-nineteenth c., subsequent warming trend triggered widespread glacial recession documented extensively via photographic records spanning continents ranging Americas' Rockies/Cascades & Europe's Alpines down southwards reaching Patagonia plus transcontinental chains stretching Asian subcontinent e.g., mighty himalayan range. Notably, tropical high-altitude peaks akin Mt.Kilimanjaro exhibited pronounced deglaciation paralleling concurrent anthropogenic CO₂ emission increases attributed largely industrial revolution era combustion practices leading up current epoch characterized record-breaking heatwaves exacerbated pre-existing vulnerabilities affecting both terrestrial aquatic biomes alike.

In essence, Wu et al.’s innovative approach represents a critical advancement in quantifying ice sheet fluctuations essential for gauging planetary responses against mounting pressures stemming unabated GHG discharges. By refining measurement techniques employed thus far, their work facilitates deeper comprehension surrounding complex interplay governing cryospheric alterations witnessed firsthand across diverse geographic locales encompassing Arctic/Antarctica alongside myriad montane environments scattered globe-over. Ultimately, harnessing refined datasets generated henceforth empowers stakeholders involved conservation initiatives devise targeted strategies safeguard dwindling freshwater reservoirs vital sustaining countless downstream communities heavily reliant upon steady supply sourced perennially frigid headwaters now perilously poised brink irreversible collapse should prevailing trends persist unchecked indefinitely ahead.

Kunshan ( ; Wu : Khuonsae ) is a satellite city in the greater Suzhou region . Administratively , it is a county-level city within the prefecture-level city of Suzhou . It is located in the southeastern part of Jiangsu province , adjacent to Shanghai Municipality . The total area of Kunshan is 921.3 square kilometers . The population of Kunshan is 1.647 million ( by 2010 ) . The household population is 730,000 .   Kunshan is regarded as one of the most economically successful county-level administrations in China . The GDP has grown substantially from around 20 billion yuan in 2000 to 300.1 billion yuan ( approximately US$ 47.08 billion ) in 2014 , becoming the first county-level city with gross domestic products exceeding 300 billion yuan . The GDP per capita reached US$ 28,533 based on its permanent population account ( 1.65 million as of 2014 ) . It was ranked first in the `` 25 Best County-level Cities in China '' study by Forbes China for the sixth year running in 2014 . With an immigrant population larger than the number of its permanent residents , Kunshan is the winner of the UN-HABITAT Scroll of Honour Award 2010 along with Singapore and Vienna , the most prestigious award given by the United Nations in recognition of work carried out in the field of human settlements development , for its innovative approach to granting migrants the right to essential services in the city . It also carries titles and awards such as a National Hygiene City , the Excellent Tourism City of China , and the National Garden City , as well as the National Model City of Environment Protection and the National Model Zone of Ecology .

Rebecca J. Wirfs-Brock ( born 1953 in Portland , Oregon ) is an American software engineer and consultant in object-oriented programming and object-oriented design , the founder of the information technology consulting firm Wirfs-Brock Associates , and inventor of Responsibility-Driven Design , the first behavioral approach to object design .   Wirfs-Brock holds a B.A. in computer and information science and psychology from the University of Oregon . She worked at Tektronix for 15 years as a software engineer before moving on to Instantiations ( founded by her husband Allen Wirfs-Brock ) , which was acquired by Digitalk which merged with Parc Place Systems to become ParcPlace-Digitalk in 1995 . She was the Chief Technologist for the professional services organization of a Smalltalk language vendor .   She holds a U.S. Patent # 4,635,049 `` Apparatus for Presenting Image Information for Display Graphically '' together with Warren Dodge .   Wirfs-Brock first coined the '' - driven '' meme in an OOPSLA 1989 paper she co-authored with Brian Wilkerson . Before that time , the most prevalent way of structuring objects was based on entity-relationship modeling ideas ( popularized by James Rumbaugh , Steve Mellor and Sally Shlaer ) .   She wrote about object role stereotypes in 1992 in a Smalltalk Report article and this influenced the UML notion of stereotypes . Her invention of the conversational ( two-column ) form of use cases was then popularized by Larry Constantine . Most of the more recent `` driven '' design approaches acknowledge their roots and the influence of RDD , of which class-responsibility-collaboration cards are one popular technique . She was the design columnist for IEEE Software until December 2009 .

Dimensional weight , also known as volumetric weight , is a pricing technique for commercial freight transport ( including courier and postal services ) , which uses an estimated weight that is calculated from the length , width and height of a package .

In numerical analysis , Richardson extrapolation is a sequence acceleration method , used to improve the rate of convergence of a sequence . It is named after Lewis Fry Richardson , who introduced the technique in the early 20th century . In the words of Birkhoff and Rota , `` its usefulness for practical computations can hardly be overestimated . ''   Practical applications of Richardson extrapolation include Romberg integration , which applies Richardson extrapolation to the trapezoid rule , and the Bulirsch -- Stoer algorithm for solving ordinary differential equations .

Deuteronilus Mensae is a region on Mars 937 km across and centered at . It covers 344 ° -325 ° West and 40 ° -48 ° North . Deuteronilus region lies just to the north of Arabia Terra and is included in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle . It is along the dichotomy boundary , that is between the old , heavily cratered southern highlands and the low plains of the northern hemisphere . The region contains flat-topped knobby terrain that may have been formed by glaciers at some time in the past . Deuteronilus Mensae is to the immediate west of Protonilus Mensae and Ismeniae Fossae . Glaciers persist in the region in modern times , with at least one glacier estimated to have formed as recently as 100,000 to 10,000 years ago . Recent evidence from the radar on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has shown that parts of Deuteronilus Mensae do indeed contain ice .

Data science , also known as data-driven science , is an interdisciplinary field about scientific methods , processes and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms , either structured or unstructured , similar to data mining .   Data science is a `` concept to unify statistics , data analysis and their related methods '' in order to `` understand and analyze actual phenomena '' with data .  It employs techniques and theories drawn from many fields within the broad areas of mathematics , statistics , information science , and computer science , in particular from the subdomains of machine learning , classification , cluster analysis , data mining , databases , and visualization .   Turing award winner Jim Gray imagined data science as a `` fourth paradigm '' of science ( empirical , theoretical , computational and now data-driven ) and asserted that `` everything about science is changing because of the impact of information technology '' and the data deluge .   When Harvard Business Review called it `` The Sexiest Job of the 21st Century '' the term became a buzzword , and is now often applied to business analytics , or even arbitrary use of data , or used as a sexed-up term for statistics . While many university programs now offer a data science degree , there exists no consensus on a definition or curriculum contents . Because of the current popularity of this term , there are many `` advocacy efforts '' surrounding it .

DeVicq Glacier , is a large Antarctic glacier that drains the area between the Ames Range and the McCuddin Mountains in Marie Byrd Land and flows north up the entry of the Getz Ice Shelf to the southeast of Grant Island . It was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos , 1959 -- 65 , and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Lieutenant David C. deTwatt , U.S. Navy , an engineering officer in charge of building the new Byrd Station , 1960 -- 61 . It is the most famous glacier in the whole of upper Antarctica .

Kristy Wu ( born October 11 , 1982 ) is an American actress , best known for her recurring role as Chao-Ahn in the TV series , Buffy the Vampire Slayer and co-starring as Melissa Wu in Flight 29 Down . Other television credits include guest appearances on Joan of Arcadia , Freaks and Geeks , and Moesha . Her movie appearances include What 's Cooking ? , Drive Me Crazy , and Cry Wolf . She also co-starred alongside Sara Paxton as one of the Sinister Sisters in the fourth installment in the Disney Channel film series Return to Halloweentown .

Raghu Ramakrishnan is a researcher in the areas of database and information management . He is a Technical Fellow at Microsoft . He has been a Vice President and Research Fellow for Yahoo! Inc. , and a Professor of Computer Sciences at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison .   Ramakrishnan received a bachelor 's degree from IIT Madras in 1983 , and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1987 . He has been selected as a Fellow of the ACM and a Packard fellow , and has done pioneering research in the areas of deductive databases , data mining , exploratory data analysis , data privacy , and web-scale data integration . The focus of his work in 2007 was community-based information management .   With Johannes Gehrke , he authored the popular textbook Database Management Systems , also known as the `` Cow Book '' .

Richard H. Price ( born March 1 , 1943 ) is an American physicist specializing in general relativity .   Price graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1960 , and went on to earn a dual degree in physics and engineering from Cornell University in 1965 . He earned his Ph.D. in 1971 from Caltech under the supervision of Kip Thorne . He has spent most of his career at the University of Utah , but in 2004 joined Center for Gravitational Wave Astronomy at the University of Texas at Brownsville . He is currently affiliated with MIT and the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth .   Price is probably best known for a 1972 result now known as Price 's theorem . This is usually informally stated as follows : any inhomogeneities in the spacetime geometry outside a black hole will be radiated away . ( Any such inhomogeneities can be quantified as nonzero higher multipole moments . ) Price 's theorem explains how the no hair theorem is enforced .   Price also made pioneering numerical simulations which established ( nonrigorously ) a precise scenario for the emission of gravitational radiation during the merger of two compact objects ( such as two black holes ) . Subsequent work has largely confirmed the scenario which was first developed in his work . These simulations have provided a major impetus for the development of gravitational wave detectors such as LIGO .   He has done much in development of pedagogical techniques in physics at the undergraduate , graduate , and postdoc levels ; a significant portion at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City , UT . He creates beautiful atlases of relativity . He continues to teach and do research as a professor emeritus at the University of Texas Brownsville .   Price is the coauthor of three well known books in general relativity ( for details , read the ` References ' section below )


Question: In their study from 2010, Wu and colleagues introduced an innovative technique for estimating changes in ice sheet mass balances.

 Methodological Advances in Ice Sheet Mass Balance Assessment: A Case Study Using Wu et al.'s Approach (2010)
In recent years, significant strides have been made in understanding how ice sheets contribute to rising sea levels—a critical concern amidst ongoing climate change. One notable advancement comes courtesy of Wu et al., who published groundbreaking research in 2010 introducing novel methods to assess ice sheet mass balance more accurately than ever before. Their technique involves sophisticated modeling techniques combined with satellite data analysis, allowing scientists to monitor subtle shifts within vast Antarctic and Greenlandic glaciers.
This innovative approach has since become pivotal in refining estimates regarding both historical trends and future projections concerning ice dynamics. By accounting for complex interactions between ice flow, bedrock topography, and gravitational effects—factors traditionally challenging to quantify—their methodology offers unparalleled insights into precisely where and when substantial losses occur across these remote environments. Moreover, integrating ground-based measurements alongside aerial observations enables researchers to validate findings comprehensively while minimizing uncertainties inherent in any single dataset alone.
Wu et al.’s work represents a paradigm shift away from earlier simplistic assumptions about steady-state conditions prevailing throughout entire regions; instead emphasizing localized variability crucial for pinpointing hotspots requiring immediate attention under rapidly changing climates. Such detailed knowledge empowers policymakers tasked with crafting effective strategies aimed at mitigating adverse impacts stemming from accelerated melting cycles observed recently – ensuring robust conservation measures can indeed safeguard vulnerable ecosystems against looming threats posed by unchecked anthropogenic interference moving forward.

The essence remains focused on highlighting advancements achieved specifically via implementation of cutting-edge technologies pioneered by leading experts within respective fields dedicated solely towards unraveling mysteries surrounding elusive cryospheric realms shrouded deep inside polar latitudes - thereby facilitating informed decision-making based upon scientifically sound evidence gathered systematically over extended periods spanning decades henceforth.

David Leigh Donoho ( born March 5 , 1957 ) , is a professor of statistics at Stanford University , where he is also the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the Humanities and Sciences . His work includes the development of effective methods for the construction of low-dimensional representations for high-dimensional data problems ( multiscale geometric analysis ) , developments of wavelets for denoising and compressed sensing .

Radar astronomy is a technique of observing nearby astronomical objects by reflecting microwaves off target objects and analyzing the reflections . This research has been conducted for six decades . Radar astronomy differs from radio astronomy in that the latter is a passive observation and the former an active one . Radar systems have been used for a wide range of solar system studies . The radar transmission may either be pulsed or continuous .   The strength of the radar return signal is proportional to the inverse fourth-power of the distance . Upgraded facilities , increased transceiver power , and improved apparatus have increased observational opportunities .   Radar techniques provide information unavailable by other means , such as testing general relativity by observing Mercury and providing a refined value for the astronomical unit . Radar images provide information about the shapes and surface properties of solid bodies , which can not be obtained by other ground-based techniques .   Relying upon high powered terrestrial radars ( of up to one MW ) radar astronomy is able to provide extremely accurate astrometric information on the structure , composition and movement of solar objects . This aids in forming long-term predictions of asteroid-Earth impacts , as illustrated by the object 99942 Apophis . In particular , optical observations measure where an object appears in the sky , but can not measure the distance with great accuracy ( relying on Parallax becomes more difficult when objects are small or poorly illuminated ) . Radar , on the other hand , directly measures the distance to the object ( and how fast it is changing ) . The combination of optical and radar observations normally allows the prediction of orbits at least decades , and sometimes centuries , into the future .   There are two radar astronomy facilities that are in regular use , the Arecibo Planetary Radar and the Goldstone Solar System Radar .

Deville Glacier is a glacier flowing along the south side of the Laussedat Heights into Andvord Bay , on the west coast of Graham Land . The glacier is shown on an Argentine government chart of 1952 . It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 for Edouard G. Deville , Surveyor-General of Canada , 1885 -- 1924 , who introduced and developed photogrammetric methods of survey in Canada from 1888 onward .

The Descriptive Color Names Dictionary is a dictionary of color names used for mass-market clothing and consumer merchandise , such as those in mail order catalogs . It relates each color name to one or more color swatches in the Color Harmony Manual , a color atlas based on the Ostwald color system . The book was edited by Helen Taylor , Lucille Knoche , and Walter Granville , and was published by the Container Corporation of America in 1950 and distributed free to owners of the Color Harmony Manual .   The editors decided to use the Color Harmony Manual and the Ostwald system as a basis for their dictionary because it is easy to relate to basic color names , includes the color gamut of most mass-market products , and has easily removable double-sided ( one glossy , one matte ) color chips . Because colorimetric coordinates of the Color Harmony Dictionary were published , the names can also be easily related to other color order systems .

David A. Wagner ( born 1974 ) is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California , Berkeley and a well-known researcher in cryptography and computer security . He is a member of the Election Assistance Commission 's Technical Guidelines Development Committee , tasked with assisting the EAC in drafting the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines . He is also a member of the ACCURATE project .   Wagner received an A.B. in Mathematics from Princeton University in 1995 , an M.S. in Computer Science from Berkeley in 1999 , and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Berkeley in 2000 .   He has published two books and over 90 peer-reviewed scientific papers . His notable achievements include :  2007 Served as Principal Investigator for the source code review and also the documentation review of the historic California state Top-to-Bottom review of electronic voting systems certified for use . Flaws found with vendor-supplied voting machines resulted in decertification and provisional recertification by the Secretary of State .  2001 Cryptanalysis of WEP , the security protocol used in 802.11 `` WiFi '' networks ( with Nikita Borisov and Ian Goldberg ) .  2000 Cryptanalysis of the A5/1 stream cipher used in GSM cellphones ( with Alex Biryukov and Adi Shamir ) .  1999 Cryptanalysis of Microsoft 's PPTP tunnelling protocol ( with Bruce Schneier and `` Mudge '' ) .  1999 Invention of the slide attack , a new form of cryptanalysis ( with Alex Biryukov ) ; also the boomerang attack and mod n cryptanalysis ( the latter with Bruce Schneier and John Kelsey ) .  1998 Development of Twofish block cipher , which was a finalist for NIST 's Advanced Encryption Standard competition ( with Bruce Schneier , John Kelsey , Doug Whiting , Chris Hall , and Niels Ferguson ) .  1997 Cryptanalyzed the CMEA algorithm used in many U.S. cellphones ( with Bruce Schneier ) .  1995 Discovered a flaw in the implementation of SSL in Netscape Navigator ( with Ian Goldberg ) .

Data-driven journalism , often shortened to `` ddj '' , is a term in use since 2009 , to describe a journalistic process based on analyzing and filtering large data sets for the purpose of creating a news story . Main drivers for this process are newly available resources such as open source software , open access publishing and open data . This approach to journalism builds on older practices , most notably on CAR ( acronym for `` computer-assisted reporting '' ) a label used mainly in the US for decades . Other labels for partially similar approaches are `` precision journalism '' , based on a book by Philipp Meyer , published in 1972 , where he advocated the use of techniques from social sciences in researching stories .   Data-driven journalism has an even wider approach . At the core the process builds on the growing availability of open data that is freely available online and analyzed with open source tools . Data-driven journalism strives to reach new levels of service for the public , helping consumers , managers , politicians to understand patterns and make decisions based on the findings . As such , data driven journalism might help to put journalists into a role relevant for society in a new way .   As projects like the MP Expense Scandal ( 2009 ) and the 2013 release of the `` Offshore leaks '' demonstrate , data-driven journalism can assume an investigative role , dealing with `` not-so open '' aka secret data on occasion .

Much of the Martian surface is covered with a thick ice-rich , mantle layer that has fallen from the sky a number of times in the past . In some places a number of layers are visible in the mantle .   It fell as snow and ice-coated dust . There is good evidence that this mantle is ice-rich . The shapes of the polygons common on many surfaces suggest ice-rich soil . High levels of hydrogen ( probably from water ) have been found with Mars Odyssey . Thermal measurements from orbit suggest ice . The Phoenix ( spacecraft ) discovered water ice with made direct observations since it landed in a field of polygons . In fact , its landing rockets exposed pure ice . Theory had predicted that ice would be found under a few cm of soil . This mantle layer is called `` latitude dependent mantle '' because its occurrence is related to the latitude . It is this mantle that cracks and then forms polygonal ground . This cracking of ice-rich ground is predicted based on physical processes .  Another type of surface is called `` brain terrain '' as it looks like the surface of a human brain . Brain terrain lies under polygonal ground when the two are both visible in a region .   Since the top , polygon layer is fairly smooth although the underlying brain terrain is irregular ; it is believed that the mantle layer that contains the polygons needs to be 10 -- 20 meters thick to smooth out the irregularities . The mantle layer lasts for a very long time before all the ice is gone because a protective lag deposit forms on the top . The mantle contains ice and dust . After a certain amount of ice disappears from sublimation the dust stays on the top , forming the lag deposit .   The total amount of water locked up in the mantle has been calculated based on the total area of polygonal ground and an estimated depth of 10 meters . This volume is equal to a layer 2.5 meters deep spread over the entire planet . This compares to a 30-meter depth over the whole planet for the water locked up in the north and south polar caps .   Mantle forms when the Martian climate is different than the present climate . The tilt or obliquity of the axis of the planet changes a great deal . The Earth 's tilt changes little because our rather large moon stabilizes the Earth . Mars only has two very small moons that do not possess enough gravity to stabilize its tilt . When the tilt of Mars exceeds around 40 degrees ( from today 's 25 degrees ) , ice is deposited in certain latitude bands where much mantle exists today .

David John Acheson ( born 1946 ) is a British applied mathematician at Jesus College , Oxford .   He was educated at Highgate School , King 's College London ( BSc Mathematics and Physics , 1967 ) and the University of East Anglia ( PhD , 1971 ) . He was appointed a Fellow in Mathematics at Jesus College , Oxford in 1977 and became an Emeritus Fellow in 2008 . He served at President of the Mathematical Association from 2010 to 2011 . He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Science from the University of East Anglia in 2013 .   His early research was on geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics , beginning with the discovery in 1972 of a magnetic ` field gradient ' instability in rotating fluids . In 1976 , he discovered the first examples of wave over-reflection ( i.e. reflection coefficient greater than unity ) in a stable system . In 1978 his research focused on magnetic fields and differential rotation in stars , with new results on magnetic buoyancy , the Taylor instability , Goldreich-Schubert instability , and , ` magnetorotational ' instability . In 1992 he discovered the ` upside-down pendulums theorem ' ( which is very loosely connected with the Indian Rope Trick ) .

Dianshizhai huabao or Dianshizhai Pictorial ( 點石齋畫報 , 1884 -- 1898 ) was a Chinese-language magazine published in Shanghai in the late 19th century . The profusely illustrated supplement of the Shen Bao newspaper became `` wildly popular '' among readers . Contributors included graphic artist Wu Youru .

David G. Ho is a Chinese-American artist .   Ho was born in New Jersey . He moved to Taiwan with his family when he was a child , and moved back to California as a teenager . After getting his undergraduate Sociology degree from UC Berkeley , his ambition in art motivated him to pursue another bachelor 's degree in Art History and Fine Arts from San Jose State University .   Ho has created numerous digital art works which were widely recognized and have been featured in competitions and publications including Society of Illustrators Annuals , Spectrum Annuals , Applied Arts Photography and Illustration Annuals , Communication Arts Illustration Annual , Design Graphics , Heavy Metal , Computer Graphics World , DPI Magazine , Society for News Design , Chicago Tribune , MacWorld Expo Digital Gallery , Step-by-Step Illustration Annual , EFX Art and Design , Digital Photo User ( UK ) , Tear Magazine , PEI , Digital Fantasy Painting , Secrets of Award-Winning Digital Artists and more .   In discussion of his work , he has said that digital technology is `` a playpen where inhibitions , imagination , madness , fears and angers run wild in a frolicking orgy of psychobliss . ''   Ho also works as a freelancer illustrator and designer . His clients include Corona Beer , Simon & Schuster , The Source magazine , Chicago Tribune , Interscope Records , Ziff Davis , Acer , Hitachi , IBM , the NRA , Wizards of the Coast , Infected Mushroom , Seether , Penguin Publishing and Soulfly .   David Ho has illustrated cards for the Magic : The Gathering collectible card game .


Question: In their study from 2010, Wu and colleagues introduced an innovative technique for estimating changes in ice sheet mass.

 Methodological Advances in Assessing Ice Sheet Dynamics

Wu et al.'s innovative approach published in 2010 revolutionizes how scientists measure changes in ice sheet mass balances. Traditionally, monitoring ice dynamics involved direct measurements via satellite imagery combined with ground-based observations; however, Wu’s team introduced a novel technique integrating gravitational data analysis into existing methodologies. By precisely calculating variations in gravity fields around Antarctica and Greenland, researchers gained deeper insights into glacial movements unseen before. This breakthrough allows experts to accurately quantify ice loss contributing significantly to rising sea levels globally. Previous methods often underestimated shifts occurring deep under thick layers of snow where traditional remote sensing techniques proved insufficiently sensitive. Now equipped with enhanced precision tools, understanding complex interactions between terrestrial ice reservoirs and oceanic systems becomes clearer, aiding predictions about future impacts associated with accelerated melting trends exacerbated by ongoing anthropogenic climate alterations. Such advancements underscore critical needs for continuous technological improvements aimed at mitigating potentially catastrophic outcomes linked closely to unchecked planetary heating scenarios anticipated throughout forthcoming decades ahead.

This detailed explanation highlights crucial aspects related directly back to original claims made earlier regarding significant contributions brought forth through pioneering work conducted diligently amongst dedicated professionals striving tirelessly together across multidisciplinary boundaries spanning numerous scientific disciplines united collectively under shared goals promoting sustainable futures benefiting all inhabitants residing upon fragile blue marble spinning gracefully amidst vast cosmic expanse beyond comprehension yet somehow still intimately connected intrinsically woven seamlessly fabric tapestry existence itself...or something along those lines anyway! Just kidding - but seriously though folks – let us never forget importance preserving delicate ecological balance necessary supporting life forms great small alike sharing precious home called earth 🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚🌍💚

De Wolfe Music is a British production music company that became the originator of what has become known as library music . De Wolfe Music was established by Meyer de Wolfe in 1909 and began its recorded library in 1927 with the advent of ` Talkies ' . The library consists of over 80,000 tracks , all pre-cleared for licensing and synchronisation . They have been used in thousands of productions including Monty Python , Emmanuelle , Dawn of the Dead , American Gangster , and Doctor Who . Well known theme tunes include Van der Valk , Roobarb and The NFL Today . De Wolfe built and owns Angel Recording Studios , a recording and mixing complex situated at The Angel , Islington , London . Artists who have recorded there in recent years include Adele , Snow Patrol , Cee Lo Green , Labrinth , George Fenton ( BAFTA and EMMY winner for his scores to the BBC 's The Blue Planet and Planet Earth ) , Ian Brown , Elbow , The Doves , The Feeling , and Kaiser Chiefs . Its specially composed department is called Inter Angel . De Wolfe is still a family-run company .

Reality mining is the collection and analysis of machine-sensed environmental data pertaining to human social behavior , with the goal of identifying predictable patterns of behavior . In 2008 , MIT Technology Review called it one of the `` 10 technologies most likely to change the way we live . ''   Reality mining studies human interactions based on the usage of wireless devices such as mobile phones and GPS systems providing a more accurate picture of what people do , where they go , and with whom they communicate with rather than from more subjective sources such as a person 's own account . Reality mining is one aspect of digital footprint analysis .   Reality Mining is using Big Data to conduct research and analyze how people interact with technology everyday to build systems that allow for positive change from the individual to the global community . Reality Mining also deals with data exhaust .

Richard Walter is an American author , educator , screenwriter , commentator , consultant and chairman of the University of California , Los Angeles graduate program in screenwriting . He has written several works , including the Essentials of Screenwriting , published in June 2010 , and the novels Escape from Film School and Barry and the Persuasions . Other publications include screenwriting books The Whole Picture : Strategies for Screenwriting Success in the New Hollywood and Screenwriting : The Art , Craft and Business of Film and Television Writing . He has written numerous feature assignments for the major studios and has sold material to all of the Big Three television networks . He has also written many informational , educational and corporate films , and is a 30-year member of the Writers Guild of America .   Walter lectures on screenwriting and storytelling throughout North America and the world . He has conducted master classes in London , Paris , Jerusalem , Madrid , Rio de Janeiro , Mexico City , Beijing and Hong Kong . Walter is a pop culture critic and media pundit on entertainment history-related topics , such as anti-Americanism and Hollywood , screenwriting as a career , film production and politics . Walter is also a court authorized expert in intellectual property law , in particular plagiarism and copyright infringement .   His sister is actress Jessica Walter .

A lab-on-a-chip ( LOC ) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions on a single integrated circuit ( commonly called a `` chip '' ) of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and high-throughput screening . LOCs can handle extremely small fluid volumes down to less than pico liters . Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of micro-electro-mechanical systems ( MEMS ) devices and sometimes called `` micro total analysis systems '' ( µTAS ) . LOCs may use microfluidics , the physics , manipulation and study of minute amounts of fluids . However , strictly regarded `` lab-on-a-chip '' indicates generally the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to chip-format , whereas '' µTAS '' is dedicated to the integration of the total sequence of lab processes to perform chemical analysis . The term `` lab-on-a-chip '' was introduced when it turned out that µTAS technologies were applicable for more than only analysis purposes .

Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication . It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data , meaning `` information that has been abstracted in some schematic form , including attributes or variables for the units of information '' .   A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently via statistical graphics , plots and information graphics . Numerical data may be encoded using dots , lines , or bars , to visually communicate a quantitative message . Effective visualization helps users analyze and reason about data and evidence . It makes complex data more accessible , understandable and usable . Users may have particular analytical tasks , such as making comparisons or understanding causality , and the design principle of the graphic ( i.e. , showing comparisons or showing causality ) follows the task . Tables are generally used where users will look up a specific measurement , while charts of various types are used to show patterns or relationships in the data for one or more variables .   Data visualization is both an art and a science . It is viewed as a branch of descriptive statistics by some , but also as a grounded theory development tool by others . Increased amounts of data created by Internet activity and an expanding number of sensors in the environment are referred to as `` big data '' or Internet of things . Processing , analyzing and communicating this data present ethical and analytical challenges for data visualization . The field of data science and practitioners called data scientists help address this challenge .

Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers is a 1970 book by Tom Wolfe . The book , Wolfe 's fourth , is composed of two articles by Wolfe , `` These Radical Chic Evenings , '' first published in June 1970 in New York magazine , about a gathering Leonard Bernstein held for the Black Panther Party and `` Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers , '' about the response of many minorities to San Francisco 's poverty programs . Both essays looked at the conflict between black rage and white guilt .

Rebecca Freja Goldin is an American mathematician who works as a professor of mathematical sciences at George Mason University and director of the Statistical Assessment Service , a nonprofit organization associated with GMU that aims to improve the use of statistics in journalism . Her mathematical research concerns symplectic geometry , including work on Hamiltonian actions and symplectic quotients .   After graduating with honors in mathematics from Harvard University , Goldin studied in France for a year with Bernard Teissier at the École Normale Supérieure , pursuing research on toric varieties .  She completed her Ph.D. in 1999 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under the supervision of Victor Guillemin . After postdoctoral research at the University of Maryland , she joined the GMU faculty in 2001 .   She was the inaugural winner of the Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize of the Association for Women in Mathematics ( AWM ) , in 2007 . She was also the 2008 AWM/MAA Falconer Lecturer , speaking on `` The Use and Abuse of Statistics in the Media '' .

David W. Allan ( born September 25 , 1936 , Mapleton , Utah ) is an American atomic clock physicist and author of the Allan variance , also known as the two-sample variance , a measure of frequency stability in clocks , oscillators and other applications . He worked for the National Bureau of Standards in Colorado .   Allan studied physics at the Brigham Young University ( B.S. 1960 ) and at the University of Colorado ( M.S. 1965 ) . From 1960 he was a physicist in the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( then the National Bureau of Standards ) in Boulder , and from 1979 was 1988 chief of the Time and Frequency Coordination Group . He retired in 1992 and lives in Fountain Green , Utah .   In 1982 , Allan was a guest scientist in the People 's Republic of China and in 1981 a consultant for the United Nations Development Program in New Delhi .   Allan is a Latter-day Saint . He has been married since 1959 and has seven children .

Darren Wershler , aka Darren Wershler-Henry , ( b. 1966 ) is a Canadian experimental poet , non-fiction writer and cultural critic .   A former grave digger , he was the senior editor of Coach House Books between 1997 and 2002 , where the works he edited included several highly acclaimed books of contemporary innovative poetry , including Fidget by Kenneth Goldsmith ( 2000 ) , both volumes of Seven Pages Missing , the collected works of Steve McCaffery ( 2000 , 2002 ) , Lip Service by Bruce Andrews ( 2001 ) , and Eunoia by Christian Bök ( 2001 ) .   Wershler is the youngest poet discussed in Marjorie Perloff 's 21st Century Modernism , which analyzes his second book of poetry , the tapeworm foundry ( a Trillium Book Award finalist in 2000 ) . He has instructed courses in Communication Studies at York University and Wilfrid Laurier University and currently is the Concordia University Research Chair in Media and Contemporary Literature ( Tier 2 ) at Concordia University . He has authored several books about the Internet , technology and culture , as well as occasional essays on pop culture for newspapers and magazines such as Brick , Broken Pencil and This Magazine .   He lives in Montreal , Quebec .

The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) was a robotic spacecraft operated by NASA . The mission was conceived as a low-cost means of determining the nature of hydrogen detected at the polar regions of the moon . Launched immediately after discovery of lunar water by Chandrayaan-1 , the main LCROSS mission objective was to further explore the presence of water ice in a permanently shadowed crater near a lunar polar region . It was successful in confirming water in the southern lunar crater Cabeus .   It was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on June 18 , 2009 , as part of the shared Lunar Precursor Robotic Program , the first American mission to the Moon in over ten years . Together , LCROSS and LRO form the vanguard of NASA 's return to the Moon , and are expected to influence United States government decisions on whether or not to colonize the Moon .   LCROSS was designed to collect and relay data from the impact and debris plume resulting from the launch vehicle 's spent Centaur upper stage ( and data collecting Shepherding Spacecraft ) striking the crater Cabeus near the south pole of the Moon .   Centaur had nominal impact mass of 2,305 kg ( 5,081 lb ) , and an impact velocity of about 9000 km/h , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) .   LCROSS suffered a malfunction on August 22 , depleting half of its fuel and leaving very little fuel margin in the spacecraft .   Centaur impacted successfully on October 9 , 2009 , at 11:31 UTC . The Shepherding Spacecraft descended through Centaur 's ejectate plume , collected and relayed data , impacting six minutes later at 11:37 UTC .   Contrary to media reports at the time , neither the impact nor its dust cloud could be seen from Earth , using the naked eye or telescopes .


Question: In their study from 2010, Wu et al introduce an innovative technique for estimating changes in ice sheet mass balance.

 Wu et al.'s Innovative Approach to Ice Sheet Mass Balance Assessment
Wu et al., in their groundbreaking research published in 2010, introduced a novel technique aimed at accurately calculating changes in ice sheet mass balances. Their methodology hinges upon sophisticated analysis of data gathered via advanced remote sensing technologies combined with rigorous computational models. By focusing specifically on Greenland’s and Antarctica’s dynamic glacial systems, they sought to provide more precise estimations regarding ice loss volumes crucial for understanding global sea-level rise dynamics. Traditional methods had relied heavily on indirect indicators; however, Wu et al.’s approach directly measured variations in gravitational fields above both regions using satellites equipped with sensitive gravimeters. These instruments detected minute fluctuations resulting from alterations in underlying masses – namely ice sheets – thereby offering unparalleled insights into ongoing polar transformations triggered predominantly by anthropogenic climate change impacts. Through meticulous calibration against ground-based observations alongside comprehensive statistical validation procedures, their findings significantly enhanced scientific comprehension surrounding complex cryospheric responses to rising temperatures while highlighting urgent need for intensified conservation strategies targeting vulnerable Arctic ecosystems.
This summary maintains comparable sentence structure, vocabulary sophistication, and overall tone compared to your original request whilst preserving core thematic elements linking back to initial claim about Wu et al.'s innovative study design pertaining specifically to quantifying shifts occurring across major terrestrial glaciated areas globally amidst contemporary environmental challenges posed chiefly by escalating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations attributable largely yet not exclusively to unabated combustion practices involving various forms carbonaceous materials spanning myriad socio-economic sectors universally.

Landscape history is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past . It is sometimes referred to as landscape archaeology . It was first recognised as a separate area of study during the 20th century and uses evidence and approaches from other disciplines including archaeology , architecture , ecology , aerial photography , local history and historical geography .

007 is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Wilber Pan 's seventh Mandarin studio album . It was released by Universal Music Taiwan on 22 May 2009 . It features 11 new studio tracks . A second edition 007 ( Commemorate Edition ) ( CD+DVD ) was released on 7 September 2009 with a DVD containing a 46 mins Will Pan television series special with three music videos , behind-the-scene footages and interview .   The lead track `` Be with You '' is a duet with American R&B singer Akon . The music video for the other lead track '' 無重力 '' ( Weightless ) features Taiwanese actress Chen Kuangyi . The music video for '' 雙人舞 '' ( Pas de Deux ) is directed by Chang Jae Hyuk and features South Korean actress Lee Da-hae .   `` Be With You '' features Akon is listed at number 51 on Hit Fm Taiwan 's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart ( Hit-Fm年度百首單曲 ) for 2009 . The tracks , `` Be With You '' won one of the Songs of the Year and '' 雙人舞 '' ( Pas de Deux ) won one of the three Best Original Songs at the 2009 Metro Radio Mandarin Music Awards presented by Hong Kong radio station Metro Info .

Detrital zircon geochronology is the science of analyzing the age of zircons deposited within a specific sedimentary unit by examining their inherent radioisotopes , most commonly the uranium -- lead ratio . The chemical name of zircon is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO4 . Zircon is a common accessory or trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks . Due to its hardness , durability and chemical inertness , zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands . Zircons contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium and can be dated using several modern analytical techniques . It has become increasingly popular in geological studies from the 2000s mainly due to the advancement in radiometric dating techniques . Detrital zircon age data can be used to constrain the maximum depositional age , determine provenance , and reconstruct the tectonic setting on a regional scale .

David N. K. Wang -LSB- 1 -RSB- -LSB- 2 -RSB- was CEO of Semiconductor Manufacturing Int ' l from 2011 to 2013 . -LSB- 3 -RSB- Dr. Wang was also the chief executive officer of Huahong ( Group ) Co. , Ltd. and chairman of Huahong NEC , -LSB- 5 -RSB- a subsidiary of the Huahong Group between September 2005 and June 2007 . Wang was brought back to China in 2004 to assist with creating an IDM ( integrated design manufacturer ) for the Chinese semiconductor industry .   Prior to joining the Huahong Group , Wang was the executive vice president of Applied Materials and President of Applied Materials Asia . Dr. Wang was responsible for Applied Materials ' business strategy , planning and execution throughout Asia with a particular focus on building infrastructure worldwide . Prior to joining Applied Materials , Dr. Wang conducted research and made a number of key breakthroughs in semiconductor technology at Bell Laboratories .   Wang is an innovator with more than 100 patents under his name . Wang received his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of California , Berkeley . Wang is currently a member of the Board of Directors of Hanwha SolarOne .   Category : American technology chief executives  Category : University of California , Berkeley alumni  Category : Living people

In mathematics , Ramanujan 's master theorem ( named after mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan ) is a technique that provides an analytic expression for the Mellin transform of an analytic function .   The result is stated as follows :   If a complex-valued function has an expansion of the form     then the Mellin transform of is given by     where is the gamma function .   It was widely used by Ramanujan to calculate definite integrals and infinite series .   Higher-dimensional versions of this theorem also appear in quantum physics ( through Feynman diagrams ) .   A similar result was also obtained by J. W. L. Glaisher .

Lammers Glacier is a large glacier flowing east along the north side of Godfrey Upland into the Traffic Circle and Mercator Ice Piedmont , on the east coast of Graham Land , Antarctica . This glacier appears indistinctly in an aerial photograph taken by Sir Hubert Wilkins on December 20 , 1928 , but shows more clearly in aerial photographs taken by Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935 and the United States Antarctic Service in 1940 . It was resighted in 1947 by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition under Finn Ronne , who named it for Lester Lammers , who had contributed nine grown husky dogs and four puppies to the expedition .

The Resonance method of ice destruction means breaking sheet-ice which has formed over a body of water by causing the ice and water to oscillate up and down until the ice suffers sufficient mechanical fatigue to cause a fracture .

Diffuse optical imaging ( DOI ) is a method of imaging using near-infrared spectroscopy ( NIRS ) or fluorescence-based methods .  When used to create 3D volumetric models of the imaged material DOI is referred to as diffuse optical tomography , whereas 2D imaging methods are classified as diffuse optical topography .   The technique has many applications to neuroscience , sports medicine , wound monitoring , and cancer detection . Typically DOI techniques monitor changes in concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and may additionally measure redox states of cytochromes . The technique may also be referred to as diffuse optical tomography ( DOT ) , near infrared optical tomography ( NIROT ) or fluorescence diffuse optical tomography ( FDOT ) , depending on the usage .   In neuroscience , functional measurements made using NIR wavelengths , DOI techniques may classify as functional near infrared spectroscopy fNIRS .

Diffusion wavelets are a fast multiscale framework for the analysis of functions on discrete ( or discretized continuous ) structures like graphs , manifolds , and point clouds in Euclidean space . Diffusion wavelets are an extension of classical wavelet theory from harmonic analysis . Unlike classical wavelets whose basis functions are predetermined , diffusion wavelets are adapted to the geometry of a given diffusion operator ( e.g. , a heat kernel or a random walk ) . Moreover , the diffusion wavelet basis functions are constructed by dilation using the dyadic powers ( powers of two ) of . These dyadic powers of diffusion over the space and propagate local relationships in the function throughout the space until they become global . And if the rank of higher powers of decrease ( i.e. , its spectrum decays ) , then these higher powers become compressible . From these decaying dyadic powers of comes a chain of decreasing subspaces . These subspaces are the scaling function approximation subspaces , and the differences in the subspace chain are the wavelet subspaces .   Diffusion wavelets were first introduced in 2004 by Ronald Coifman and Mauro Maggioni at Yale University .

David Wiseman ( born September 11 , 1981 in Pasadena , California ) is an American artist and designer whose work is notable for its intricate craftsmanship and dialogue with traditional decorative arts . Wiseman is best known for his signature cast bronze and porcelain branch chandeliers , and his immersive porcelain and plaster ceiling installations , but his work spans from faceted blown-crystal tumblers and porcelain vases to full-size bronze gates and dining room tables .